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Viral and Prion Infections Associated with Central Nervous System Syndromes in Brazil. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071370. [PMID: 34372576 PMCID: PMC8310075 DOI: 10.3390/v13071370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are among the most serious problems in public health and can be associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, mainly in low- and middle-income countries, where these manifestations have been neglected. Typically, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella-zoster, and enterovirus are responsible for a high number of cases in immunocompetent hosts, whereas other herpesviruses (for example, cytomegalovirus) are the most common in immunocompromised individuals. Arboviruses have also been associated with outbreaks with a high burden of neurological disorders, such as the Zika virus epidemic in Brazil. There is a current lack of understanding in Brazil about the most common viruses involved in CNS infections. In this review, we briefly summarize the most recent studies and findings associated with the CNS, in addition to epidemiological data that provide extensive information on the circulation and diversity of the most common neuro-invasive viruses in Brazil. We also highlight important aspects of the prion-associated diseases. This review provides readers with better knowledge of virus-associated CNS infections. A deeper understanding of these infections will support the improvement of the current surveillance strategies to allow the timely monitoring of the emergence/re-emergence of neurotropic viruses.
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2
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Sanz-Hernández M, De Simone A. Backbone NMR assignments of the C-terminal domain of the human prion protein and its disease-associated T183A variant. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2021; 15:193-196. [PMID: 33590433 PMCID: PMC7974147 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-021-10005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the misfolding and aggregation of the human prion protein (huPrP). Despite efforts into investigating the process of huPrP aggregation, the mechanisms triggering its misfolding remain elusive. A number of TSE-associated mutations of huPrP have been identified, but their role at the onset and progression of prion diseases is unclear. Here we report the NMR assignments of the C-terminal globular domain of the wild type huPrP and the pathological mutant T183A. The differences in chemical shifts between the two variants reveal conformational alterations in some structural elements of the mutant, whereas the analyses of secondary shifts and random coil index provide indications on the putative mechanisms of misfolding of T183A huPrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máximo Sanz-Hernández
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alfonso De Simone
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy.
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3
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Mechanism of misfolding of the human prion protein revealed by a pathological mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019631118. [PMID: 33731477 PMCID: PMC7999870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019631118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of the human prion protein (PrP) is associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Intermediate conformations forming during the conversion of the cellular form of PrP into its pathological scrapie conformation are key drivers of the misfolding process. Here, we analyzed the properties of the C-terminal domain of the human PrP (huPrP) and its T183A variant, which is associated with familial forms of TSEs. We show that the mutation significantly enhances the aggregation propensity of huPrP, such as to uniquely induce amyloid formation under physiological conditions by the sole C-terminal domain of the protein. Using NMR spectroscopy, biophysics, and metadynamics simulations, we identified the structural characteristics of the misfolded intermediate promoting the aggregation of T183A huPrP and the nature of the interactions that prevent this species to be populated in the wild-type protein. In support of these conclusions, POM antibodies targeting the regions that promote PrP misfolding were shown to potently suppress the aggregation of this amyloidogenic mutant.
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4
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative
disorders that result in a significant burden to both patients and caregivers.
By 2050, the number of people with dementia in Latin America will increase
4-fold. A deep understanding of the relevant genetic factors of AD and FTD is
fundamental to tackle this reality through prevention. A review of different
genetic variants that cause AD or FTD in Latin America was conducted. We
searched Medline and PubMed databases using the keywords “Alzheimer’s disease,”
“frontotemporal dementia,” “mutation,” “America,” and “Latin America,” besides
specific Latin American countries. Forty-five items were chosen and analyzed.
PSEN1 mutations are the commonest cause of genetic
early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD), followed by PSEN2 and
APP mutations. Genetic FTD can be mainly explained by
GRN and MAPT mutations, as well as
C9orf72 G4C2 repeat expansion. APOE ε4 can
modify the prevalence and incidence of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), in
addition to the cognitive performance in affected carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ramos
- Neurosciences Group of Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia - Medellín, Colombia
| | - David Aguillon
- Neurosciences Group of Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia - Medellín, Colombia
| | - Christian Cordano
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco - San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neurosciences Group of Antioquia, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia - Medellín, Colombia
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5
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Zhang M, Zhang H, Yao H, Guo C, Lin D. Biophysical characterization of oligomerization and fibrillization of the G131V pathogenic mutant of human prion protein. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:1223-1232. [PMID: 31735962 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of fatal neurodegenerative prion diseases is closely associated with the conversion of α-helix-rich cellular prion protein into β-sheet-rich scrapie form. Pathogenic point mutations of prion proteins usually promote the conformational conversion and trigger inherited prion diseases. The G131V mutation of human prion protein (HuPrP) was identified to be involved in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome. Few studies have been carried out to address the pathogenesis of the G131V mutant. Here, we addressed the effects of the G131V mutation on oligomerization and fibrillization of the full-length HuPrP(23-231) and truncated HuPrP(91-231) proteins. The G131V mutation promotes the oligomerization but alleviates the fibrillization of HuPrP, implying that the oligomerization might play a crucial role in the pathogenic mechanisms of the G131V mutant. Moreover, the flexible N-terminal fragment in either the wild-type or the G131V mutant HuPrP increases the oligomerization tendencies but decreases the fibrillization tendencies. Furthermore, this mutation significantly alters the tertiary structure of human PrPC and might distinctly change the conformational conversion tendency. Interestingly, both guanidine hydrochloride denaturation and thermal denaturation experiments showed that the G131V mutation does not significantly change the thermodynamic stabilities of the HuPrP proteins. This work may be of benefit to a mechanistic understanding of the conformational conversion of prion proteins and also provide clues for the prevention and treatment of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hongwei Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chenyun Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Donghai Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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6
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Baiardi S, Rossi M, Capellari S, Parchi P. Recent advances in the histo-molecular pathology of human prion disease. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:278-300. [PMID: 30588685 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are progressive neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and other mammalian species. The term prion, originally put forward to propose the concept that a protein could be infectious, refers to PrPSc , a misfolded isoform of the cellular prion protein (PrPC ) that represents the pathogenetic hallmark of these disorders. The discovery that other proteins characterized by misfolding and seeded aggregation can spread from cell to cell, similarly to PrPSc , has increased interest in prion diseases. Among neurodegenerative disorders, however, prion diseases distinguish themselves for the broader phenotypic spectrum, the fastest disease progression and the existence of infectious forms that can be transmitted through the exposure to diseased tissues via ingestion, injection or transplantation. The main clinicopathological phenotypes of human prion disease include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, by far the most common, fatal insomnia, variably protease-sensitive prionopathy, and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. However, clinicopathological manifestations extend even beyond those predicted by this classification. Because of their transmissibility, the phenotypic diversity of prion diseases can also be propagated into syngenic hosts as prion strains with distinct characteristics, such as incubation period, pattern of PrPSc distribution and regional severity of histopathological changes in the brain. Increasing evidence indicates that different PrPSc conformers, forming distinct ordered aggregates, encipher the phenotypic variants related to prion strains. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances concerning the histo-molecular pathology of human prion disease focusing on the phenotypic spectrum of the disease including co-pathologies, the characterization of prion strains by experimental transmission and their correlation with the physicochemical properties of PrPSc aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Baiardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Rossi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Wang Z, Yuan J, Shen P, Abskharon R, Lang Y, Dang J, Adornato A, Xu L, Chen J, Feng J, Moudjou M, Kitamoto T, Lee HG, Kim YS, Langeveld J, Appleby B, Ma J, Kong Q, Petersen RB, Zou WQ, Cui L. In Vitro Seeding Activity of Glycoform-Deficient Prions from Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy and Familial CJD Associated with PrP V180I Mutation. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5456-5469. [PMID: 30612334 PMCID: PMC6614145 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Both sporadic variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease linked to the prion protein (PrP) V180I mutation (fCJDV180I) have been found to share a unique pathological prion protein (PrPSc) that lacks the protease-resistant PrPSc glycosylated at residue 181 because two of four PrP glycoforms are apparently not converted into the PrPSc from their cellular PrP (PrPC). To investigate the seeding activity of these unique PrPSc molecules, we conducted in vitro prion conversion experiments using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays with different PrPC substrates. We observed that the seeding of PrPSc from VPSPr or fCJDV180I in the sPMCA reaction containing normal human or humanized transgenic (Tg) mouse brain homogenates generated PrPSc molecules that unexpectedly exhibited a dominant diglycosylated PrP isoform along with PrP monoglycosylated at residue 181. The efficiency of PrPSc amplification was significantly higher in non-CJDMM than in non-CJDVV human brain homogenate, whereas it was higher in normal TgVV than in TgMM mouse brain homogenate. PrPC from the mixture of normal TgMM and Tg mouse brain expressing PrPV180I mutation (Tg180) but not TgV180I alone was converted into PrPSc by seeding with the VPSPr or fCJDV180I. The RT-QuIC seeding activity of PrPSc from VPSPr and fCJDV180I was significantly lower than that of sCJD. Our results suggest that the formation of glycoform-selective prions may be associated with an unidentified factor in the affected brain and the glycoform-deficiency of PrPSc does not affect the glycoforms of in vitro newly amplified PrPSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jue Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pingping Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Romany Abskharon
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Yue Lang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Johnny Dang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alise Adornato
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jiafeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Center for Prion Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Gon Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan Langeveld
- Wageningen BioVeterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Brian Appleby
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jiyan Ma
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert B Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Foundation Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Zhang-James Y, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Hess JL, Malki K, Glatt SJ, Cormand B, Faraone SV. An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1655-1667. [PMID: 29858598 PMCID: PMC6274606 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human genome-wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptome analyses of animal models, and candidate gene studies have advanced our understanding of the genetic architecture of aggressive behaviors. However, each of these methods presents unique limitations. To generate a more confident and comprehensive view of the complex genetics underlying aggression, we undertook an integrated, cross-species approach. We focused on human and rodent models to derive eight gene lists from three main categories of genetic evidence: two sets of genes identified in GWAS studies, four sets implicated by transcriptome-wide studies of rodent models, and two sets of genes with causal evidence from online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM) and knockout (KO) mice reports. These gene sets were evaluated for overlap and pathway enrichment to extract their similarities and differences. We identified enriched common pathways such as the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, axon guidance, reelin signaling in neurons, and ERK/MAPK signaling. Also, individual genes were ranked based on their cumulative weights to quantify their importance as risk factors for aggressive behavior, which resulted in 40 top-ranked and highly interconnected genes. The results of our cross-species and integrated approach provide insights into the genetic etiology of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang-James
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- 0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain ,0000 0004 1791 1185grid.452372.5Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain ,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jonathan L Hess
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA
| | - Karim Malki
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cKing’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IOPPN), London, UK
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA ,0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA
| | - Bru Cormand
- 0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain ,0000 0004 1791 1185grid.452372.5Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain ,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- 0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA ,0000 0000 9159 4457grid.411023.5Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY USA ,0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bK.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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9
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Mechanism of aggregation and membrane interactions of mammalian prion protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Genetic prion diseases (gPrDs) caused by mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP) have been classified as genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, or fatal familial insomnia. Mutations in PRNP can be missense, nonsense, and/or octapeptide repeat insertions or, possibly, deletions. These mutations can produce diverse clinical features. They may also show varying ancillary testing results and neuropathological findings. Although the majority of gPrDs have a rapid progression with a short survival time of a few months, many also present as ataxic or parkinsonian disorders, which have a slower decline over a few to several years. A few very rare mutations manifest as neuropsychiatric disorders, with systemic symptoms that include gastrointestinal disorders and neuropathy; these forms can progress over years to decades. In this review, we classify gPrDs as rapid, slow, or mixed types based on their typical rate of progression and duration, and we review the broad spectrum of phenotypes manifested by these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Ohk Kim
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Leonel T Takada
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Katherine Wong
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Sven A Forner
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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11
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Abstract
Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is associated with mutations in the human PrP gene (PRNP) on chromosome 20p12-pter. Pathogenic mutations have been identified in 10-15% of all CJD patients, who often have a family history of autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance and variable penetrance. However, the use of genetic tests implemented by surveillance networks all over the world increasingly identifies unexpectedly PRNP mutations in persons apparently presenting with a sporadic form of CJD. A high phenotypic variability was reported in genetic prion diseases, which partly overlap with the features of sporadic CJD. Here we review recent advances on the epidemiologic, clinical, and neuropathologic features of cases that phenotypically resemble CJD linked to point and insert mutations of the PRNP gene. Multidisciplinary studies are still required to understand the phenotypic spectrum, penetrance, and significance of PRNP mutations.
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12
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Bagyinszky E, Giau VV, Youn YC, An SSA, Kim S. Characterization of mutations in PRNP (prion) gene and their possible roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:2067-2085. [PMID: 30147320 PMCID: PMC6097508 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s165445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal prion proteins are responsible for several fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and in animals, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, and fatal familial insomnia. Genetics is important in prion diseases, but in the most cases, cause of diseases remained unknown. Several mutations were found to be causative for prion disorders, and the effect of mutations may be heterogeneous. In addition, different prion mutations were suggested to play a possible role in additional phenotypes, such as Alzheimer's type pathology, spongiform encephalopathy, or frontotemporal dementia. Pathogenic nature of several prion mutations remained unclear, such as M129V and E219K. These two polymorphic sites were suggested as either risk factors for different disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), variant CJD, or protease-sensitive prionopathy, and they can also be disease-modifying factors. Pathological overlap may also be possible with AD or progressive dementia, and several patients with prion mutations were initially diagnosed with AD. This review also introduces briefly the diagnosis of prion diseases and the issues with their diagnosis. Since prion diseases have quite heterogeneous phenotypes, a complex analysis, a combination of genetic screening, cerebrospinal fluid biomarker analysis and imaging technologies could improve the early disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea,
| | - Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea,
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea,
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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13
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Takada LT, Kim MO, Metcalf S, Gala II, Geschwind MD. Prion disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 148:441-464. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64076-5.00029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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What Is Our Current Understanding of PrP Sc-Associated Neurotoxicity and Its Molecular Underpinnings? Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6040063. [PMID: 29194372 PMCID: PMC5750587 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion diseases are a collection of fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that cause rapid onset dementia and ultimately death. Uniquely, the infectious agent is a misfolded form of the endogenous cellular prion protein, termed PrPSc. Despite the identity of the molecular agent remaining the same, PrPSc can cause a range of diseases with hereditary, spontaneous or iatrogenic aetiologies. However, the link between PrPSc and toxicity is complex, with subclinical cases of prion disease discovered, and prion neurodegeneration without obvious PrPSc deposition. The toxic mechanisms by which PrPSc causes the extensive neuropathology are still poorly understood, although recent advances are beginning to unravel the molecular underpinnings, including oxidative stress, disruption of proteostasis and induction of the unfolded protein response. This review will discuss the diseases caused by PrPSc toxicity, the nature of the toxicity of PrPSc, and our current understanding of the downstream toxic signaling events triggered by the presence of PrPSc.
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15
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Watts JC, Prusiner SB. Experimental Models of Inherited PrP Prion Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a027151. [PMID: 28096244 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inherited prion protein (PrP) prion disorders, which include familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, and fatal familial insomnia, constitute ∼10%-15% of all PrP prion disease cases in humans. Attempts to generate animal models of these disorders using transgenic mice expressing mutant PrP have produced variable results. Although many lines of mice develop spontaneous signs of neurological illness with accompanying prion disease-specific neuropathological changes, others do not. Furthermore, demonstrating the presence of protease-resistant PrP species and prion infectivity-two of the hallmarks of the PrP prion disorders-in the brains of spontaneously sick mice has proven particularly challenging. Here, we review the progress that has been made toward developing accurate mouse models of the inherited PrP prion disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry and Biophysics, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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16
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Takada LT, Kim MO, Cleveland RW, Wong K, Forner SA, Gala II, Fong JC, Geschwind MD. Genetic prion disease: Experience of a rapidly progressive dementia center in the United States and a review of the literature. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:36-69. [PMID: 27943639 PMCID: PMC7207989 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although prion diseases are generally thought to present as rapidly progressive dementias with survival of only a few months, the phenotypic spectrum for genetic prion diseases (gPrDs) is much broader. The majority have a rapid decline with short survival, but many patients with gPrDs present as slowly progressive ataxic or parkinsonian disorders with progression over a few to several years. A few very rare mutations even present as neuropsychiatric disorders, sometimes with systemic symptoms such as gastrointestinal disorders and neuropathy, progressing over years to decades. gPrDs are caused by mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP), and have been historically classified based on their clinicopathological features as genetic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease (gJCD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS), or Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI). Mutations in PRNP can be missense, nonsense, and octapeptide repeat insertions or a deletion, and present with diverse clinical features, sensitivities of ancillary testing, and neuropathological findings. We present the UCSF gPrD cohort, including 129 symptomatic patients referred to and/or seen at UCSF between 2001 and 2016, and compare the clinical features of the gPrDs from 22 mutations identified in our cohort with data from the literature, as well as perform a literature review on most other mutations not represented in our cohort. E200K is the most common mutation worldwide, is associated with gJCD, and was the most common in the UCSF cohort. Among the GSS-associated mutations, P102L is the most commonly reported and was also the most common at UCSF. We also had several octapeptide repeat insertions (OPRI), a rare nonsense mutation (Q160X), and three novel mutations (K194E, E200G, and A224V) in our UCSF cohort. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel T. Takada
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mee-Ohk Kim
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107
| | - Ross W. Cleveland
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Vermont Children’s Hospital, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Katherine Wong
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107
| | - Sven A. Forner
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107
| | - Ignacio Illán Gala
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jamie C. Fong
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107
| | - Michael D. Geschwind
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107
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17
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Abstract
Since the term protein was first coined in 1838 and protein was discovered to be the essential component of fibrin and albumin, all cellular proteins were presumed to play beneficial roles in plants and mammals. However, in 1967, Griffith proposed that proteins could be infectious pathogens and postulated their involvement in scrapie, a universally fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in goats and sheep. Nevertheless, this novel hypothesis had not been evidenced until 1982, when Prusiner and coworkers purified infectious particles from scrapie-infected hamster brains and demonstrated that they consisted of a specific protein that he called a "prion." Unprecedentedly, the infectious prion pathogen is actually derived from its endogenous cellular form in the central nervous system. Unlike other infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, prions do not contain genetic materials such as DNA or RNA. The unique traits and genetic information of prions are believed to be encoded within the conformational structure and posttranslational modifications of the proteins. Remarkably, prion-like behavior has been recently observed in other cellular proteins-not only in pathogenic roles but also serving physiological functions. The significance of these fascinating developments in prion biology is far beyond the scope of a single cellular protein and its related disease.
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18
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Minikel EV, Vallabh SM, Lek M, Estrada K, Samocha KE, Sathirapongsasuti JF, McLean CY, Tung JY, Yu LPC, Gambetti P, Blevins J, Zhang S, Cohen Y, Chen W, Yamada M, Hamaguchi T, Sanjo N, Mizusawa H, Nakamura Y, Kitamoto T, Collins SJ, Boyd A, Will RG, Knight R, Ponto C, Zerr I, Kraus TFJ, Eigenbrod S, Giese A, Calero M, de Pedro-Cuesta J, Haïk S, Laplanche JL, Bouaziz-Amar E, Brandel JP, Capellari S, Parchi P, Poleggi A, Ladogana A, O'Donnell-Luria AH, Karczewski KJ, Marshall JL, Boehnke M, Laakso M, Mohlke KL, Kähler A, Chambert K, McCarroll S, Sullivan PF, Hultman CM, Purcell SM, Sklar P, van der Lee SJ, Rozemuller A, Jansen C, Hofman A, Kraaij R, van Rooij JGJ, Ikram MA, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Daly MJ, MacArthur DG. Quantifying prion disease penetrance using large population control cohorts. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:322ra9. [PMID: 26791950 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 100,000 genetic variants are reported to cause Mendelian disease in humans, but the penetrance-the probability that a carrier of the purported disease-causing genotype will indeed develop the disease-is generally unknown. We assess the impact of variants in the prion protein gene (PRNP) on the risk of prion disease by analyzing 16,025 prion disease cases, 60,706 population control exomes, and 531,575 individuals genotyped by 23andMe Inc. We show that missense variants in PRNP previously reported to be pathogenic are at least 30 times more common in the population than expected on the basis of genetic prion disease prevalence. Although some of this excess can be attributed to benign variants falsely assigned as pathogenic, other variants have genuine effects on disease susceptibility but confer lifetime risks ranging from <0.1 to ~100%. We also show that truncating variants in PRNP have position-dependent effects, with true loss-of-function alleles found in healthy older individuals, a finding that supports the safety of therapeutic suppression of prion protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vallabh Minikel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prion Alliance, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Sonia M Vallabh
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Prion Alliance, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Karol Estrada
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kaitlin E Samocha
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Cory Y McLean
- Research, 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Joyce Y Tung
- Research, 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Linda P C Yu
- Research, 23andMe Inc., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Janis Blevins
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shulin Zhang
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yvonne Cohen
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamaguchi
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sanjo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Yosikazu Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Steven J Collins
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alison Boyd
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robert G Will
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research & Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard Knight
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research & Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Claudia Ponto
- National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Georg-August-University, Goettingen 37073, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- National Reference Center for the Surveillance of Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, Georg-August-University, Goettingen 37073, Germany
| | - Theo F J Kraus
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Sabina Eigenbrod
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research (ZNP), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Miguel Calero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Jesús de Pedro-Cuesta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013 Paris, France. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- AP-HP, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Bouaziz-Amar
- AP-HP, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Brandel
- INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, 75013 Paris, France. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sabina Capellari
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna 40123, Italy. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna 40123, Italy. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Anne H O'Donnell-Luria
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Konrad J Karczewski
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jamie L Marshall
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anna Kähler
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Kimberly Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steven McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | | | - Shaun M Purcell
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Rozemuller
- Dutch Surveillance Centre for Prion Diseases, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht 3584 CX, Netherlands
| | - Casper Jansen
- Dutch Surveillance Centre for Prion Diseases, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht 3584 CX, Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | | | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC), Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | | | - Mark J Daly
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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19
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Schmitz M, Dittmar K, Llorens F, Gelpi E, Ferrer I, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Zerr I. Hereditary Human Prion Diseases: an Update. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4138-4149. [PMID: 27324792 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases in humans are neurodegenerative diseases which are caused by an accumulation of abnormal, misfolded cellular prion protein known as scrapie prion protein (PrPSc). Genetic, acquired, or spontaneous (sporadic) forms are known. Pathogenic mutations in the human prion protein gene (PRNP) have been identified in 10-15 % of CJD patients. These mutations may be single point mutations, STOP codon mutations, or insertions or deletions of octa-peptide repeats. Some non-coding mutations and new mutations in the PrP gene have been identified without clear evidence for their pathogenic significance. In the present review, we provide an updated overview of PRNP mutations, which have been documented in the literature until now, describe the change in the DNA, the family history, the pathogenicity, and the number of described cases, which has not been published in this complexity before. We also provide a description of each genetic prion disease type, present characteristic histopathological features, and the PrPSc isoform expression pattern of various familial/genetic prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Dittmar
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank, Biobanc-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter J Schulz-Schaeffer
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephathalopathies or prion diseases are a group of neurological disorders characterized by neuronal loss, spongiform degeneration, and activation of astrocytes or microglia. These diseases affect humans and animals with an extremely high prevalence in some species such as deer and elk in North America. Although rare in humans, they result in a devastatingly swift neurological progression with dementia and ataxia. Patients usually die within a year of diagnosis. Prion diseases are familial, sporadic, iatrogenic, or transmissible. Human prion diseases include Kuru, sporadic, iatrogenic, and familial forms of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker disease, and fatal familial insomnia. The causative agent is a misfolded version of the physiological prion protein called PrPSc in the brain. There are a number of therapeutic options currently under investigation. A number of small molecules have had some success in delaying disease progression in animal models and mixed results in clinical trials, including pentosan polysulfate, quinacrine, and amphotericin B. More promisingly, immunotherapy has reported success in vitro and in vivo in animal studies and clinical trials. The three main branches of immunotherapy research are focus on antibody vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, and adoptive transfer of physiological prion protein-specific CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Vaccines utilizing antibodies generally target disease-specific epitopes that are only exposed in the misfolded PrPSc conformation. Vaccines utilizing antigen-loaded dendritic cell have the ability to bypass immune tolerance and prime CD4+ cells to initiate an immune response. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T-cells is another promising target as this cell type can orchestrate the adaptive immune response. Although more research into mechanisms and safety is required, these immunotherapies offer novel therapeutic targets for prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Burchell
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Pty Ltd, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter K Panegyres
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Pty Ltd, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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21
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Guo BB, Bellingham SA, Hill AF. Stimulating the Release of Exosomes Increases the Intercellular Transfer of Prions. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5128-37. [PMID: 26769968 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by cells and play important roles in intercellular communication and pathogen transfer. Exosomes have been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, including prion disease and Alzheimer disease. Prion disease arises upon misfolding of the normal cellular prion protein, PrP(C), into the disease-associated isoform, PrP(Sc). The disease has a unique transmissible etiology, and exosomes represent a novel and efficient method for prion transmission. The precise mechanism by which prions are transmitted from cell to cell remains to be fully elucidated, although three hypotheses have been proposed: direct cell-cell contact, tunneling nanotubes, and exosomes. Given the reported presence of exosomes in biological fluids and in the lipid and nucleic acid contents of exosomes, these vesicles represent an ideal mechanism for encapsulating prions and potential cofactors to facilitate prion transmission. This study investigates the relationship between exosome release and intercellular prion dissemination. Stimulation of exosome release through treatment with an ionophore, monensin, revealed a corresponding increase in intercellular transfer of prion infectivity. Conversely, inhibition of exosome release using GW4869 to target the neutral sphingomyelinase pathway induced a decrease in intercellular prion transmission. Further examination of the effect of monensin on PrP conversion revealed that monensin also alters the conformational stability of PrP(C), leading to increased generation of proteinase K-resistant prion protein. The findings presented here provide support for a positive relationship between exosome release and intercellular transfer of prion infectivity, highlighting an integral role for exosomes in facilitating the unique transmissible nature of prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda B Guo
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia and
| | - Shayne A Bellingham
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia and
| | - Andrew F Hill
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia and the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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22
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Singh J, Udgaonkar JB. The Pathogenic Mutation T182A Converts the Prion Protein into a Molten Globule-like Conformation Whose Misfolding to Oligomers but Not to Fibrils Is Drastically Accelerated. Biochemistry 2016; 55:459-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jogender Singh
- National Centre for Biological
Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Jayant B. Udgaonkar
- National Centre for Biological
Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India
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23
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Abstract
Around 10-15% of patients diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) have a
positive family history for FTD with an autosomal dominant pattern of
inheritance. Since the identification of mutations in MAPT
(microtubule-associated protein tau gene) in 1998, over 10 other genes have been
associated with FTD spectrum disorders, discussed in this review. Along with
MAPT, mutations in GRN (progranulin) and
C9orf72 (chromosome 9 open reading frame 72) are the most
commonly identified in FTD cohorts. The association of FTD and motor neuron
disease (MND) can be caused by mutations in C9orf72 and other
genes, such as TARDBP (TAR DNA-binding protein),
FUS (fused in sarcoma), UBQLN2 (ubiquilin
2). Multisystem proteinopathy is a complex phenotype that includes FTD, Paget
disease of the bone, inclusion body myopathy and MND, and can be due to
mutations in VCP (valosing containing protein) and other
recently identified genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel T Takada
- MD, PhD, Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Singh J, Udgaonkar JB. Molecular Mechanism of the Misfolding and Oligomerization of the Prion Protein: Current Understanding and Its Implications. Biochemistry 2015; 54:4431-42. [PMID: 26171558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, make up a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders linked with the misfolding and aggregation of the prion protein (PrP). Although it is not yet understood how the misfolding of PrP induces neurodegeneration, it is widely accepted that the formation of misfolded prion protein (termed PrP(Sc)) is both the triggering event in the disease and the main component of the infectious agent responsible for disease transmission. Despite the clear involvement of PrP(Sc) in prion diseases, the exact composition of PrP(Sc) is not yet well-known. Recent studies show that misfolded oligomers of PrP could, however, be responsible for neurotoxicity and/or infectivity in the prion diseases. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanism of formation of the misfolded oligomers of PrP is critical for developing an understanding about the prion diseases and for developing anti-prion therapeutics. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism of misfolded oligomer formation by PrP and its implications for the development of anti-prion therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogender Singh
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Jayant B Udgaonkar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India
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25
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Taschuk R, Marciniuk K, Määttänen P, Madampage C, Hedlin P, Potter A, Lee J, Cashman NR, Griebel PJ, Napper S. Safety, specificity and immunogenicity of a PrP(Sc)-specific prion vaccine based on the YYR disease specific epitope. Prion 2015; 8:51-9. [PMID: 24509522 DOI: 10.4161/pri.27962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are a novel form of infectivity based on the misfolding of a self-protein (PrP(C)) into a pathological, infectious isomer (PrP(Sc)). The current uncontrolled spread of chronic wasting disease in cervids, coupled with the demonstrated zoonotic nature of select livestock prion diseases, highlights the urgent need for disease management tools. While there is proof-of-principle evidence for a prion vaccine, these efforts are complicated by the challenges and risks associated with induction of immune responses to a self-protein. Our priority is to develop a PrP(Sc)-specific prion vaccine based on epitopes that are uniquely exposed upon misfolding. These disease specific epitopes (DSEs) have the potential to enable specific targeting of the pathological species through immunotherapy. Here we review outcomes of the translation of a prion DSE into a PrP(Sc)-specific vaccine based on the criteria of immunogenicity, safety and specificity.
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Abstract
Human prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by spongiform changes, astrogliosis, and the accumulation of an abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)). Approximately 10%-15% of human prion diseases are familial variants that are caused by pathogenic mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP). Point mutations or the insertions of one or more copies of a 24 bp repeat are associated with familial human prion diseases including familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia. These mutations vary significantly in frequency between countries. Here, we compare the frequency of PRNP mutations between European countries and East Asians. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of several candidate genes including PRNP and CJD have been reported. The SNP of PRNP at codon 129 has been shown to be associated with sporadic, iatrogenic, and variant CJD. The SNPs of several genes other than PRNP have been showed contradictory results. Case-control studies and genome-wide association studies have also been performed to identify candidate genes correlated with variant and/or sporadic CJD. This review provides a general overview of the genetic mutations and polymorphisms that have been analyzed in association with human prion diseases to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
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Cortes CJ, Qin K, Norstrom EM, Green WN, Bindokas VP, Mastrianni JA. Early Delivery of Misfolded PrP from ER to Lysosomes by Autophagy. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:560421. [PMID: 24454378 PMCID: PMC3877647 DOI: 10.1155/2013/560421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are linked to the accumulation of a misfolded isoform (PrP(Sc)) of prion protein (PrP). Evidence suggests that lysosomes are degradation endpoints and sites of the accumulation of PrP(Sc). We questioned whether lysosomes participate in the early quality control of newly generated misfolded PrP. We found PrP carrying the disease-associated T182A mutation (Mut-PrP) was delivered to lysosomes in a Golgi-independent manner. Time-lapse live cell imaging revealed early formation and uptake of GFP-tagged Mut-PrP aggregates into LysoTracker labeled vesicles. Compared with Wt-PrP, Mut-PrP expression was associated with an elevation in several markers of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and it extensively colocalized with the autophagosome-specific marker, LC3B. In autophagy deficient (ATG5(-/-)) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, or in normal cells treated with the autophagy-inhibitor 3-MA, Mut-PrP colocalization with lysosomes was reduced to a similar extent. Additionally, 3-MA selectively impaired the degradation of insoluble Mut-PrP, resulting in an increase in protease-resistant PrP, whereas the induction of autophagy by rapamycin reduced it. These findings suggest that autophagy might function as a quality control mechanism to limit the accumulation of misfolded PrP that normally leads to the generation of PrP(Sc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza J. Cortes
- Departments of Neurology, MC2030, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kefeng Qin
- Departments of Neurology, MC2030, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eric M. Norstrom
- Departments of Neurology, MC2030, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - William N. Green
- Departments of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Vytautas P. Bindokas
- Departments of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James A. Mastrianni
- Departments of Neurology, MC2030, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Evidence for prion-like mechanisms in several neurodegenerative diseases: potential implications for immunotherapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:473706. [PMID: 24228054 PMCID: PMC3817797 DOI: 10.1155/2013/473706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal, untreatable neurodegenerative diseases. While the impact of TSEs on human health is relatively minor, these diseases are having a major influence on how we view, and potentially treat, other more common neurodegenerative disorders. Until recently, TSEs encapsulated a distinct category of neurodegenerative disorder, exclusive in their defining characteristic of infectivity. It now appears that similar mechanisms of self-propagation may underlie other proteinopathies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. This link is of scientific interest and potential therapeutic importance as this route of self-propagation offers conceptual support and guidance for vaccine development efforts. Specifically, the existence of a pathological, self-promoting isoform offers a rational vaccine target. Here, we review the evidence of prion-like mechanisms within a number of common neurodegenerative disorders and speculate on potential implications and opportunities for vaccine development.
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Madampage CA, Määttänen P, Marciniuk K, Brownlie R, Andrievskaia O, Potter A, Cashman NR, Lee JS, Napper S. Binding of bovine T194A PrP(C) by PrP(Sc)-specific antibodies: potential implications for immunotherapy of familial prion diseases. Prion 2013; 7:301-11. [PMID: 23787697 DOI: 10.4161/pri.25148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that are based on the misfolding of a cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into an infectious, pathological conformation (PrP(Sc)). There is proof-of-principle evidence that a prion vaccine is possible but this is tempered with concerns of the potential dangers associated with induction of immune responses to a widely-expressed self-protein. By targeting epitopes that are specifically exposed upon protein misfolding, our group developed a vaccine that induces PrP(Sc)-specific antibody responses. Here we consider the ability of this polyclonal antibody (SN6b) to bind to a mutant of PrP(C) associated with spontaneous prion disease. Polyclonal antibodies were selected to mimic the vaccination outcome and also explore all possible protein conformations of the recombinant bovine prion protein with mutation T194A [bPrP(T194A)]. This mutant is a homolog of the human T183A mutation of PrP(C) that is associated with early onset of familial dementia. With nanopore analysis, under non-denaturing conditions, we observed binding of the SN6b antibody to bPrP(T194A). This interaction was confirmed through ELISAs as well as immunoprecipitation of the recombinant and cellularly expressed forms of bPrP(T194A). This interaction did not promote formation of a protease resistant conformation of PrP in vitro. Collectively, these findings support the disease-specific approach for immunotherapy of prion diseases but also suggest that the concept of conformation-specific immunotherapy may be complicated in individuals who are genetically predisposed to PrP(C) misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Madampage
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, SK Canada; Department of Biochemistry; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, SK Canada
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Jahandideh S, Zhi D. Systematic investigation of predicted effect of nonsynonymous SNPs in human prion protein gene: a molecular modeling and molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:289-300. [PMID: 23527686 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2012.763216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonsynonymous mutations in the human prion protein (HuPrP) gene contribute to the conversion of HuPrP(C) to HuPrP(Sc) and amyloid formation which in turn leads to prion diseases such as familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease. In order to better understand and predict the role of HuPrP mutations, we developed the following procedure: first, we consulted the Human Genome Variation database and dbSNP databases, and we reviewed literature for the retrieval of aggregation-related nsSNPs of the HuPrP gene. Next, we used three different methods - Polymorphism Phenotyping (PolyPhen), PANTHER, and Auto-Mute - to predict the effect of nsSNPs on the phenotype. We compared the predictions against experimentally reported effects of these nsSNPs to evaluate the accuracy of the three methods: PolyPhen predicted 17 out of 22 nsSNPs as "probably damaging" or "possibly damaging"; PANTHER predicted 8 out of 22 nsSNPs as "Deleterious"; and Auto-Mute predicted 9 out of 20 nsSNPs as "Disease". Finally, structural analyses of the native protein against mutated models were investigated using molecular modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods. In addition to comparing predictor methods, our results show the applicability of our procedure for the prediction of damaging nsSNPs. Our study also elucidates the obvious relationship between predicted values of aggregation-related nsSNPs in HuPrP gene and molecular modeling and MD simulations results. In conclusion, this procedure would enable researchers to select outstanding candidates for extensive MD simulations in order to decipher more details of HuPrP aggregation. An animated interactive 3D complement (I3DC) is available in Proteopedia at http://proteopedia.org/w/Journal:JBSD:34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Jahandideh
- a Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , 35294 , USA
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31
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Huang X, Long Y, Zhang H, Wang Q, Zhu R, Zheng H. Gold nanoparticles as a probe for prion determination via resonance light scattering method. ANAL SCI 2013; 28:475-9. [PMID: 22687927 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as a highly selective probe for the detection of prion proteins. We discovered that AuNPs undergo aggregation selectively in the presence of recombinant prion protein (rPrP), and such selective aggregation enhanced the resonance light scattering (RLS) intensity from AuNPs tremendously. Based on this phenomenon, we established a new assay for rPrP detection. This new assay is label-free, highly selective, and sensitive. The linear range for rPrP detection is from 2.0 × 10(-10) to 2.0 × 10(-8) mol L(-1) with excellent discrimination against other interfering compounds, and the detection limit is 7 × 10(-11) mol L(-1). This assay has been successfully applied for rPrP detection in E. coli lysate, bovine serum samples and human plasma samples. Compared with other methods, the detection approach described here can achieve high selectivity and sensitivity without any complicated labeling or expensive instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoXiao Huang
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, PR China
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32
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Arena G, La Mendola D, Pappalardo G, Sóvágó I, Rizzarelli E. Interactions of Cu2+ with prion family peptide fragments: Considerations on affinity, speciation and coordination. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Prion diseases. Neurogenetics 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139087711.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Zou RS, Fujioka H, Guo JP, Xiao X, Shimoji M, Kong C, Chen C, Tasnadi M, Voma C, Yuan J, Moudjou M, Laude H, Petersen RB, Zou WQ. Characterization of spontaneously generated prion-like conformers in cultured cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 3:968-84. [PMID: 21990137 PMCID: PMC3229973 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A distinct conformational transition from the α-helix-rich cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its β-sheet-rich pathological isoform (PrPSc) is the hallmark of prion diseases, a group of fatal transmissible encephalopathies that includes spontaneous and acquired forms. Recently, a PrPSc-like intermediate form characterized by the formation of insoluble aggregates and protease-resistant PrP species termed insoluble PrPC (iPrPC) has been identified in uninfected mammalian brains and cultured neuronal cells, providing new insights into the molecular mechanism(s) of these diseases. Here, we explore the molecular characteristics of the spontaneously formed iPrPC in cultured neuroblastoma cells expressing wild-type or mutant human PrP linked to two familial prion diseases. We observed that although PrP mutation at either residue 183 from Thr to Ala (PrPT183A) or at residue 198 from Phe to Ser (PrPF198S) affects glycosylation at both N-linked glycosylation sites, the T183A mutation that results in intracellular retention significantly increased the formation of iPrPC. Moreover, while autophagy is increased in F198S cells, it was significantly decreased in T183A cells. Our results indicate that iPrPC may be formed more readily in an intracellular compartment and that a significant increase in PrPT183A aggregation may be attributable to the inhibition of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Zou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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35
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Imran M, Mahmood S. An overview of human prion diseases. Virol J 2011; 8:559. [PMID: 22196171 PMCID: PMC3296552 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible, progressive and invariably fatal neurodegenerative conditions associated with misfolding and aggregation of a host-encoded cellular prion protein, PrPC. They have occurred in a wide range of mammalian species including human. Human prion diseases can arise sporadically, be hereditary or be acquired. Sporadic human prion diseases include Cruetzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD), fatal insomnia and variably protease-sensitive prionopathy. Genetic or familial prion diseases are caused by autosomal dominantly inherited mutations in the gene encoding for PrPC and include familial or genetic CJD, fatal familial insomnia and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome. Acquired human prion diseases account for only 5% of cases of human prion disease. They include kuru, iatrogenic CJD and a new variant form of CJD that was transmitted to humans from affected cattle via meat consumption especially brain. This review presents information on the epidemiology, etiology, clinical assessment, neuropathology and public health concerns of human prion diseases. The role of the PrP encoding gene (PRNP) in conferring susceptibility to human prion diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences (UHS), Khayaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
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36
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van der Kamp MW, Daggett V. Molecular dynamics as an approach to study prion protein misfolding and the effect of pathogenic mutations. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 305:169-97. [PMID: 21526434 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Computer simulation of protein dynamics offers unique high-resolution information that complements experiment. Using experimentally derived structures of the natively folded prion protein (PrP), physically realistic dynamics and conformational changes can be simulated, including the initial steps of misfolding. By introducing mutations in silico, the effect of pathogenic mutations on PrP conformation and dynamics can be assessed. Here, we briefly introduce molecular dynamics methods and review the application of molecular dynamics simulations to obtain insight into various aspects of the PrP, including the mechanism of misfolding, the response to changes in the environment, and the influence of disease-related mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W van der Kamp
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5013, USA
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37
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Capellari S, Strammiello R, Saverioni D, Kretzschmar H, Parchi P. Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and fatal familial insomnia: insights into phenotypic variability and disease pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 121:21-37. [PMID: 20978903 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human prion diseases are a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the conversion of the constitutively expressed prion protein, PrP(C), into an abnormally aggregated isoform, called PrP(Sc). While most people who develop a prion disease have no identifiable cause and a few acquire the disease through an identified source of infection, about 10-15% of patients are affected by a genetic form and carry either a point mutation or an insertion of octapeptide repeats in the prion protein gene. Prion diseases show the highest extent of phenotypic heterogeneity among neurodegenerative disorders and comprise three major disease entities with variable though overlapping phenotypic features: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), fatal insomnia and the Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome. Both CJD and fatal insomnia are fully transmissible diseases, a feature that led to the isolation and characterization of different strains of the agent or prion showing distinctive clinical and neuropathological features after transmission to syngenic animals. Here, we review the current knowledge of the effects of the pathogenic mutations linked to genetic CJD and fatal familial insomnia on the prion protein metabolism and physicochemical properties, the disease phenotype and the strain characteristics. The data derived from studies in vitro and from those using cell and animal models are compared with those obtained from the analyses of the naturally occurring disease. The extent of phenotypic variation in genetic prion disease is analyzed in comparison to that of the sporadic disease, which has recently been the topic of a systematic and detailed characterization.
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van der Kamp MW, Daggett V. Pathogenic mutations in the hydrophobic core of the human prion protein can promote structural instability and misfolding. J Mol Biol 2010; 404:732-48. [PMID: 20932979 PMCID: PMC2994014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, or prion diseases, are caused by misfolding and aggregation of the prion protein PrP. These diseases can be hereditary in humans and four of the many disease-associated missense mutants of PrP are in the hydrophobic core: V180I, F198S, V203I and V210I. The T183A mutation is related to the hydrophobic core mutants as it is close to the hydrophobic core and known to cause instability. We used extensive molecular dynamics simulations of these five PrP mutants to compare their dynamics and conformations to those of the wild type PrP. The simulations highlight the changes that occur upon introduction of mutations and help to rationalize experimental findings. Changes can occur around the mutation site, but they can also be propagated over long distances. In particular, the F198S and T183A mutations lead to increased flexibility in parts of the structure that are normally stable, and the short β-sheet moves away from the rest of the protein. Mutations V180I, V210I and, to a lesser extent, V203I cause changes similar to those observed upon lowering the pH, which has been linked to misfolding. Early misfolding is observed in one V180I simulation. Overall, mutations in the hydrophobic core have a significant effect on the dynamics and stability of PrP, including the propensity to misfold, which helps to explain their role in the development of familial prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W. van der Kamp
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA 98195-5013
| | - Valerie Daggett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA 98195-5013
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Abstract
The prion diseases are a family of rare neurodegenerative disorders that result from the accumulation of a misfolded isoform of the prion protein (PrP), a normal constituent of the neuronal membrane. Five subtypes constitute the known human prion diseases; kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), fatal insomnia (FI), and variant CJD (vCJD). These subtypes are distinguished, in part, by their clinical phenotype, but primarily by their associated brain histopathology. Evidence suggests these phenotypes are defined by differences in the pathogenic conformation of misfolded PrP. Although the vast majority of cases are sporadic, 10% to 15% result from an autosomal dominant mutation of the PrP gene (PRNP). General phenotype-genotype correlations can be made for the major subtypes of CJD, GSS, and FI. This paper will review some of the general background related to prion biology and detail the clinical and pathologic features of the major prion diseases, with a particular focus on the genetic aspects that result in prion disease or modification of its risk or phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalilah Brown
- Center for Comprehensive Care and Research on Memory Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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40
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Fernandez-Funez P, Zhang Y, Casas-Tinto S, Xiao X, Zou WQ, Rincon-Limas DE. Sequence-dependent prion protein misfolding and neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:36897-908. [PMID: 20817727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.174391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolding of the normal prion protein (PrP) into a pathogenic "scrapie" conformation. To better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the conformational changes (conversion) of PrP, we compared the dynamics of PrP from mammals susceptible (hamster and mouse) and resistant (rabbit) to prion diseases in transgenic flies. We recently showed that hamster PrP induces spongiform degeneration and accumulates into highly aggregated, scrapie-like conformers in transgenic flies. We show now that rabbit PrP does not induce spongiform degeneration and does not convert into scrapie-like conformers. Surprisingly, mouse PrP induces weak neurodegeneration and accumulates small amounts of scrapie-like conformers. Thus, the expression of three highly conserved mammalian prion proteins in transgenic flies uncovered prominent differences in their conformational dynamics. How these properties are encoded in the amino acid sequence remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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41
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Chebaro Y, Derreumaux P. The Conversion of Helix H2 to β-Sheet Is Accelerated in the Monomer and Dimer of the Prion Protein upon T183A Mutation. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:6942-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900334s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yassmine Chebaro
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, UPR 9080 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Physico Chimique et Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Derreumaux
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, UPR 9080 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Physico Chimique et Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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42
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Thr but Asn of the N-glycosylation sites of PrP is indispensable for its misfolding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:1195-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schiff E, Campana V, Tivodar S, Lebreton S, Gousset K, Zurzolo C. Coexpression of wild-type and mutant prion proteins alters their cellular localization and partitioning into detergent-resistant membranes. Traffic 2008; 9:1101-15. [PMID: 18410485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of diseases of infectious, sporadic and genetic origin, found in higher organisms and caused by the pathological form of the prion protein. The inheritable subgroup of TSEs is linked to insertional or point mutations in the prion gene prnp, which favour its misfolding and are passed on to offspring in an autosomal-dominant fashion. The large majority of patients with these diseases are heterozygous for the prnp gene, leading to the coexpression of the wild-type (wt) (PrP(C)) and the mutant forms (PrPmut) in the carriers of these mutations. To mimic this situation in vitro, we produced Fischer rat thyroid cells coexpressing PrPwt alongside mutant versions of mouse PrP including A117V, E200K and T182A relevant to the human TSE diseases Gestmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD). We found that coexpression of mutant PrP with wt proteins does not affect the glycosylation pattern or the biochemical characteristics of either protein. However, FRET and co-immunoprecipitation experiments suggest an interaction occurring between the wt and mutant proteins. Furthermore, by comparing the intracellular localization and detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) association in single- and double-expressing clones, we found changes in the intracellular/surface ratio and an increased sequestration of both proteins in DRMs, a site believed to be involved in the pathological conversion (or protection thereof) of the prion protein. We, therefore, propose that the mutant forms alter the subcellular localization and the membrane environment of the wt protein in co-transfected cells. These effects may play a role in the development of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Schiff
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Gains MJ, LeBlanc AC. Canadian Association of Neurosciences Review: prion protein and prion diseases: the good and the bad. Can J Neurol Sci 2007; 34:126-45. [PMID: 17598589 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100005953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the 1700's a strange new disease affecting sheep was recognized in Europe. The disease later became known as "Scrapie" and was the first of a family of similar diseases affecting a number of species that are now known as the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). The appearance of a new disease in humans linked to the consumption of meat products from infected cattle has stimulated widespread public concern and scientific interest in the prion protein and related diseases. Nearly 300 years after the first report, these diseases still merit the descriptor "strange". This family of diseases is characterized by a unique profile of histological changes, can be transmitted as inherited or acquired diseases, as well as apparent sporadic spontaneous generation of the disease. These diseases are believed by many, to be caused by a unique protein only infectious agent. The "prion protein" (PrPC), a term first coined by Stanley Prusiner in 1982 is crucial to the development of these diseases, apparently by acting as a substrate for an abnormal disease associated form. However, aside from being critical to the pathogenesis of the disease, the function of PrPC, which is expressed in all mammals, has defied definitive description. Several roles have been proposed on the basis of in vitro studies, however, thus far, in vivo confirmation has not been forthcoming. The biological features of PrPC also seem to be unusual. Numerous mouse models have been generated in an attempt to understand the pathogenesis of these diseases. This review summarizes the current state of histological features, the etiologic agent, the normal metabolism and the function of the prion protein, as well as the limitations of the mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J Gains
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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Smid J, Martins VR, Landemberger MC, Riva D, Anghinah R, Nitrini R. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with a missense mutation at codon 200 of the prion protein gene in Brazil. Dement Neuropsychol 2007; 1:222-224. [PMID: 29213392 PMCID: PMC5619573 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642008dn10200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (gCJD) represents less than 15% of CJD cases,
and its clinical picture may be either indistinguishable from that of sporadic
CJD (sCJD) or be atypical, usually with younger onset and longer duration. We
report a case of 59-year old Brazilian man who presented rapidly progressive
cognitive decline and cerebellar ataxia. EEG revealed periodic activity. A
brother and a cousin of the patient had CJD. A point mutation at codon 200
(E200K) of the prion protein gene (PRNP) was found and death occurred 11 months
after onset of symptoms. Autopsy was not performed. The clinical presentation of
gCJD associated with E200K, which is the most frequent PRNP mutation, is quite
similar to sCDJ. This is the first report of E200K mutation in Brazil, and it is
possible that a more systematic search for its occurrence may show it to be
relatively frequent in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerusa Smid
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Departament of Neurology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Renato Anghinah
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Departament of Neurology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit, Departament of Neurology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine
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Biswas S, Langeveld JPM, Tipper D, Lu S. Intracellular accumulation of a 46 kDa species of mouse prion protein as a result of loss of glycosylation in cultured mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:153-61. [PMID: 16935263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of an abnormal isoform (PrPSc) of the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) in the brain. Reportedly, abnormal N-linked glycosylation patterns in PrPC are associated with disease susceptibility; thus, we compared the glycosylation status of normal and several mutant forms of the murine prion protein (MuPrP) in cultured mammalian cells. Substitution of the N-terminal signal sequence of normal MuPrP with a heterologous signal peptide did not alter glycosylation. When expressed without the C-terminal glycophosphatidylinositol anchor signal, the majority of MuPrP remained intracellular and unglycosylated, and a 46 kDa species (p46) of the unglycosylated PrPC was detected on reducing gels. p46 was also observed when wild-type MuPrP was expressed in the presence of tunicamycin or enzymatically deglycosylated in vitro. A rabbit polyclonal anti-serum raised against dimeric MuPrP cross-reacted with p46 and localized the signal within the Golgi apparatus. We propose that the 46 kDa signal is a dimeric form of MuPrP and in the light of recent studies, it can be argued that a relatively stable, non-glycosylated, cytoplasmic PrPC dimer, produced as a result of compromised glycosylation is an intermediate in initiating conversion of PrPC to PrPSc in sporadic transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Biswas
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Campana V, Sarnataro D, Fasano C, Casanova P, Paladino S, Zurzolo C. Detergent-resistant membrane domains but not the proteasome are involved in the misfolding of a PrP mutant retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:433-42. [PMID: 16443748 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited prion diseases are neurodegenerative pathologies related to genetic mutations in the prion protein (PrP) gene, which favour the conversion of PrP(C) into a conformationally altered pathogenic form, PrP(Sc). The molecular basis of PrP(C)/PrP(Sc) conversion, the intracellular compartment where it occurs and how this process leads to neurological dysfunction are not yet known. We have studied the intracellular synthesis, degradation and localization of a PrP mutant associated with a genetic form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), PrPT182A, in transfected FRT cells. PrPT182A is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is mainly associated with detergent-resistant microdomains (DRMs) and is partially resistant to proteinase K digestion. Although an untranslocated form of this mutant is polyubiquitylated and undergoes ER-associated degradation, the proteasome is not responsible for the degradation of its misfolded form, suggesting that it does not have a role in the pathogenesis of inherited diseases. On the contrary, impairment of PrPT182A association with DRMs by cholesterol depletion leads to its accumulation in the ER and substantially increases its misfolding. These data support the previous hypothesis that DRMs are important for the correct folding of PrP and suggest that they might have a protective role in pathological scrapie-like conversion of PrP mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Campana
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare and CEINGE, Centro di Biotecnologie Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Troiano AR, Micheli FE, Alarcón F, Teive HAG. Movement disorders in Latin America. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2006; 12:125-38. [PMID: 16503410 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The authors review some particularities of movement disorders (MDs) in the ethnically diverse population of Latin America. Although idiopathic diseases are evenly prevalent, access to treatment encounters difficulties that are worth discussing. Infectious-parasitic diseases observed throughout the continent occasionally present as MDs, and will be individually reviewed. Inherited MDs with regional foci of increased prevalence, particularly spinocerebellar ataxias, will also be considered. Whereas there is no treatment for genetic disorders, most of the other conditions are preventable or amenable to adequate treatment. Hope for better health standards for the Latin American population lies in profound social and political changes that are still to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R Troiano
- Department of Neurology (Medicine), Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Purdy Pavilion, Vancouver, Canada.
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Cancellotti E, Wiseman F, Tuzi NL, Baybutt H, Monaghan P, Aitchison L, Simpson J, Manson JC. Altered Glycosylated PrP Proteins Can Have Different Neuronal Trafficking in Brain but Do Not Acquire Scrapie-like Properties. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:42909-18. [PMID: 16219759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509557200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Linked glycans have been shown to have an important role in the cell biology of a variety of cell surface glycoproteins, including PrP protein. It has been suggested that glycosylation of PrP can influence the susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and determine the characteristics of the many different strains observed in this particular type of disease. To understand the role of carbohydrates in influencing the PrP maturation, stability, and cell biology, we have produced and analyzed gene-targeted murine models expressing differentially glycosylated PrP. Transgenic mice carrying the PrP substitution threonine for asparagine 180 (G1) or threonine for asparagine 196 (G2) or both mutations combined (G3), which eliminate the first, second, and both glycosylation sites, respectively, have been generated by double replacement gene targeting. An in vivo analysis of altered PrP has been carried out in transgenic mouse brains, and our data show that the lack of glycans does not influence PrP maturation and stability. The presence of one chain of sugar is sufficient for the trafficking to the cell membrane, whereas the unglycosylated PrP localization is mainly intracellular. However, this altered cellular localization of PrP does not lead to any overt phenotype in the G3 transgenic mice. Most importantly, we found that, in vivo, unglycosylated PrP does not acquire the characteristics of the aberrant pathogenic form (PrPSc), as was previously reported using in vitro models.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Asparagine/chemistry
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/metabolism
- Carbohydrates/chemistry
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/metabolism
- Detergents/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Endopeptidase K/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Genotype
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycosylation
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- Homozygote
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mannosyl-Glycoprotein Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase/chemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Models, Genetic
- Mutation
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polysaccharides/chemistry
- Prions/chemistry
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Scrapie/metabolism
- Solubility
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Threonine/chemistry
- Time Factors
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cancellotti
- Neuropathogenesis Unit, Institute for Animal Health, Ogston Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, United Kingdom.
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Larner AJ. "Frontal variant Alzheimer's disease": a reappraisal. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005; 108:705-8. [PMID: 16102893 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two cases of clinically diagnosed sporadic Alzheimer's disease with early and prominent behavioural features (social disinhibition, emotional blunting, stereotyped verbal utterances) sufficient to prompt an initial diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia are presented. It is suggested that the term "frontal variant AD" be used for this clinically defined phenotype, which has also been described in cases of inherited AD associated with certain presenilin-1 gene mutations. This differs from previous usage of the term "frontal variant AD" to describe AD with predominant frontal lobe neuropathological change (although the clinical phenotype may reflect regional distribution of pathology), but parallels the clinical definition of visual agnosic, aphasic and apraxic presentations of AD. The proposed usage would also emphasise differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Larner
- Cognitive Function Clinic, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Lower Lane, Fazakerley, Liverpool L9 7LJ, UK.
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