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Tu Y, Luo Y, Zhao Q, Zeng Y, Leng K, Zhu M. Role of macrophage in ocular neovascularization. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30840. [PMID: 38770313 PMCID: PMC11103465 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Ocular neovascularization is the leading cause of blindness in clinical settings. Pathological angiogenesis of the eye can be divided into corneal neovascularization (CoNV), retinal neovascularization (RNV, including diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity), and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) based on the anatomical location of abnormal neovascularization. Although anti-Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents have wide-ranging clinical applications and are an effective treatment for neovascular eye disease, many deficiencies in this treatment strategy remain. Recently, emerging evidence has demonstrated that macrophages are vital during the process of physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Monocyte-macrophage lineage is diverse and plastic, they can shift between different activation modes and have different functions. Due to the obvious regulatory effect of macrophages on inflammation and angiogenesis, macrophages have been increasingly studied in the field of ophthalmology. Here, we detail how macrophage activated and the role of different subtypes of macrophages in the pathogenesis of ocular neovascularization. The complexity of macrophages has recently taken center stage owing to their subset diversity and tightly regulated molecular and metabolic phenotypes. In this review, we reveal the functional and phenotypic characterization of macrophage subsets associated with ocular neovascularization, more in-depth research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms by which macrophages regulate angiogenesis as well as macrophage polarization. Targeted regulation of macrophage differentiation based on their phenotype and function could be an effective approach to treat and manage ocular neovascularization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Tu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yalu Luo
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanfeng Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Leng
- Department of Medical Informatics, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Umar S, Palasiewicz K, Volin MV, Romay B, Rahat R, Tetali C, Arami S, Guma M, Ascoli C, Sweiss N, Zomorrodi RK, O'Neill LAJ, Shahrara S. Metabolic regulation of RA macrophages is distinct from RA fibroblasts and blockade of glycolysis alleviates inflammatory phenotype in both cell types. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7693-7707. [PMID: 34705053 PMCID: PMC8739866 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the significance of metabolic reprogramming in immune and stromal cell function. Yet, the metabolic reconfiguration of RA macrophages (MΦs) is incompletely understood during active disease and in crosstalk with other cell types in experimental arthritis. This study elucidates a distinct regulation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in RA MΦs compared to fibroblast (FLS), although PPP (Pentose Phosphate pathway) is similarly reconfigured in both cell types. 2-DG treatment showed a more robust impact on impairing the RA M1 MΦ-mediated inflammatory phenotype than IACS-010759 (IACS, complexli), by reversing ERK, AKT and STAT1 signaling, IRF8/3 transcription and CCL2 or CCL5 secretion. This broader inhibitory effect of 2-DG therapy on RA M1 MΦs was linked to dysregulation of glycolysis (GLUT1, PFKFB3, LDHA, lactate) and oxidative PPP (NADP conversion to NADPH), while both compounds were ineffective on oxidative phosphorylation. Distinctly, in RA FLS, 2-DG and IACS therapies constrained LPS/IFNγ-induced AKT and JNK signaling, IRF5/7 and fibrokine expression. Disruption of RA FLS metabolic rewiring by 2-DG or IACS therapy was accompanied by a reduction of glycolysis (HIF1α, PFKFB3) and suppression of citrate or succinate buildup. We found that 2-DG therapy mitigated CIA pathology by intercepting joint F480+iNOS+MΦ, Vimentin+ fibroblast and CD3+T cell trafficking along with downregulation of IRFs and glycolytic intermediates. Surprisingly, IACS treatment was inconsequential on CIA swelling, cell infiltration, M1 and Th1/Th17 cytokines (IFN-γ/IL-17) and joint glycolytic mediators. Collectively, our results indicate that blockade of glycolysis is more effective than inhibition of complex 1 in CIA, in part due to its effectiveness on the MΦ inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiq Umar
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, CSB suite 1114, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Karol Palasiewicz
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, CSB suite 1114, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Michael V Volin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Bianca Romay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, CSB suite 1114, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rani Rahat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, CSB suite 1114, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Chandana Tetali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, CSB suite 1114, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Shiva Arami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, CSB suite 1114, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Monica Guma
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christian Ascoli
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nadera Sweiss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, CSB suite 1114, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ryan K Zomorrodi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, CSB suite 1114, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shiva Shahrara
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, CSB suite 1114, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Kurowska-Stolarska M, Alivernini S. Synovial tissue macrophages: friend or foe? RMD Open 2017; 3:e000527. [PMID: 29299338 PMCID: PMC5729306 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy synovial tissue includes a lining layer of synovial fibroblasts and macrophages. The influx of leucocytes during active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) includes monocytes that differentiate locally into proinflammatory macrophages, and these produce pathogenic tumour necrosis factor. During sustained remission, the synovial tissue macrophage numbers recede to normal. The constitutive presence of tissue macrophages in the lining layer of the synovial membrane in healthy donors and in patients with RA during remission suggests that this macrophage population may have a role in maintaining and reinstating synovial tissue homeostasis respectively. Recent appreciation of the different origins and functions of tissue-resident compared with monocyte-derived macrophages has improved the understanding of their relative involvement in organ homeostasis in mouse models of disease. In this review, informed by mouse models and human data, we describe the presence of different functional subpopulations of human synovial tissue macrophages and discuss their distinct contribution to joint homeostasis and chronic inflammation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Kurowska-Stolarska
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), Universities of Glasgow, Birmingham and Newcastle, Glasgow, Birmingham and Newcastle, UK
| | - Stefano Alivernini
- Institute of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Amir Levy Y, Ciaraldi TP, Mudaliar SR, Phillips SA, Henry RR. Excessive secretion of IL-8 by skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes impairs tube growth: potential role of PI3K and the Tie2 receptor. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E22-34. [PMID: 25944879 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00513.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reduced capillary density is a feature of skeletal muscle (SkM) in type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is associated with multiple metabolic and functional abnormalities. SkM has been identified as a secretory tissue, releasing myokines that regulate multiple processes, including vascularization. We sought to determine how myokines secreted from T2D myotubes might influence SkM angiogenesis. Conditioned media (CM) were generated by myotubes from T2D and nondiabetic (ND) subjects. Primary human endothelial cells (HUVEC) and SkM explants were exposed to CM or recombinant myokines, and tube number or capillary outgrowth was determined as well as measurement of protein expression and phosphorylation. CM from ND myotubes stimulated tube formation of HUVEC to a greater extent than T2D myotubes (T2D-CM = 100%, ND-CM = 288 ± 90% after 48 h, P < 0.05). The effects of T2D myotube CM were mediated by IL-8, not IL-15 or GROα, and were due not to cell damage but rather through regulating tube production and maintenance (response to T2D-IL-8 = 100%, response to ND-IL-8 = 263 ± 46% after 48 h, P < 0.05). A similar effect was seen in SkM explants with exposure to IL-8. The dose-dependent effect of IL-8 on tube formation was also observable in the PI3K and FAK signaling pathways and mediated at least in part by PI3K, leading to regulation of Tie2 expression. These results suggest that elevated levels of IL-8 secreted from T2D myotubes create a muscle microenvironment that supports reduced capillarization in T2D. Impaired vascularization of SkM limits the availability of substrates, including glucose and contributes to the T2D phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Amir Levy
- Center for Metabolic Research, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and Departments of Medicine and
| | - Theodore P Ciaraldi
- Center for Metabolic Research, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and Departments of Medicine and
| | - Sunder R Mudaliar
- Center for Metabolic Research, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and Departments of Medicine and
| | - Susan A Phillips
- Center for Metabolic Research, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert R Henry
- Center for Metabolic Research, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; and Departments of Medicine and
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Fahy N, de Vries-van Melle ML, Lehmann J, Wei W, Grotenhuis N, Farrell E, van der Kraan PM, Murphy JM, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, van Osch GJVM. Human osteoarthritic synovium impacts chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via macrophage polarisation state. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1167-75. [PMID: 24911520 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell type for the repair of damaged cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). However, OA synovial fluid and factors secreted by synovium impede chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, and the mechanism responsible for this effect remains unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate whether M1 and M2 synovial macrophages can contribute to the inhibition of MSC chondrogenesis. DESIGN The constitution of synovial macrophage subsets was analysed by immunohistochemical staining of human OA synovium sections for CD86 (M1 marker) and CD206 (M2 marker). To assess the effect of synovial macrophages on chondrogenesis, collagen type II (COL2) and aggrecan (ACAN) gene expression were compared between MSCs undergoing chondrogenic differentiation in medium conditioned (CM) by human OA synovial explants, human synovial macrophages and fibroblasts, or peripheral blood derived primary human monocytes differentiated towards an M1 or M2 phenotype. RESULTS OA synovium contained both M1 and M2 macrophages. Medium conditioned by synovial macrophages (CD45 + plastic adherent cells) down-regulated chondrogenic gene expression by MSCs. Additionally, CM of M1 polarised monocytes significantly decreased COL2 and ACAN gene expression by MSCs; this effect was not observed for treatment with CM of M2 polarised monocytes. CONCLUSION MSC chondrogenesis is inhibited by OA synovium CM through factors secreted by synovial macrophages and our findings suggest that M1 polarised subsets are potential mediators of this anti-chondrogenic effect. Modulation of macrophage phenotype may serve as a beneficial strategy to maximise the potential of MSCs for efficient cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fahy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M L de Vries-van Melle
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Lehmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - W Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - N Grotenhuis
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolarynogology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - E Farrell
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P M van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - J M Murphy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | | | - G J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolarynogology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Tsou PS, Ruth JH, Campbell PL, Isozaki T, Lee S, Marotte H, Domino SE, Koch AE, Amin MA. A novel role for inducible Fut2 in angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2013; 16:195-205. [PMID: 23065099 PMCID: PMC4441274 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Angiogenesis plays an important role in wound healing and tumor growth. Fucosyltransferases synthesize fucosylated glycans and may play a major role in vascular biology. OBJECTIVE To examine the role of an alpha(1,2) fucosyltransferase (Fut2) in angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that Fut2 mRNA and protein expression is inducible in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs). After finding that Fut2 is inducible in HMVECs, we examined if Fut2 contributes to angiogenesis. We found that Fut2 null endothelial cell (EC) migration and tube formation were significantly less compared to wild type (wt) ECs. Angiogenesis was impaired in Fut2 null compared to wt mice in the mouse Matrigel plug and the sponge granuloma angiogenesis assays. To assess the characteristics of Fut2 null ECs in vivo, we performed Matrigel plug angiogenesis assays in wt mice using Fut2 null and wt mouse ECs. We found a significant decrease in Fut2 null EC incorporation in neoangiogenesis compared to wt ECs. ERK1/2 activation, fibroblast growth factor receptor2, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression were less in Fut2 null ECs, suggesting a possible mechanism of impaired angiogenesis when Fut2 is lacking. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a novel role for Fut2 as a regulator of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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Shu Q, Amin MA, Ruth JH, Campbell PL, Koch AE. Suppression of endothelial cell activity by inhibition of TNFα. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R88. [PMID: 22534470 PMCID: PMC3446462 DOI: 10.1186/ar3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction TNFα is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a central role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the effects of certolizumab pegol, a TNFα blocker, on endothelial cell function and angiogenesis. Methods Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) were stimulated with TNFα with or without certolizumab pegol. TNFα-induced adhesion molecule expression and angiogenic chemokine secretion were measured by cell surface ELISA and angiogenic chemokine ELISA, respectively. We also examined the effect of certolizumab pegol on TNFα-induced myeloid human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cell adhesion to HMVECs, as well as blood vessels in RA synovial tissue using the Stamper-Woodruff assay. Lastly, we performed HMVEC chemotaxis, and tube formation. Results Certolizumab pegol significantly blocked TNFα-induced HMVEC cell surface angiogenic E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and angiogenic chemokine secretion (P < 0.05). We found that certolizumab pegol significantly inhibited TNFα-induced HL-60 cell adhesion to HMVECs (P < 0.05), and blocked HL-60 cell adhesion to RA synovial tissue vasculature (P < 0.05). TNFα also enhanced HMVEC chemotaxis compared with the negative control group (P < 0.05) and this chemotactic response was significantly reduced by certolizumab pegol (P < 0.05). Certolizumab pegol inhibited TNFα-induced HMVEC tube formation on Matrigel (P < 0.05). Conclusion Our data support the hypothesis that certolizumab pegol inhibits TNFα-dependent leukocyte adhesion and angiogenesis, probably via inhibition of angiogenic adhesion molecule expression and angiogenic chemokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 1107 Jinan Culture Road, Jinan City, China
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Ma YY, He XJ, Wang HJ, Xia YJ, Wang SL, Ye ZY, Tao HQ. Interaction of coagulation factors and tumor-associated macrophages mediates migration and invasion of gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2010; 102:336-42. [PMID: 21134074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant macrophage infiltration and increased expression of coagulation factors have been observed in cancer patients. The aim of the present study was to determine how the interaction between activated coagulation factors and monocytes/macrophages contributes to gastric cancer (GC) cell migration and invasion. We assessed cytokine/chemokine production of coagulation-factor-treated macrophages by ELISA. The effects of the interaction between coagulation factors and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) on GC cell migration and invasion were determined by in vitro migration and invasion assay. In addition, we used an in vitro co-culture system of GC cells/TAM treated by coagulation factors to evaluate the effect of coagulation factor/TAM interaction on the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (HUVEC). We found that the M2-like phenotype of interleukin (IL)-4(high), IL-10(high), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β(high), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α(high) was exhibited when the human monocytic cell line THP-1 was stimulated by coagulation factors III (TF), VIIa (FVIIa) and XIIa (FXIIa). For the migration assay, the GC cells (BGC-823 or SGC-7901) that were co-cultured with activated coagulation factor/TAM both showed increased migration. For the invasion assay, both BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells co-cultured with TF/TAM showed increased invasion. We also found that TAM activated by coagulation factors could induce vascular endothelial growth factor/MMP-9 expression, which could promote invasion of GC cells. The HUVEC co-cultured with TAM (PMA-treated THP-1 macrophages co-cultured with GC cells) expressed high levels of FXIIa. In conclusion, coagulation factors might facilitate GC cell migration and invasion by transforming macrophages toward TAM-like cells. Interaction of coagulation factors and TAM mediates migration and invasion of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of gastric cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:468725. [PMID: 20369064 PMCID: PMC2847386 DOI: 10.1155/2010/468725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is the result of an imbalance between positive and negative angiogenic factors released by tumor and host cells into the microenvironment of the neoplastic tissue. The stroma constitutes a large part of most solid tumors, and cancer-stromal cell interactions contribute functionally to tumor growth and metastasis. Activated fibroblasts and macrophages in tumor stroma play important roles in angiogenesis and tumor progression. In gastric cancer, tumor cells and stromal cells produce various angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-8, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, and angiopoietin. In addition, Helicobacter pylori infection increases tumor cell expression of metastasis-related genes including those encoding several angiogenic factors. We review the current understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of human gastric cancer.
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Cancer-stromal cell interaction and tumor angiogenesis in gastric cancer. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2009; 3:109-16. [PMID: 20020278 PMCID: PMC2970808 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-009-0032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies in molecular and cellular biology have shown that tumor growth and metastasis are not determined by cancer cells alone but also by a variety of stromal cells. The stroma constitutes a large part of most solid tumors, and cancer-stromal cell interaction contributes functionally to tumor growth and metastasis. Angiogenesis is the result of an imbalance between positive and negative angiogenic factors released by tumor and host cells into the microenvironment of the neoplastic tissue. In gastric cancer, tumor cells and stromal cells produce various angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-8, and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor. The microenvironment in the gastric mucosa may also influence the angiogenic phenotype of gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori infection increases expression of several angiogenic factors by tumor cells. Activated fibroblasts and macrophages in tumor stroma also play an important role in angiogenesis and tumor progression. We review the current understanding of cancer-stromal cell interaction as it pertains to tumor angiogenesis in gastric cancer.
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Arfuso F. A study of physiologic angiogenesis in the human using the dental pulp as an in vivo model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:359-63. [PMID: 17090409 DOI: 10.1080/10623320600972101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With the commonly used in vivo animal models of angiogenesis, direct extrapolation of results to the human is not possible. The results presented from this study exemplify various phases of angiogenesis, from cell migration to apoptosis. This supports the use of the dental pulp of the developing human tooth as a viable model of in vivo physiologic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Arfuso
- School of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre of Western Australia, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.
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Pakozdi A, Amin MA, Haas CS, Martinez RJ, Haines GK, Santos LL, Morand EF, David JR, Koch AE. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a mediator of matrix metalloproteinase-2 production in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R132. [PMID: 16872482 PMCID: PMC1779381 DOI: 10.1186/ar2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by destruction of bone and cartilage, which is mediated, in part, by synovial fibroblasts. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of proteolytic enzymes responsible for matrix degradation. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that induces the production of a large number of proinflammatory molecules and has an important role in the pathogenesis of RA by promoting inflammation and angiogenesis. In the present study, we determined the role of MIF in RA synovial fibroblast MMP production and the underlying signaling mechanisms. We found that MIF induces RA synovial fibroblast MMP-2 expression in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner. To elucidate the role of MIF in MMP-2 production, we produced zymosan-induced arthritis (ZIA) in MIF gene-deficient and wild-type mice. We found that MMP-2 protein levels were significantly decreased in MIF gene-deficient compared with wild-type mice joint homogenates. The expression of MMP-2 in ZIA was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC revealed that MMP-2 is highly expressed in wild-type compared with MIF gene-deficient mice ZIA joints. Interestingly, synovial lining cells, endothelial cells, and sublining nonlymphoid mononuclear cells expressed MMP-2 in the ZIA synovium. Consistent with these results, in methylated BSA (mBSA) antigen-induced arthritis (AIA), a model of RA, enhanced MMP-2 expression was also observed in wild-type compared with MIF gene-deficient mice joints. To elucidate the signaling mechanisms in MIF-induced MMP-2 upregulation, RA synovial fibroblasts were stimulated with MIF in the presence of signaling inhibitors. We found that MIF-induced RA synovial fibroblast MMP-2 upregulation required the protein kinase C (PKC), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and Src signaling pathways. We studied the expression of MMP-2 in the presence of PKC isoform-specific inhibitors and found that the PKCdelta inhibitor rottlerin inhibits MIF-induced RA synovial fibroblast MMP-2 production. Consistent with these results, MIF induced phosphorylation of JNK, PKCdelta, and c-jun. These results indicate a potential novel role for MIF in tissue destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pakozdi
- University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mohammad A Amin
- University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christian S Haas
- University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rita J Martinez
- University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - G Kenneth Haines
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 251 E. Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lanie L Santos
- Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Locked Back No 29, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Locked Back No 29, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
| | - John R David
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alisa E Koch
- University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- VA Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Reinders MEJ, Rabelink TJ, Briscoe DM. Angiogenesis and endothelial cell repair in renal disease and allograft rejection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:932-42. [PMID: 16481411 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005121250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the concept that the turnover and replacement of endothelial cells is a major mechanism in the maintenance of vascular integrity within the kidney. CD133+CD34+KDR+ endothelial cell progenitor cells emigrate from the bone marrow and differentiate into CD34+KDR+ expressing cells, which are present in high numbers within the circulation. These progenitor cells are available for recruitment into normal or inflamed tissues to facilitate endothelial cell repair. In several forms of renal disease, proinflammatory insults mediate oxidative stress, senescence, and sloughing of endothelial cells. A lack of growth factors or an inefficient recruitment of endothelial cell progenitors results in hypoxic tissue injury and accelerates the process of chronic renal failure. Augmentation of vascular repair by the provision of growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor or by the transfer of progenitor cells directly into the kidney can be protective and prevent ongoing interstitial damage. In allografts, persistent injury results in excessive turnover of graft vascular endothelial cells. Moreover, chronic damage elicits a response that is associated with the recruitment of both leukocytes and endothelial cell progenitors, facilitating an overlapping process of inflammation and angiogenesis. Because the angiogenesis reaction itself is proinflammatory, this process becomes self-sustaining. Collectively, these data indicate that angiogenesis and endothelial cell turnover are important in renal inflammatory processes and allograft rejection. Manipulation of the response may have therapeutic implications to protect against injury and chronic disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies E J Reinders
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Strieter RM, Burdick MD, Gomperts BN, Belperio JA, Keane MP. CXC chemokines in angiogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:593-609. [PMID: 16046180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CXC chemokines display pleiotropic effects in immunity, regulating angiogenesis, and mediating organ-specific metastases of cancer. In the context of angiogenesis, CXC chemokines are a unique family of cytokines, known for their ability to behave in a disparate manner in the regulation of angiogenesis. Members that contain the 'ELR' motif are potent promoters of angiogenesis, and mediate their angiogenic activity via binding and activating CXCR2 on endothelium. In contrast, members, in general, those are inducible by interferons and lack the ELR motif (ELR-) are potent inhibitors of angiogenesis, and bind to CXCR3 on endothelium. This review will discuss the biology of these angiogenic and angiostatic CXC chemokines and discuss their disparate angiogenic activity in the context of a variety of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Strieter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 900 Veteran Avenue, 14-154 Warren Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1786, USA.
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15
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Morel J, Audo R, Hahne M, Combe B. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast proliferation through mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:15709-18. [PMID: 15684417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414469200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the pseudo-tumoral expansion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), and the RA FLS has therefore been proposed as a therapeutic target. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been described as a pro-apoptotic factor on RA FLSs and, therefore, suggested as a potential drug. Here we report that exposure to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in a portion (up to 30%) of RA FLSs within the first 24 h. In the cells that survived, TRAIL induced RA FLS proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, with maximal proliferation observed at 0.25 nm. This was blocked by a neutralizing anti-TRAIL antibody. RA FLSs were found to express constitutively TRAIL receptors 1 and 2 (TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2) on the cell surface. TRAIL-R2 appears to be the main mediator of TRAIL-induced stimulation, as RA FLS proliferation induced by an agonistic anti-TRAIL-R2 antibody was comparable with that induced by TRAIL. TRAIL activated the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK and p38, as well as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway with kinetics similar to those of TNF-alpha. Moreover, TRAIL-induced RA FLS proliferation was inhibited by the protein kinase inhibitors PD98059, SB203580, and LY294002, confirming the involvement of the ERK, p38, and PI3 kinase/Akt signaling pathways. This dual functionality of TRAIL in stimulating apoptosis and proliferation has important implications for its use in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Morel
- INSERM Unit 454, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Arnaud de Villeneuve, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lapeyronie, 34295 Montpellier, France.
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16
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Zhu K, Amin MA, Zha Y, Harlow LA, Koch AE. Mechanism by which H-2g, a glucose analog of blood group H antigen, mediates angiogenesis. Blood 2004; 105:2343-9. [PMID: 15498849 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-08-3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 4A11 antigen is a unique cytokine-inducible antigen up-regulated on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial endothelial cells (ECs) compared with normal ECs. Previously, we showed that in soluble form, this antigen, Lewis(y)-6/H-5-2 (Le(y)/H) or its glucose analog, 2-fucosyl lactose (H-2g), induced the expression of EC intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and leukocyte-endothelial adhesion through the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. Currently, we show that H-2g induces release of EC angiogenic basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an effect inhibited by decoy nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN). JAK2 and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) are 2 upstream kinases of NFkappaB activated by H-2g, as confirmed by an inhibitor of kappa B kinase (IKKbeta) assay. In vitro, H-2g induces vascular sprouting in the rat aortic ring model, whereas blockade of JAK2, PI3K, or NFkappaB inhibits sprouting. Likewise, in the in vivo mouse Matrigel plug angiogenesis assay, chemical inhibitors and antisense or decoy ODNs of JAK2, PI3K, or NFkappaB decrease angiogenesis, confirming the importance of these pathways in H-2g-induced EC signaling. The critical role of Le(y)/H involvement in angiogenesis and its signaling pathways may provide new targets for therapy of diseases characterized by pathologic neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University of Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Strieter R, Belperio J, Keane M. CXC Chemokines in Angiogenesis Related to Pulmonary Fibrosis. LUNG BIOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2003. [DOI: 10.1201/b14211-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Keane MP, Donnelly SC, Belperio JA, Goodman RB, Dy M, Burdick MD, Fishbein MC, Strieter RM. Imbalance in the expression of CXC chemokines correlates with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid angiogenic activity and procollagen levels in acute respiratory distress syndrome. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6515-21. [PMID: 12444162 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.11.6515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse alveolar damage is the histopathological hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and is a stereotypic response to a variety of etiologies. Moreover, a significant proportion of ARDS survivors have residual pulmonary fibrosis and compromised pulmonary function. This suggests that the pathogenesis of diffuse alveolar damage that ultimately leads to the chronic fibrosis of ARDS has features of dysregulated repair exemplified by exaggerated intra-alveolar angiogenesis and fibrogenesis (i.e., fibroproliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix), leading to progressive alveolar fibrosis and impaired lung function. We obtained bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients with ARDS or ventilated control patients and assessed CXC chemokine levels by ELISA. We found an imbalance in the expression of ELR(+) as compared with ELR(-) CXC chemokines from BALF of patients with ARDS as compared with controls. This imbalance correlated with angiogenic activity as assessed by the corneal micropocket assay. Furthermore, these levels correlated with both procollagen I and procollagen III levels in BALF. In contrast, while BALF levels of vascular endothelial growth factor were elevated, vascular endothelial growth factor did not appear to be significantly contributing to the angiogenic activity. These findings suggest that CXC chemokines have an important role in the fibroproliferative phase of ARDS via the regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Keane
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, defined as the growth of new capillaries from preexisting vessels, is a pervasive biological phenomenon that is at the core of many physiologic and pathologic processes. An opposing balance of angiogenic and angiostatic factors regulates angiogenesis. Examples of physiologic processes that depend on angiogenesis include embryogenesis, wound repair, and the ovarian/menstrual cycle. In contrast, chronic inflammation associated with chronic fibroproliferative disorders as well as growth and metastasis of solid tumors are associated with aberrant angiogenesis. CXC chemokines comprise a unique cytokine family that contains members that exhibit on a structural/functional basis either angiogenic or angiostatic biological activity. In this review, we will discuss the role of CXC chemokines and angiogenesis in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Strieter
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA CA 90024-1922, USA.
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20
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Volin MV, Campbell PL, Connors MA, Woodruff DC, Koch AE. The effect of sulfasalazine on rheumatoid arthritic synovial tissue chemokine production. Exp Mol Pathol 2002; 73:84-92. [PMID: 12231210 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.2002.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an aggressive inflammatory disease in which chemokines are thought to recruit leukocytes and induce angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sulfasalazine (SASP) and its metabolites, sulfapyridine (SP), and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5ASA) on chemokine production by RA synovial tissue explants and interleukin (IL)-1beta-stimulated RA synovial tissue fibroblasts using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and flow cytometry. Synovial tissue explants from RA patients secreted a decreased amount of the chemokines IL-8 and growth-related gene product alpha (GROalpha) when treated with SASP over a broad range of concentrations based on the typical clinical dosage of 2 g/day. SP had a significant effect in that it decreased RA synovial tissue explant secretion of IL-8 (22%), GROalpha (55%), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) (42%) (P < 0.05). 5ASA had no effect on RA synovial tissue explant production of IL-8 and MCP-1, while increasing GROalpha production. In IL-1beta-stimulated RA synovial tissue fibroblasts, SASP significantly increased chemokine secretion, while SP significantly decreased IL-8 (24%) and GROalpha (21%) secretion (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry showed that the number of IL-8 expressing RA synovial tissue fibroblasts did not significantly change following SP treatment. These data suggest that SASP may function to reduce inflammation in RA through the effects of its metabolite SP to reduce the secretion of the inflammatory chemokines IL-8, GROalpha, and MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Volin
- Department of Medicine, Nortwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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21
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Morel JCM, Park CC, Zhu K, Kumar P, Ruth JH, Koch AE. Signal transduction pathways involved in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast interleukin-18-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:34679-91. [PMID: 12105209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206337200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 has been implicated in interactions between leukocytes and connective tissue, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue fibroblasts. Such interactions within the synovium contribute to RA inflammation. Using phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor LY294002 and Src inhibitor PP2, we show that interleukin (IL)-18-induced ERK1/2 activation is Src kinase-dependent. Antisense (AS) c-Src oligonucleotide (ODN) treatment reduced IL-18-induced ERK1/2 expression by 32% compared with control, suggesting an upstream role of Src in ERK1/2 activation. AS c-Src ODN treatment also inhibited Akt expression by 74% compared with sense control. PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 or AS PI3-kinase ODN inhibited Akt expression. AS c-Src ODN inhibited Akt phosphorylation, confirming Src is upstream of PI3-kinase in IL-18-induced RA synovial fibroblast signaling. IL-18 induced a time-dependent activation of c-Src, Ras, and Raf-1, suggesting this signaling cascade plays a role in ERK activation. IL-18 directly activated Src kinase by more than 4-fold over basal levels by enzymatic assay. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that activator protein-1 (AP-1) is activated by IL-18 through ERK and Src but not through PI3-kinase. In an alternate pathway, inhibition of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK) with AS ODN to IRAK reduced IL-18-induced expression of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB). Finally, IL-18-induced cell surface VCAM-1 expression was inhibited by treatment with AS ODNs to c-Src, IRAK, PI3-kinase, and ERK1/2 by 57, 43, 41, and 32% compared with control sense ODN treatment, respectively. These data support a role for IL-18 activation of three distinct pathways during RA synovial fibroblast stimulation: two Src-dependent pathways and the IRAK/NFkappaB pathway. Targeting VCAM-1 signaling mechanisms may represent therapeutic approaches to inflammatory and angiogenic diseases characterized by adhesion molecule up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques C M Morel
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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22
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Abstract
Often those diseases most evasive to therapeutic intervention usurp the human body's own cellular machinery or deregulate normal physiological processes for propagation. Tumor-induced angiogenesis is a pathological condition that results from aberrant deployment of normal angiogenesis, an essential process in which the vascular tree is remodeled by the growth of new capillaries from preexisting vessels. Normal angiogenesis ensures that developing or healing tissues receive an adequate supply of nutrients. Within the confines of a tumor, the availability of nutrients is limited by competition among actively proliferating cells, and diffusion of metabolites is impeded by high interstitial pressure (Jain RK. Cancer Res 47: 3039-3051, 1987). As a result, tumor cells induce the formation of a new blood supply from the preexisting vasculature, and this affords tumor cells the ability to survive and propagate in a hostile environment. Because both normal and tumor-induced neovascularization fulfill the essential role of satisfying the metabolic demands of a tissue, the mechanisms by which cancer cells stimulate pathological neovascularization mimic those utilized by normal cells to foster physiological angiogenesis. This review investigates mechanisms of tumor-induced angiogenesis. The strategies used by cancer cells to develop their own blood supply are discussed in relation to those employed by normal cells during physiological angiogenesis. With an understanding of blood vessel growth in both normal and abnormal settings, we are better suited to design effective therapeutics for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Papetti
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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23
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Shahrara S, Volin MV, Connors MA, Haines GK, Koch AE. Differential expression of the angiogenic Tie receptor family in arthritic and normal synovial tissue. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4:201-8. [PMID: 12010571 PMCID: PMC111023 DOI: 10.1186/ar407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2001] [Revised: 11/05/2001] [Accepted: 11/27/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietins (Ang) are vascular endothelial cell-specific growth factors that play important roles principally during the later stages of angiogenesis. We have compared the distribution of the receptor tyrosine kinase (Tie) and the Ang ligands in synovial tissues from normal subjects and those with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Immunohistochemical analysis was used to determine the expression of Ang-1, Ang-2, Tie1 and Tie2 in synovial tissue of normal subjects and those with RA and OA. Ang-1, Ang-2, Tie1 and Tie2 mRNA and protein expression were quantified in synovial tissues and RA synovial tissue fibroblasts with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. In RA, Ang-1 positive immunostaining on lining cells, macrophages and endothelial cells was significantly higher than in OA and normal synovial tissue. The expression pattern of Ang-2 in synovial tissue was similar in RA and OA, whereas the Ang-2 expression was low in normal tissue. Synovial tissue from subjects with RA and OA showed a significant upregulation of Tie1 on lining cells, macrophages and endothelial cells compared to that from normal subjects. Tie2 was significantly upregulated in the RA and OA synovial tissue lining cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells compared to normal synovial tissue. Generally Ang-1, Ang-2, Tie1 and Tie2 mRNA levels were higher in RA synovial tissue compared to normal and OA synovial tissues, and RA synovial tissue fibroblasts. Western blot analysis also demonstrated greater Tie1 and Tie2 protein expression in RA and OA synovial tissue compared to RA synovial tissue fibroblasts. In conclusion, the dominance of Ang-1 mRNA and protein expression over Ang-2 is in agreement with an active neovascularization in RA synovial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Shahrara
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, IL, USA
| | - Michael V Volin
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, IL, USA
| | - Matthew A Connors
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, IL, USA
| | - G Kenneth Haines
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, IL, USA
| | - Alisa E Koch
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Medical School, IL, USA
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24
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Morel JC, Park CC, Woods JM, Koch AE. A novel role for interleukin-18 in adhesion molecule induction through NF kappa B and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase-dependent signal transduction pathways. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:37069-75. [PMID: 11477102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103574200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a novel proinflammatory cytokine found in serum and joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We studied a novel role for IL-18 in mediating cell adhesion, a vital component of the inflammation found in RA and other inflammatory diseases. We examined the expression of cellular cell adhesion molecules E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells and RA synovial fibroblasts using flow cytometry. Adhesion of the monocyte-like cell line HL-60 to endothelial cells was determined by immunofluorescence. IL-18 significantly enhanced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression on endothelial cells and RA synovial fibroblasts. In addition, IL-18 induced E-selectin expression on endothelial cells and promoted the adhesion of HL-60 cells to IL-18-stimulated endothelial cells. Neutralizing anti-VCAM-1 and anti-E-selectin could completely inhibit HL-60 adherence to endothelial cells. IL-18-induced adhesion molecule expression appears to be mediated through nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) and phosphatidyl-inositol 3 kinase (PI 3-kinase) since addition of inhibitors to either NF kappa B (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and N-acetyl-l-cysteine) or PI 3-kinase (LY294002) inhibited RA synovial fibroblast VCAM-1 expression by 50 to 60%. Addition of both inhibitors resulted in inhibition of VCAM-1 expression by 85%. In conclusion, the ability of IL-18 to induce adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells and RA synovial fibroblasts indicates that IL-18 may contribute to RA joint inflammation by enhancing the recruitment of leukocytes into the joint. IL-18 requires NF kappa B as well as PI 3-kinase to induce VCAM-1 on RA synovial fibroblasts, suggesting that there may be two distinct pathways in IL-18-induced adhesion molecule expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Morel
- Northwestern University Medical School, Department of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
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25
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Morel JC, Park CC, Kumar P, Koch AE. Interleukin-18 induces rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast CXC chemokine production through NFkappaB activation. J Transl Med 2001; 81:1371-83. [PMID: 11598150 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a novel proinflammatory cytokine that was recently found in synovial fluids and in synovial tissues from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To determine the participation of IL-18 in the inflammation observed in RA, we investigated the effect of IL-18 on RA synovial fibroblast chemokine production. Using FACS analysis, we showed that IL-18 induced a doubling in the production of intracellular IL-8 by RA synovial fibroblasts, and this result was confirmed by Western blot. At the extracellular level, IL-18 up-regulated the secretion of IL-8 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. IL-18 also up-regulated the other CXC chemokines, epithelial-neutrophil activating protein (ENA-78) and growth-regulated oncogene (groalpha), in a dose dependent manner, but failed to induce the production of the CC chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha. By immunofluorescence and Western blot, we demonstrated that IL-18 activates the translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) into the nucleus of RA synovial fibroblasts. IL-18 induces IL-8 secretion through NFkappaB because RA synovial fibroblasts pretreated with antisense to NFkappaB p65 oligonucleotide produce a mean of 44% less IL-8 compared with cells pretreated with the control sense oligonucleotide. These results indicate a novel role for IL-18 in inducing RA synovial fibroblast expression of CXC chemokines through NFkappaB and place this cytokine in a strategic role in the local inflammation observed in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Morel
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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26
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Dettke M, Pálfi G, Pursch E, Fischer MB, Loibner H. Increased expression of the blood group-related Lewis Y antigen on synovial fluid granulocytes of patients with arthritic joint diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40:1033-7. [PMID: 11561115 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/40.9.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of the carbohydrate structures Lewis Y (LeY), sialyl-LeX (sLeX) and Lewis X (LeX) on paired peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) granulocytes in patients with arthritic diseases. METHODS Ten patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), seven patients with spondyloarthritis (SA) and eight patients with osteoarthritis (OA) were studied. Granulocyte expression of the Le oligosaccharides was analysed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS SF granulocytes of patients with RA, SA and OA expressed higher levels of the LeY oligosaccharide than PB granulocytes. Increases in LeY on SF granulocytes were similar in all three underlying diseases. No differences in the expression of the Le antigens were detected between PB granulocytes of patients and healthy individuals. Expression of sLeX and LeX showed no variation between SF and PB neutrophils. CONCLUSION The selective increase in LeY antigen on SF granulocytes in RA, SA and OA suggests a role of the LeY oligosaccharide in granulocyte traffic and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dettke
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, AKH Vienna, University Hospital of Vienna and. NOVARTIS Forschungsinstitut, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Sampey AV, Hall PH, Mitchell RA, Metz CN, Morand EF. Regulation of synoviocyte phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase 2 by macrophage migration inhibitory factor. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:1273-80. [PMID: 11407686 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1273::aid-art219>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine with known actions in macrophage and T cell activation. MIF also has the unique capacity to reverse the inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on these cells. We have recently demonstrated MIF expression in human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium and cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), as well as the ability of FLS-derived MIF to induce monocyte release of tumor necrosis factor alpha. We investigated the effects of MIF on aspects of RA FLS activation, including the induction of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cyclooxygenase (COX). METHODS PLA2 activity was measured by 3H-arachidonic acid released from treated FLS supernatants. COX activity was measured by prostaglandin E2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) and COX-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) were determined using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Constitutive PLA2 activity was detected in RA FLS. Recombinant human MIF up-regulated PLA2 activity (P < 0.01) and cPLA2 mRNA expression, but had no effect on secretory PLA2. Recombinant human MIF up-regulated COX activity (P < 0.05) and COX-2 mRNA, but had no observable effect on COX-1. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) significantly up-regulated PLA2 activity (P < 0.005) and cPLA2 mRNA expression while anti-MIF monoclonal antibody (mAb) significantly inhibited this IL-1beta-induced PLA2 activity (P < 0.02). Anti-MIF mAb significantly reduced IL-1beta-induced COX activity (P < 0.05) and COX-2 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION MIF exerts a proinflammatory effect on key aspects of RA FLS activation. That anti-MIF mAb inhibited IL-1beta up-regulation of FLS indicates an additional cofactor role for MIF in IL-1beta-induced FLS activation. These data suggest that MIF antagonism has important therapeutic potential in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sampey
- Monash University Department of Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
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Straub RH, Cutolo M. Involvement of the hypothalamic--pituitary--adrenal/gonadal axis and the peripheral nervous system in rheumatoid arthritis: viewpoint based on a systemic pathogenetic role. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:493-507. [PMID: 11263762 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200103)44:3<493::aid-anr95>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
From the compendium presented above, the following statements become evident: 1) Inappropriately low secretion of cortisol in relation to inflammation is a typical feature of the inflammatory disease in patients with RA. 2) The secretion of adrenal androgens is significantly reduced, which is a problem in postmenopausal women and elderly men due to a lack of downstream sex hormones. 3) Serum levels of testosterone are markedly reduced in RA. 4) Sympathetic nerve fibers are markedly reduced in the synovial tissue of patients with RA, whereas proinflammatory sensory fibers (substance P) are present. 5) Substance P serves to continuously sense painful stimuli in the periphery, and the nociceptive input from the inflamed joint shows a large amplification in the spinal cord. This leads to continuous pain with stabilization of the afferent sensory input and continuous release of proinflammatory substance P into the lumen of the joint. From these facts it is obvious that alterations of the systemic antiinflammatory feedback systems contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of RA. Disease therapy directed at these alterations must provide a mechanism to replace the adrenal glands (glucocorticoids), the gonadal glands (androgens), and the sympathetic nervous system (adenosine increase by low-dose MTX, sulfasalazine, and salicylates) in order to integrate their immunosuppressive effects at the local site of synovial inflammation. Although local processes of the adaptive immune system are important in pathogenesis in the acute phase of RA, these mechanisms may be less important during the chronic phase of the disease in the absence of a specific trigger. We believe that a defect of systemic antiinflammatory feedback systems is an important factor in the perpetuation of RA. This review reinforces the belief that combined therapeutic approaches on a neuroendocrine immune basis are of crucial importance in a pathogenetically oriented therapy of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Straub
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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Sampey AV, Hall PH, Mitchell RA, Metz CN, Morand EF. Regulation of synoviocyte phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase 2 by macrophage migration inhibitory factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200106)44:6%3c1273::aid-art219%3e3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sampey AV, Hutchinson P, Morand EF. Annexin I surface binding sites and their regulation on human fibroblast-like synoviocytes. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2000; 43:2537-42. [PMID: 11083278 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2537::aid-anr22>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Annexin I is a glucocorticoid-inducible protein whose expression in rheumatoid synovium and inhibitory actions in animal models of arthritis suggests its involvement in human arthritis. The present study explored the potential for annexin I to mediate its antiinflammatory actions via specific cell-surface binding sites on human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). METHODS Annexin I binding sites on cultured FLS from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were determined by ligand-binding flow cytometry. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity was determined by arachidonic acid release. RESULTS FLS exhibited saturable, concentration-dependent cell-surface annexin I binding, with >99% of the OA FLS exhibiting binding at an annexin I concentration of 10 microM. Annexin I binding of RA FLS was significantly lower than that of OA FLS. FLS annexin I binding sites were not affected by elastase or a specific elastase inhibitor, and elastase release did not differ between RA and OA cells. In contrast, collagenase significantly increased annexin I binding sites on OA FLS and approached a significant effect on RA FLS. Tumor necrosis factor alpha increased annexin I binding sites on OA and RA FLS. Similarly, interleukin-1beta significantly increased annexin I binding on OA FLS; but the increased binding on RA FLS was not significant. Dexamethasone exerted no significant effect on OA or RA FLS annexin I binding sites. Treatment of RA FLS with an annexin I N-terminal peptide significantly inhibited RA FLS PLA2 activity. CONCLUSION This is the first description of the expression, regulation, and function of cell surface annexin I binding sites on FLS. Reduced annexin I binding sites in RA FLS may impair the sensitivity of certain proinflammatory events to glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sampey
- Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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Belperio JA, Keane MP, Arenberg DA, Addison CL, Ehlert JE, Burdick MD, Strieter RM. CXC chemokines in angiogenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Belperio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Michael P. Keane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Douglas A. Arenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Christina L. Addison
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Jan E. Ehlert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Marie D. Burdick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Robert M. Strieter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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Halloran MM, Carley WW, Polverini PJ, Haskell CJ, Phan S, Anderson BJ, Woods JM, Campbell PL, Volin MV, Bäcker AE, Koch AE. Ley/H: an endothelial-selective, cytokine-inducible, angiogenic mediator. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4868-77. [PMID: 10779796 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are key participants in angiogenic processes that characterize tumor growth, wound repair, and inflammatory diseases, such as human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We and others have shown that EC molecules, such as soluble E-selectin, mediate angiogenesis. Here we describe an EC molecule, Lewisy-6/H-5-2 glycoconjugate (Ley/H), that shares some structural features with the soluble E-selectin ligand, sialyl Lewisx (sialyl Lex). One of the main previously recognized functions of Lewisy is as a blood group glycoconjugate. Here we show that Ley/H is rapidly cytokine inducible, up-regulated in RA synovial tissue, where it is cell-bound, and up-regulated in the soluble form in angiogenic RA compared with nonangiogenic osteoarthritic joint fluid. Soluble Ley/H also has a novel function, for it is a potent angiogenic mediator in both in vitro and in vivo bioassays. These results suggest a novel paradigm of soluble blood group Ags as mediators of angiogenic responses and suggest new targets for therapy of diseases, such as RA, that are characterized by persistent neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Halloran
- Department of Medicine, Section of Arthritis and Connective Tissue Diseases, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Sampey AV, Hutchinson P, Morand EF. Annexin I and dexamethasone effects on phospholipase and cyclooxygenase activity in human synoviocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2000; 9:125-32. [PMID: 11132768 PMCID: PMC1781757 DOI: 10.1080/09629350020018357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin I is a glucocorticoid-induced mediator with anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of arthritis. We studied the effects of a bioactive annexin I peptide, ac 2-26, dexamethasone (DEX), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cyclooxygenase (COX) activities and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in cultured human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Annexin I binding sites on human osteoarthritic (OA) FLS were detected by ligand binding flow cytometry. PLA2 activity was measured using 3H-arachidonic acid release, PGE2 release and COX activity by ELISA, and COX2 content by flow cytometry. Annexin I binding sites were present on human OA FLS. Annexin I peptide ac 2-26 exerted a significant concentration-dependent inhibition of FLS constitutive PLA2 activity, which was reversed by IL-1beta. In contrast, DEX inhibited IL-1beta-induced PLA2 activity but not constitutive activity. DEX but not annexin I peptide inhibited IL-1beta-induced PGE2 release. COX activity and COX2 expression were significantly increased by IL-1beta. Annexin I peptide demonstrated no inhibition of constitutive or IL-1beta-induced COX activity. DEX exerted a concentration-dependent inhibition of IL-1beta-induced but not constitutive COX activity. Uncoupling of inhibition of PLA2 and COX by annexin I and DEX support the hypothesis that COX is rate-limiting for PGE2 synthesis in FLS. The effect of annexin I but not DEX on constitutive PLA2 activity suggests a glucocorticoid-independent role for annexin I in autoregulation of arachidonic acid production. The lack of effect of annexin I on cytokine-induced PGE2 production suggests PGE2-independent mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effects of annexin I in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sampey
- Monash Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
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34
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Keane MP, Belperio JA, Arenberg DA, Burdick MD, Xu ZJ, Xue YY, Strieter RM. IFN-γ-Inducible Protein-10 Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis Via Inhibition of Angiogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.10.5686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Few studies have addressed the importance of vascular remodeling in the lung during the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (BPF). For fibroplasia and deposition of extracellular matrix to occur, there must be a geometric increase in neovascularization. We hypothesized that net angiogenesis during the pathogenesis of fibroplasia and deposition of extracellular matrix during BPF are dependent in part on a relative deficiency of the angiostatic CXC chemokine, IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10). To test this hypothesis, we measured IP-10 by specific ELISA in whole lung homogenates in either bleomycin-treated or control mice and correlated these levels with lung hydroxyproline. We found that lung tissue from mice treated with bleomycin, compared with that from saline-treated controls, demonstrated a decrease in the presence of IP-10 that was correlated to a greater angiogenic response and total lung hydroxyproline content. Systemic administration of IP-10 significantly reduced BPF without any alteration in lung lymphocyte or NK cell populations. This was also paralleled by a reduction in angiogenesis. Furthermore, IP-10 had no direct effect on isolated pulmonary fibroblasts. These results demonstrate that the angiostatic CXC chemokine, IP-10, inhibits fibroplasia and deposition of extracellular matrix by regulating angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Keane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - John A. Belperio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Douglas A. Arenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Marie D. Burdick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Zuo J. Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ying Y. Xue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert M. Strieter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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35
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Keane MP, Belperio JA, Moore TA, Moore BB, Arenberg DA, Smith RE, Burdick MD, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM. Neutralization of the CXC Chemokine, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2, Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Few studies have addressed the importance of vascular remodeling in the lung during the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. For fibroplasia and deposition of extracellular matrix to occur, there must be a geometric increase in neovascularization. We hypothesized that net angiogenesis during the pathogenesis of fibroplasia and deposition of extracellular matrix during bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis are dependent in part upon an overexpression of the angiogenic CXC chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). To test this hypothesis, we measured MIP-2 by specific ELISA in whole lung homogenates in either bleomycin-treated or control CBA/J mice and correlated these levels with lung hydroxyproline. We found that lung tissue from mice treated with bleomycin, compared with that from saline-treated controls, demonstrated a significant increase in the presence of MIP-2 that was correlated to a greater angiogenic response and total lung hydroxyproline content. Neutralizing anti-MIP-2 Abs inhibited the angiogenic activity of day 16 bleomycin-treated lung specimens using an in vivo angiogenesis bioassay. Furthermore, when MIP-2 was depleted in vivo by passive immunization, bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis was significantly reduced without a change in the presence of pulmonary neutrophils, fibroblast proliferation, or collagen gene expression. This was also paralleled by a reduction in angiogenesis. These results demonstrate that the angiogenic CXC chemokine, MIP-2, is an important factor that regulates angiogenesis/fibrosis in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Keane
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - John A. Belperio
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Douglas A. Arenberg
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Robert E. Smith
- †Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Marie D. Burdick
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Steven L. Kunkel
- †Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert M. Strieter
- *Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
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Dahlqvist K, Umemoto EY, Brokaw JJ, Dupuis M, McDonald DM. Tissue macrophages associated with angiogenesis in chronic airway inflammation in rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:237-47. [PMID: 9922214 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.2.3081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a feature of chronic inflammation produced by Mycoplasma pulmonis infection of the respiratory tract. The mechanism of this angiogenesis is unknown, but cellular growth factors and matrix remodeling proteases produced by inflammatory cells are likely to be involved. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between changes in the number, shape, and distribution of ED2-immunoreactive macrophages and the development of angiogenesis in the tracheal mucosa of Wistar rats after M. pulmonis infection. In pathogen-free rats, ED2-positive cells were scattered in the airway mucosa (261 +/- 42 cells/mm2 of surface, mean +/- SE). Most cells were irregularly shaped and had moderate ED2 immunoreactivity. No lymphoid tissue was present. The number of ED2-positive cells increased rapidly after infection, was 120% above baseline at 1 wk, and remained significantly increased throughout the 4-wk study (P < 0.05). Angiogenesis was first detected at 2 wk, and at 3 wk the vessel length density was nearly 8-fold the pathogen-free value. At 3 and 4 wk, focal sites of angiogenesis coincided with discrete clusters of round, strongly immunoreactive ED2-positive cells (1,340 +/- 124 cells/mm2) in polyp-like collections of mucosal lymphoid tissue. The close association of distinctive ED2-positive cells with angiogenic blood vessels suggests a relationship between a subset of tissue macrophages and the angiogenesis associated with M. pulmonis infection. The time course of the changes indicates that the initial influx of ED2-positive macrophages precedes the angiogenesis, and the rounding of the cells parallels the growth of new vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dahlqvist
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0130, USA
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37
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Vacca A, Ribatti D, Ruco L, Giacchetta F, Nico B, Quondamatteo F, Ria R, Iurlaro M, Dammacco F. Angiogenesis extent and macrophage density increase simultaneously with pathological progression in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:965-70. [PMID: 10070898 PMCID: PMC2362651 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Node biopsies of 30 benign lymphadenopathies and 71 B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHLs) were investigated for microvessel and macrophage counts using immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis. Both counts were significantly higher in B-NHL. Moreover, when these were grouped into low-grade and high-grade lymphomas, according to the Kiel classification and Working Formulation (WF), statistically significant higher counts were found in the high-grade tumours. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed a close spatial association between microvessels and macrophages. Overall, the results suggest that, in analogy to what has already been shown in solid tumours, angiogenesis occurring in B-NHLs increases with tumour progression, and that macrophages promote the induction of angiogenesis via the release of their angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Italy
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Volin MV, Shah MR, Tokuhira M, Haines GK, Woods JM, Koch AE. RANTES expression and contribution to monocyte chemotaxis in arthritis. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 89:44-53. [PMID: 9756723 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1998.4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by recruitment of leukocytes from the vasculature into inflamed synovial tissue (ST) and synovial fluid (SF), which depends, in part, upon the continued maintenance of chemotactic stimuli. RANTES is a potent chemoattractant for leukocytes including monocytes and CD45RO+ memory T lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to determine the production, the source, and the function of antigenic RANTES in arthritis. We detected antigenic RANTES in SFs from RA and OA patients (100 +/- 22.7 and 72 +/- 30.7 pg/ml, respectively). CM from RA ST fibroblasts stimulated with interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha contained significantly more antigenic RANTES than unstimulated CM (452 +/- 181.6 and 581 +/- 200.2 pg/ml, respectively, versus 12 +/- 4.4 pg/ml, P < 0.05). PHA-stimulated RA SF mononuclear cells secreted 5- to 15-fold more antigenic RANTES than did nonstimulated mononuclear cells, while LPS induced secretion up to 4-fold. We immunolocalized antigenic RANTES to sublining macrophages (28 +/- 3.7 and 8 +/- 2.0% immunopositive cells), perivascular macrophages (56 +/- 6.9 and 19 +/- 3.4%), and synovial lining cells (37 +/- 5.8 and 60 +/- 10.4%) in RA and OA tissue, respectively. Anti-RANTES neutralized 20.2 +/- 1.3% of the RA SF chemotactic activity for normal peripheral blood monocytes (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate antigenic RANTES in RA and OA ST and SF and identify RANTES as a chemoattractant for monocytes in the RA joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Volin
- Northwestern University Medical School, Lakeside Division, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA
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Arenberg DA, Keane MP, DiGiovine B, Kunkel SL, Morris SB, Xue YY, Burdick MD, Glass MC, Iannettoni MD, Strieter RM. Epithelial-neutrophil activating peptide (ENA-78) is an important angiogenic factor in non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:465-72. [PMID: 9691082 PMCID: PMC508906 DOI: 10.1172/jci3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the role of the CXC chemokine, epithelial neutrophil activating peptide (ENA-78), as an angiogenic factor in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In freshly isolated human specimens of NSCLC, elevated levels of ENA-78 were found that strongly correlated with the vascularity of the tumors. In a SCID mouse model of human NSCLC tumorigenesis, expression of ENA-78 in developing tumors correlated with tumor growth in two different NSCLC cell lines. Furthermore, passive immunization of NSCLC tumor-bearing mice with neutralizing anti-ENA-78 antibodies reduced tumor growth, tumor vascularity, and spontaneous metastases, while having no effect on the proliferation of NSCLC cells either in vitro or in vivo. These findings suggest that ENA-78 is an important angiogenic factor in human NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Arenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0642, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Koch
- Northwestern University Medical School, and Veterans Administration, Chicago Health Care System, Illinois 60611, USA
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von Bodungen U, Lechner F, Pfister H, Vogt HR, Cheevers WP, Bertoni G, Jungi TW, Peterhans E. Immunohistology of the early course of lentivirus-induced arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 111:384-90. [PMID: 9486408 PMCID: PMC1904922 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a lentiviral infection of goats characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration of various tissues, most prominently the joints, mammary glands and, in young animals, the brain. We have investigated the early stages of arthritis induced by intracarpal and intravenous infection with molecularly cloned CAE virus. Analysis of the synovial membranes by immunohistological methods showed that the proportion of CD8+ T cells peaked around day 12 post-infection. CD4+ T cells increased to a lesser degree. The relative proportion of B cells rose steadily post-infection. At 33 days post-infection, plasma cells accounted for over one third of all inflammatory cells in the inflamed synovium. Histopathologically, the arthritic lesions in the synovial membranes closely resembled those in membranes of animals with a 2-year history of chronic arthritis. Our observations indicate that this type of short-term experimental infection is particularly suitable for studying the pathogenesis of goat lentiviral infection. In addition, our observations support the view that a predominantly humoral (type 2) immune response may contribute to the pathogenesis of CAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- U von Bodungen
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Morita Y, Yamamura M, Nishida K, Harada S, Okamoto H, Inoue H, Ohmoto Y, Modlin RL, Makino H. Expression of interleukin-12 in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1998; 41:306-14. [PMID: 9485089 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199802)41:2<306::aid-art15>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the importance of interleukin-12 (IL-12) as a factor in the interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-dominant T cell cytokine response in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The expression of IL-12 in synovial tissue samples from patients with chronic RA (> or = 2 years) was compared with that in samples from osteoarthritis (OA) patients by detection of IL-12 p40 messenger RNA (mRNA) using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, measurement of IL-12 p70 protein in culture supernatants of tissue cells by immunoassay, and immunostaining of tissue sections with anti-IL-12 p70. The production of IFNgamma by RA synovial tissue cells cultured with or without IL-12 was determined. In addition, T cells were obtained 14 days after culturing RA synovial tissue cells with IL-2 alone or with IL-2 plus IL-12, neutralizing anti-IL-12, or IL-4, and cytokine patterns (i.e., IFNgamma and IL-4 levels) were determined by stimulating cells for 24 hours with anti-CD3 plus phorbol myristate acetate. RESULTS Synovial tissues from RA patients more strongly expressed IL-12 p40 mRNA than did OA tissues. Dissociated tissue cells from 21 of 37 RA patients spontaneously released detectable amounts of IL-12 p70 (> or = 12.5 pg/ml) in culture, whereas production of IL-12 by OA tissues was limited. By immunohistochemical analysis, IL-12-producing cells were localized mainly in the sublining layer of RA synovium, and mostly expressed the CD68 antigen. Levels of IFNgamma production by RA synovial tissue cells were potently and selectively enhanced by IL-12. The ability of IL-2-expanding synovial T cells to produce IFNgamma was augmented by costimulation with IL-12 and diminished by anti-IL-12, while it was not affected by IL-4. CONCLUSION These data suggest that IL-12, produced mainly by macrophage-lineage cells, may be involved in IFNgamma-dominant cytokine production by infiltrating T cells in joints with chronic RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Morita
- Okayama University Medical School, Japan
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44
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Arenberg DA, Polverini PJ, Kunkel SL, Shanafelt A, Strieter RM. In vitro and in vivo systems to assess role of C-X-C chemokines in regulation of angiogenesis. Methods Enzymol 1997; 288:190-220. [PMID: 9356996 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)88016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/physiopathology
- Cell Division
- Chemokines, CXC/chemistry
- Chemokines, CXC/pharmacology
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Chemotaxis
- Corneal Neovascularization
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/pharmacology
- Interleukin-8/physiology
- Lung Neoplasms/blood supply
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Microcirculation
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Neoplasms/blood supply
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Rats
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
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Woods JM, Haines GK, Shah MR, Rayan G, Koch AE. Low-level production of interleukin-13 in synovial fluid and tissue from patients with arthritis. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 85:210-20. [PMID: 9344705 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1997.4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, aggressive disease characterized by inflammatory cells in the synovial tissue (ST) and synovial fluid (SF). Interleukin (IL)-13 inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and hematopoietic growth factors by activated human monocytes. The aim of this study was to determine the production of IL-13 in various forms of arthritis. The presence of IL-13 in RA was found to be low, in that 18 of 26 RA SF samples and 10 of 14 RA peripheral blood (PB) samples had nondetectable levels (</=12 pg/ml). Similar low levels were found in SF and PB from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and other arthritides. In contrast, RANTES, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and soluble P-selectin were found at levels of 13-, 120-, 1200-, and 2000-fold excess of IL-13, respectively. Mononuclear cells isolated from RA SFs did not produce significant levels of IL-13 in culture (</=12 pg/ml) but were able to do so when stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Likewise, tissue explants from RA synovium cultured for 24 or 48 hr with or without serum did not produce appreciable quantities of IL-13 (</=12 pg/ml). Immunohistochemical data were in accordance with this result in that antigenic IL-13 was not detected on the majority of RA, OA, and normal (NL) ST cells. These results demonstrate a paucity of IL-13 within the joints of RA, OA, NL, and other arthritic patients by comparison with levels of other cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Woods
- Lakeside Division, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Thrombin induces the synthesis of stromelysin 1 (MMP-3): a novel effect of thrombin on extracellular matrix degradation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0268-9499(97)80109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Morita Y, Kashihara N, Yamamura M, Okamoto H, Harada S, Maeshima Y, Okamoto K, Makino H. Inhibition of rheumatoid synovial fibroblast proliferation by antisense oligonucleotides targeting proliferating cell nuclear antigen messenger RNA. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1997; 40:1292-7. [PMID: 9214430 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199707)40:7<1292::aid-art14>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents to inhibit synovial cell growth in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Fibroblast-like cells established from RA synovium were stimulated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and treated with antisense or sense oligonucleotides targeting proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) messenger RNA (mRNA). Proliferation of these cells was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Effects of antisense oligonucleotides on the expression of mRNA and protein were evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. RESULTS Antisense oligonucleotides targeting PCNA inhibited IL-1-stimulated fibroblast proliferation, whereas sense oligonucleotides had no effect. Both mRNA and protein levels of PCNA were suppressed in the cells treated with antisense oligonucleotides, indicating that the antiproliferative effect was occurring through an antisense mechanism. CONCLUSION These results suggest that antisense strategies designed to suppress PCNA expression have potential use as therapeutic agents for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Morita
- Okayama University Medical School, Shikata-cho, Japan
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Akita M, Murata E, Merker HJ, Kaneko K. Formation of new capillary-like tubes in a three-dimensional in vitro model (aorta/collagen gel). Ann Anat 1997; 179:137-47. [PMID: 9134084 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(97)80088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Direct sprouting (angiogenesis) does not occur during the formation of capillary-like tubes in an aorta/ collagen gel in the in vitro model. However, emigration of cells which stretch, arrange themselves side by side, form contacts (unspecific, tight and gap junctions), develop a lumen and show differentiation of endothelial cells (including the formation of a lamina densa and the appearance of pericytes) have been observed, i.e. vasculogenesis occurs. The origin of long, stretched cells is not known with certainty. They possibly represent smooth muscle cells. In addition, other cell types have been found, such as fibrocyte-like and fibroblast-like cells, elastoblasts, fat cells, monocytes and macrophages. All these cells are able to produce factors that promote the formation of new capillaries. Hence, a knowledge of these cells appears to be important for the analysis of in vitro systems. Moreover, the occurrence of these cell types must be considered when assessing possible effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akita
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Free University of Berlin, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Polverini
- Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Surgery, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor 48109-1078, USA
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Arenberg DA, Kunkel SL, Polverini PJ, Morris SB, Burdick MD, Glass MC, Taub DT, Iannettoni MD, Whyte RI, Strieter RM. Interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) is an angiostatic factor that inhibits human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumorigenesis and spontaneous metastases. J Exp Med 1996; 184:981-92. [PMID: 9064358 PMCID: PMC2192788 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.3.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of solid tumor growth and metastasis is dependent upon angiogenesis. Neovascularization within the tumor is regulated, in part, by a dual and opposing system of angiogenic and angiostatic factors. We now report that IP-10, a recently described angiostatic factor, as a potent angiostatic factor that regulates non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-derived angiogenesis, tumor growth, and spontaneous metastasis. We initially found significantly elevated levels of IP-10 in freshly isolated human NSCLC samples of squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA). In contrast, levels of IP-10 were equivalent in either normal lung tissue or adenocarcinoma specimens. The neoplastic cells in specimens of SCCA were the predominant cells that appeared to express IP-10 by immunolocalization. Neutralization of IP-10 in SCCA tumor specimens resulted in enhanced tumor-derived angiogenic activity. Using a model of human NSCLC tumorigenesis in SCID mice, we found that NSCLC tumor growth was inversely correlated with levels of plasma or tumor-associated IP-10. IP-10 in vitro functioned as neither an autocrine growth factor nor as an inhibitor of proliferation of the NSCLC cell lines. Reconstitution of intratumor IP-10 for a period of 8 wk resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth, tumor-associated angiogenic activity and neovascularization, and spontaneous lung metastases, whereas, neutralization of IP-10 for 10 wk augmented tumor growth. These findings support the notion that tumor-derived IP-10 is an important endogenous angiostatic factor in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Arenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0360, USA
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