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Zhu H, Hu S, Li Y, Sun Y, Xiong X, Hu X, Chen J, Qiu S. Interleukins and Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828447. [PMID: 35173738 PMCID: PMC8841354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke after cerebral artery occlusion is one of the major causes of chronic disability worldwide. Interleukins (ILs) play a bidirectional role in ischemic stroke through information transmission, activation and regulation of immune cells, mediating the activation, multiplication and differentiation of T and B cells and in the inflammatory reaction. Crosstalk between different ILs in different immune cells also impact the outcome of ischemic stroke. This overview is aimed to roughly discuss the multiple roles of ILs after ischemic stroke. The roles of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-32, IL-33, IL-34, IL-37, and IL-38 in ischemic stroke were discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siping Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
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Annamalay AA, Abbott S, Khoo SK, Hibbert J, Bizzintino J, Zhang G, Laing I, Currie A, Le Souëf PN, Green RJ. The impact of cytokine levels in young South African children with and without HIV-associated acute lower respiratory infections. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3647-3655. [PMID: 33314189 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Altered host immune responses are considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). The existing literature on cytokine responses in ALRI is largely focussed on adults from developed countries and there are few reports describing the role of cytokines in childhood ALRI, particularly in African or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected populations. To measure systemic cytokine levels in blood plasma from young South African children with and without ALRI and with and without HIV to determine associations between cytokine responses and disease status and respiratory viral identification. Blood plasma samples were collected from 106 hospitalized ALRI cases and 54 non-ALRI controls less than 2 years of age. HIV status was determined. Blood plasma concentrations of 19 cytokines, 7 chemokines, and 4 growth factors (epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-basic, hepatocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial) were measured using The Human Cytokine 30-Plex Panel. Common respiratory viruses were identified by PCR. Mean cytokine concentrations for G-CSF, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-5, and MCP-1 were significantly higher in ALRI cases than in nonrespiratory controls. Within the ALRI cases, several cytokines were higher in children with a virus compared with children without a virus. Mean cytokine concentrations for IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, tumour necrosis factor-α, and MIP-1α were significantly lower in HIV-infected cases than in HIV-uninfected cases, while IP-10 and monokine induced by interferon-γ were significantly higher in HIV-infected cases than in HIV-uninfected cases. Certain cytokines are likely to play an important role in the host immune response to ALRI. HIV-infected children have impaired inflammatory responses to respiratory infections compared with HIV-uninfected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Annamalay
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Salome Abbott
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Siew-Kim Khoo
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julie Hibbert
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joelene Bizzintino
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ingrid Laing
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Currie
- Medical, Molecular, and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter N Le Souëf
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robin J Green
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Leite Dantas R, Freff J, Ambrée O, Beins EC, Forstner AJ, Dannlowski U, Baune BT, Scheu S, Alferink J. Dendritic Cells: Neglected Modulators of Peripheral Immune Responses and Neuroinflammation in Mood Disorders? Cells 2021; 10:941. [PMID: 33921690 PMCID: PMC8072712 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective disorders (AD) including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are common mood disorders associated with increased disability and poor health outcomes. Altered immune responses characterized by increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuroinflammation are common findings in patients with AD and in corresponding animal models. Dendritic cells (DCs) represent a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses and self-tolerance. Upon sensing exogenous and endogenous danger signals, mature DCs secrete proinflammatory factors, acquire migratory and antigen presenting capacities and thus contribute to neuroinflammation in trauma, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about the involvement of DCs in the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on DCs in peripheral immune responses and neuroinflammation in MDD and BD. In addition, we consider the impact of DCs on neuroinflammation and behavior in animal models of AD. Finally, we will discuss therapeutic perspectives targeting DCs and their effector molecules in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Leite Dantas
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Freff
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Ambrée
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Eva C. Beins
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (E.C.B.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Andreas J. Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (E.C.B.); (A.J.F.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Ullrich KAM, Schulze LL, Paap EM, Müller TM, Neurath MF, Zundler S. Immunology of IL-12: An update on functional activities and implications for disease. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1563-1589. [PMID: 33408595 PMCID: PMC7783470 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As its first identified member, Interleukin-12 (IL-12) named a whole family of cytokines. In response to pathogens, the heterodimeric protein, consisting of the two subunits p35 and p40, is secreted by phagocytic cells. Binding of IL-12 to the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) on T and natural killer (NK) cells leads to signaling via signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) and subsequent interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production and secretion. Signaling downstream of IFN-γ includes activation of T-box transcription factor TBX21 (Tbet) and induces pro-inflammatory functions of T helper 1 (TH1) cells, thereby linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Initial views on the role of IL-12 and clinical efforts to translate them into therapeutic approaches had to be re-interpreted following the discovery of other members of the IL-12 family, such as IL-23, sharing a subunit with IL-12. However, the importance of IL-12 with regard to immune processes in the context of infection and (auto-) inflammation is still beyond doubt. In this review, we will provide an update on functional activities of IL-12 and their implications for disease. We will begin with a summary on structure and function of the cytokine itself as well as its receptor and outline the signal transduction and the transcriptional regulation of IL-12 secretion. In the second part of the review, we will depict the involvement of IL-12 in immune-mediated diseases and relevant experimental disease models, while also providing an outlook on potential translational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A.-M. Ullrich
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Lou Schulze
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Paap
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Tanja M. Müller
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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Zhang J, Liu W, Zhang R, Zhao X, Fang L, Qin X, Gu R, Lu J, Li G. Hypoallergenic mutants of the major oyster allergen Cra g 1 alleviate oyster tropomyosin allergenic potency. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1973-1983. [PMID: 32758611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Design of hypoallergen with low IgE reactivity is desirable for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Despite oyster tropomyosin (Cra g 1) is considered as the major allergen, no immunotherapy is available now. In the current research, we generated hypoallergens of Cra g 1 and evaluated their allergenicity. Four hypoallergenic derivatives were constructed by epitope deletion or site-directed mutagenesis on grounds of the identified epitopes. They showed obvious reduction in reactivity towards IgE from oyster-allergic patients and Cra g 1-sensitized BN rats, as well as significant decrease in degranulation and secretion of allergic mediators including histamine, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, to further investigate the molecular mechanism, we examined the effects of these variants on FcεRI-dependent signalling pathway in IgE-challenged RBL-2H3 cells. We found that the hypoallergenic mutants were able to attenuate FcεRI-mediated signaling cascades in tested cells. These results indicate that the hypoallergenic molecules have ideal characteristics and offer a promising new strategy in clinical immunotherapy for shellfish-allergic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Wenying Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Lei Fang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Xiuyuan Qin
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Ruizeng Gu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Jun Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China.
| | - Guoming Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein & Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, PR China.
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Wang Y, Yu Z, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Wang J, Fu J, Yuan Y, Chen S, Wang Y, Yu W, Gao P, Zhu W, Cheng Q, Cho SH, Kong W, Chen J. Different doses of ovalbumin exposure on dendritic cells determine their genetic/epigenetic regulation and T cell differentiation. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:25432-25451. [PMID: 33234726 PMCID: PMC7803576 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that allergen dosage can impact the differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs)-mediated T cells. However, the mechanisms of such dose-dependent differentiation are poorly understood. In this study, bone marrow-derived immature DCs stimulated with Ovalbumin (OVA) of different concentrations (0, 10, 100, 1000, 10000μg/ml, respectively). DCs were then co-cultured with naïve T cells. RNA-sequencing detection and DNA methylation of DCs were performed. We show that when DCs were stimulated with low-dose (10μg/ml), 77 genes were up-regulated and 87 genes down-regulated. Most activated genes were related to ribosome synthesis and ion channel inhibition. At the medium-dose (100μg/ml), 339 genes were up-regulated and 168 genes down-regulated. Most activated genes involved cytokine synthesis and regulation of immune responses. At high-dose (10000μg/ml), 2497 genes were up-regulated and 1156 genes down-regulated. TNF signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation signaling pathway were mostly up-regulated. The related co-stimulators, co-inhibitory molecules, inhibitory cytokines, negative regulating enzymes were highly expressed. The monocarbate, coenzyme, fatty acid, glucolipid, starch, sucrose and other metabolism-related signaling pathways were down-regulated. The profiles of DNA methylation and RNA synthesis of DCs varied with different doses of OVA, which serves to induce T cells to differentiate in various directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zizhong Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, First Hospital of Handan, Wuhan, China
| | - Junmei Fu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, First People’s Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Wuhan General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenting Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanting Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Seong H Cho
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Weijia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Ortolan LS, Kim SR, Crotts S, Liu LY, Craiglow BG, Wambier C, Paschoal RS, King BA, Jabbari A. IL-12/IL-23 neutralization is ineffective for alopecia areata in mice and humans. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1731-1734.e1. [PMID: 31470035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana S Ortolan
- Department of Dermatology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Sydney Crotts
- Department of Dermatology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lucy Y Liu
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Brittany G Craiglow
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Conn; Dermatology Physicians of Connecticut, Fairfield, Conn
| | - Carlos Wambier
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Conn
| | - Renato S Paschoal
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Ali Jabbari
- Department of Dermatology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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8
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Larosa M, Zen M, Gatto M, Jesus D, Zanatta E, Iaccarino L, Inês L, Doria A. IL-12 and IL-23/Th17 axis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:42-51. [PMID: 30664357 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218824547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Our article is focused on emerging pathogenetic pathways in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Notably, IL-12 and IL-23 have been described as emerging cytokines in SLE pathogenesis. We know that IL-23 stimulates Th17 cells to produce IL-17. We try to point out the importance of IL-23/Th17 axis in SLE and to focus on the interaction between this axis and IL-12. Ustekinumab, a fully human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody directed towards the p40 shared subunit of IL-12 and IL-23, has been recently investigated in SLE, suggesting a potential novel therapeutic strategy in SLE. To our knowledge, there are no reviews which simultaneously focus on IL-12 an IL-23/Th17 axis in SLE. Thus, we believe our work will be of interest to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Larosa
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Margherita Zen
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Mariele Gatto
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Diogo Jesus
- 2 Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisabetta Zanatta
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Iaccarino
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Luis Inês
- 2 Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.,3 Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,4 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Andrea Doria
- 1 Department of Medicine-DIMED, Division of Rheumatology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Valdivia A, Ly J, Gonzalez L, Hussain P, Saing T, Islamoglu H, Pearce D, Ochoa C, Venketaraman V. Restoring Cytokine Balance in HIV-Positive Individuals with Low CD4 T Cell Counts. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:905-918. [PMID: 28398068 PMCID: PMC5576219 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells leading to a compromised immune system. In a double-blinded study, a group of HIV-infected individuals with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm3 were given either an empty liposomal supplement or a liposomal glutathione (L-GSH) supplement to take over a 3-month period. Baseline measurements in HIV-positive subjects show a significant decrease in levels of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-2, and interferon (IFN)-γ, along with a substantial increase in the levels of IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and free radicals, compared to healthy individuals. Supplementation of HIV-positive subjects with L-GSH for 3 months resulted in a notable increase in the levels of IL-12, IL-2, and IFN-γ, with a concomitant decrease in the levels of IL-6, IL-10, and free radicals, and stabilization in the levels of TGF-β, IL-1, and IL-17, compared to their placebo counterparts. Levels of free radicals in CD4+ T cells stabilized, while GSH levels increased in the treatment group. Those in the placebo group showed no significant difference throughout the study. In summary, supplementation with L-GSH in HIV-infected individuals with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm3 can help restore redox homeostasis and cytokine balance, therefore aiding the immune system to control opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anddre Valdivia
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Judy Ly
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Leslie Gonzalez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Parveen Hussain
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Tommy Saing
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Hicret Islamoglu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California
| | - Daniel Pearce
- Riverside University Health System, Public Health, Early Intervention/HIV, Riverside, California
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Cesar Ochoa
- Western Diabetes Institute, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
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Maharaj NR, Phulukdaree A, Nagiah S, Ramkaran P, Tiloke C, Chuturgoon AA. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in HIV Infected and Uninfected Pregnant Women with and without Preeclampsia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170063. [PMID: 28095491 PMCID: PMC5240954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia and HIV/AIDS are inflammatory conditions that contribute significantly to adverse maternal and foetal outcomes. The immune reconstitution effects of HAART on inflammatory mediators has not been adequately studied in pregnancy and may impact on the inflammatory cytokine network in women with co-morbid preeclampsia. Our study evaluated changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6 in HIV infected preeclamptic women on HAART. METHODS A prospective experimental study was conducted at Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital between July 2013 and September 2014. One hundred and ninety three pregnant women were recruited into 4 groups: uninfected normotensive (50; 26%), infected normotensive (45; 23%), uninfected preeclamptic (53; 28%) and infected preeclamptic women (45; 23%). Serum levels of cytokines TNF-α, IFN- γ, IL-2 and IL-6 were determined using commercially available kits and a Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). Comparative data was recorded and analysed descriptively. RESULTS In the control groups (normotensive), significantly lower values were found in IL-2 (p = 0.010), TNF-α (p = 0.045), and IL-6 (p = 0.005); and a non-significant decrease was observed in IFN-γ (p = 0.345) in HIV infected women on HAART compared to uninfected controls. In the experimental group (preeclamptic) women, significantly reduced levels were observed in IL-2 and TNF-α (p = 0.001; p = 0.000) and non-significant decreases were observed in IFN-γ and IL-6 (p = 0.023; p = 0.086) in HIV infected women on HAART compared with uninfected preeclamptic women. Non-significant differences were observed between uninfected preeclamptic and normotensive women. CONCLUSION In uncomplicated/normotensive pregnancies, HIV/HAART is associated with significant decreases in IL-2, TNF-α and IL-6, and in preeclamptic women significant decreases in IL-2 and TNF-α were observed. These findings suggest that HIV/HAART impacts on pro-inflammatory cytokines in women with co-morbid preeclampsia. This provides a platform for further research on immune reconstitution effects of HAART during pregnancy, and the development of potential immune modulation therapies for the management of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niren Ray Maharaj
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Alisa Phulukdaree
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Savania Nagiah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Prithiksha Ramkaran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Charlette Tiloke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Anil Amichund Chuturgoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Noble A, Mehta H, Lovell A, Papaioannou E, Fairbanks L. IL-12 and IL-4 activate a CD39-dependent intrinsic peripheral tolerance mechanism in CD8(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1438-48. [PMID: 26990545 PMCID: PMC5071739 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses to protein antigens involve CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, which follow distinct programs of differentiation. Naïve CD8 T cells rapidly develop cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) activity after T-cell receptor stimulation, and we have previously shown that this is accompanied by suppressive activity in the presence of specific cytokines, i.e. IL-12 and IL-4. Cytokine-induced CD8(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are one of several Treg-cell phenotypes and are Foxp3(-) IL-10(+) with contact-dependent suppressive capacity. Here, we show they also express high level CD39, an ecto-nucleotidase that degrades extracellular ATP, and this contributes to their suppressive activity. CD39 expression was found to be upregulated on CD8(+) T cells during peripheral tolerance induction in vivo, accompanied by release of IL-12 and IL-10. CD39 was also upregulated during respiratory tolerance induction to inhaled allergen and on tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. Production of IL-10 and expression of CD39 by CD8(+) T cells was independently regulated, being respectively blocked by extracellular ATP and enhanced by an A2A adenosine receptor agonist. Our results suggest that any CTL can develop suppressive activity when exposed to specific cytokines in the absence of alarmins. Thus negative feedback controls CTL expansion under regulation from both nucleotide and cytokine environment within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Noble
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, UK
| | - Hema Mehta
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, UK
| | - Andrew Lovell
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Lynette Fairbanks
- Purine Research Laboratory, Viapath, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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12
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Ye Q, Shang SQ, Liu AM, Zhang T, Shen HQ, Chen XJ, Mao JH. 24h Urinary Protein Levels and Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratios Could Probably Forecast the Pathological Classification of HSPN. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127767. [PMID: 25996387 PMCID: PMC4440756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the relevance of laboratory tests in Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) classification, and determine accurate classification factors. This prospective study included 694 HSPN patients who underwent ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB). Renal specimens were scored according to International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (ISKDC) classification. Meanwhile, blood samples were immediately collected for laboratory examination. The associations between laboratory parameters and HSPN classification were assessed. Significant differences in levels of serum Th1/Th2 cytokines, immunoglobulins, T-lymphocyte subsets, complement, and coagulation markers were obtained between HSPN patients and healthy children. Interestingly, 24h urinary protein (24h-UPRO) levels and urine protein/urine creatinine ratios could determine HPSN grade IIb, IIIa, and IIIb incidences, with areas under ROC curve of 0.767 and 0.731, respectively. At 24h-UPRO >580.35mg/L, prediction sensitivity and specificity were 75.2% and 70.0%, respectively. These values became 53.0% and 82.3%, respectively, with 24h-UPRO exceeding 1006.25mg/L. At urine protein/urine creatinine > 0.97, prediction sensitivity and specificity were 65.5% and 67.2%, respectively, values that became 57.4% and 80.0%, respectively, at ratios exceeding 1.2. Cell and humoral immunity, coagulation and fibrinolytic systems are all involved in the pathogenesis of HSPN, and type I hypersensitivity may be the disease trigger of HSPN. 24h-UPRO levels and urine protein/creatinine ratios could probably forecast the pathological classification of HSPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shi-qiang Shang
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ai-min Liu
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong-qiang Shen
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xue-jun Chen
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian-hua Mao
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Associations of IL-2 and IL-4 Expression and Polymorphisms With the Risks of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection and Asthma in Children. Arch Bronconeumol 2015; 51:571-8. [PMID: 25747600 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airways and the symptoms of asthma could be exacerbated by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 have been implicated in immune and inflammatory reactions. We examined the associations of IL2 and IL4 polymorphisms and expression with the risks of asthma and M. pneumoniae infection in children. METHODS 392 asthmatic children and 849 controls were recruited into the study. Eight polymorphisms in IL2 and IL4 were genotyped with Sequenom MassARRAY platform. M. pneumoniae infection and copy number was determined with fluorescence PCR. IL-2 and IL-4 serum expression levels were determined by using ELISA. RESULTS We found a significant association of IL2 rs6534349 polymorphism with increased asthma risk (heterozygotes, P=.029; homozygous variants; P=.013) and of IL4 rs2227284 polymorphism with reduced asthma risk (heterozygotes, P=.026; homozygous variants; P=.001). Besides, the association of other polymorphisms, except rs2070874 polymorphism, became apparent when the asthmatic children were grouped according to GINA classification of asthma control and severity. In addition, IL-2 and IL-4 serum expression levels were significantly higher in M. pneumoniae negative (P=.038) and positive (P=.011) subjects respectively. This observation holds true among asthmatic patients (P=.016 for IL-2 and P=.042 for IL-4), but only the IL-4 observation remained correct among non-asthmatic controls (P=.032). We also observed that the rs6534349 GG genotype was significantly associated with increased odds of getting high load M. pneumoniae infection (P=.0376). CONCLUSIONS IL2 and IL4 could be important biomarkers for estimating the risks of asthma and M. pneumoniae infection in children.
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Navarro-Zorraquino M, García-Álvarez F, Martínez-Fernández AR, Pastor C, Larrad L, Salinas JC, Lozano R. Pharmacological Immunomodulation of Surgical Trauma. J INVEST SURG 2009; 20:283-9. [DOI: 10.1080/08941930701598792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Martínez D, Vermeulen M, von Euw E, Sabatté J, Maggíni J, Ceballos A, Trevani A, Nahmod K, Salamone G, Barrio M, Giordano M, Amigorena S, Geffner J. Extracellular acidosis triggers the maturation of human dendritic cells and the production of IL-12. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1950-9. [PMID: 17641062 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the development of an acidic tissue environment or acidosis is a hallmark of inflammatory processes, few studies analyze the effect of extracellular pH on immune cells. We have previously shown that exposure of murine dendritic cells (DCs) to pH 6.5 stimulates macropinocytosis and cross-presentation of extracellular Ags by MHC class I molecules. We report that the transient exposure of human DCs to pH 6.5 markedly increases the expression of HLA-DR, CD40, CD80, CD86, CD83, and CCR7 and improves the T cell priming ability of DCs. Incubation of DCs at pH 6.5 results in the activation of the PI3K/Akt and the MAPK pathways. Using specific inhibitors, we show that the maturation of DCs induced by acidosis was strictly dependent on the activation of p38 MAPK. DC exposure to pH 6.5 also induces a dramatic increase in their production of IL-12, stimulating the synthesis of IFN-gamma, but not IL-4, by Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells. Interestingly, we find that suboptimal doses of LPS abrogated the ability of pH 6.5 to induce DC maturation, suggesting a cross-talk between the activation pathways triggered by LPS and extracellular protons in DCs. We conclude that extracellular acidosis in peripheral tissues may contribute to the initiation of adaptive immune responses by DCs, favoring the development of Th1 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martínez
- Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of Medicine, National Reference Center for AIDS, and Department of Microbiology, Buenos Aires University School of Medicine, Argentina
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16
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Soares H, Waechter H, Glaichenhaus N, Mougneau E, Yagita H, Mizenina O, Dudziak D, Nussenzweig MC, Steinman RM. A subset of dendritic cells induces CD4+ T cells to produce IFN-gamma by an IL-12-independent but CD70-dependent mechanism in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1095-106. [PMID: 17438065 PMCID: PMC2118574 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-γ, a cytokine critical for resistance to infection and tumors, is produced by CD4+ helper T lymphocytes after stimulation by cultured dendritic cells (DCs) that secrete a cofactor, interleukin (IL)-12. We have identified a major IL-12–independent pathway whereby DCs induce IFN-γ–secreting T helper (Th)1 CD4+ T cells in vivo. This pathway requires the membrane-associated tumor necrosis family member CD70 and was identified by targeting the LACK antigen from Leishmania major within an antibody to CD205 (DEC-205), an uptake receptor on a subset of DCs. Another major DC subset, targeted with 33D1 anti-DCIR2 antibody, also induced IFN-γ in vivo but required IL-12, not CD70. Isolated CD205+ DCs expressed cell surface CD70 when presenting antigen to T cell receptor transgenic T cells, and this distinction was independent of maturation stimuli. CD70 was also essential for CD205+ DC function in vivo. Detection of the IL-12–independent IFN-γ pathway was obscured with nontargeted LACK, which was presented by both DC subsets. This in situ analysis points to CD70 as a decision maker for Th1 differentiation by CD205+ DCs, even in Th2-prone BALB/c animals and potentially in vaccine design. The results indicate that two DC subsets have innate propensities to differentially affect the Th1/Th2 balance in vivo and by distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Soares
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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17
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Duvic M, Sherman ML, Wood GS, Kuzel TM, Olsen E, Foss F, Laliberté RJ, Ryan JL, Zonno K, Rook AH. A phase II open-label study of recombinant human interleukin-12 in patients with stage IA, IB, or IIA mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55:807-13. [PMID: 17052486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-12 (IL-12) increases Th(1) cytokines, natural killer (NK) cells, and cytotoxic T-cell activities. Progression of mycosis fungoides is associated with Th(2) cytokines produced by a clonal proliferation of epidermotropic T-helper cells. OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous recombinant human IL-12 (rhIL-12) in early mycosis fungoides (MF; stage IA-IIA) in a multi-center, open label clinical trial. METHODS rhIL-12 was administered biweekly (100 ng/kg for 2 weeks; 300 ng/kg thereafter). A modified severity-weighted assessment tool (SWAT) and the longest diameter of 5 index lesions measured efficacy. RESULTS Twenty-three MF patients (stage IA, 12 patients; IB, 9; and IIA, 2) had previously received >3 therapies. Ten of 23 patients (43%) achieved partial responses (PR); 7 (30%) achieved minor responses; and 5 (22%) had stable disease. The duration of PRs ranged from 3 to more than 45 weeks. Twelve (52%) ultimately progressed with mean time to progressive disease of 57 days (range, 28-805). Ten completed 6 months of therapy; 1 completed 24 months. Of patients not completing 6 months of therapy, 6 progressed and 6 others discontinued because of adverse events or withdrew consent. Seventeen patients had treatment-related adverse events that were generally mild or moderate in severity, including asthenia, headache, chills, fever, injection site reaction, pain, myalgia, arthralgia, elevated aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels, anorexia, and sweating. One patient in PR died of hemolytic anemia, possibly exacerbated by rhIL-12 treatment. LIMITATIONS The original company was purchased during the conduct of the trial and rhIL-12 is currently unavailable. The quality of life data were not available for inclusion. CONCLUSION Twice-weekly subcutaneously administered rhIL-12 (100 ng/kg escalated to 300 ng/kg) showed antitumor activity with a response rate of 43% in refractory patients. It was relatively well-tolerated in early-stage MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Duvic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Noble A, Giorgini A, Leggat JA. Cytokine-induced IL-10-secreting CD8 T cells represent a phenotypically distinct suppressor T-cell lineage. Blood 2006; 107:4475-83. [PMID: 16467201 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-10-3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations of regulatory T cells (Tregs) control autoimmune and allergic immunopathology induced by self or foreign antigens. Several types of CD4(+) MHC class II-restricted Treg populations have been characterized, but the biology of CD8(+), MHC class I-restricted Tregs is less understood. We show here that CD8(+) Tregs are rapidly generated in the presence of IL-4 and IL-12, produce IL-10, and exhibit a unique cell-surface phenotype with coexpression of activation and naive cell-associated markers. They block activation of naive or effector T cells and suppress IgG/IgE antibody responses and graft-versus-host disease in vivo. Suppression is dependent on cell contact and mediated by direct T-cell-T-cell interaction that antagonizes T-cell-receptor (TCR) signals. The data establish the existence of a CD8 T-cell suppressor effector subset distinct in both phenotype and function from T cytotoxic 1 (Tc1) and Tc2 cells. Production of such CD8 Tregs has potential for cell-based therapy of CD4 or CD8 T-cell-mediated disease.
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Kozma N, Halasz M, Palkovics T, Szekeres-Bartho J. The Progesterone-Induced Blocking Factor Modulates the Balance of PKC and Intracellular Ca++. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006; 55:122-9. [PMID: 16433831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF) induces Th2 biased cytokine production; therefore, this study investigates the effects of PIBF on the protein kinase C (PKC)/Ca(++) system - which plays a key role in Th1/Th2 differentiation. METHOD OF STUDY Proteins from PIBF-treated cells were reacted on Western blots with phospho-specific antibodies recognizing different PKC izoforms. Intracellular free calcium was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Both interleukin (IL)-4 and PIBF induced PKC phosphorylation, which was abrogated by anti-IL-4Ralpha or anti-PIBF immunoglobulin G pre-treatment. PIBF treatment did not alter intracellular Ca(++) levels. Inhibition of PKCzeta or PKCtheta phosphorylation, but not that of PKCalpha/beta resulted in the loss of STAT6 and Jak1 phosphorylation by PIBF. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that PIBF phosphorylates PKC via binding to the IL-4R, without affecting intracellular Ca(++). Phosphorylation of PKCzeta and PKCtheta is required for Jak1 and STAT6 activation, whereas PKCalpha/beta is not involved. These findings explain the mechanism by which PIBF supports a Th2 dominant cytokine pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Kozma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Pecs University, Pecs, Hungary
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Cantó E, Rodríguez-Sánchez JL, Vidal S. Naive CD4+ Cells from Cord Blood Can Generate Competent Th Effector Cells. Transplantation 2005; 80:850-8. [PMID: 16210975 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000174135.32068.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells have been increasingly used as a source of hematopoietic stem cells for allogeneic transplantation. Previous reports suggest that the low risk of graft-versus-host disease in patients that received cord blood cells seems related to the distinctive nature of cord blood T cells. METHODS To analyze the maturation of CD4+CD45RA+ cord blood cells, we performed an in vitro differentiation assay to compare the generation of Th effector cells strictly from UCB and adult peripheral blood (APB) CD4+CD45RA+ cells. RESULTS During the maturation into effector cells, UCB and APB cells acquired a comparable activation level determined by the expression pattern of CD69, CD40L, OX40 and CD62L as well as PD1 and CTLA-4 molecules. Moreover, the expression of CD45RO isoform was induced in most activated effector cells from both UCB and APB. OKT3-restimulated effector cells generated from naive UCB expressed higher levels of CD25 coinciding with the secretion of higher amounts of IL-2. Effector cells from both origins consisted of heterogeneous populations with similar frequencies of Th1 and Th2 cytokine producing cells, secreting equivalent levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IFNgamma. Although, higher levels of IL-10 were detected in the cytokine mRNA profile and in the supernatants of OKT3-restimulated UCB effector cells, blocking endogenous IL-10 with anti-IL-10 mAbs enhanced significantly the proliferative response of UCB as well as APB effector cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that Th effector cells generated from naive UCB cells were intrinsically as competent as naive APB to respond to TCR-mediated stimulation. In addition, UCB effector cells produced higher IL-10 but its inhibitory effect on proliferation may be partially compensated by the higher production of IL-2 and enhanced expression of CD25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Cantó
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca i Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mike Kemeny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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22
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Krymskaya L, Lee WH, Zhong L, Liu CP. Polarized development of memory cell-like IFN-gamma-producing cells in the absence of TCR zeta-chain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1188-95. [PMID: 15661872 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCR/CD3 complex-mediated signals play critical roles in regulating CD4(+) Th cell differentiation. In this report, we have examined the in vivo role of a key TCR/CD3 complex molecule zeta-chain in regulating the differentiation of Th cells. We have studied T cells from zeta-chain-deficient mice (zetaKO mice), zeta-chain-bearing mice (zeta(+) mice), and from zetaKO mice expressing a FcRgamma chain transgene (FcRgammaTG, zetaKO mice). Our results demonstrated that, compared with those of control mice, CD4(+) T cells and not CD8(+) T cells from zetaKO mice were polarized into IFN-gamma-producing cells. Some of these IFN-gamma-producing cells could also secrete IL-10. Interestingly, zetaKO mouse T cells produced IFN-gamma even after they were cultured in a Th2 condition. Our studies to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the polarized IFN-gamma production revealed that the expression level of STAT4 and T-bet were up-regulated in freshly isolated T cells from zetaKO mice. Further studies showed that noncultured zetaKO mice CD4(+) T cells and thymocytes bore a unique memory cell-like CD44(high), CD62L(low/neg) phenotype. Altogether, these results suggest that, in the absence of the zeta-chain, CD4(+) T cells develop as polarized IFN-gamma-producing cells that bear a memory cell-like phenotype. The zeta-chain-bearing T cells may produce a large amount of IFN-gamma only after they are cultured in a condition favoring Th1 cell differentiation. This study may provide important implications for the down-regulation of zeta-chain in T cells of patients bearing a variety of tumors, chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Polarity/genetics
- Cell Polarity/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Subunits/deficiency
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- STAT4 Transcription Factor
- T-Box Domain Proteins
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Krymskaya
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Yu WM, Wang S, Keegan AD, Williams MS, Qu CK. Abnormal Th1 cell differentiation and IFN-gamma production in T lymphocytes from motheaten viable mice mutant for Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1013-9. [PMID: 15634925 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) plays an important role in T and B lymphocyte signaling; however, the function of SHP-1 in Th cell differentiation, in particular, the Th1 response, has not been defined. In this study, we provide evidence that SHP-1 phosphatase negatively regulates Th1 cell development and IFN-gamma production. Compared with the wild-type control, anti-CD3-activated mouse T lymphocytes carrying the motheaten viable mutation in the SHP-1 gene produced a significantly increased amount of IFN-gamma in the presence of IL-12. This increase was also seen at the basal level without IL-12 addition. Similarly, Th1 cell differentiation and proliferation of anti-CD3-activated SHP-1 mutant lymph node cells in the presence or absence of IL-12 were markedly enhanced, indicating a negative role for SHP-1 phosphatase in such lymphocyte activities. Interestingly, IL-12-induced activation of Jak2 and STAT4, critical components for IL-12-mediated cellular responses, was shortened or attenuated in mutant T cells. Together these results suggest that SHP-1 negatively regulates Th1 cell development and functions through a mechanism that is not directly related to IL-12 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Mei Yu
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory for the Biomedical Sciences, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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Abstract
T helper (Th) cells can be polarized into two different main subtypes, Th1 and Th2 cells. Their activation is linked to the eradication of different pathogens and to dissimilar immunological dysfunctions, which implies differences also in their protein expression patterns. To identify these differences, CD4(+) T cells were isolated from human cord blood, polarized in vitro to Th1 and Th2 and activated via CD3 and CD28. Cells were lysed, soluble proteins were separated with two-dimensional electrophoresis and differing protein spots were identified with peptide mass fingerprinting. The expression of 14 proteins differed in Th1 and Th2 cells after both 7 and 14 days of polarization. Twelve of the proteins could be identified, most of which are new in this context. Two proteins were differentially modified in the two cell types. Especially, N-terminal acetylation of cyclophilin A was stronger in Th1 than in Th2 cells. To compare the RNA and the protein levels of the identified genes, mRNA expression was measured with Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays (HG-U133A). The mRNA and protein expression level correlated only in six cases out of eleven, which highlights the complementary roles that proteomics and transcriptomics have in the elucidation of biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Rautajoki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Turku, Finland
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25
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Endo T, Sato N, Koizumi K, Nishio M, Fujimoto K, Yamamoto S, Sakai T, Bohgaki T, Sawada K, Koike T. A preliminary analysis of the balance between Th1 and Th2 cells after CD34+ cell-selected autologous PBSC transplantation. Cytotherapy 2004; 6:337-43. [PMID: 16146886 DOI: 10.1080/14653240410004907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD34+ cell-selected autologous PBSC transplantation (CD34+ APBSCT) is a procedure used for the treatment of patients with malignant disease that is intended to eliminate residual tumor cells from autologous grafts. However, frequent infectious complications after CD34+ APBSCT can occur. A delay of recovery of the absolute number of CD4+ T cells after transplantation was reported to be one disadvantageous factor. As data on T-cell function after CD34+ APBSCT are scanty, we analyzed changes in T-helper cell 1 (Th1) and T-helper cell 2 (Th2) after CD34+ APBSCT to evaluate immune reconstitution. METHODS Twelve patients underwent APBSCT (CD34+APBSCT group, n=4, and unselected APBSCT, n=8). Peripheral blood (PB) samples were obtained at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after the transplantation. The dynamics of the Th1 and Th2 were analyzed at a single-cell level, using flow cytometry. RESULTS In the CD34+ APBSCT group, not only the absolute count of CD4+ T cells but also the proportion of Th1 cells in CD4+ T cells and the ratio of Th1 to Th2 after transplantation were significantly decreased at 2 and 4 weeks after transplantation compared with findings in the unselected APBSCT group. DISCUSSION We suggest that higher rates of infectious complications after CD34+ APBSCT may be due to the inability of residual T cells from the CD34+ cell selection to generate mature T cells that function adequately against infection. Although further study would be required, our preliminary data provide some information on the immune reconstitution after CD34+ APBSCT and differentiation of T lymphocytes into Th1 and Th2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Endo
- Department of Internal Medicine II Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo Japan
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26
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Chattergoon MA, Saulino V, Shames JP, Stein J, Montaner LJ, Weiner DB. Co-immunization with plasmid IL-12 generates a strong T-cell memory response in mice. Vaccine 2004; 22:1744-50. [PMID: 15068858 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid encoded exogenous IL-12 delivered as a DNA vaccine adjuvant has been shown to improve vaccine-induced immunity. In particular, pIL-12 greatly improves antigen (Ag)-specific cytotoxic tlymphocyte (CTL) activity in immunized mice. The longevity of this response has not previously been studied in detail. We have studied the effect of co-immunization with pIL-12 on HIV gp160 and Influenza A Hemeagglutinnin-specific memory immune responses. Mice co-immunized with pIL-12 and plasmid encoded antigens maintained a greater memory response than those immunized with the plasmid antigen alone which could be measured at least 6 months after vaccination. Further, this translated to an improved outcome after challenge of long term rested mice that were previously immunized. The strength of the immune response as well as the number of Ag-specific T-cells is proportional to the number of Ag-specific cells primed by the vaccination regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Chattergoon
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd., 505 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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27
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Noble A, Leggat JA, Inderberg EM. CD8+ immunoregulatory cells in the graft-versus-host reaction: CD8 T cells activate dendritic cells to secrete interleukin-12/interleukin-18 and induce T helper 1 autoantibody. Immunology 2003; 109:476-86. [PMID: 12871213 PMCID: PMC1783005 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of cell-mediated immunity or autoimmunity requires secretion of interleukin (IL)-12 from dendritic cells (DC), which drives the generation of T helper 1 (Th1) effector cells in synergy with IL-18. Induction of IL-12 can be triggered by microbial stimuli but also requires signals from activated T cells. We investigated interactions between alloreactive CD4 and CD8 T cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) in vitro and in the graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) in vivo. In a parent-into-F1 model of GVHR, donor CD8 cells were found to suppress the hyper-immunoglobulin E (IgE) syndrome, anti-DNA immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) autoantibodies and donor CD4-cell expansion, but were essential for Th1-dependent immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) autoantibody production and release of serum IL-12 p40. In vitro, addition of alloreactive CD8 cells to CD4 cells and mature DC enhanced Th1 development. CD4 and CD8 T cells induced IL-18 from DC and primed for IL-12 p70 secretion via interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). However CD8 T cells, but not CD4 cells, released IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha after primary stimulation. The data suggest that rapid release of inflammatory cytokines from central memory-type CD8 cells early in immunity is critical for induction of Th1 cells via DC activation and IL-12 production. This pathway could provide a means for amplification of cell-mediated autoimmunity in the absence of microbial stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Noble
- Department of Immunology, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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28
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Santana MA, Rosenstein Y. What it takes to become an effector T cell: the process, the cells involved, and the mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2003; 195:392-401. [PMID: 12704648 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When activated, CD4(+) T cells differentiate into two major sub-populations differing in their profiles of secreted cytokines. Type One, or TH1, cells secrete IL-2, IFNgamma, and TNFbeta and mediate a cellular immune response. Type Two, or TH2, cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 and potentiate a humoral response. The nature of any specific immune response depends on the interaction of antigen-presenting cells and T cells. The role of antigen-presenting cells is to respond to the nature of the immune challenge and signal differentiation of CD4(+) T cells. A number of factors are involved in the effector phenotype of T cells-nature and affinity of antigen, co-receptors signals, and cytokine environment. T-cell differentiation is a complex process comprising four defined developmental stages: activation of particular cytokine genes, commitment of the cells, silencing of the opposing cytokine genes, and stabilization of the phenotype. In each of these stages, the cells respond to the products of many signaling cascades from many membrane-bound receptors. The stages in development are mediated by different molecular mechanisms, involving control of gene expression and chromatin remodeling. This review centers on the factors, cellular interactions, and molecular mechanisms involved in the maturation of naïve CD4(+) T lymphocytes into fully effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Santana
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, México.
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29
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Abstract
There is abundant information on the distinguishing features of TCR-mediated signaling in Th1 and Th2 cells. However, the primary signals that determine the commitment and differentiation of naive T cells toward those T helper subsets, especially prior to the contribution of polarizing cytokines, remain elusive. This minireview discusses the potential contribution of SLAT in favoring differentiation along the Th2 lineage and how this may bring us closer to a framework model for Th1/Th2 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Madrenas
- The Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5K8.
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30
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Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:133-46. [PMID: 12563297 DOI: 10.1038/nri1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2759] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric pro-inflammatory cytokine that induces the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), favours the differentiation of T helper 1 (T(H)1) cells and forms a link between innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) and phagocytes produce IL-12 in response to pathogens during infection. Production of IL-12 is dependent on differential mechanisms of regulation of expression of the genes encoding IL-12, patterns of Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and cross-regulation between the different DC subsets, involving cytokines such as IL-10 and type I IFN. Recent data, however, argue against an absolute requirement for IL-12 for T(H)1 responses. Our understanding of the relative roles of IL-12 and other factors in T(H)1-type maturation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is discussed here, including the participation in this process of IL-23 and IL-27, two recently discovered members of the new family of heterodimeric cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 27 Chemin des Peupliers, B.P. 11, 69571 Dardilly, France.
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31
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Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003. [DOI: 10.1038/nri1001 'a=0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rhodes
- Department of Gene and Protein Therapeutics, Glaxo Smith Kline Research and Development, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK.
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33
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Abstract
The T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 paradigm has been extended to a wide variety of leukocyte lineages since its inception, including innate immune cells such as dendritic cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Recently, studies of human NK cells have led to the proposition of a new model of linear differentiation in which cell phenotype is controlled by regulation of proliferation versus differentiation, rather than by divergent differentiation programmes. It was suggested that this model might also apply to T cells. Here we discuss the relevance of each model to different leukocyte lineages and argue that the linear differentiation model does not apply to alpha beta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Noble
- Department of Immunology, Guy's, King's & St. Thomas' School of Medicine, London, UK.
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34
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Ise W, Totsuka M, Sogawa Y, Ametani A, Hachimura S, Sato T, Kumagai Y, Habu S, Kaminogawa S. Naive CD4+ T cells exhibit distinct expression patterns of cytokines and cell surface molecules on their primary responses to varying doses of antigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:3242-50. [PMID: 11907078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The amount of an Ag used for stimulation affects the type and magnitude of T cell responses. In this study we have investigated the primary response of naive CD4(+) T cells derived from OVA-specific TCR-transgenic mice (OVA23-3) upon stimulation with varying doses of the antigenic peptide, OVA(323-339). IL-4 expression was maximal with 50 nM Ag and decreased significantly with increasing doses. In contrast, IFN-gamma expression, which was also detected at 50 nM Ag, increased with increasing doses. The expression patterns of mRNA for the Th2-specific transcription factors GATA-3 and c-Maf were parallel to that of IL-4. These expression profiles were not altered by the addition of anti-IL-4 plus anti-IL-12 mAbs, suggesting that cytokine receptor signaling is not essential. Naive CD4(+) T cells stimulated with 5 nM Ag elicited IgM secretion from cocultured B cells, whereas those stimulated with 50 nM Ag or more elicited apoptosis of B cells. This may be because at lower doses of Ag (5 nM), naive CD4(+) T cells express CD40 ligand and OX40, whereas at higher doses (50 nM), they express Fas ligand. Clearly, the expression of each type of molecule depends on the Ag dose, and different molecules had different expression patterns. Thus, in the primary response, naive CD4(+) T cells can exhibit different functions depending on the dose of Ag.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens/pharmacology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD40 Ligand/biosynthesis
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Female
- Interphase/immunology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/physiology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/biosynthesis
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ise
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Gorak‐Stolinska P, Truman J, Kemeny DM, Noble A. Activation‐induced cell death of human T‐cell subsets is mediated by Fas and granzyme B but is independent of TNF‐α. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.70.5.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean‐Philip Truman
- Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Kemeny
- Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Noble
- Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’ School of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
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