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Howard-Jones AR, Pham D, Sparks R, Maddocks S, Dwyer DE, Kok J, Basile K. Arthropod-Borne Flaviviruses in Pregnancy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:433. [PMID: 36838398 PMCID: PMC9959669 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a diverse group of enveloped RNA viruses that cause significant clinical manifestations in the pregnancy and postpartum periods. This review highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention of the key arthropod-borne flaviviruses of concern in pregnancy and the neonatal period-Zika, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, and Yellow fever viruses. Increased disease severity during pregnancy, risk of congenital malformations, and manifestations of postnatal infection vary widely amongst this virus family and may be quite marked. Laboratory confirmation of infection is complex, especially due to the reliance on serology for which flavivirus cross-reactivity challenges diagnostic specificity. As such, a thorough clinical history including relevant geographic exposures and prior vaccinations is paramount for accurate diagnosis. Novel vaccines are eagerly anticipated to ameliorate the impact of these flaviviruses, particularly neuroinvasive disease manifestations and congenital infection, with consideration of vaccine safety in pregnant women and children pivotal. Moving forward, the geographical spread of flaviviruses, as for other zoonoses, will be heavily influenced by climate change due to the potential expansion of vector and reservoir host habitats. Ongoing 'One Health' engagement across the human-animal-environment interface is critical to detect and responding to emergent flavivirus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaleise R. Howard-Jones
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David Pham
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sparks
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Susan Maddocks
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Dominic E. Dwyer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jen Kok
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kerri Basile
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Krüger A, de Jesus Santos AP, de Sá V, Ulrich H, Wrenger C. Aptamer Applications in Emerging Viral Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070622. [PMID: 34203242 PMCID: PMC8308861 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules which are submitted to a process denominated SELEX. SELEX uses reiterative screening of a random oligonucleotide library to identify high-affinity binders to a chosen target, which may be a peptide, protein, or entire cells or viral particles. Aptamers can rival antibodies in target recognition, and benefit from their non-proteic nature, ease of modification, increased stability, and pharmacokinetic properties. This turns them into ideal candidates for diagnostic as well as therapeutic applications. Here, we review the recent accomplishments in the development of aptamers targeting emerging viral diseases, with emphasis on recent findings of aptamers binding to coronaviruses. We focus on aptamer development for diagnosis, including biosensors, in addition to aptamer modifications for stabilization in body fluids and tissue penetration. Such aptamers are aimed at in vivo diagnosis and treatment, such as quantification of viral load and blocking host cell invasion, virus assembly, or replication, respectively. Although there are currently no in vivo applications of aptamers in combating viral diseases, such strategies are promising for therapy development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Krüger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000-SP, Brazil;
| | - Ana Paula de Jesus Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900-SP, Brazil; (A.P.d.J.S.); (V.d.S.)
| | - Vanessa de Sá
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900-SP, Brazil; (A.P.d.J.S.); (V.d.S.)
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900-SP, Brazil; (A.P.d.J.S.); (V.d.S.)
- Correspondence: (H.U.); (C.W.)
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000-SP, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (H.U.); (C.W.)
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Furuya-Kanamori L, Xu C, Doi SAR, Clark J, Wangdi K, Mills DJ, Lau CL. Comparison of immunogenicity and safety of licensed Japanese encephalitis vaccines: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Vaccine 2021; 39:4429-4436. [PMID: 34175128 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Annually more than 100,000 Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases and 25,000 deaths worldwide are caused by JE virus infection. More than 15 JE vaccines are currently in use worldwide. It is unknown whether any of the vaccines is superior to the others in terms of immunogenicity and safety. METHODS Four databases were systematically searched for randomised controlled trials that compared two or more types of JE vaccines. Vaccines were classified into four classes: inactivated mouse brain-derived (oldest class), inactivated Vero cell, live chimeric, and live attenuated. Network meta-analysis was used to generate mixed effect estimates against inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccines for seroconversion, and against placebo for adverse event (AE) and severe adverse event (SAE). RESULTS 23 studies (38,496 participants) were included. All newer vaccine classes had better immunogenicity, the difference was statistically significant for inactivated Vero cell (OR = 2.98; 95 %CI: 1.02-8.65) and live chimeric (OR = 5.93; 95 %CI: 1.73-20.32) vaccines. Inactivated mouse-derived vaccines had the highest odds for AEs (OR = 2.27; 95 %CI: 1.59-3.23), the odds of AE of newer vaccines was not different to placebo. There was no difference in SAEs across vaccine classes. CONCLUSIONS All newer JE vaccines have comparable safety profiles, live chimeric and inactivated Vero cell vaccines are the most immunogenic among the newer vaccine classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia.
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suhail A R Doi
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Justin Clark
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Kinley Wangdi
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Deborah J Mills
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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Top Down Computational Approach: A Vaccine Development Step to Find Novel Superantigenic HLA Binding Epitopes from Dengue Virus Proteome. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 27:1469-1480. [PMID: 33679273 PMCID: PMC7921607 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a major mosquito vector based human pathogenic flavivirus which is causing major threat worldwide, yet the availability of therapeutic treatment and several vaccines, still called for advance treatment and vaccine development. The present top down computational approach is a vaccine development step to find novel super antigenic HLA binding epitopes from DENV proteome. The approach used sequence based screening to find complete conserve and high population coverage, common epitopes among all DENV serotype. Propred and Immune Epitope Data Base were used for sequence based screening with recommended parameters. Among top 29 identified epitopes, five structural protein epitopes viz. 33LQGRGPLKL41, 249VVVLGSQEG257, 172LVGIVTLYL180, 146MKILIGVVI154, 72YIIVGVEPG80 and one nonstructural protein epitope 18LKNDIPMTG26 were showed high conserve nature and high population coverage from complete DENV proteome. Further structure based study involving docking and molecular dynamic simulation to confirm stable behavior of HLA allele–peptide complex to give potent cell mediated immune response. Docking of epitope 72YIIVGVEPG80–DRB1 0401 allele and epitope 33LQGRGPLKL41–B*5101 allele complexes showed the best binding energy of − 7.71 and − 7.20 kcal/mol, respectively and stable binding pattern over the time window during molecular dynamic simulation. This computational approach resulted novel epitopes which can be used in the design and development of short epitope based vaccines as well as diagnosis tools for dengue infection.
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Carpio LE, Villalaín J. Identification of the phospholipid binding regions of the envelope E protein of flaviviruses by molecular dynamics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:5136-5147. [PMID: 31779533 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1697368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus comprise several important human pathogens, including dengue, West Nile, Yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. These enveloped viruses affect more than 2 billion people in the world, mainly in less developed countries. Although some vaccines exist for some flaviviruses, these vaccines are not universally available due to many factors and since their infections are a world-wide public health issue, the development of antiviral molecules is fundamental. Flavivirus membranes, through the help of the envelope E glycoprotein, fuse with endosomal compartments in a pH-dependent way to release their genome into the cytoplasm and require specific lipids, such as bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), for efficient fusion. The fundamental role the envelope E protein has on viral entry and membrane fusion suggest that it is an essential antiviral target. In this work, we have used atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to study the binding of the head-group of BMP to the tip of the envelope E proteins of ZIKV, DENV, TBEV and JEV viruses whose three-dimensional structures are known. Our results indicate that, apart from the fusion loop, there are different amino acid residues in different regions of the envelope E proteins of flaviviruses capable of binding the head-group of BMP. These regions should work together to accomplish the binding and fusion of the envelope and endosomal membranes and represent a new target to develop and design potent and effective antiviral agents capable of blocking flavivirus-endosome membrane fusion. [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureano E Carpio
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC) and Institute of Research, Development, and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology (IDiBE), Universidad 'Miguel Hernández', Elche-Alicante, Spain
| | - José Villalaín
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Institute (IBMC) and Institute of Research, Development, and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology (IDiBE), Universidad 'Miguel Hernández', Elche-Alicante, Spain
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Chen KC, Lin YF, Huang AC, Gao JY, Lin CW, Lien JC. Molecular interaction of the antiviral compound CW‑33 and its analogues with the NS2B‑NS3 protease of the Japanese encephalitis virus. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2024-2032. [PMID: 30816489 PMCID: PMC6443346 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study from our group, a novel compound, namely CW‑33 (ethyl 2‑(3',5'‑dimethylanilino)‑4‑oxo‑4,5‑dihydrofuran‑3‑carboxylate) was identified that exhibited antiviral activity for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The viral NS2B‑NS3 serine protease serves an important role in cytoplasmic cleavage events that occur during viral polyprotein maturation. The inhibition of viral RNA and protein syntheses was responsible for the antiviral activities of the novel furanonaphthoquinone derivatives that were discovered for the prevention of JEV infection. Consequently, the present study examined the molecular docking simulation of JEV protease with compound CW‑33 and its analogues, and developed quantitative structure‑activity relationship (QSAR) models to assess the potential antiviral activities of these compounds with regard to JEV. Molecular docking simulation indicated the potential ligand‑protein interactions associated with the antiviral activities of these compounds. According to the results of the QSAR models, the secondary amine group was an important moiety required for compound bioactivity, which enabled the formation of hydrogen bonding with the residue Glu155. Furthermore, the aromatic ring mapping of the phenyl moiety of each compound was predicted to form a π‑cation interaction with residue Arg76, whereas the hydrophobic feature represented by the ethyl moiety exhibited hydrophobic contacts with residue Glu74. Finally, the hydrophobic substituents in the meta‑position of the phenyl ring further contributed to the efficacy of the antiviral activity. These results unravel the structural characteristics that are required for binding of CW‑33 to the JEV protease and can be used for potential therapeutic and drug development purposes for JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Fong Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan 26647
| | | | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354,Professor Cheng-Wen Lin, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C., E-mail:
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy,Department of Medical Research, Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C,Correspondence to: Professor Jin-Cherng Lien, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C., E-mail:
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Amicizia D, Zangrillo F, Lai PL, Iovine M, Panatto D. Overview of Japanese encephalitis disease and its prevention. Focus on IC51 vaccine (IXIARO ®). JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2018; 59:E99-E107. [PMID: 29938245 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2018.59.1.962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV is transmitted by mosquitoes to a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including birds and mammals. Domestic animals, especially pigs, are generally implicated as reservoirs of the virus, while humans are not part of the natural transmission cycle and cannot pass the virus to other hosts. Although JEV infection is very common in endemic areas (many countries in Asia), less than 1% of people affected develop clinical disease, and severe disease affects about 1 case per 250 JEV infections. Although rare, severe disease can be devastating; among the 30,000-50,000 global cases per year, approximately 20-30% of patients die and 30-50% of survivors develop significant neurological sequelae. JE is a significant public health problem for residents in endemic areas and may constitute a substantial risk for travelers to these areas. The epidemiology of JE and its risk to travelers have changed, and continue to evolve. The rapid economic growth of Asian countries has led to a surge in both inbound and outbound travel, making Asia the second most-visited region in the world after Europe, with 279 million international travelers in 2015. The top destination is China, followed by Thailand, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Japan, and the number of travelers is forecast to reach 535 million by 2030 (+ 4.9% per year). Because of the lack of treatment and the infeasibility of eliminating the vector, vaccination is recognized as the most efficacious means of preventing JE. The IC51 vaccine (IXIARO®) is a purified, inactivated, whole virus vaccine against JE. It is safe, well tolerated, efficacious and can be administered to children, adults and the elderly. The vaccination schedule involves administering 2 doses four weeks apart. For adults, a rapid schedule (0-7 days) is available, which could greatly enhance the feasibility of its use. Healthcare workers should inform both short- and long-term travelers of the risk of JE in each period of the year and recommend vaccination. Indeed, it has been shown that short-term travelers are also at risk, not only in rural environments, but also in cities and coastal towns, especially in tourist localities where excursions to country areas are organized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Amicizia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - F Zangrillo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - P L Lai
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - M Iovine
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - D Panatto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
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Near-atomic structure of Japanese encephalitis virus reveals critical determinants of virulence and stability. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14. [PMID: 28446752 PMCID: PMC5432033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several different flaviviruses may cause encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis virus is the most significant, being responsible for thousands of deaths each year in Asia. The structural and molecular basis of this encephalitis is not fully understood. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of mature Japanese encephalitis virus at near-atomic resolution, which reveals an unusual “hole” on the surface, surrounded by five encephalitic-specific motifs implicated in receptor binding. Glu138 of E, which is highly conserved in encephalitic flaviviruses, maps onto one of these motifs and is essential for binding to neuroblastoma cells, with the E138K mutation abrogating the neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness of Japanese encephalitis virus in mice. We also identify structural elements modulating viral stability, notably Gln264 of E, which, when replaced by His264 strengthens a hydrogen-bonding network, leading to a more stable virus. These studies unveil determinants of neurovirulence and stability in Japanese encephalitis virus, opening up new avenues for therapeutic interventions against neurotropic flaviviruses. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a Flavivirus responsible for thousands of deaths every year for which there are no specific anti-virals. Here, Wang et al. report the cryo-EM structure of mature JEV at near-atomic resolution and identify structural elements that modulate stability and virulence.
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Turtle L, Tatullo F, Bali T, Ravi V, Soni M, Chan S, Chib S, Venkataswamy MM, Fadnis P, Yaïch M, Fernandez S, Klenerman P, Satchidanandam V, Solomon T. Cellular Immune Responses to Live Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Vaccine SA14-14-2 in Adults in a JE/Dengue Co-Endemic Area. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005263. [PMID: 28135273 PMCID: PMC5279729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (JEV) causes severe epidemic encephalitis across Asia, for which the live attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2 is being used increasingly. JEV is a flavivirus, and is closely related to dengue virus (DENV), which is co-endemic in many parts of Asia, with clinically relevant interactions. There is no information on the human T cell response to SA14-14-2, or whether responses to SA14-14-2 cross-react with DENV. We used live attenuated JE vaccine SA14-14-2 as a model for studying T cell responses to JEV infection in adults, and to determine whether these T cell responses are cross-reactive with DENV, and other flaviviruses. Methods We conducted a single arm, open label clinical trial (registration: clinicaltrials.gov NCT01656200) to study T cell responses to SA14-14-2 in adults in South India, an area endemic for JE and dengue. Results Ten out of 16 (62.5%) participants seroconverted to JEV SA14-14-2, and geometric mean neutralising antibody (NAb) titre was 18.5. Proliferation responses were commonly present before vaccination in the absence of NAb, indicating a likely high degree of previous flavivirus exposure. Thirteen of 15 (87%) participants made T cell interferon-gamma (IFNγ) responses against JEV proteins. In four subjects tested, at least some T cell epitopes mapped cross-reacted with DENV and other flaviviruses. Conclusions JEV SA14-14-2 was more immunogenic for T cell IFNγ than for NAb in adults in this JE/DENV co-endemic area. The proliferation positive, NAb negative combination may represent a new marker of long term immunity/exposure to JE. T cell responses can cross-react between JE vaccine and DENV in a co-endemic area, illustrating a need for greater knowledge on such responses to inform the development of next-generation vaccines effective against both diseases. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01656200) The Flavivirus genus member Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (JEV), causes severe brain disease in tens of thousands of children across Asia every year. JE is vaccine preventable, and the immune response to JEV plays a major role in disease outcome. However, the response to JEV is hard to study as JE affects young children in rural areas. Related flaviviruses, such as dengue virus (which has no good vaccine), can influence the outcome of JE, probably due to cross-reactive immune responses. T cells (a subset of white blood cells) respond to virus infections, but we know little about the timing and nature of T cell responses to JEV after infection and whether T cells are protective against JEV. We used the live JE vaccine SA14-14-2 as a model to study the immune response to JEV. We found T cell responses frequently after JE vaccination. In this small group of volunteers, many of whom were exposed to dengue virus, most of the T cell responses tested cross-reacted between JEV and dengue virus. However, only about two thirds of people made antibody responses to the vaccine. Studying these responses could help design new vaccines for use against JE and dengue in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Turtle
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LT); (VS)
| | - Filippo Tatullo
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Dept of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Tanushka Bali
- Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Vasanthapuram Ravi
- Dept of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Mohammed Soni
- Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sajesh Chan
- Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Savita Chib
- Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Manjunatha M. Venkataswamy
- Dept of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Prachi Fadnis
- Dept of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Stefan Fernandez
- Dept of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Dept. of Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vijaya Satchidanandam
- Dept of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- * E-mail: (LT); (VS)
| | - Tom Solomon
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Formalin Inactivation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Alters the Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of a Neutralization Epitope in Envelope Protein Domain III. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004167. [PMID: 26495991 PMCID: PMC4619746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Formalin-inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccines are widely available, but the effects of formalin inactivation on the antigenic structure of JEV and the profile of antibodies elicited after vaccination are not well understood. We used a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to map the antigenic structure of live JEV virus, untreated control virus (UCV), formalin-inactivated commercial vaccine (FICV), and formalin-inactivated virus (FIV). The binding activity of T16 MAb against Nakayama-derived FICV and several strains of FIV was significantly lower compared to live virus and UCV. T16 MAb, a weakly neutralizing JEV serocomplex antibody, was found to inhibit JEV infection at the post-attachment step. The T16 epitope was mapped to amino acids 329, 331, and 389 within domain III (EDIII) of the envelope (E) glycoprotein. When we explored the effect of formalin inactivation on the immunogenicity of JEV, we found that Nakayama-derived FICV, FIV, and UCV all exhibited similar immunogenicity in a mouse model, inducing anti-JEV and anti-EDII 101/106/107 epitope-specific antibodies. However, the EDIII 329/331/389 epitope-specific IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody titers were significantly lower for FICV-immunized and FIV-immunized mouse serum than for UCV-immunized. Formalin inactivation seems to alter the antigenic structure of the E protein, which may reduce the potency of commercially available JEV vaccines. Virus inactivation by H2O2, but not by UV or by short-duration and higher temperature formalin treatment, is able to maintain the antigenic structure of the JEV E protein. Thus, an alternative inactivation method, such as H2O2, which is able to maintain the integrity of the E protein may be essential to improving the potency of inactivated JEV vaccines. We demonstrated that formalin inactivation of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) alters the antigenic structure of the JEV envelope glycoprotein (E), in particular an epitope in domain III, and that this reduces the ability of the inactivated vaccine to elicit protective neutralizing antibodies. Ours and others’ previous studies have highlighted the importance of improving the immunogenicity of genotype III (GIII)-derived JEV vaccine in order to provide cross-protection against genotype I (GI) viruses, which are emerging and replacing GIII viruses in many JEV-endemic regions. Encouraging the wide use of live-attenuated or chimeric vaccines, such as SA14-14-2 or yellow-fever 17D/JEV vaccines, respectively, developing GI virus-derived inactivated or premembrane/E–containing, noninfectious virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are two other possible ways to address this potential problem. In this exploratory study, we highlight an alternative inactivation method, such as H2O2 treatment, which may improve the antigenic stability and immunogenicity of JEV.
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Kwon HJ, Lee SY, Kim KH, Kim DS, Cha SH, Jo DS, Kang JH. The Immunogenicity and Safety of the Live-attenuated SA 14-14-2 Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Given with a Two-dose Primary Schedule in Children. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:612-6. [PMID: 25931793 PMCID: PMC4414646 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.5.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and tolerable vaccination is an essential strategy to prevent Japanese encephalitis (JE) in endemic areas. Although the live attenuated SA 14-14-2 JE vaccine (LAJEV) has been widely used since its introduction, the systemic data of LAJEV was very rarely available in Korea. We conducted the open-label, prospective cohort study to assess the immunogenicity and safety of this vaccine. Ninety subjects were enrolled, and LAJEV in a 2-dose primary series was given with a 12-month interval. Neutralizing antibody titers were measured before and after each vaccination, and active monitoring for adverse events was performed. After the first dose, 91.1% of subjects had seroprotection with a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 40.9. Seroprotection rate after the second dose was 97%, and GMT showed an increase of 6.5-fold. Most adverse events following immunization were self-limited, and no serious adverse events were reported until 42 days after each dose. The 2-dose administration of LAJEV in the primary immunization schedule appeared to be highly immunogenic and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Cha
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyunghee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Sun Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jin Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Marks F, Nyambat B, Xu ZY, von Kalckreuth V, Kilgore PE, Seo HJ, Du Y, Park SE, Im J, Konings F, Meyer CG, Wierzba TF, Clemens JD. Vaccine introduction in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Vaccine 2015; 33:2297-300. [PMID: 25769209 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of mass vaccination campaigns for Japanese encephalitis and Haemophilus influenzae type b infections was explored in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea using pilot vaccination studies. The experiences from these initial studies were then used to support larger vaccination campaigns in children at risk of these infections. We discuss the challenges and requirements for the inclusion of additional vaccines into the existing expanded program on immunization in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Zhi-Yi Xu
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Dept. of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Paul E Kilgore
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hye Jin Seo
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuping Du
- Canada Pnuvax Biopharm, Asia and Pacific Office, Beijing, China
| | - Se Eun Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin Im
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Konings
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian G Meyer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - John D Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research in Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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13
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Wang SY, Cheng XH, Li JX, Li XY, Zhu FC, Liu P. Comparing the immunogenicity and safety of 3 Japanese encephalitis vaccines in Asia-Pacific area: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:1418-25. [PMID: 25915588 PMCID: PMC4514201 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a leading cause of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in children and adults, is a major public health problem in Asian countries. This study reports a meta-analysis of the immunogenicity and safety of vaccines used to protect infants or children from JE. Three types of JE vaccine were examined, namely, Japanese encephalitis live-attenuated vaccine (JEV-L), Japanese encephalitis inactivated vaccine (Vero cell) (JEV-I(Vero)), and Japanese encephalitis inactivated vaccine (primary hamster kidney cell) (JEV-I(PHK)). These vaccines are used to induce fundamental immunity against JE; however, few studies have compared their immunogenicity and safety in infants and young children less than 2 years of age. Data were obtained by searching 5 databases: Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the China Wanfang database, and the Cochrane database. Fifteen articles were identified and scored using the Jadad score for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Random effect models were used to calculate the pooled seroconversion rate and adverse reaction rate when tests for heterogeneity were significant. The results showed that the pooled seroconversion rate for JEV-I(PHK) (62.23%) was lower than that for JEV-I(Vero) (86.49%) and JEV-L (83.52%), and that the pooled adverse reaction rate for JEV-L (18.09%) was higher than that for JEV-I(PHK) (10.08%) and JEV-I(Vero) (12.49%). The pooled relative risk was then calculated to compare the seroconversion and adverse reaction rates. The results showed that JEV-I(Vero) and JEV-L were more suitable than JEV-I(PHK) for inducing fundamental immunity to JE in infants and children less than 2 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Southeast University; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Southeast University; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi-Yan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Southeast University; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng-Cai Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Public Health; Southeast University; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Daep CA, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Eugenin EA. Flaviviruses, an expanding threat in public health: focus on dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:539-60. [PMID: 25287260 PMCID: PMC4331079 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The flaviviruses dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis represent three major mosquito-borne viruses worldwide. These pathogens impact the lives of millions of individuals and potentially could affect non-endemic areas already colonized by mosquito vectors. Unintentional transport of infected vectors (Aedes and Culex spp.), traveling within endemic areas, rapid adaptation of the insects into new geographic locations, climate change, and lack of medical surveillance have greatly contributed to the increase in flaviviral infections worldwide. The mechanisms by which flaviviruses alter the immune and the central nervous system have only recently been examined despite the alarming number of infections, related deaths, and increasing global distribution. In this review, we will discuss the expansion of the geographic areas affected by flaviviruses, the potential threats to previously unaffected countries, the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the potential therapeutic interventions to limit the devastating consequences of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Amorin Daep
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Dengue Branch, 1324 Cañada Street, San Juan, PR 00971
| | - Eliseo Alberto Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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15
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Sharma P, Saxena K, Mishra S, Kumar A. A comprehensive analysis of predicted HLA binding peptides of JE viral proteins specific to north Indian isolates. Bioinformation 2014; 10:334-41. [PMID: 25097375 PMCID: PMC4110423 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), a viral disease has significantly increased worldwide especially, in the developing region due to challenges in immunization, vector control and lack of appropriate treatment methods. An effective, yet an expensive heat-killed vaccine is available for the disease. Therefore, the design and development of short peptide vaccine candidate is promising. We used immune-informatics methods to perform a comprehensive analysis of the entire JEV proteome of north Indian isolate to identify the conserved peptides binding known specific HLA alleles among the documented JEV genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The prediction analysis identified 102 class I (using propred I) and 118 class II (using propred) binding peptides at 4% threshold value. These predicted HLA allele binding peptides were further analyzed for potential conserved region using IEDB (an immune epitope database and analysis resource). This analysis shows that 78.81% of class II (in genotype 2) and 76.47% of HLA I (in genotype 3) bound peptides are conserved. The peptides IPIVSVASL, KGAQRLAAL, LAVFLICVL and FRTLFGGMS, VFLICVLTV, are top ranking with potential super antigenic property by binding to all HLA allele members of B7 and DR4 super-types, respectively. This data finds application in the design and development of short peptide vaccine candidates and diagnostic agents for JE following adequate validation and verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Delhi Road (NH-24), Moradabad, 244001, U.P., India
- Institute of Biomedical Education and Research, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, 202145, India
| | - Komal Saxena
- Institute of Biomedical Education and Research, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, 202145, India
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Delhi Road (NH-24), Moradabad, 244001, U.P., India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Institute of Biomedical Education and Research, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, 202145, India
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16
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Fan J, Liu Y, Xie X, Zhang B, Yuan Z. Inhibition of Japanese encephalitis virus infection by flavivirus recombinant E protein domain III. Virol Sin 2013; 28:152-60. [PMID: 23709058 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to the human pathogens including yellow fever virus, dengue virus and West Nile virus. There are currently no effective antiviral therapies for all of the flavivirus and only a few highly effective vaccines are licensed for human use. In this paper, the E protein domain III (DIII) of six heterologous flaviviruses (DENV1-4, WNV and JEV) was expressed in Escherichia coli successfully. The proteins were purified after a solubilization and refolding procedure, characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Competitive inhibition showed that all recombinant flavivirus DIII proteins blocked the entry of JEV into BHK-21 cells. Further studies indicated that antibodies induced by the soluble recombinant flavivirus DIII partially protected mice against lethal JEV challenge. These results demonstrated that recombinant flavivirus DIII proteins could inhibit JEV infection competitively, and immunization with proper folding flavivirus DIII induced cross-protection against JEV infection in mice, implying a possible role of DIII for the cross-protection among flavivirus as well as its use in antigens for immunization in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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17
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Marks F, Nguyen TTY, Tran ND, Nguyen MH, Vu HH, Meyer CG, You YA, Konings F, Liu W, Wierzba TF, Xu ZY. Effectiveness of the Viet Nam produced, mouse brain-derived, inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine in Northern Viet Nam. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1952. [PMID: 23272262 PMCID: PMC3521705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a flaviviral disease of public health concern in many parts of Asia. JE often occurs in large epidemics, has a high case-fatality ratio and, among survivors, frequently causes persistent neurological sequelae and mental disabilities. In 1997, the Vietnamese government initiated immunization campaigns targeting all children aged 1–5 years. Three doses of a locally-produced, mouse brain-derived, inactivated JE vaccine (MBV) were given. This study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of Viet Nam's MBV. Methodology A matched case-control study was conducted in Northern Viet Nam. Cases were identified through an ongoing hospital-based surveillance. Each case was matched to four healthy controls for age, gender, and neighborhood. The vaccination history was ascertained through JE immunization logbooks maintained at local health centers. Principal Findings Thirty cases and 120 controls were enrolled. The effectiveness of the JE vaccine was 92.9% [95% CI: 66.6–98.5]. Confounding effects of other risk variables were not observed. Conclusions Our results strongly suggest that the locally-produced JE-MBV given to 1–5 years old Vietnamese children was efficacious. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a disease caused by a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. Although pigs and wild birds are main reservoirs of the disease, it is occasionally transmitted to humans. The majority of infections in humans are asymptomatic. In persons developing encephalitis, JE has a high case-fatality rate and, among survivors, JE frequently causes persistent neurological sequelae and mental disabilities. Therefore, it is a public health concern in many parts of Asia and many countries vaccinate against JE. Since 1997, children in Vietnam are vaccinated in high risk areas and receive a locally-produced vaccine. This study is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the Vietnamese JE vaccine through a case-control study, in which 30 cases and 120 controls were enrolled. The effectiveness of the JE vaccine was 92.9% [95% CI: 66.6–98.5], which suggests that the locally-produced JE vaccine given to 1–5 year old Vietnamese children was efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
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18
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Luca VC, AbiMansour J, Nelson CA, Fremont DH. Crystal structure of the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein. J Virol 2012; 86:2337-46. [PMID: 22156523 PMCID: PMC3302414 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06072-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading global cause of viral encephalitis. The JEV envelope protein (E) facilitates cellular attachment and membrane fusion and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. We have determined the 2.1-Å resolution crystal structure of the JEV E ectodomain refolded from bacterial inclusion bodies. The E protein possesses the three domains characteristic of flavivirus envelopes and epitope mapping of neutralizing antibodies onto the structure reveals determinants that correspond to the domain I lateral ridge, fusion loop, domain III lateral ridge, and domain I-II hinge. While monomeric in solution, JEV E assembles as an antiparallel dimer in the crystal lattice organized in a highly similar fashion as seen in cryo-electron microscopy models of mature flavivirus virions. The dimer interface, however, is remarkably small and lacks many of the domain II contacts observed in other flavivirus E homodimers. In addition, uniquely conserved histidines within the JEV serocomplex suggest that pH-mediated structural transitions may be aided by lateral interactions outside the dimer interface in the icosahedral virion. Our results suggest that variation in dimer structure and stability may significantly influence the assembly, receptor interaction, and uncoating of virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C. Luca
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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19
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Metz SW, Pijlman GP. Arbovirus vaccines; opportunities for the baculovirus-insect cell expression system. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107 Suppl:S16-30. [PMID: 21784227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The baculovirus-insect cell expression system is a well-established technology for the production of heterologous viral (glyco)proteins in cultured cells, applicable for basic scientific research as well as for the development and production of vaccines and diagnostics. Arboviruses form an emerging group of medically important viral pathogens that are transmitted to humans and animals via arthropod vectors, mostly mosquitoes, ticks or midges. Few arboviral vaccines are currently available, but there is a growing need for safe and effective vaccines against some highly pathogenic arboviruses such as Chikungunya, dengue, West Nile, Rift Valley fever and Bluetongue viruses. This comprehensive review discusses the biology and current state of the art in vaccine development for arboviruses belonging to the families Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae and Reoviridae and the potential of the baculovirus-insect cell expression system for vaccine antigen production The members of three of these four arbovirus families have enveloped virions and display immunodominant glycoproteins with a complex structure at their surface. Baculovirus expression of viral antigens often leads to correctly folded and processed (glyco)proteins able to induce protective immunity in animal models and humans. As arboviruses occupy a unique position in the virosphere in that they also actively replicate in arthropod cells, the baculovirus-insect cell expression system is well suited to produce arboviral proteins with correct folding and post-translational processing. The opportunities for recombinant baculoviruses to aid in the development of safe and effective subunit and virus-like particle vaccines against arboviral diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W Metz
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
Family Flaviviridae genus flavivirus contains numerous pathogenic viruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, etc, which cause public health problems in the world. Since many mammals and birds can act as amplifying hosts and reservoir hosts in nature and those viruses are transmitted by haematophagous mosquitoes or ticks, those viruses could not be eradicated from the nature. In the recent few decades, the viral replication mechanism and the ultrastructure of viral proteins as well as the viral immune evasion mechanism have been elucidated extensively, leading to develop novel types of antivirals and vaccines. In this review, the flavivirus nature and epidemiology, replication mechanism, immune response and immune evasion, and antivirals and vaccines against flaviviruses were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine.
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21
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Li SH, Li XF, Zhao H, Jiang T, Deng YQ, Yu XD, Zhu QY, Qin ED, Qin CF. Cross protection against lethal West Nile virus challenge in mice immunized with recombinant E protein domain III of Japanese encephalitis virus. Immunol Lett 2011; 138:156-60. [PMID: 21515306 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are closely related mosquito-borne flaviviruses that cause severe encephalitic diseases with global impact. Cross protection among JEV and WNV has been previously described, and most cross reactive epitopes were identified within the domain II of E protein (EDII). In this study, the E protein domain III (EDIII) of JEV was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by a Ni-NTA column and characterized by Western blotting assay. Competitive inhibition assay showed that this recombinant JEV EDIII blocks the entry of JEV into BHK-21 cells. Mice immunized with the recombinant JEV EDIII developed high IgG and neutralizing antibodies titers against JEV. Most importantly, antibodies induced by JEV EDIII could neutralize WNV in vitro and partially protected mice against lethal WNV challenge. These results demonstrate that immunization with JEV EDIII induces cross-protective immunity against WNV infection, indicating a possible role of EDIII for the cross-protection among flavivirus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing
- Antibodies, Viral
- Binding, Competitive
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- Cross Protection/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/physiology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Escherichia coli
- Female
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin E/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin E/genetics
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin E/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- West Nile Fever/immunology
- West Nile Fever/prevention & control
- West Nile Fever/virology
- West Nile virus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China
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22
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Ishikawa T, Konishi E. Combating Japanese encephalitis: Vero-cell derived inactivated vaccines and the situation in Japan. Future Virol 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a major public health threat in Asia, because of its high mortality and high incidence of psychoneurological sequelae in survivors. It is caused by JE virus (JEV) infection, transmitted by vector mosquitoes. The disease is vaccine preventable and has been well controlled in some countries. Since no specific antivirals have been approved, prevention with vaccine is important in this disease. This article provides a general overview of JE and JEV, but special focus has been put on recently developed Vero cell-derived formalin-inactivated JE vaccines, and the situation in Japan relating to these vaccines. In Japan, where JE has been well controlled, the strong governmental recommendation of the mouse brain-derived vaccine for routine immunization was suspended in 2005, owing to a patient suffering severe postvaccination events. In 2010, the recommendation was reinstated, targeting a limited population utilizing a Vero cell-derived vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
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Wiwanitkit V. Development of a vaccine to prevent Japanese encephalitis: a brief review. Int J Gen Med 2009; 2:195-200. [PMID: 20360904 PMCID: PMC2840557 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s6281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (ICD 10: A83.0) is an important specific viral encephalitis caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus, a virus of the Flavivirus group. Millions of people, especially those in endemic areas of developing countries in Asia, are at high risk from this infection. Therefore proper management to deal with this virus is essential. There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis virus. Supportive and symptomatic treatments are usually used, which emphasize the importance of prevention in this specific neurological disorder. Vector control or vaccination can be used to prevent the disease. Because the existing Japanese encephalitis vaccine poses some undesirable problems, a new vaccine is needed. The process of developing a new vaccine is briefly discussed.
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Coimmunization with an optimized IL15 plasmid adjuvant enhances humoral immunity via stimulating B cells induced by genetically engineered DNA vaccines expressing consensus JEV and WNV E DIII. Vaccine 2009; 27:4370-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Martina BE, Koraka P, van den Doel P, van Amerongen G, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME. Immunization with West Nile virus envelope domain III protects mice against lethal infection with homologous and heterologous virus. Vaccine 2007; 26:153-7. [PMID: 18069096 PMCID: PMC7127062 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) serocomplex-group consists of mosquito-borne flaviviruses, which include West Nile virus (WNV) and JEV, and both may cause severe encephalitis in humans. WNV has spread rapidly across the United States since its introduction in 1999 and its geographical distribution within the western hemisphere is expected to further expand, whereas, JEV is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in Southeast Asia, China and India. Currently, there is no registered human vaccine or specific therapy to prevent or treat WNV infection. Here we describe the efficacy of recombinant domain III (DIII) of WNV glycoprotein E in a mouse model. It induces high neutralizing antibody titers, as well as, protection against lethal WNV infection in C57BL/6 mice. This vaccine preparation also afforded partial protection against lethal JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron E Martina
- Erasmus Medical Center, Institute of Virology, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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