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Meunier ZD, Hacker SD, Menge BA. Regime shifts in rocky intertidal communities associated with a marine heatwave and disease outbreak. Nat Ecol Evol 2024:10.1038/s41559-024-02425-5. [PMID: 38831017 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Long-term, large-scale experimental studies provide critical information about how global change influences communities. When environmental changes are severe, they can trigger abrupt transitions from one community type to another leading to a regime shift. From 2014 to 2016, rocky intertidal habitats in the northeast Pacific Ocean experienced extreme temperatures during a multi-year marine heatwave (MHW) and sharp population declines of the keystone predator Pisaster ochraceus due to sea star wasting disease (SSWD). Here we measured the community structure before, during and after the MHW onset and SSWD outbreak in a 15-year succession experiment conducted in a rocky intertidal meta-ecosystem spanning 13 sites on four capes in Oregon and northern California, United States. Kelp abundance declined during the MHW due to extreme temperatures, while gooseneck barnacle and mussel abundances increased due to reduced predation pressure after the loss of Pisaster from SSWD. Using several methods, we detected regime shifts from substrate- or algae-dominated to invertebrate-dominated alternative states at two capes. After water temperatures cooled and Pisaster population densities recovered, community structure differed from pre-disturbance conditions, suggesting low resilience. Consequently, thermal stress and predator loss can result in regime shifts that fundamentally alter community structure even after restoration of baseline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechariah D Meunier
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| | - Sally D Hacker
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bruce A Menge
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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2
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Hall AJ, Kershaw JL, Fraser S, Davidson K, Rowland-Pilgrim S, Turner AD, McConnell B. Estimating the risks of exposure to harmful algal toxins among Scottish harbour seals. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 136:102653. [PMID: 38876527 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Harmful algal bloom (HAB) toxins consumed by marine predators through fish prey can be lethal but studies on the resulting population consequences are lacking. Over the past approximately 20 years there have been large regional declines in some harbour seal populations around Scotland. Analyses of excreta (faeces and urine from live and dead seals and faecal samples from seal haulout sites) suggest widespread exposure to toxins through the ingestion of contaminated prey. A risk assessment model, incorporating concentrations of the two major HAB toxins found in seal prey around Scotland (domoic acid (DA), and saxitoxins (STX)), the seasonal persistence of the toxins in the fish and the foraging patterns of harbour seals were used to estimate the proportion of adults and juveniles likely to have ingested doses above various estimated toxicity thresholds. The results were highly dependent on toxin type, persistence, and foraging regime as well as age class, all of which affected the proportion of exposed animals exceeding toxicity thresholds. In this preliminary model STX exposure was unlikely to result in mortalities. Modelled DA exposure resulted in doses above an estimated lethal threshold of 1900 µg/kg body mass affecting up to 3.8 % of exposed juveniles and 5.3 % of exposed adults. Given the uncertainty in the model parameters and the limitations of the data these conclusions should be treated with caution, but they indicate that DA remains a potential factor involved in the regional declines of harbour seals. Similar risks may be experienced by other top predators, including small cetaceans and seabirds that feed on similar prey in Scottish waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK, KY16 8LB.
| | - Joanna L Kershaw
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK, KY16 8LB
| | - Shaun Fraser
- UHI Shetland, University of the Highlands and Islands, Port Arthur, Scalloway, Shetland, UK, ZE1 0UN
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK, PA37 1QA
| | - Stephanie Rowland-Pilgrim
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment and Fisheries Science (Cefas), Weymouth, Dorset, UK, DT4 8UB
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Food Safety Group, Centre for Environment and Fisheries Science (Cefas), Weymouth, Dorset, UK, DT4 8UB
| | - Bernie McConnell
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK, KY16 8LB
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3
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Wang H, Zheng XT, Cai W, Han ZW, Xie SP, Kang SM, Geng YF, Liu F, Wang CY, Wu Y, Xiang B, Zhou L. Atmosphere teleconnections from abatement of China aerosol emissions exacerbate Northeast Pacific warm blob events. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313797121. [PMID: 38709948 PMCID: PMC11126963 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313797121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
During 2010 to 2020, Northeast Pacific (NEP) sea surface temperature (SST) experienced the warmest decade ever recorded, manifested in several extreme marine heatwaves, referred to as "warm blob" events, which severely affect marine ecosystems and extreme weather along the west coast of North America. While year-to-year internal climate variability has been suggested as a cause of individual events, the causes of the continuous dramatic NEP SST warming remain elusive. Here, we show that other than the greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing, rapid aerosol abatement in China over the period likely plays an important role. Anomalous tropospheric warming induced by declining aerosols in China generated atmospheric teleconnections from East Asia to the NEP, featuring an intensified and southward-shifted Aleutian Low. The associated atmospheric circulation anomaly weakens the climatological westerlies in the NEP and warms the SST there by suppressing the evaporative cooling. The aerosol-induced mean warming of the NEP SST, along with internal climate variability and the GHG-induced warming, made the warm blob events more frequent and intense during 2010 to 2020. As anthropogenic aerosol emissions continue to decrease, there is likely to be an increase in NEP warm blob events, disproportionately large beyond the direct radiative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Wenju Cai
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao266237, China
- Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS7004, Australia
| | - Zi-Wen Han
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Shang-Ping Xie
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - Sarah M. Kang
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg20146, Germany
| | - Yu-Fan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Fukai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Chuan-Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao266100, China
| | - Baoqiang Xiang
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ08540
- University of Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80307
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200030, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai519082, China
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4
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Wolf KKE, Hoppe CJM, Rehder L, Schaum E, John U, Rost B. Heatwave responses of Arctic phytoplankton communities are driven by combined impacts of warming and cooling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl5904. [PMID: 38758795 PMCID: PMC11100554 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl5904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves are increasing in frequency and intensity as climate change progresses, especially in the highly productive Arctic regions. Although their effects on primary producers will largely determine the impacts on ecosystem services, mechanistic understanding on phytoplankton responses to these extreme events is still very limited. We experimentally exposed Arctic phytoplankton assemblages to stable warming, as well as to repeated heatwaves, and measured temporally resolved productivity, physiology, and composition. Our results show that even extreme stable warming increases productivity, while the response to heatwaves depends on the specific scenario applied and is not predictable from stable warming responses. This appears to be largely due to the underestimated impact of the cool phase following a heatwave, which can be at least as important as the warm phase for the overall response. We show that physiological and compositional adjustments to both warm and cool phases drive overall phytoplankton productivity and need to be considered mechanistically to predict overall ecosystem impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara K. E. Wolf
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fishery Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Environmental Genomics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Clara J. M. Hoppe
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Linda Rehder
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Elisa Schaum
- Institute of Marine Ecosystem and Fishery Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rost
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- FB2, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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5
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Irani Rahaghi A, Odermatt D, Anneville O, Sepúlveda Steiner O, Reiss RS, Amadori M, Toffolon M, Jacquet S, Harmel T, Werther M, Soulignac F, Dambrine E, Jézéquel D, Hatté C, Tran-Khac V, Rasconi S, Rimet F, Bouffard D. Combined Earth observations reveal the sequence of conditions leading to a large algal bloom in Lake Geneva. COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 5:229. [PMID: 38706883 PMCID: PMC11062928 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater algae exhibit complex dynamics, particularly in meso-oligotrophic lakes with sudden and dramatic increases in algal biomass following long periods of low background concentration. While the fundamental prerequisites for algal blooms, namely light and nutrient availability, are well-known, their specific causation involves an intricate chain of conditions. Here we examine a recent massive Uroglena bloom in Lake Geneva (Switzerland/France). We show that a certain sequence of meteorological conditions triggered this specific algal bloom event: heavy rainfall promoting excessive organic matter and nutrients loading, followed by wind-induced coastal upwelling, and a prolonged period of warm, calm weather. The combination of satellite remote sensing, in-situ measurements, ad-hoc biogeochemical analyses, and three-dimensional modeling proved invaluable in unraveling the complex dynamics of algal blooms highlighting the substantial role of littoral-pelagic connectivities in large low-nutrient lakes. These findings underscore the advantages of state-of-the-art multidisciplinary approaches for an improved understanding of dynamic systems as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Irani Rahaghi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Surface Waters – Research and Management, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Odermatt
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Surface Waters – Research and Management, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Orlane Anneville
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, UMR CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Oscar Sepúlveda Steiner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Surface Waters – Research and Management, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Rafael Sebastian Reiss
- Ecological Engineering Laboratory (ECOL), Institute of Environmental Engineering (IIE), Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marina Amadori
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Toffolon
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Stéphan Jacquet
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, UMR CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | | | - Mortimer Werther
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Surface Waters – Research and Management, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Soulignac
- Commission Internationale pour la Protection des Eaux du Léman (CIPEL), Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Etienne Dambrine
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, UMR CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Didier Jézéquel
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, UMR CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Hatté
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwce, Poland
| | - Viet Tran-Khac
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, UMR CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Serena Rasconi
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, UMR CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Frédéric Rimet
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, UMR CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - Damien Bouffard
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Surface Waters – Research and Management, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Geopolis, Mouline, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Fricke A, Bast F, Moreira-Saporiti A, Martins Bussanello G, Msuya FE, Teichberg M. Tropical bloom-forming mesoalgae Cladophoropsis sp. and Laurencia sp.-responses to ammonium enrichment and a simulated heatwave. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2024; 60:554-573. [PMID: 38402562 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Algal blooms are increasing worldwide, driven by elevated nutrient inputs. However, it is still unknown how tropical benthic algae will respond to heatwaves, which are expected to be more frequent under global warming. In the present study, a multifactorial experiment was carried out to investigate the potential synergistic effects of increased ammonium inputs (25 μM, control at 2.5 μM) and a heatwave (31°C, control at 25°C) on the growth and physiology (e.g., ammonium uptake, nutrient assimilation, photosynthetic performance, and pigment concentrations) of two bloom-forming algal species, Cladophoropsis sp. and Laurencia sp. Both algae positively responded to elevated ammonium concentrations with higher growth and chlorophyll a and lutein concentrations. Increased temperature was generally a less important driver, interacting with elevated ammonium by decreasing the algaes' %N content and N:P ratios. Interestingly, this stress response was not captured by the photosynthetic yield (Fv/Fm) nor by the carbon assimilation (%C), which increased for both algae at higher temperatures. The negative effects of higher temperature were, however, buffered by nutrient inputs, showing an antagonistic response in the combined treatment for the concentration of VAZ (violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin) and thalli growth. Ammonium uptake was initially higher for Cladophoropsis sp. and increased for Laurencia sp. over experimental time, showing an acclimation capacity even in a short time interval. This experiment shows that both algae benefited from increased ammonium pulses and were able to overcome the otherwise detrimental stress of increasingly emerging temperature anomalies, which provide them a strong competitive advantage and might support their further expansions in tropical marine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fricke
- WG Algae and Seagrass Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
- Department Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Felix Bast
- WG Algae and Seagrass Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
- Department of Botany, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda VPO, Punjab, India
| | - Agustín Moreira-Saporiti
- WG Algae and Seagrass Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giovanni Martins Bussanello
- Florianópolis (UFSC), R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Flower E Msuya
- Zanzibar Seaweed Cluster Initiative (ZaSCI), Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Mirta Teichberg
- WG Algae and Seagrass Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Lee MJ, Henderson SB, Clermont H, Turna NS, McIntyre L. The health risks of marine biotoxins associated with high seafood consumption: Looking beyond the single dose, single outcome paradigm with a view towards addressing the needs of coastal Indigenous populations in British Columbia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27146. [PMID: 38463841 PMCID: PMC10923677 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
People who consume high quantities of seafood are at a heightened risk for marine biotoxin exposure. Coastal Indigenous peoples may experience higher levels of risk than the general population due to their reliance on traditional marine foods. Most evidence on the health risks associated with biotoxins focus on a single exposure at one point in time. There is limited research on other types of exposures that may occur among those who regularly consume large quantities of seafood. The objective of this review is to assess what is known about the unique biotoxin exposure risks associated with the consumption patterns of many coastal Indigenous populations. These risks include [1]: repeated exposure to low doses of a single or multiple biotoxins [2]; repeated exposures to high doses of a single or multiple biotoxins; and [3] exposure to multiple biotoxins at a single point in time. We performed a literature search and collected 23 recent review articles on the human health effects of different biotoxins. Using a narrative framework synthesis approach, we collated what is known about the health effects of the exposure risks associated with the putative consumption patterns of coastal Indigenous populations. We found that the health effects of repeated low- or high-dose exposures and the chronic health effects of marine biotoxins are rarely studied or documented. There are gaps in our understanding of how risks differ by seafood species and preparation, cooking, and consumption practices. Together, these gaps contribute to a relatively poor understanding of how biotoxins impact the health of those who regularly consume large quantities of seafood. In the context of this uncertainty, we explore how known and potential risks associated with biotoxins can be mitigated, with special attention to coastal Indigenous populations routinely consuming seafood. Overall, we conclude that there is a need to move beyond the single-dose single-outcome model of exposure to better serve Indigenous communities and others who consume high quantities of seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Joseph Lee
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Sarah B. Henderson
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Holly Clermont
- Environmental Public Health Services, First Nations Health Authority, Snaw-naw-as Territory, Nanoose Bay, Canada
| | - Nikita Saha Turna
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Lorraine McIntyre
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4R4, Canada
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8
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Gomes DGE, Ruzicka JJ, Crozier LG, Huff DD, Brodeur RD, Stewart JD. Marine heatwaves disrupt ecosystem structure and function via altered food webs and energy flux. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1988. [PMID: 38480718 PMCID: PMC10937662 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and intensity of marine heatwaves is increasing globally, disrupting local environmental conditions. The individual and population-level impacts of prolonged heatwaves on marine species have recently been demonstrated, yet whole-ecosystem consequences remain unexplored. We leveraged time series abundance data of 361 taxa, grouped into 86 functional groups, from six long-term surveys, diet information from a new diet database, and previous modeling efforts, to build two food web networks using an extension of the popular Ecopath ecosystem modeling framework, Ecotran. We compare ecosystem models parameterized before and after the onset of recent marine heatwaves to evaluate the cascading effects on ecosystem structure and function in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. While the ecosystem-level contribution (prey) and demand (predators) of most functional groups changed following the heatwaves, gelatinous taxa experienced the largest transformations, underscored by the arrival of northward-expanding pyrosomes. We show altered trophic relationships and energy flux have potentially profound consequences for ecosystem structure and function, and raise concerns for populations of threatened and harvested species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G E Gomes
- Ocean Ecology Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife & Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, 97365, USA.
- National Academy of Sciences NRC Postdoctoral Research Associateship, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - James J Ruzicka
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Lisa G Crozier
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - David D Huff
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - Richard D Brodeur
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - Joshua D Stewart
- Ocean Ecology Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife & Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
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9
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Yan Z, Kamanmalek S, Alamdari N. Predicting coastal harmful algal blooms using integrated data-driven analysis of environmental factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169253. [PMID: 38101630 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Coastal harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become one of the challenging environmental problems in the world's thriving coastal cities due to the interference of multiple stressors from human activities and climate change. Past HAB predictions primarily relied on single-source data, overlooked upstream land use, and typically used a single prediction algorithm. To address these limitations, this study aims to develop predictive models to establish the relationship between the HAB indicator - chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and various environmental stressors, under appropriate lagging predictive scenarios. To achieve this, we first applied the partial autocorrelation function (PACF) to Chl-a to precisely identify two prediction scenarios. We then combined multi-source data and several machine learning algorithms to predict harmful algae, using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to extract key features influencing output from the prediction models. Our findings reveal an apparent 1-month autoregressive characteristic in Chl-a, leading us to create two scenarios: 1-month lead prediction and current-month prediction. The Extra Tree Regressor (ETR), with an R2 of 0.92, excelled in 1-month lead predictions, while the Random Forest Regressor (RFR) was most effective for current-month predictions with an R2 of 0.69. Additionally, we identified current month Chl-a, developed land use, total phosphorus, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) as critical features for accurate predictions. Our predictive framework, which can be applied to coastal regions worldwide, provides decision-makers with crucial tools for effectively predicting and mitigating HAB threats in major coastal cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiao Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Sara Kamanmalek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Nasrin Alamdari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
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10
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Gomes DGE, Ruzicka JJ, Crozier LG, Huff DD, Phillips EM, Hernvann PY, Morgan CA, Brodeur RD, Zamon JE, Daly EA, Bizzarro JJ, Fisher JL, Auth TD. An updated end-to-end ecosystem model of the Northern California Current reflecting ecosystem changes due to recent marine heatwaves. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0280366. [PMID: 38241310 PMCID: PMC10798527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The Northern California Current is a highly productive marine upwelling ecosystem that is economically and ecologically important. It is home to both commercially harvested species and those that are federally listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Recently, there has been a global shift from single-species fisheries management to ecosystem-based fisheries management, which acknowledges that more complex dynamics can reverberate through a food web. Here, we have integrated new research into an end-to-end ecosystem model (i.e., physics to fisheries) using data from long-term ocean surveys, phytoplankton satellite imagery paired with a vertically generalized production model, a recently assembled diet database, fishery catch information, species distribution models, and existing literature. This spatially-explicit model includes 90 living and detrital functional groups ranging from phytoplankton, krill, and forage fish to salmon, seabirds, and marine mammals, and nine fisheries that occur off the coast of Washington, Oregon, and Northern California. This model was updated from previous regional models to account for more recent changes in the Northern California Current (e.g., increases in market squid and some gelatinous zooplankton such as pyrosomes and salps), to expand the previous domain to increase the spatial resolution, to include data from previously unincorporated surveys, and to add improved characterization of endangered species, such as Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and southern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca). Our model is mass-balanced, ecologically plausible, without extinctions, and stable over 150-year simulations. Ammonium and nitrate availability, total primary production rates, and model-derived phytoplankton time series are within realistic ranges. As we move towards holistic ecosystem-based fisheries management, we must continue to openly and collaboratively integrate our disparate datasets and collective knowledge to solve the intricate problems we face. As a tool for future research, we provide the data and code to use our ecosystem model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G. E. Gomes
- National Academy of Sciences NRC Research Associateship Program, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - James J. Ruzicka
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Lisa G. Crozier
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - David D. Huff
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Phillips
- Fishery Resource Analysis and Monitoring Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Pierre-Yves Hernvann
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, United States of America
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Morgan
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Brodeur
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - Jen E. Zamon
- Fish Ecology Division, Point Adams Research Station, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Hammond, OR, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Daly
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - Joseph J. Bizzarro
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
- Fisheries Collaborative Program, University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Fisher
- Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, United States of America
| | - Toby D. Auth
- Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Newport, OR, United States of America
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11
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Hopiavuori A, McKinnie SMK. Algal Kainoid Synthases Exhibit Substrate-Dependent Hydroxylation and Cyclization Activities. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2457-2463. [PMID: 38047879 PMCID: PMC10728896 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
FeII/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (Fe/αKG) make up a large enzyme family that functionalize C-H bonds on diverse organic substrates. Although Fe/αKG homologues catalyze an array of chemically useful reactions, hydroxylation typically predominates. Microalgal DabC uniquely forms a novel C-C bond to construct the bioactive pyrrolidine ring in domoic acid biosynthesis; however, we have identified that this kainoid synthase exclusively performs a stereospecific hydroxylation reaction on its cis substrate regioisomer. Mechanistic and kinetic analyses with native and alternative substrates identified a 20-fold rate increase in DabC radical cyclization over β-hydroxylation with no observable 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer. Moreover, this dual activity was conserved among macroalgal RadC1 and KabC homologues and provided insight into substrate recognition and reactivity trends. Investigation of this substrate-dependent chemistry improves our understanding of kainoid synthases and their biocatalytic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin
R. Hopiavuori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Shaun M. K. McKinnie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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12
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Mueller JS, Grammel PJ, Bill N, Rohde S, Schupp PJ. Mass mortality event of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia sp.: population dynamics and size distribution in Koh Phangan, Gulf of Thailand. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16561. [PMID: 38107566 PMCID: PMC10722979 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges are prominent organisms of the benthic coral reef fauna, providing important ecosystem services. While there have been increasing reports that sponges are becoming one of the dominant benthic organisms in some locations and ecoregions (e.g. Caribbean), they can be impacted by changing environmental conditions. This study presents the first documentation of a mass mortality event of the barrel sponge Xestospongia sp. in the lower Gulf of Thailand and its consequences on population dynamics and size distribution. Two anthropogenic impacted reefs (Haad Khom and Mae Haad) of the island Koh Phangan and two anthropogenic non-impacted reefs of the islands Koh Yippon and Hin Yippon within the Mu Ko Ang Thong Marine National Park were surveyed in the years 2015 and 2016. The results showed a strong shift in population densities at Koh Phangan. Fatal "bleaching" ending up in mass mortality was observed for these reefs in 2015. Xestospongia sp. abundance decreased from 2015 to 2016 by 80.6% at Haad Khom and by 98.4% at Mae Haad. Sponges of all sizes were affected, and mortality occurred regardless of the survey depth (4 and 6 m). However, Xestospongia population densities in the Marine Park were at a constant level during the surveys. The abundances in 2015 were 65% higher at the Marine Park than at Koh Phangan and 92% higher in 2016. The most likely causes of the mass mortality event was a local harmful algal bloom event, pathogens, undetected local higher water temperatures, or a combination of these factors, whereas sea surface temperature analyses showed no marine heatwave during the observed mass mortality event in 2015. Considering the ecological importance of sponges such as Xestospongia sp., long-term monitoring of reefs and their environmental parameters should be implemented to prevent such mass die-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin S. Mueller
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Center for Oceanic Research and Education (CORE sea), Chaloklum, Koh Phangan, Surat Thani, Thailand
| | - Paul-Jannis Grammel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Center for Oceanic Research and Education (CORE sea), Chaloklum, Koh Phangan, Surat Thani, Thailand
| | - Nicolas Bill
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Sven Rohde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Peter J. Schupp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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13
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von Dassow P, Mikhno M, Percopo I, Orellana VR, Aguilera V, Álvarez G, Araya M, Cornejo-Guzmán S, Llona T, Mardones JI, Norambuena L, Salas-Rojas V, Kooistra WHCF, Montresor M, Sarno D. Diversity and toxicity of the planktonic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia from coastal and offshore waters of the Southeast Pacific, including Pseudo-nitzschia dampieri sp. nov. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 130:102520. [PMID: 38061816 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
To expand knowledge of Pseudo-nitzschia species in the Southeast Pacific, we isolated specimens from coastal waters of central Chile (36°S-30°S), the Gulf of Corcovado, and the oceanic Robinson Crusoe Island (700 km offshore) and grew them into monoclonal strains. A total of 123 Pseudo-nitzschia strains were identified to 11 species based on sequencing of the ITS region of the nuclear rDNA and on ultrastructural and morphometric analyses of the frustule in selected representatives of each clade: P. australis, P. bucculenta, P. cf. chiniana, P. cf. decipiens, P. fraudulenta, P. hasleana, P. multistriata, P. plurisecta, P. cf. sabit, the new species P. dampieri sp. nov., and one undescribed species. Partial 18S and 28S rDNA sequences, including the hypervariable V4 and D1-D3 regions used for barcoding, were gathered from representative strains of each species to facilitate future metabarcoding studies. Results showed different levels of genetic, and at times ultrastructural, diversity among the above-mentioned entities, suggesting morphological variants (P. bucculenta), rapidly radiating complexes with ill-defined species boundaries (P. cf. decipiens and P. cf. sabit), and the presence of new species (P. dampieri sp. nov., Pseudo-nitzschia sp. 1, and probably P. cf. chiniana). Domoic acid (DA) was detected in 18 out of 82 strains tested, including those of P. australis, P. plurisecta, and P. multistriata. Toxicity varied among species mostly corresponding to expectations from previous reports, with the prominent exception of P. fraudulenta; DA was not detected in any of its 10 strains tested. In conclusion, a high diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia exists in Chilean waters, particularly offshore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter von Dassow
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070112, Chile; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Marta Mikhno
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Isabella Percopo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valentina Rubio Orellana
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070112, Chile
| | - Víctor Aguilera
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070112, Chile; Laboratorio de Oceanografía Desértico Costera (LODEC), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, 1781421, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, 1781421, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, 1781421, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, 1781421, Chile
| | - Sebastián Cornejo-Guzmán
- Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070112 Chile
| | - Tomás Llona
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070112, Chile
| | - Jorge I Mardones
- Centro de Estudio de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, 5501679, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O´Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile
| | - Luis Norambuena
- Centro de Estudio de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Padre Harter 574, Puerto Montt, 5501679, Chile
| | - Victoria Salas-Rojas
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile; Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, 4070112, Chile
| | | | - Marina Montresor
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Diana Sarno
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
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14
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Sung MK, An SI, Shin J, Park JH, Yang YM, Kim HJ, Chang M. Ocean fronts as decadal thermostats modulating continental warming hiatus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7777. [PMID: 38012176 PMCID: PMC10682185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, an unexpected cooling trend has been observed in East Asia and North America during winter. Climate model simulations suggest that this pattern of stalled warming, besides accelerated warming, will repeat throughout the course of global warming, influenced by the natural decade-long variations in the climate system. However, understanding the exact factors affecting the pace of warming remains a challenge. Here we show that a pause in warming over continental areas-namely, local warming hiatus-can be accompanied by excessive heat accumulation north of the ocean fronts. This oceanic condition, often manifesting in the form of marine heatwaves, constrains the subseasonal growth of atmospheric planetary waves, significantly increasing the likelihood of cold extremes in downstream continents. Our results underscore the importance of closely monitoring changing ocean fronts in response to human-induced warming, which can potentially reshape the inherent decade-long fluctuations within regional climates over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Sung
- Climate and Environmental Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon-Il An
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences/Irreversible Climate Change Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongsoo Shin
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Jae-Heung Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kim
- Low-Carbon and Climate Impact Research Centre, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minhee Chang
- Climate and Environmental Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Rothenberg SE, Beechler BR, Burco JD, Rae S, Steingass SM, Barton D, Johns JL, Russell DS, Deignan K, Blackledge MM, Nation A. Associations between urogenital carcinoma and DECA-BDE (BDE-209) among wild California Sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and Steller Sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:166412. [PMID: 37611708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Urogenital carcinoma (UGC) is prevalent among California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), while less is known concerning UGC among Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Our objective was to investigate associations between UGC and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) among both sea lion species. Twenty-nine California sea lions and 20 Steller sea lions were lethally removed from the Columbia River Basin, Oregon, USA between 2020 and 2021, under Section 120 of the Marine Mammal Protection Act. UGC was diagnosed through gross necropsy and histopathology. Forty PBDE congeners were analyzed in blubber, including BDE-209, a potential carcinogen. Twenty (69 %) California sea lions and one (5 %) Steller sea lion were diagnosed with UGC. All cases were identified as early stage UGC, aside from one California sea lion with more advanced stage UGC. Among California sea lions, associations between PBDEs and UGC were analyzed using logistic regression. In the adjusted model, BDE-209 (log2-transformed) was associated with increased odds of UGC [Odds Ratio (OR): 4.68, 95 % confidence interval: 1.04, 21.0, OR p-value = 0.044). This is the first study to report BDE-209 concentrations in sea lion blubber. The percentages of California and Steller sea lions diagnosed with UGC were higher than expected for wild (non-stranded) sea lions. Our results suggested blubber BDE-209 was potentially associated with UGC in California sea lions in the Columbia River Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Rothenberg
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Brianna R Beechler
- Oregon State University, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Julia D Burco
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97330, United States.
| | - Samantha Rae
- Oregon State University, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Sheanna M Steingass
- Oregon State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Dianne Barton
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Portland, OR 97232, United States.
| | - Jennifer L Johns
- Oregon State University, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Duncan S Russell
- Oregon State University, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Kristen Deignan
- Oregon State University, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Megan M Blackledge
- Oregon State University, College of Science, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Autumn Nation
- Oregon State University, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
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16
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Brunson JK, Thukral M, Ryan JP, Anderson CR, Kolody BC, James C, Chavez FP, Leaw CP, Rabines AJ, Venepally P, Zheng H, Kudela RM, Smith GJ, Moore BS, Allen AE. Molecular Forecasting of Domoic Acid during a Pervasive Toxic Diatom Bloom. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.02.565333. [PMID: 37961417 PMCID: PMC10635071 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the largest recorded harmful algal bloom (HAB) occurred in the Northeast Pacific, causing nearly 100 million dollars in damages to fisheries and killing many protected marine mammals. Dominated by the toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis , this bloom produced high levels of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). Through molecular and transcriptional characterization of 52 near-weekly phytoplankton net-tow samples collected at a bloom hotspot in Monterey Bay, California, we identified active transcription of known DA biosynthesis ( dab ) genes from the three identified toxigenic species, including P. australis as the primary origin of toxicity. Elevated expression of silicon transporters ( sit1 ) during the bloom supports the previously hypothesized role of dissolved silica (Si) exhaustion in contributing to bloom physiology and toxicity. We find that co-expression of the dabA and sit1 genes serves as a robust predictor of DA one week in advance, potentially enabling the forecasting of DA-producing HABs. We additionally present evidence that low levels of iron could have co-limited the diatom population along with low Si. Iron limitation represents a previously unrecognized driver of both toxin production and ecological success of the low iron adapted Pseudo-nitzschia genus during the 2015 bloom, and increasing pervasiveness of iron limitation may fuel the escalating magnitude and frequency of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms globally. Our results advance understanding of bloom physiology underlying toxin production, bloom prediction, and the impact of global change on toxic blooms. Significance Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms form oceanic harmful algal blooms that threaten human health through production of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). DA biosynthetic gene expression is hypothesized to control DA production in the environment, yet what regulates expression of these genes is yet to be discovered. In this study, we uncovered expression of DA biosynthesis genes by multiple toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia species during an economically impactful bloom along the North American West Coast, and identified genes that predict DA in advance of its production. We discovered that iron and silica co-limitation restrained the bloom and likely promoted toxin production. This work suggests that increasing iron limitation due to global change may play a previously unrecognized role in driving bloom frequency and toxicity.
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17
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Trapp A, Hayashi K, Fiechter J, Kudela RM. What happens in the shadows - Influence of seasonal and non-seasonal dynamics on domoic acid monitoring in the Monterey Bay upwelling shadow. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102522. [PMID: 37951621 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid produced by toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia species is the main toxin threat from harmful algal blooms in Monterey Bay and the larger California Current region on the West Coast of the United States. Toxin monitoring in Monterey Bay includes a long-running time series of weekly measurements of domoic acid from water samples, sentinel mussels, and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) at the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf (SCW). The SCW sampling site is unusual because of its position in the Monterey Bay upwelling shadow in the north bay. The upwelling shadow circulation pattern has been previously characterized as a bloom incubator for dinoflagellates, but it has not yet been analyzed in the context of long-term monitoring methods. In data collected from the SCW from 2012 - 2020, domoic acid from water samples and sentinel mussels had a different temporal distribution than domoic acid from SPATT. Here we explore the discrepancy through a seasonal and non-seasonal analysis including physical oceanography of the region. Results show that domoic acid from water samples and sentinel mussels are related to seasonal upwelling and Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. Domoic acid monitored by SPATT, on the other hand, is correlated to anomalous upwelling and warmer than usual temperatures during the relaxation season. This work builds on previous analyses of the SCW time series and contributes to understanding of the circulation of dissolved toxin in the environment. Results lend rationale for the continuation of rigorous domoic acid monitoring in Monterey Bay and encourage stakeholders to consider local physical dynamics when interpreting toxin monitoring data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey Trapp
- University of California Santa Cruz, Dept. of Ocean Sciences, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America.
| | - Kendra Hayashi
- University of California Santa Cruz, Dept. of Ocean Sciences, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America
| | - Jerome Fiechter
- University of California Santa Cruz, Dept. of Ocean Sciences, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- University of California Santa Cruz, Dept. of Ocean Sciences, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America
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18
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Cembella A, Klemm K, John U, Karlson B, Arneborg L, Clarke D, Yamanaka T, Cusack C, Naustvoll L, Bresnan E, Šupraha L, Lundholm N. Emerging phylogeographic perspective on the toxigenic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia in coastal northern European waters and gateways to eastern Arctic seas: Causes, ecological consequences and socio-economic impacts. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102496. [PMID: 37951606 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo is perhaps the most intensively researched genus of marine pennate diatoms, with respect to species diversity, life history strategies, toxigenicity, and biogeographical distribution. The global magnitude and consequences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Pseudo-nitzschia are particularly significant because of the high socioeconomic impacts and environmental and human health risks associated with the production of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) among populations of many (although not all) species. This has led to enhanced monitoring and mitigation strategies for toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and their toxins in recent years. Nevertheless, human adaptive actions based on future scenarios of bloom dynamics and proposed shifts in biogeographical distribution under climate-change regimes have not been implemented on a regional scale. In the CoCliME (Co-development of climate services for adaptation to changing marine ecosystems) program these issues were addressed with respect to past, current and anticipated future status of key HAB genera such as Pseudo-nitzschia and expected benefits of enhanced monitoring. Data on the distribution and frequency of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms in relation to DA occurrence and associated amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) events were evaluated in a contemporary and historical context over the past several decades from key northern CoCliME Case Study areas. The regional studies comprised the greater North Sea and adjacent Kattegat-Skagerrak and Norwegian Sea, eastern North Atlantic marginal seas and Arctic gateways, and the Baltic Sea. The first evidence of possible biogeographical expansion of Pseudo-nitzschia taxa into frontier eastern Arctic gateways was provided from DNA barcoding signatures. Key climate change indicators, such as salinity, temperature, and water-column stratification were identified as drivers of upwelling and advection related to the distribution of regional Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. The possible influence of changing variables on bloom dynamics, magnitude, frequency and spatial and temporal distribution were interpreted in the context of regional ocean climate models. These climate change indicators may play key roles in selecting for the occurrence and diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia species within the broader microeukaryote communities. Shifts to higher temperature and lower salinity regimes predicted for the southern North Sea indicate the potential for high-magnitude Pseudo-nitzschia blooms, currently absent from this area. Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms are evaluated with reference to effects on fisheries and mariculture resources and coastal ecosystem function. Where feasible, effective adaptation strategies are proposed herein as emerging climate services for the northern CoCLiME region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Cembella
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Uwe John
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, Oldenburg 26129, Germany.
| | - Bengt Karlson
- Research and Development, Oceanography, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts gata 15, Västra SE-426 71, Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Lars Arneborg
- Research and Development, Oceanography, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts gata 15, Västra SE-426 71, Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Dave Clarke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Tsuyuko Yamanaka
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Caroline Cusack
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Lars Naustvoll
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, Bergen NO-5817, Norway
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Directorate of the Scottish Government, Science, Evidence, Digital and Data, 375 Victoria Rd, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
| | - Luka Šupraha
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen K 1353, Denmark
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Perry RI, Nemcek N, Hennekes M, Sastri A, Ross ARS, Shannon H, Shartau RB. Domoic acid in Canadian Pacific waters, from 2016 to 2021, and relationships with physical and chemical conditions. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102530. [PMID: 37951625 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid, a phycotoxin produced by species of the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia, can cause deleterious impacts to marine food webs and human health. Domoic acid and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were surveyed from 2016 to 2021 in the Pacific waters of Canada to assess their occurrences, concentrations, and relationships with physical and chemical conditions. Domoic acid was common, occurring in measurable concentrations in 73 % of the 454 samples. It occurred in all regions (west coast of Vancouver Island, Salish Sea, Queen Charlotte Sound / Hecate Strait, deep oceanic NE Pacific), in all years and all seasons. Median concentrations were highest along the west coast of Vancouver Island, and lowest in the oceanic waters of the NE Pacific. Winter had the lowest concentrations; no significant differences occurred between spring, summer, and autumn. High domoic acid concentrations equal to or above 100 ng/L were not common, occurring in about 5 % of samples, but in all seasons and all years except 2019. All six Pseudo-nitzschia taxa identified had similar median concentrations, but different frequencies of occurrence. P. cf. australis appeared to be the major contributor to high concentrations of domoic acid. Physico-chemical conditions were described by ten variables: temperature, salinity, density difference between 30 m and the surface (a proxy for vertical stability), chlorophyll a, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and the ratios nitrate:phosphate, nitrate:silicate, and silicate:phosphate. Statistical analyses, using general linear models, of their relationships with the absence/presence of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. found silicate (negative) to be the most influential variable common in both the west coast of Vancouver Island and Salish Sea regions. Temperature and chlorophyll a were the most influential variables which determined the log10 abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in both regions. Analyses of the absence/presence of particulate domoic acid per Pseudo-nitzschia cell (excluding P. americana) found chlorophyll a to be the most influential variable common in both regions, whereas no common influential variable determined the log10 concentration of particulate domoic acid per Pseudo-nitzschia cell (excluding P. americana). These results were generally similar to those of other studies from this area, although this study extends these findings to all seasons and all regions of Canada's Pacific waters. The results provide important background information against which major outbreaks and unusual events can be compared. A domoic acid surveillance program during synoptic oceanographic surveys can help to understand where and when it reaches high concentrations at sea and the potential impacts to the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ian Perry
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C., V9T 6N7, Canada; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada.
| | - Nina Nemcek
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Melissa Hennekes
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Akash Sastri
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Andrew R S Ross
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Hayleigh Shannon
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C., V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Ryan B Shartau
- The University of Texas at Tyler, Department of Biology, Tyler, TX, 75799, USA
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20
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McClain AM, Field CL, Norris TA, Borremans B, Duignan PJ, Johnson SP, Whoriskey ST, Thompson-Barbosa L, Gulland FMD. The symptomatology and diagnosis of domoic acid toxicosis in stranded California sea lions ( Zalophus californianus): a review and evaluation of 20 years of cases to guide prognosis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1245864. [PMID: 37850065 PMCID: PMC10577433 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1245864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Domoic acid (DA) is a glutaminergic excitatory neurotoxin that causes the morbidity and mortality of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus; CSL) and other marine mammals due to a suite of effects mostly on the nervous and cardiac systems. Between 1998 and 2019, 11,737 live-stranded CSL were admitted to The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC; Sausalito, CA, USA), over 2,000 of which were intoxicated by DA. A plethora of clinical research has been performed over the past 20 years to characterize the range of toxic effects of DA exposure on CSLs, generating the largest dataset on the effects of natural exposure to this toxin in wildlife. Materials and methods In this study, we review published methods for diagnosing DA intoxication, clinical presentation, and treatment of DA-intoxicated CSL and present a practical, reproducible scoring system called the neuroscore (NS) to help assess whether a DA-affected CSL is fit for release to the wild following rehabilitation. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships between outcome (released vs. euthanized or died) and multiple variables to predict the outcome for a subset of 92 stranded CSLs. Results The largest proportion of DA-intoxicated CSLs was adult females (58.6%). The proportions of acute and chronic cases were 63.5 and 36.5% respectively, with 44% of affected CSL released and 56% either dying naturally or euthanized. The average time in rehabilitation was 15.9 days (range 0-169) for all outcomes. The best-performing model (85% accuracy; area under the curve = 0.90) assessing the relationship between outcome and predictor variables consisted of four variables: final NS, change in NS over time, whether the animal began eating in rehabilitation, and the state of nutrition on admission. Discussion Our results provide longitudinal information on the symptomatology of CSL intoxicated by domoic acid and suggest that a behavioral scoring system is a useful tool to assess the fitness for the release of DA-intoxicated CSL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cara L. Field
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Benny Borremans
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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21
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Hallam J, Harris NC. What's going to be on the menu with global environmental changes? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5744-5759. [PMID: 37458101 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing anthropogenic change is altering the planet at an unprecedented rate, threatening biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. Species are responding to abiotic pressures at both individual and population levels, with changes affecting trophic interactions through consumptive pathways. Collectively, these impacts alter the goods and services that natural ecosystems will provide to society, as well as the persistence of all species. Here, we describe the physiological and behavioral responses of species to global changes on individual and population levels that result in detectable changes in diet across terrestrial and marine ecosystems. We illustrate shifts in the dynamics of food webs with implications for animal communities. Additionally, we highlight the myriad of tools available for researchers to investigate the dynamics of consumption patterns and trophic interactions, arguing that diet data are a crucial component of ecological studies on global change. We suggest that a holistic approach integrating the complexities of diet choice and trophic interactions with environmental drivers may be more robust at resolving trends in biodiversity, predicting food web responses, and potentially identifying early warning signs of diversity loss. Ultimately, despite the growing body of long-term ecological datasets, there remains a dearth of diet ecology studies across temporal scales, a shortcoming that must be resolved to elucidate vulnerabilities to changing biophysical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hallam
- Applied Wildlife Ecology Lab, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nyeema C Harris
- Applied Wildlife Ecology Lab, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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22
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Bilbao J, Pavloudi C, Blanco-Rayón E, Franco J, Madariaga I, Seoane S. Phytoplankton community composition in relation to environmental variability in the Urdaibai estuary (SE Bay of Biscay): Microscopy and eDNA metabarcoding. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 191:106175. [PMID: 37717336 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton monitoring is essential for the global understanding of aquatic ecosystems. The present research studies the phytoplankton community of the Urdaibai estuary, combining microscopy and eDNA metabarcoding for the first time in the area. The main aims were to describe the phytoplankton community composition in relation to the environmental conditions of the estuary, and to compare the two methods used. Diatoms Minutocellus polymorphus and Chaetoceros tenuissimus dominated the outer estuary, being replaced by Teleaulax acuta (cryptophyte), Kryptoperidinium foliaceum (dinoflagellate) and Cyclotella spp. (diatom) towards the inner area. This change was mainly prompted by salinity and nutrients. Metabarcoding revealed the presence of 223 species that were not observed by microscopy in previous studies in the estuary. However, several characteristic species (e.g., K. foliaceum) were only detected with microscopy. Additionally, microscopy covered the limitations of eDNA metabarcoding concerning quantification. Thus, to give a full insight, a combination of techniques is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Bilbao
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (Plentzia Marine Station, PiE- UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Plentzia, Spain.
| | - Christina Pavloudi
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology, Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Esther Blanco-Rayón
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (Plentzia Marine Station, PiE- UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Plentzia, Spain
| | | | - Iosu Madariaga
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Sergio Seoane
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (Plentzia Marine Station, PiE- UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Plentzia, Spain
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23
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Vase VK, Raman M, Sahay A, R S, K R, K R S, Dash G, J J, Rohit P, R RK. Dynamics of environmental variables during the incidence of algal bloom in the coastal waters of Gujarat along the northeastern Arabian Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1238. [PMID: 37736823 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of physico-chemical, nutrient, and chlorophyll-a variables were studied in the bloom and non-bloom locations along the off-Gujarat coastal waters to understand the variability in biogeochemistry using multivariate analytical tests. The dissolved oxygen was significantly lower in the bloom stations (3.89 ± 0.44 mgL-1) than in the non-bloom stations (5.50 ± 0.70 mg L-1), due to the biological degradation of organic matter in addition to anaerobic microbial respiration. Nutrients (PO4 and NO3) and Chl-a concentrations were recorded higher in the bloom locations at 0.83 ± 0.21 µmol L-1, 4.47 ± 0.69 µmol L-1, 4.14 ± 1.49 mg m-3, respectively. PO4 and NO3 have shown a significantly higher positive correlation of r = 0.73 and r = 0.69 with Chl-a for bloom data than the non-bloom data. The percentage variance contributed by PC1 and PC2 for both bloom and non-bloom locations were estimated at 52.33%. The variable PO4 explains the highest 24.19% variability in PC1, followed by Chl-a (19.89%). The PO4 triggers the bloom formation and also correlates to the higher concentrations of Chl-a in the bloom locations. The bloom concentration ranges from 9553 to 12,235 trichomes L-1. The bloom intensity has shown a significant positive correlation with Chl-a (r = 0.77), NO3 (r = 0.56), and PO4 (r = 0.30), but a negative correlation was noticed with DO (r = - 0.63) and pH (r = - 0.49). The study also initiates a way forward research investigation on ocean-color technologies to identify and monitor blooms and climate change-driven factors for bloom formation. The occurrence of bloom and its influence on fishery resources and other marine biotas will open many research windows in marine fisheries, oceanography, remote sensing, marine biology, and trophodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Kumar Vase
- Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangaluru, Karnataka, 574199, India.
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India.
| | - Mini Raman
- ISRO-Space Application Center, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Arvind Sahay
- ISRO-Space Application Center, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shikha R
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Rajan K
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Sreenath K R
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Gyanaranjan Dash
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Jayasankar J
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Prathibha Rohit
- Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangaluru, Karnataka, 574199, India
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Ratheesh Kumar R
- ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
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Whyte C, Swan SC, Turner AD, Hatfield RG, Mitchell E, Lafferty S, Morrell N, Rowland-Pilgrim S, Davidson K. The Presence of Pseudo-nitzschia australis in North Atlantic Aquaculture Sites, Implications for Monitoring Amnesic Shellfish Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:554. [PMID: 37755980 PMCID: PMC10536095 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The farming of shellfish plays an important role in providing sustainable economic growth in coastal, rural communities in Scotland and acts as an anchor industry, supporting a range of ancillary jobs in the processing, distribution and exporting industries. The Scottish Government is encouraging shellfish farmers to double their economic contribution by 2030. These farmers face numerous challenges to reach this goal, among which is the problem caused by toxin-producing microplankton that can contaminate their shellfish, leading to harvesting site closure and the recall of product. Food Standards Scotland, a non-ministerial department of the Scottish Government, carries out a monitoring programme for both the toxin-producing microplankton and the toxins in shellfish flesh, with farms being closed when official thresholds for any toxin are breached. The farm remains closed until testing for the problematic toxin alone, often diarrhetic shellfish toxin (DST), shows the site to have dropped below the regulatory threshold. While this programme has proved to be robust, questions remain regarding the other toxins that may be present at a closed site. In this study, we tested archival material collected during site closures but only tested for DSTs as part of the official control monitoring. We found the presence of amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) in low concentrations in the majority of sites tested. In one case, the level of AST breached the official threshold. This finding has implications for AST monitoring programmes around Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Whyte
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Sarah C. Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK (S.R.-P.)
| | - Robert G. Hatfield
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK (S.R.-P.)
| | - Elaine Mitchell
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Shannon Lafferty
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Nadine Morrell
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK (S.R.-P.)
| | - Stepahanie Rowland-Pilgrim
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK (S.R.-P.)
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
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25
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McCabe RM, Hickey BM, Trainer VL. The Pacific Northwest Harmful Algal Blooms Bulletin. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102480. [PMID: 37544680 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A bulletin communicating risk of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms to shellfish harvest along the open coast of the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (the northeast Pacific Ocean spanning Washington and Oregon) is discussed. This Pacific Northwest Harmful Algal Blooms (PNW HAB) Bulletin is designed for shellfish managers with a focus on the razor clam fishery, but may also be informative to managers of the Dungeness crab fishery since domoic acid accumulation in crabs tends to lag accumulation in razor clams by a couple of weeks. The Bulletin complements beach phytoplankton monitoring programs by alerting coastal shellfish managers about adverse environmental conditions that could be conducive to a toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom. Beach monitoring programs are effective at determining when toxins have arrived at shellfish beaches, but a risk forecast based on near real-time biophysical information can provide managers with additional forewarning about potential future toxin outbreaks. Here, the approaches taken in constructing the risk forecasts, along with the reasoning and research behind them are presented. Updates to a historical PNW HAB Bulletin are described, as are the current workflow and the individual components of the updated Bulletin. Some successes and failures realized throughout the process are also pointed out for the benefit of the broader community. A self-assessment suggests that when the necessary data sources are available, the PNW HAB Bulletin provides an accurate forecast of risk associated with toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. The Bulletin has proven beneficial to coastal shellfish managers by better informing decisions on sample collection, and harvest limits, openings, extensions, and closures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M McCabe
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
| | - Barbara M Hickey
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, 1503 Boat Street, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Olympic Natural Resources Center, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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26
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Pućko M, Rourke W, Hussherr R, Archambault P, Eert J, Majewski AR, Niemi A, Reist J, Michel C. Phycotoxins in bivalves from the western Canadian Arctic: The first evidence of toxigenicity. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102474. [PMID: 37544674 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the first evidence that a diverse suite of phycotoxins is not only being actively produced by the toxigenic algal communities in the Canadian Arctic waters, but is also entering the marine food web. We detected measurable amounts of Amnesic Shellfish Toxins (ASTs) and Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs), as well as trace amounts of other lipophilic toxin groups including pectenotoxins, yessotoxins, and cyclic imines, in bivalves collected from the Canadian Beaufort Sea in 2014 and 2018. There appear to be species-specific differences in accumulation and retention of AST by Arctic bivalves, with significantly higher concentrations recorded in Nuculanidae than Propeamussiidae, likely reflecting physiological and allometric differences. We further confirm the omnipresence of potentially toxic taxonomically-versatile phytoplankton communities in the western Canadian Arctic comprising Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima group, P. obtusa, Dinophysis acuminata, Prorocentrum minimum, Alexandrium tamarense, and Gymnodinium spp. Although measurements of actual toxicity levels and profiles of these species at the time of sampling fall outside of the scope of this study, we show that high abundance and competitive success of known AST-producers, Pseudo-nitzschia spp., are possible in Canadian Arctic waters. In 2014, a strong dominance of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. was observed at a few shallow coastal stations, representing nearly 40% of the total phytoplankton cell abundances with > 106 cells/L at the depth of maximum chlorophyll a. We further describe oceanographic conditions conducive to high abundances of toxin-producing algae, indicating that temperature is likely a key factor. Even though measured AST and PST concentrations in bivalve tissue remained well below the Health Canada's levels at which monitored fisheries would close, i.e., 5% and 4%, respectively, their presence demonstrate that phycotoxin accumulation is occurring in food webs of the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Yet, the phycotoxin production controls and trophic transfer mechanisms remain unknown. Canadian Arctic marine ecosystems are rapidly changing and temperatures are expected to continue to increase. Given that these changes simultaneously affect multiple, and often co-occurring, species of primary producers, adaptive capacity is likely to play an important role in the structure of phytoplankton communities in the Canadian Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pućko
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada.
| | - Wade Rourke
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Chemistry Laboratory, 1992 Agency Drive, Dartmouth, NS, B3B 1Y9, Canada
| | - Rachel Hussherr
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Philippe Archambault
- ArcticNet, Laval University, Department of Biology, 1045 Pavillon Alexandre Vachon, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jane Eert
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Andrew R Majewski
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Andrea Niemi
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Jim Reist
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Christine Michel
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada.
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27
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Kelly KJ, Mansour A, Liang C, Kim AM, Mancini LA, Bertin MJ, Jenkins BD, Hutchins DA, Fu FX. Simulated upwelling and marine heatwave events promote similar growth rates but differential domoic acid toxicity in Pseudo-nitzschia australis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102467. [PMID: 37544669 PMCID: PMC10404803 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Along the west coast of the United States, highly toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms have been associated with two contrasting regional phenomena: seasonal upwelling and marine heatwaves. While upwelling delivers cool water rich in pCO2 and an abundance of macronutrients to the upper water column, marine heatwaves instead lead to warmer surface waters, low pCO2, and reduced nutrient availability. Understanding Pseudo-nitzschia dynamics under these two conditions is important for bloom forecasting and coastal management, yet the mechanisms driving toxic bloom formation during contrasting upwelling vs. heatwave conditions remain poorly understood. To gain a better understanding of what drives Pseudo-nitzschia australis growth and toxicity during these events, multiple-driver scenario or 'cluster' experiments were conducted using temperature, pCO2, and nutrient levels reflecting conditions during upwelling (13 °C, 900 ppm pCO2, replete nutrients) and two intensities of marine heatwaves (19 °C or 20.5 °C, 250 ppm pCO2, reduced macronutrients). While P. australis grew equally well under both heatwave and upwelling conditions, similar to what has been observed in the natural environment, cells were only toxic in the upwelling treatment. We also conducted single-driver experiments to gain a mechanistic understanding of which drivers most impact P. australis growth and toxicity. These experiments indicated that nitrogen concentration and N:P ratio were likely the drivers that most influenced domoic acid production, while the impacts of temperature or pCO2 concentration were less pronounced. Together, these experiments may help to provide both mechanistic and holistic perspectives on toxic P. australis blooms in the dynamic and changing coastal ocean, where cells interact simultaneously with multiple altered environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla J Kelly
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amjad Mansour
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chen Liang
- Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrew M Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Lily A Mancini
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Matthew J Bertin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - Bethany D Jenkins
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States; Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States
| | - David A Hutchins
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fei-Xue Fu
- Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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28
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Sandoval-Belmar M, Smith J, Moreno AR, Anderson C, Kudela RM, Sutula M, Kessouri F, Caron DA, Chavez FP, Bianchi D. A cross-regional examination of patterns and environmental drivers of Pseudo-nitzschia harmful algal blooms along the California coast. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 126:102435. [PMID: 37290883 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-nitzschia species with the ability to produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) are the main cause of harmful algal blooms (HABs) along the U.S. West Coast, with major impacts on ecosystems, fisheries, and human health. While most Pseudo-nitzschia (PN) HAB studies to date have focused on their characteristics at specific sites, few cross-regional comparisons exist, and mechanistic understanding of large-scale HAB drivers remains incomplete. To close these gaps, we compiled a nearly 20-year time series of in situ particulate DA and environmental observations to characterize similarities and differences in PN HAB drivers along the California coast. We focus on three DA hotspots with the greatest data density: Monterey Bay, the Santa Barbara Channel, and the San Pedro Channel. Coastwise, DA outbreaks are strongly correlated with upwelling, chlorophyll-a, and silicic acid limitation relative to other nutrients. Clear differences also exist across the three regions, with contrasting responses to climate regimes across a north to south gradient. In Monterey Bay, PN HAB frequency and intensity increase under relatively nutrient-poor conditions during anomalously low upwelling intensities. In contrast, in the Santa Barbara and San Pedro Channels, PN HABs are favored under cold, nitrogen-rich conditions during more intense upwelling. These emerging patterns provide insights on ecological drivers of PN HABs that are consistent across regions and support the development of predictive capabilities for DA outbreaks along the California coast and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sandoval-Belmar
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America.
| | - Jayme Smith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States of America
| | - Allison R Moreno
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America
| | - Clarissa Anderson
- Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing System, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Martha Sutula
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States of America
| | - Fayçal Kessouri
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America; Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626-1437, United States of America
| | - David A Caron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0371, United States of America
| | - Francisco P Chavez
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California, United States of America
| | - Daniele Bianchi
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565, United States of America
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29
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Shartau RB, Turcotte LDM, Bradshaw JC, Ross ARS, Surridge BD, Nemcek N, Johnson SC. Dissolved Algal Toxins along the Southern Coast of British Columbia Canada. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:395. [PMID: 37368696 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal British Columbia (BC), Canada, negatively impact the salmon aquaculture industry. One disease of interest to salmon aquaculture is Net Pen Liver Disease (NPLD), which induces severe liver damage and is believed to be caused by the exposure to microcystins (MCs). To address the lack of information about algal toxins in BC marine environments and the risk they pose, this study investigated the presence of MCs and other toxins at aquaculture sites. Sampling was carried out using discrete water samples and Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) samplers from 2017-2019. All 283 SPATT samples and all 81 water samples tested positive for MCs. Testing for okadaic acid (OA) and domoic acid (DA) occurred in 66 and 43 samples, respectively, and all samples were positive for the toxin tested. Testing for dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) (20 samples), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) (20 samples), and yessotoxin (YTX) (17 samples) revealed that all samples were positive for the tested toxins. This study revealed the presence of multiple co-occurring toxins in BC's coastal waters and the levels detected in this study were below the regulatory limits for health and recreational use. This study expands our limited knowledge of algal toxins in coastal BC and shows that further studies are needed to understand the risks they pose to marine fisheries and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Shartau
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Lenora D M Turcotte
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Julia C Bradshaw
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Andrew R S Ross
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | | | - Nina Nemcek
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Stewart C Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
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30
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Chen J, Yang J, He X, Wang J, Pan L, Xin M, Chen F, Liang S, Wang B. Prevalence of the neurotoxin domoic acid in the aquatic environments of the Bohai and Northern Yellow seas in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162732. [PMID: 36906020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA), a natural marine phytotoxin produced by toxigenic algae, is harmful to fishery organisms and the health of seafood consumers. In this study, we performed a whole-sea area investigation of DA in seawater, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and phytoplankton of the Bohai and Northern Yellow seas to clarify the occurrence, phase partitioning, spatial distribution, potential sources, and environmental influencing factors of DA in the aquatic environment. DA in different environmental media was identified using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. DA was found to be predominantly in a dissolved phase (99.84 %) in seawater with only 0.16 % in SPM. Dissolved DA (dDA) was widely detected in nearshore and offshore areas of the Bohai Sea, Northern Yellow Sea, and Laizhou Bay with concentrations ranging from < limits of detection (LOD) to 25.21 ng/L (mean: 7.74 ng/L), < LOD to 34.90 ng/L (mean: 16.91 ng/L), and 1.74 ng/L to 38.20 ng/L (mean: 21.28 ng/L), respectively. dDA levels were relatively lower in the northern part than in the southern part of the study area. In particular, the dDA levels in the nearshore areas of Laizhou Bay were significantly higher than in other sea areas. This may be due to seawater temperature and nutrient levels exerting a crucial impact on the distribution of DA-producing marine algae in Laizhou Bay during early spring. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens may be the main source of DA in the study areas. Overall, DA was prevalent in the Bohai and Northern Yellow seas, especially in the nearshore aquaculture zone. Routine monitoring of DA in the mariculture zones of the northern seas and bays of China should be performed to warn shellfish farmers and prevent contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Chen
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xiuping He
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Jiuming Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ming Xin
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Farong Chen
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shengkang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology Development and Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Qingdao 266590, China
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31
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Houliez E, Schmitt FG, Breton E, Skouroliakou DI, Christaki U. On the conditions promoting Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms in the eastern English Channel and southern North Sea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 125:102424. [PMID: 37220977 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the drivers of the blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia seriata and Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima complexes in the eastern English Channel and southern North Sea. Phytoplankton data series acquired from 1992 to 2020 were analyzed with a multivariate statistical approach based on Hutchinson's niche concept. P. seriata and P. delicatissima complexes were found to be typically present year round, but they bloomed at different periods because they occupied different realized ecological niches. P. delicatissima complex occupied a more marginal niche and was less tolerant than P. seriata complex. P. delicatissima complex typically bloomed in April-May at the same time as Phaeocystis globosa while P. seriata complex blooms were more frequently observed in June during the decline of low intensity P. globosa blooms. P. delicatissima and P. seriata complexes were both favored by low-silicate environments and relatively low turbulence but they responded differently to water temperature, light, ammonium, phosphate and nitrite + nitrate conditions. Niche shifts and biotic interactions played important roles in the control of the blooms of P. delicatissima and P. seriata complexes. The two complexes occupied different sub-niches during their respective low abundance and bloom periods. The phytoplankton community structure and the number of other taxa presenting a niche overlapping the niches of P. delicatissima and P. seriata complexes also differed between these periods. P. globosa was the taxa contributing the most to the dissimilarity in community structure. P. globosa interacted positively with P. delicatissima complex and negatively with P. seriata complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Houliez
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F-62930 Wimereux, France.
| | - François G Schmitt
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F-62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Elsa Breton
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F-62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Dimitra-Ioli Skouroliakou
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F-62930 Wimereux, France
| | - Urania Christaki
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F-62930 Wimereux, France
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32
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Cochlan WP, Bill BD, Cailipan AB, Trainer VL. Domoic acid production by Pseudo-nitzschia australis: Re-evaluating the role of macronutrient limitation on toxigenicity. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 125:102431. [PMID: 37220984 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The toxigenic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Frenguelli), isolated from the California Current System (CCS), was examined in unialgal laboratory cultures to evaluate domoic acid (DA) production and cellular growth as a response to macronutrient limitation. Toxic blooms of P. australis are common in the coastal waters of eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS), including those of the CCS off the west coast of the United States where limitation by macronutrients, specifically silicon as silicic acid [Si(OH)4], or phosphorus as phosphate [PO43-], has been suggested to increase the production of DA by these diatoms. This study used batch cultures grown under conditions of macronutrient sufficiency and limitation, expected during and after a natural upwelling event, to determine whether PO43- or Si(OH)4 deficiency enhances the production of DA and the expected risk of DA toxicity in natural coastal ecosystems. These controlled lab studies demonstrate that despite increases in cell-specific DA concentrations found during the nutrient-limited stationary phase, DA production rates did not increase due to either PO43- or Si(OH)4 limitation, and total DA production rates were statistically greater during the nutrient-replete, exponential growth phase compared to the nutrient-limited, stationary phase. In addition, the relative contribution of particulate DA (pDA) and dissolved DA (dDA) varied markedly with growth phase, where the contribution of pDA to total DA (pDA + dDA) declined from an average of 70% under P- and Si-replete conditions to 49% under P-limited conditions and 39% under Si-limited conditions. These laboratory results demonstrate that macronutrient sufficiency does not regulate the biosynthetic production of DA by this strain of P. australis. This finding, together with a comparative analysis of the various equations employed to estimate DA production, suggests that the current paradigm of increased toxigenicity due to macronutrient limitation be carefully re-examined, particularly when attempting to forecast the toxic threat of DA to coastal ecosystems as a function of macronutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Cochlan
- Estuary and Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920-1205, United States of America.
| | - Brian D Bill
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, United States of America
| | - Adrielle B Cailipan
- Estuary and Ocean Science Center, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California, 94920-1205, United States of America
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, United States of America; Olympic Natural Resources Center, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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33
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Hendrix AM, Lefebvre KA, Bowers EK, Stuppard R, Burbacher T, Marcinek DJ. Age and Sex as Determinants of Acute Domoic Acid Toxicity in a Mouse Model. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:259. [PMID: 37104198 PMCID: PMC10143184 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The excitatory neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) consistently contaminates food webs in coastal regions around the world. Acute exposure to the toxin causes Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, a potentially lethal syndrome of gastrointestinal- and seizure-related outcomes. Both advanced age and male sex have been suggested to contribute to interindividual DA susceptibility. To test this, we administered DA doses between 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg body weight to female and male C57Bl/6 mice at adult (7-9-month-old) and aged (25-28-month-old) life stages and observed seizure-related activity for 90 min, at which point we euthanized the mice and collected serum, cortical, and kidney samples. We observed severe clonic-tonic convulsions in some aged individuals, but not in younger adults. We also saw an association between advanced age and the incidence of a moderately severe seizure-related outcome, hindlimb tremors, and between advanced age and overall symptom severity and persistence. Surprisingly, we additionally report that female mice, particularly aged female mice, demonstrated more severe neurotoxic symptoms following acute exposure to DA than males. Both age and sex patterns were reflected in tissue DA concentrations as well: aged mice and females had generally higher concentrations of DA in their tissues at 90 min post-exposure. This study contributes to the body of work that can inform intelligent, evidence-based public health protections for communities threatened by more frequent and extensive DA-producing algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Hendrix
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kathi A. Lefebvre
- Environmental Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Emily K. Bowers
- Environmental Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Rudolph Stuppard
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David J. Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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34
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Xu D, Zheng G, Brennan G, Wang Z, Jiang T, Sun K, Fan X, Bowler C, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wang Y, Li Y, Wu H, Li Y, Fu FX, Hutchins DA, Tan Z, Ye N. Plastic responses lead to increased neurotoxin production in the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia under ocean warming and acidification. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:525-536. [PMID: 36658395 PMCID: PMC10030627 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are recognized as two major climatic conditions influencing phytoplankton growth and nutritional or toxin content. However, there is limited knowledge on the responses of harmful algal bloom species that produce toxins. Here, the study provides quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the acclimation and adaptation responses of the domoic acid (DA) producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries to rising temperature and pCO2 using both a one-year in situ bulk culture experiment, and an 800-day laboratory acclimation experiment. Ocean warming showed larger selective effects on growth and DA metabolism than ocean acidification. In a bulk culture experiment, increasing temperature +4 °C above ambient seawater temperature significantly increased DA concentration by up to 11-fold. In laboratory when the long-term warming acclimated samples were assayed under low temperatures, changes in growth rates and DA concentrations indicated that P. multiseries did not adapt to elevated temperature, but could instead rapidly and reversibly acclimate to temperature shifts. However, the warming-acclimated lines showed evidence of adaptation to elevated temperatures in the transcriptome data. Here the core gene expression was not reversed when warming-acclimated lines were moved back to the low temperature environment, which suggested that P. multiseries cells might adapt to rising temperature over longer timescales. The distinct strategies of phenotypic plasticity to rising temperature and pCO2 demonstrate a strong acclimation capacity for this bloom-forming toxic diatom in the future ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Zhuonan Wang
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ke Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Youxun Li
- Marine Science Research Institute of Shandong Province (National Oceanographic Center), Qingdao, China
| | - Fei-Xue Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - David A Hutchins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Zhijun Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Naihao Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Production, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Hubbard KA, Villac MC, Chadwick C, DeSmidt AA, Flewelling L, Granholm A, Joseph M, Wood T, Fachon E, Brosnahan ML, Richlen M, Pathare M, Stockwell D, Lin P, Bouchard JN, Pickart R, Anderson DM. Spatiotemporal transitions in Pseudo-nitzschia species assemblages and domoic acid along the Alaska coast. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282794. [PMID: 36947524 PMCID: PMC10032537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia is distributed from equatorial to polar regions and is comprised of >57 species, some capable of producing the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). In the Pacific Arctic Region spanning the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas, DA is recognized as an emerging human and ecosystem health threat, yet little is known about the composition and distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia species in these waters. This investigation characterized Pseudo-nitzschia assemblages in samples collected in 2018 during summer (August) and fall (October-November) surveys as part of the Distributed Biological Observatory and Arctic Observing Network, encompassing a broad geographic range (57.8° to 73.0°N, -138.9° to -169.9°W) and spanning temperature (-1.79 to 11.7°C) and salinity (22.9 to 32.9) gradients associated with distinct water masses. Species were identified using a genus-specific Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA). Seventeen amplicons were observed; seven corresponded to temperate, sub-polar, or polar Pseudo-nitzschia species based on parallel sequencing efforts (P. arctica, P. delicatissima, P. granii, P. obtusa, P. pungens, and two genotypes of P. seriata), and one represented Fragilariopsis oceanica. During summer, particulate DA (pDA; 4.0 to 130.0 ng L-1) was observed in the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea where P. obtusa was prevalent. In fall, pDA (3.3 to 111.8 ng L-1) occurred along the Beaufort Sea shelf coincident with one P. seriata genotype, and south of the Bering Strait in association with the other P. seriata genotype. Taxa were correlated with latitude, longitude, temperature, salinity, pDA, and/or chlorophyll a, and each had a distinct distribution pattern. The observation of DA in association with different species, seasons, geographic regions, and water masses underscores the significant risk of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) and DA-poisoning in Alaska waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Hubbard
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Célia Villac
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christina Chadwick
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandra A. DeSmidt
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Leanne Flewelling
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - April Granholm
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Molly Joseph
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Taylor Wood
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Evangeline Fachon
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Brosnahan
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mindy Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mrunmayee Pathare
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dean Stockwell
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Peigen Lin
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Josée N. Bouchard
- Centre de recherche sur les biotechnologies marines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Pickart
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald M. Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
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36
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Arteaga LA, Rousseaux CS. Impact of Pacific Ocean heatwaves on phytoplankton community composition. Commun Biol 2023; 6:263. [PMID: 36907966 PMCID: PMC10008836 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, marine heatwaves have become recurrent throughout the equatorial and northeastern Pacific Ocean and are expected to increase in intensity relative to historic norms. Among the ecological ramifications associated with these high temperature anomalies are increased mortality of higher trophic organisms such as marine mammals and seabirds, which are likely triggered by changes in the composition of phytoplankton, the base of the marine trophic food web. Here, we assimilated satellite ocean color data into an ocean biogeochemical model to describe changes in the abundance of phytoplankton functional types (PFTs) during the last decade's (2010s) warm anomalies in the equatorial and northeastern Pacific Ocean. We find important changes associated with the "Blob" warm anomaly in the Gulf of Alaska, where reduced silica supply led to a switch in community composition from diatoms to dinoflagellates, resulting in an increase in surface ocean chlorophyll during the Summer-Fall of 2014. A more dramatic change was observed in the equatorial Pacific, where the extreme warm conditions of the 2016 El Niño resulted in a major decline of about 40% in surface chlorophyll, which was associated with a nearly total collapse in diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel A Arteaga
- Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
- Goddard Earth Sciences, Technology and Research II, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Cecile S Rousseaux
- Ocean Ecology Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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Amaya DJ, Jacox MG, Alexander MA, Scott JD, Deser C, Capotondi A, Phillips AS. Bottom marine heatwaves along the continental shelves of North America. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1038. [PMID: 36914643 PMCID: PMC10011364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been substantial effort to understand the fundamental characteristics of warm ocean temperature extremes-known as marine heatwaves (MHWs). However, MHW research has primarily focused on the surface signature of these events. While surface MHWs (SMHW) can have dramatic impacts on marine ecosystems, extreme warming along the seafloor can also have significant biological outcomes. In this study, we use a high-resolution (~8 km) ocean reanalysis to broadly assess bottom marine heatwaves (BMHW) along the continental shelves of North America. We find that BMHW intensity and duration varies strongly with bottom depth, with typical intensities ranging from ~0.5 °C-3 °C. Further, BMHWs can be more intense and persist longer than SMHWs. While BMHWs and SMHWs often co-occur, BMHWs can also exist without a SMHW. Deeper regions in which the mixed layer does not typically reach the seafloor exhibit less synchronicity between BMHWs and SMHWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon J Amaya
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.
| | - Michael G Jacox
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.,Environmental Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 99 Pacific St #255A, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA
| | - Michael A Alexander
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - James D Scott
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, 216 UCB, University of Colorado Boulder campus, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Clara Deser
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Antonietta Capotondi
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, 216 UCB, University of Colorado Boulder campus, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Adam S Phillips
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1850 Table Mesa Dr, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
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38
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Grimmelpont M, Milinkovitch T, Dubillot E, Lefrançois C. Individual aerobic performance and anaerobic compensation in a temperate fish during a simulated marine heatwave. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160844. [PMID: 36528094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change and have strong negative effects on ecosystem. Few studies have reproduced the complex nature of temperature changes of a MHW, while it is suggested that ectotherms may be more vulnerable to rapid changes such as during MHWs. Effects of an experimental MHW were investigated in the golden grey mullet Chelon auratus. Juveniles acclimated to 20 °C were exposed to a rapid 5 °C increase in temperature, followed by a five-day period at 25 °C, before quickly returning to 20°C. Metabolic variables (SMR-standard, MMR-maximum rate, AS-aerobic scope, EPOC-excess post‑oxygen consumption) and critical swimming speed (Ucrit) were measured at different phases of this MHW and after a thermally stable recovery phase. Although the pattern was only significant for the SMR, the aerobic three variables describing aerobic metabolism (SMR, MMR and AS) immediately increased in fish exposed to the acute elevation of temperature, and remained elevated when fish stayed at 25 °C for five days. A similar increase of these metabolic variables was observed for fish that were progressively acclimated to 25 °C. This suggests that temperature increases contribute to increases in metabolism; however, the acute nature of the MHW had no influence. At the end of the MHW, the SMR remained elevated, suggesting an additional cost of obligatory activities due to the extreme event. In parallel, Ucrit did not vary regardless of the thermal conditions. Concerning EPOC, it significantly increased only when fish were acutely exposed to 25 °C. This strongly suggests that fish may buffer the effects of acute changes in temperature by shifting to anaerobic metabolism. Globally, this species appears able to cope with this MHW, but that's without taking into consideration future projections describing an increase in both intensity and frequency of such events, as well as other stressors like pollution or hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Grimmelpont
- La Rochelle University/CNRS France - UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle.
| | - Thomas Milinkovitch
- La Rochelle University/CNRS France - UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle.
| | - Emmanuel Dubillot
- La Rochelle University/CNRS France - UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle.
| | - Christel Lefrançois
- La Rochelle University/CNRS France - UMR 7266 LIENSs, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle.
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Nishizawa S, Ouchi H, Suzuki H, Ohnishi T, Sasaki S, Oyagi Y, Kanakogi M, Matsumura Y, Nakagawa S, Asakawa T, Egi M, Inai M, Yoshimura F, Takita R, Kan T. Total synthesis of (-)-domoic acid, a potent ionotropic glutamate receptor agonist and the key compound in oceanic harmful algal blooms. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1653-1656. [PMID: 36723220 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The stereo-controlled total synthesis of (-)-domoic acid is described. The critical construction of the C1'-C2' Z-configuration was accomplished by taking advantage of an unsaturated lactam structure. The side chain fragment was introduced in the final stages of synthesis through a modified Julia-Kocieński reaction, aiming for its efficient derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Nishizawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Ouchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Suzuki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Takuma Ohnishi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shingo Sasaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yu Oyagi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Masaki Kanakogi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Matsumura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Nakagawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Asakawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Egi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Makoto Inai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Fumihiko Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Ryo Takita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Kan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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40
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Lopes VM, Court M, Seco MC, Borges FO, Vicente B, Lage S, Braga AC, Duarte B, Santos CF, Amorim A, Costa PR, Rosa R. Gymnodinium catenatum Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Production and Photobiological Responses under Marine Heat Waves. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:157. [PMID: 36828471 PMCID: PMC9967835 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have doubled in frequency since the 1980s and are projected to be exacerbated during this century. MHWs have been shown to trigger harmful algal blooms (HABs), with severe consequences to marine life and human populations. Within this context, this study aims to understand, for the first time, how MHWs impact key biological and toxicological parameters of the paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) producer Gymnodinium catenatum, a dinoflagellate inhabiting temperate and tropical coastal waters. Two MHW were simulated-category I (i.e., peak: 19.9 °C) and category IV (i.e., peak: 24.1 °C)-relative to the estimated baseline in the western coast of Portugal (18.5 °C). No significant changes in abundance, size, and photosynthetic efficiency were observed among treatments. On the other hand, chain-formation was significantly reduced under category IV MHW, as was PSP toxicity and production of some PST compounds. Overall, this suggests that G. catenatum may have a high tolerance to MHWs. Nevertheless, some sublethal effects may have occurred since chain-formation was affected, suggesting that these growth conditions may be sub-optimal for this population. Our study suggests that the increase in frequency, intensity, and duration of MHWs may lead to reduced severity of G. catenatum blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Lopes
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Mélanie Court
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Martim Costa Seco
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Francisco O. Borges
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Vicente
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Lage
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Braga
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
- S2AQUA—Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Duarte
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Frazão Santos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Amorim
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
- S2AQUA—Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network Associate Laboratory, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Koehlinger JA, Newton J, Mickett J, Thompson L, Klinger T. Large and transient positive temperature anomalies in Washington's coastal nearshore waters during the 2013-2015 northeast Pacific marine heatwave. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280646. [PMID: 36724168 PMCID: PMC9891519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The northern portion of Washington's outer coast-known locally as the Olympic coast-is a dynamic region characterized by seasonal upwelling that predominates during summer interrupted by occasional periods of downwelling. We examined spring-to-fall water temperature records collected along this coast from 2001-2015 from April to October at four nearshore locations (Cape Elizabeth to Makah Bay) that span one degree of latitude and are located within 15 km of the shore. When compared against a long-term climatology created for 2001-2013, seven-day smoothed temperature anomalies of up to 4.5°C at 40 m depth during 2014 and 2015 show short-term warm events lasting 10-20 days. These periods of warming occurred within the well documented marine heatwave in the Northeast Pacific and were about twice the seasonal temperature range in the climatology at that depth. These warm events were strongly correlated with periods of northward long-shore winds and upper ocean currents, consistent with what is expected for the response to downwelling-favorable winds. While our focus a priori was on 2014 and 2015, we also found large positive temperature events in 2013, which were potentially related to the early stage of the marine heatwave, and in 2011, which did not have a documented marine heatwave. This indicates that near-shore short-term warm events occur during periods of large-scale offshore marine heatwave events, but also can occur in the absence of a large-scale marine heatwave event when downwelling-favorable winds occur during the summer/early fall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ann Koehlinger
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America,* E-mail:
| | - Jan Newton
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John Mickett
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - LuAnne Thompson
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Terrie Klinger
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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42
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Smith KE, Burrows MT, Hobday AJ, King NG, Moore PJ, Sen Gupta A, Thomsen MS, Wernberg T, Smale DA. Biological Impacts of Marine Heatwaves. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2023; 15:119-145. [PMID: 35977411 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-121437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climatic extremes are becoming increasingly common against a background trend of global warming. In the oceans, marine heatwaves (MHWs)-discrete periods of anomalously warm water-have intensified and become more frequent over the past century, impacting the integrity of marine ecosystems globally. We review and synthesize current understanding of MHW impacts at the individual, population, and community levels. We then examine how these impacts affect broader ecosystem services and discuss the current state of research on biological impacts of MHWs. Finally, we explore current and emergent approaches to predicting the occurrence andimpacts of future events, along with adaptation and management approaches. With further increases in intensity and frequency projected for coming decades, MHWs are emerging as pervasive stressors to marine ecosystems globally. A deeper mechanistic understanding of their biological impacts is needed to better predict and adapt to increased MHW activity in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Smith
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, United Kingdom; , ,
| | | | | | - Nathan G King
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Pippa J Moore
- Dove Marine Laboratory, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom;
| | - Alex Sen Gupta
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Mads S Thomsen
- Marine Ecology Research Group, Centre of Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand;
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia;
- Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
| | - Dan A Smale
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, United Kingdom; , ,
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43
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Santos D, Leite C, Pinto J, Soares AMVM, Pereira E, Freitas R. How will different scenarios of rising seawater temperature alter the response of marine species to lithium? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158728. [PMID: 36108826 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Marine ecosystems are suffering from the gradual rise in temperature due to climate change. Warming scenarios and the intensification of extreme climate events, such as marine heatwaves (MHWs), have been negatively affecting marine organisms. In addition, they are also threatened by anthropogenic pollution. Lithium (Li) is an emerging pollutant that has become a major concern due to its increasing use in a variety of applications. Understanding its influence on marine environments in combination with warming scenarios is crucial, as very little is known about its impact on marine organisms, especially when also considering the increasingly concerning impacts of climate change. With this in mind, this research aimed to assess how different scenarios of increasing temperature may affect the response of Mytilus galloprovincialis to Li. Mussels bioaccumulation levels, as well as physiological and biochemical biomarkers were analyzed after 28 days of exposure to Li under different temperature scenarios (control - 17 °C; warming - 21 °C and marine heatwave - MHW). The results indicate that mussels accumulated Li, independently of the temperature scenario. The respiration rate was higher in contaminated mussels than in the non-contaminated ones, with no differences among temperature scenarios. Furthermore, the metabolic rate decreased in non-contaminated mussels exposed to 21 °C and MHW, while mussels exposed to the combination of Li and MHW presented the highest metabolic rate. The mussels exposed to MHW and Li evidenced the highest cellular damage but Li was not neurotoxic in M. galloprovincialis. This study highlighted that MHW + Li was the most stressful condition, inducing clear negative effects in this species that can impair the growth and reproduction of an entire population. In general, the presented results highlight the importance of future studies in which it is necessary to combine the effects of pollutants and climate change scenarios, namely extreme weather events such as MHWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Santos
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Leite
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Pinto
- Departamento de Química & REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- Departamento de Química & REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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44
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Du M, Jin Y, Fan J, Zan S, Gu C, Wang J. A new pathway for anaerobic biotransformation of marine toxin domoic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:5150-5160. [PMID: 35974277 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a harmful algal toxin produced by marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia and seriously threatens ecosystem and human health. However, the current knowledge on its biotransformation behavior in coastal anaerobic environment is lacking. This study investigated the anaerobic biotransformation of DA by a new marine consortium GH1. The results demonstrated that 90% of DA (1 mg L-1) was cometabolically biotransformed under sulfate-reducing condition. A new anaerobic biotransformation pathway involving DA hydration, dehydrogenation, and C-C bond cleavage was proposed, where the conjugated double-bond of DA was interrupted, resulting in the corresponding alcohols and ketones, subsequently cleaved hydrolytically, and yielding the lower molecular weight products. Desulfovibrio and Clostridiales were markedly enriched in the anaerobic biotransformation of DA, which might jointly contribute to the elevated bacterial consortium resistance and degradation to DA. This study could deepen understanding of behavior and fate for DA in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Marine Ecology Department, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jingfeng Fan
- Marine Ecology Department, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuaijun Zan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Gu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, No.2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.
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45
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Schiebelhut LM, Giakoumis M, Castilho R, Duffin PJ, Puritz JB, Wares JP, Wessel GM, Dawson MN. Minor Genetic Consequences of a Major Mass Mortality: Short-Term Effects in Pisaster ochraceus. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 243:328-338. [PMID: 36716481 PMCID: PMC10668074 DOI: 10.1086/722284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMass mortality events are increasing globally in frequency and magnitude, largely as a result of human-induced change. The effects of these mass mortality events, in both the long and short term, are of imminent concern because of their ecosystem impacts. Genomic data can be used to reveal some of the population-level changes associated with mass mortality events. Here, we use reduced-representation sequencing to identify potential short-term genetic impacts of a mass mortality event associated with a sea star wasting outbreak. We tested for changes in the population for genetic differentiation, diversity, and effective population size between pre-sea star wasting and post-sea star wasting populations of Pisaster ochraceus-a species that suffered high sea star wasting-associated mortality (75%-100% at 80% of sites). We detected no significant population-based genetic differentiation over the spatial scale sampled; however, the post-sea star wasting population tended toward more differentiation across sites than the pre-sea star wasting population. Genetic estimates of effective population size did not detectably change, consistent with theoretical expectations; however, rare alleles were lost. While we were unable to detect significant population-based genetic differentiation or changes in effective population size over this short time period, the genetic burden of this mass mortality event may be borne by future generations, unless widespread recruitment mitigates the population decline. Prior results from P. ochraceus indicated that natural selection played a role in altering allele frequencies following this mass mortality event. In addition to the role of selection found in a previous study on the genomic impacts of sea star wasting on P. ochraceus, our current study highlights the potential role the stochastic loss of many individuals plays in altering how genetic variation is structured across the landscape. Future genetic monitoring is needed to determine long-term genetic impacts in this long-lived species. Given the increased frequency of mass mortality events, it is important to implement demographic and genetic monitoring strategies that capture baselines and background dynamics to better contextualize species' responses to large perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Schiebelhut
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343
| | - Melina Giakoumis
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031
| | - Rita Castilho
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paige J. Duffin
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jonathan B. Puritz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - John P. Wares
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, 120 Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Gary M. Wessel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Michael N Dawson
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, California 95343
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46
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Sterling AR, Kirk RD, Bertin MJ, Rynearson TA, Borkman DG, Caponi MC, Carney J, Hubbard KA, King MA, Maranda L, McDermith EJ, Santos NR, Strock JP, Tully EM, Vaverka SB, Wilson PD, Jenkins BD. Emerging harmful algal blooms caused by distinct seasonal assemblages of a toxic diatom. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2022; 67:2341-2359. [PMID: 36636629 PMCID: PMC9827834 DOI: 10.1002/lno.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms in the Pseudo-nitzschia genus produce the neurotoxin domoic acid. Domoic acid bioaccumulates in shellfish, causing illness in humans and marine animals upon ingestion. In 2017, high domoic acid levels in shellfish meat closed shellfish harvest in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island for the first and only time in history, although abundant Pseudo-nitzschia have been observed for over 60 years. To investigate whether an environmental factor altered endemic Pseudo-nitzschia physiology or new domoic acid-producing strain(s) were introduced to Narragansett Bay, we conducted weekly sampling from 2017 to 2019 and compared closure samples. Plankton-associated domoic acid was quantified by LC-MS/MS and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were identified using a taxonomically improved high-throughput rDNA sequencing approach. Comparison with environmental data revealed a detailed understanding of domoic acid dynamics and seasonal multi-species assemblages. Plankton-associated domoic acid was low throughout 2017-2019, but recurred in fall and early summer maxima. Fall domoic acid maxima contained known toxic species as well as a novel Pseudo-nitzschia genotype. Summer domoic acid maxima included fewer species but also known toxin producers. Most 2017 closure samples contained the particularly concerning toxic species, P. australis, which also appeared infrequently during 2017-2019. Recurring Pseudo-nitzschia assemblages were driven by seasonal temperature changes, and plankton-associated domoic acid correlated with low dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Thus, the Narragansett Bay closures were likely caused by both resident assemblages that become toxic depending on nutrient status as well as the episodic introductions of toxic species from oceanographic and climatic shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R. Sterling
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Riley D. Kirk
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Matthew J. Bertin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Tatiana A. Rynearson
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - David G. Borkman
- Rhode Island Department of Environmental ManagementOffice of Water ResourcesProvidenceRhode Island
| | - Marissa C. Caponi
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Jessica Carney
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Katherine A. Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research InstituteFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation CommissionSt. PetersburgFlorida
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human HealthWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMassachusetts
| | - Meagan A. King
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Lucie Maranda
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Emily J. McDermith
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Nina R. Santos
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Jacob P. Strock
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Erin M. Tully
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
- College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Samantha B. Vaverka
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Patrick D. Wilson
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Bethany D. Jenkins
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
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47
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Hidayat AS, Lefebvre KA, MacDonald J, Bammler T, Aluru N. Symptomatic and asymptomatic domoic acid exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio) revealed distinct non-overlapping gene expression patterns in the brain. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 252:106310. [PMID: 36198224 PMCID: PMC9701550 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a naturally produced neurotoxin synthesized by marine diatoms in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. DA accumulates in filter-feeders such as shellfish, and can cause severe neurotoxicity when contaminated seafood is ingested, resulting in Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) in humans. Overt clinical signs of neurotoxicity include seizures and disorientation. ASP is a significant public health concern, and though seafood regulations have effectively minimized the human risk of severe acute DA poisoning, the effects of exposure at asymptomatic levels are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of exposure to symptomatic and asymptomatic doses of DA on gene expression patterns in the zebrafish brain. We exposed adult zebrafish to either a symptomatic (1.1 ± 0.2 μg DA/g fish) or an asymptomatic (0.31 ± 0.03 µg DA/g fish) dose of DA by intracelomic injection and sampled at 24, 48 and 168 h post-injection. Transcriptional profiling was done using Agilent and Affymetrix microarrays. Our analysis revealed distinct, non-overlapping changes in gene expression between the two doses. We found that the majority of transcriptional changes were observed at 24 h post-injection with both doses. Interestingly, asymptomatic exposure produced more persistent transcriptional effects - in response to symptomatic dose exposure, we observed only one differentially expressed gene one week after exposure, compared to 26 in the asymptomatic dose at the same time (FDR <0.05). GO term analysis revealed that symptomatic DA exposure affected genes associated with peptidyl proline modification and retinoic acid metabolism. Asymptomatic exposure caused differential expression of genes that were associated with GO terms including circadian rhythms and visual system, and also the neuroactive ligand-receptor signaling KEGG pathway. Overall, these results suggest that transcriptional responses are specific to the DA dose and that asymptomatic exposure can cause long-term changes. Further studies are needed to characterize the potential downstream neurobehavioral impacts of DA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia S Hidayat
- MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering, Cambridge and Woods Hole, MA, USA; Biology Department and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neelakanteswar Aluru
- Biology Department and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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48
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Stone HB, Banas NS, MacCready P, Trainer VL, Ayres DL, Hunter MV. Assessing a model of Pacific Northwest harmful algal bloom transport as a decision-support tool. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 119:102334. [PMID: 36344195 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the Pacific Northwest, blooms of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia (PN) sometimes produce domoic acid, a neurotoxin that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning, leading to a Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) event. The Pacific Northwest (PNW) HAB Bulletin project, a partnership between academic, government, and tribal stakeholders, uses a combination of beach and offshore monitoring data and ocean forecast modeling to better understand the formation, evolution, and transport of HABs in this region. This project produces periodic Bulletins to inform local stakeholders of current and forecasted conditions. The goal of this study was to help improve how the forecast model is used in the Bulletin's preparation through a retrospective particle-tracking experiment. Using past observations of beach PN cell counts, events were identified that likely originated in the Juan de Fuca eddy, a known PN hotspot, and then particle tracks were used in the model to simulate these events. A variety of "beaching definitions" were tested, based on both water depth and distance offshore, to define when a particle in the model was close enough to the coast that it was likely to correspond to cells appearing in the intertidal zone and in shellfish diets, as well as a variety of observed PN cell thresholds to determine what cell count should be used to describe an event that would warrant further action. The skill of these criteria was assessed by determining the fraction of true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives within the model in comparison with observations, as well as a variety of derived model performance metrics. This analysis suggested that for our stakeholders' purposes, the most useful beaching definition is the 30 m isobath and the most useful PN cell threshold for coincident field-based sample PN density estimates is 10,000 PN cells/L. Lastly, the performance of a medium-resolution (1.5 km horizontal resolution) version of the model was compared with that of a high-resolution (0.5 km horizontal resolution) version, the latter currently used in forecasting for the PNW HAB Bulletin project. This analysis includes a direct comparison of the two model resolutions for one overlapping year (2017). These results suggested that a narrower, more realistic beaching definition is most useful in a high-resolution model, while a wider beaching definition is more appropriate in a lower resolution model like the medium-resolution version used in this analysis. Overall, this analysis demonstrated the importance of incorporating stakeholder needs into the statistical approach in order to generate the most effective decision-support information from oceanographic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hally B Stone
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, 1503 NE Boat St., Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Neil S Banas
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond St., Glasgow, G1 1XH, UK
| | - Parker MacCready
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, 1503 NE Boat St., Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Vera L Trainer
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Daniel L Ayres
- Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife, 48 Devonshire Rd., Montesano, WA 98563, USA
| | - Matthew V Hunter
- Marine Resources Program, Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife, 2001 Marine Dr. Suite 120, Astoria, OR 97013, USA
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49
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Weir MJ, Kourantidou M, Jin D. Economic impacts of harmful algal blooms on fishery-dependent communities. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102321. [PMID: 36195417 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The recreational razor clam fishery is the largest recreational bivalve fishery in the Pacific Northwest and a major source of tourism-related income to small communities in the region. Delays and closures of recreational shellfisheries due to the increasing frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs) threaten to have significant negative impacts on fishery dependent communities. Coupling previous recreational shellfishing expenditure estimates from the literature with a novel dataset of daily visits to local businesses, we estimate a range of economic impacts resulting from the cancellation of razor clam digs at Long Beach, WA, the most popular beach in the State for recreational clam diggers. Our results indicate that a full season closure can lead to lost sales revenues of $16,875 for gas stations, $117,600 for food stores, $217,800 for accommodations and $491,400 for food service places for a total lower bound economic impact of $843,675. We discuss the opportunity for early warning systems, like the Pacific Northwest HAB Bulletin, to guide policy and facilitate business decisions that hedge the risk of revenue losses associated with dig cancellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Weir
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #41, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
| | - Melina Kourantidou
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #41, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Di Jin
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS #41, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
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50
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Moreno AR, Anderson C, Kudela RM, Sutula M, Edwards C, Bianchi D. Development, calibration, and evaluation of a model of Pseudo-nitzschia and domoic acid production for regional ocean modeling studies. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102296. [PMID: 36195423 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pseudo-nitzschia species are one of the leading causes of harmful algal blooms (HABs) along the western coast of the United States. Approximately half of known Pseudo-nitzschia strains can produce domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin that can negatively impact wildlife and fisheries and put human life at risk through amnesic shellfish poisoning. Production and accumulation of DA, a secondary metabolite synthesized during periods of low primary metabolism, is triggered by environmental stressors such as nutrient limitation. To quantify and estimate the feedbacks between DA production and environmental conditions, we designed a simple mechanistic model of Pseudo-nitzschia and domoic acid dynamics, which we validate against batch and chemostat experiments. Our results suggest that, as nutrients other than nitrogen (i.e., silicon, phosphorus, and potentially iron) become limiting, DA production increases. Under Si limitation, we found an approximate doubling in DA production relative to N limitation. Additionally, our model indicates a positive relationship between light and DA production. These results support the idea that the relationship with nutrient limitation and light is based on direct impacts on Pseudo-nitzschia biosynthesis and biomass accumulation. Because it can easily be embedded within existing coupled physical-ecosystem models, our model represents a step forward toward modeling the occurrence of Pseudo-nitzschia HABs and DA across the U.S. West Coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Moreno
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Department, University of California Los Angeles, Box 951565, Los Angeles 90095-1565, CA, USA.
| | - Clarissa Anderson
- Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing System, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Martha Sutula
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Edwards
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Daniele Bianchi
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Department, University of California Los Angeles, Box 951565, Los Angeles 90095-1565, CA, USA
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