Effect of Syringic acid on antioxidant biomarkers and associated inflammatory markers in mice model of asthma

Amelioration of pain and adjuvant-induced arthritis by syringic acid via modulation of behavioral parameters and inflammatory mediators i.e. TNF-α, Interleukins, MCP-1, NF-kB and COX-2

Syringic acid with reported anti-inflammatory attribute was investigated in the present study to assess its anti-arthritic potential at doses of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg using adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. The rat's paw size (mm), arthritic index and behavioral parameters were observed at baseline and subsequently at seven days' interval until the completion of the study, following complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induction. The animals were anesthetized on 28th day and blood samples were obtained for the determination of numerous biochemical, hematological, pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers. Afterwards, the weight of lymphoid organs and radiographic, as well as histopathological examinations of the inflamed paw, were conducted. Furthermore, molecular docking was done to find out the interaction between syringic acid and Interleukins-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukins-6 (IL-6), Interleukins-4 (IL-4) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Results revealed that chronic syringic acid administration significantly reduced the paw size, arthritic index, and showed improvement in behavioral parameters with retrieval of altered hematological and biochemical parameters. Treatment with syringic acid also exhibited substantial recovery from oxidative stress markers and lymphoid organ weight was retrieved. Upon quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) examination, syringic acid significantly reduced the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and all the other inflammatory cytokines while enhancing the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Decreased serum concentration of PGE2 was noted with syringic acid as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histopathological analysis and radiographs further confirmed the findings. Molecular docking studies showed good interaction between syringic acid and IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, IL-4 and COX-2 when compared against standard.

Inhaled ozone induces distinct alterations in pulmonary function in models of acute and episodic exposure in female mice

Ozone is an urban air pollutant known to cause lung injury and altered function. Using established models of acute (0.8 ppm, 3 h) and episodic (1.5 ppm, 2 h, 2 times/wk, 6 wk) inhalation exposure, we observed distinct structural changes in the lung; whereas acutely, ozone primarily disrupts the bronchiolar epithelial barrier, episodic exposure causes airway remodeling. Herein we examined how these responses altered pulmonary function. A SCIREQ small animal ventilator was used to assess lung function; impedance was used to conditionally model resistance and elastance. Episodic, but not acute ozone exposure reduced the inherent and frequency-dependent tissue recoil (elastance) of the lung. Episodic ozone also increased central and high-frequency resistance relative to air control after methacholine challenge, indicating airway hyperresponsiveness. Pressure-volume (PV)-loops showed that episodic ozone increased maximum lung volume, whereas acute ozone decreased lung volume. Episodic ozone-induced functional changes were accompanied by increases in alveolar circularization; conversely, minimal histopathology was observed after acute exposure. However, acute ozone exposure caused increases in total phospholipids, total surfactant protein D (SP-D), and low-molecular weight SP-D in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Episodic ozone exposure only increased total SP-D. These findings demonstrate that acute and episodic ozone exposure caused distinct alterations in surfactant composition and pulmonary function. Whereas loss in PV-loop area following acute ozone exposure is likely driven by increases in SP-D and inflammation, emphysematous pathology and airway hyperresponsiveness after episodic ozone appear to be the result of alterations in lung structure.

Polyphenols mediated attenuation of diabetes associated cardiovascular complications: A comprehensive review

Background

Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic metabolic disorder that is characterized by increased levels of glucose for prolonged periods of time. Incessant hyperglycemia leads to diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, and cardiovascular complications such as ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, stroke, etc. There are many studies that suggest that various polyphenols affect glucose homeostasis and can help to attenuate the complications associated with diabetes.

Objective

This review focuses on the possible role of various dietary polyphenols in palliating diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications. This review also aims to give an overview of the interrelationship among ROS production (due to diabetes), inflammation, glycoxidative stress, and cardiovascular complications as well as the anti-hyperglycemic effects of dietary polyphenols.

Methods

Various scientific databases including Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Wiley Online Library were used for searching articles that complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

This review lists several polyphenols based on various pre-clinical and clinical studies that have anti-hyperglycemic potential as well as a protective function against cardiovascular complications.

Conclusion

Several pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that various dietary polyphenols can be a promising intervention for the attenuation of diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications.

Syringic acid alleviates cisplatin-induced ovarian injury through modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and Nrf2 pathway

BACKGROUND

Reproductive toxicity is one of the most important side effects of cisplatin (CIS) and leading to discontinuation of treatment. Syringic acid (SA) is a phenolic acid whose industrial use has increased in recent years due to its antioxidant properties. Recent reports highlight the importance of the supressed Nrf2 pathway in the molecular pathogenesis of CIS toxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of SA on CIS-induced ovotoxicity through the Nrf2 pathway for the first time.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thirty female rats were divided into 5 groups: control, CIS, CIS+SA (5 and 10 mg/kg) and only SA (per se, 10 mg/kg). CIS was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 5 mg/kg on the 1st day, injections of SA followed by three consecutive days in the rats. Serum anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) levels and ovarian oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis and Nrf2 pathway markers were determined colorimetrically. Histopathological examinations of the ovaries with hematoxylin and eosin staining were also used to evaluate CIS-induced ovotoxicity.

RESULTS

The CIS treatment depleted serum AMH levels, caused histopathological findings and increased OS, inflammation, ERS and apoptosis levels in ovarian tissue. However, treatments with SA significantly ameliorated CIS-induced biochemical and histopathological changes by activating Nrf2 pathway.

CONCLUSION

The promising adjuvant potential of SA to alleviate CIS-related ovarian damage should be supported by more comprehensive studies.

Nutraceutical Properties of Syringic Acid in Civilization Diseases-Review

Civilization diseases account for a worldwide health issue. They result from daily behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors. One of the most significant opportunities to prevent and alleviate the occurrence of these diseases is a diet rich in antioxidants like polyphenols. This review paper is concentrated on syringic acid (SA), one of the representative compounds of phenolic acids subgroups. There are many in vitro and in vivo studies on SA that assess its pivotal effects on oxidative stress and inflammation parameters. It is effective on metabolic risk factors as well, including hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, and hyperlipidemia. SA is one of the prominent polyphenolic compounds that may help address health issues related to civilization diseases.

Syringic acid suppresses ferroptosis of skeletal muscle cells to alleviate lower limb ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice via the HMGB1 pathway

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of skeletal muscle in the lower limbs is an important factor affecting the outcome of lower limbs ischemia patients, with no effective preventive or therapeutic approaches available. The study was to investigate the effect of syringic acid (SA) on I/R skeletal muscle in the lower limbs injury. Mice femoral artery I/R models and C2C12 cell hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) models was establish, tissue damage, inflammatory status, and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) pathway were evaluated using histological analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blotting. Further, the study detected the effect of SA on cell apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, Fe2+ level, and ferroptosis-related proteins expression. Finally, the effect of HMGB1 expression on SA in H/R stimulation was studied. SA alleviated pathological damage and reduced levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in muscle tissues from femoral artery I/R mouse models. SA upregulated Bcl-2 and SOD as well as downregulated Bax, MDA, TBARS content, and Fe2+ level in H/R-induced cells. SA inhibited HMGB1 expression and promoted Nrf2, HO-1, GPX4, and SLC7A11 expressions in the injured tissues and cells. Such effects of SA on H/R-induced cells were rescued by HMGB1 overexpression. SA suppressed ferroptosis of skeletal muscle cells to alleviate lower limb I/R injury in mice by blocking the HMGB1 pathway, providing new insights for the treatment of lower limb ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Potential Benefits of Antioxidant Phytochemicals in Type 2 Diabetes

The clinical relationship between diabetes and inflammation is well established. Evidence clearly indicates that disrupting oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium and elevated lipid peroxidation could be a potential mechanism for chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Under diabetic conditions, hyperglycemia, especially inflammation, and increased reactive oxygen species generation are bidirectionally associated. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage are believed to play a role in the development of diabetes. Although the exact mechanism underlying oxidative stress and its impact on diabetes progression remains uncertain, the hyperglycemia-inflammation-oxidative stress interaction clearly plays a significant role in the onset and progression of vascular disease, kidney disease, hepatic injury, and pancreas damage and, therefore, holds promise as a therapeutic target. Evidence strongly indicates that the use of multiple antidiabetic medications fails to achieve the normal range for glycated hemoglobin targets, signifying treatment-resistant diabetes. Antioxidants with polyphenols are considered useful as adjuvant therapy for their potential anti-inflammatory effect and antioxidant activity. We aimed to analyze the current major points reported in preclinical, in vivo, and clinical studies of antioxidants in the prevention or treatment of inflammation in T2DM. Then, we will share our speculative vision for future diabetes clinical trials.

Potential chemopreventive effects of Broccoli extract supplementation against 7, 12 dimethyl Benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) -induced toxicity in female rats

Dietary components have recently received rapidly expanding attention for their potential to halt or reverse the development of many oxidative stress-mediated diseases after exposure to environmental toxicants. 7, 12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) is one of the most common environmental pollutants. The present study aimed to evaluate the chemo-preventive effects of broccoli as a nutritional component against DMBA intoxication in rats. A daily dose of aqueous (1 ml/rat) and methanolic (150 mg/kg) broccoli extracts, respectively, was given to 50-day-old female rats for 26 successive weeks after carcinogen intoxication with a single dose of 20 mg/ml of DMBA. DMBA intoxication resulted in a redox imbalance (a decreased GSH level and an increased MDA level) and increased DNA fragmentation in the liver, kidney, and brain. Besides, it affected the level of expression of the bcl2 gene in the liver, kidney, and brain tissue but didn't affect cfos gene expression accompanied by histopathological changes. The aqueous and methanolic broccoli extract supplements ameliorated the adverse effects by increasing the level of GSH, decreasing the MDA level, and reducing DNA fragmentation. Besides, broccoli extracts decreased the expression of bcl2 in the liver and brain and up-regulated bcl2 expression in the kidney, accompanied by lowering NF-κβ 65 expression in the liver and brain and γ-catenin expression in the liver and kidney. In conclusion, broccoli as a dietary component had a strong chemoprotective effect against oxidative stress, DNA damage, and genotoxicity induced by DMBA intoxication in rats.

Integration of UHPLC/Q-OrbitrapMS-based metabolomics and activities evaluation to rapidly explore the anti-inflammatory components from lasianthus

Lasianthus, belonging to Rubiaceae, has been verified to improve clinical syndrome in immune diseases (e.g., hepatitis, nephritis, and rheumatoid arthritis). Both the anti-inflammatory function and chemical composition of Lasianthus vary considerably between different species but few studies focus. So essential it is to explore lasianthus and further search for anti-inflammatory substances. The target of this artical is to analyze the anti-inflammatory activity and chemical composition of lasianthus of different species. And the subsequent active compounds were explored. Primary, the anti-inflammatory activity among seven species of lasianthus (e.g., L. fordii., L. wallichii., L. hookeri C., L. verticillatus., L. sikkimensis., L. appressihirtus., and L. hookeri var) were evaluated by vitro experiments (RAW 264.7 cells). Next, UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS-based metabolomics and the mass defect filter (MDF) algorithm were performed to explore metabolites. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) was to screen out differential compounds in seven species. Finally, the correlation analysis between activities and composition to rapidly discover the active compounds (compounds were verified pharmacologically). Among the 7 species of lasianthus, the L. fordii. and L. hookeri C indicated the best anti-inflammatory activity. Untargeted metabolomics and MDF show 112 compounds, classified into six dominant types (e.g., flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, iridoids, coumarins, and anthraquinones). Furthermore, 33 differential metabolites were confirmed by PCA. Then according to correlation analysis and pharmacological validation, 7 compounds IC₅₀＜100 (e.g., scopoletin, asperulosidic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, betaine, syringic acid, and emodin) were verified as anti-inflammatory compounds and conduct quantitative analysis. Metabolomics integrated with activities evaluation might be a rapid and effective strategy to explore the active compounds from natural products.

Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activities, and HPLC Analysis of Nine Edible Sprouts in Cambodia

The non-nutritional health benefits of sprouts are unconfirmed. Thus, nine sprout methanolic extracts were tested for phytoconstituents and antioxidant activity. The TPC, TCC, TFC, TAC, and TALC were measured. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays were used to assess the antioxidant activity. HPLC detected gallic acid, vanillin, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and rutin in the extracts. The sprout extracts contained six compounds, with caffeic acid being the most abundant. Gallic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, and rutin were highest in soybean, black sesame, mustard, sunflower, white radish, and black sesame sprouts, respectively. Sunflower sprouts had the highest level of TCC while soybean sprouts had the highest level of TFC, Taiwanese morning glory had the highest level of TPC, mustard sprouts had the highest level of TALC, and black sesame sprouts had the highest level of TAC. Taiwanese morning glories scavenged the most DPPH and ABTS radicals. Colored and white radish sprouts had similar ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Antioxidation mechanisms varied by compound. Our findings demonstrated that sprouts have biological effects, and their short time for mass production offers an alternative food source for health benefits, and that they are useful for future research development of natural products and dietary supplements.

Supplementation of syringic acid-rich Phrynium pubinerve leaves imparts protection against allergic inflammatory responses by downregulating iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB expressions

Background

The present study was designed to characterize the role of ethanolic leaf extract of Phrynium pubinerve Blume (EPP) supplement in attenuating allergic inflammation, encouraged by the presence of syringic acid in it, as this phenolic acid is reportedly promising in suppressing serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and inflammatory cytokine levels.

Materials and methods

HPLC-DAD dereplication analysis was performed to determine the presence of the vital polyphenolic metabolites. The efficacy of EPP against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells was evaluated by measuring its inhibitory effects on NO and ROS/RNS production. The expressions of major inflammation-associated molecules (iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, IL-6, and TNF-α) in RAW 264.7 cells were assessed through Western blot. Physiological and behavioral changes, BMI, and different biochemical parameters in mice blood serum were investigated in the toxicological assays. Formaldehyde-induced paw edema test in mice was conducted using established animal model. TDI-induced allergic model in mice was carried out to determine different allergy-like symptoms, and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The intermolecular interaction analysis of the identified major metabolite of EPP with H1R and iNOS was studied by molecular docking.

Results

HPLC-DAD analysis showed the presence of syringic acid (89.19 mg/100 g EPP) and a few other compounds. LPS-induced NO generation was reduced by EPP in a concentration-dependent manner, showing IC50 of 28.20 ± 0.27 μg/mL. EPP exhibited a similar inhibitory effect on ROS/RNS production with IC50 of 29.47 ± 2.19 μg/mL. Western blotting revealed that EPP significantly downregulated the expressions of iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells when challenged with LPS. The toxicological assays confirmed the dosage and organ-specific safety of EPP. In the formaldehyde-induced paw edema test, EPP caused a 66.41% reduction in mice paw volume at 500 mg/kg dose. It ameliorated TDI-induced allergy-like symptoms and decreased different inflammatory WBCs in mice's blood and BAL fluid in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, syringic acid demonstrated mentionable intermolecular binding affinity towards H1R (-6.6 Kcal/moL) and iNOS (-6.7 Kcal/moL).

Conclusions

Collectively, considerable scientific reasoning was obtained in favor of the suppressive potential of EPP against allergic inflammatory responses that are proposed to be exerted via the downregulation of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB expressions, H1R antagonism and suppression of cytokines, such as IL-6, and TNF-α.

Syringic acid ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-induced testicular injury in rats via suppressing of HMGB1/NF-κB axis and endoplasmic reticulum stress

PURPOSE

To investigate the possible protective role of syringic acid on torsion/detorsion-induced testicular injury using biochemical and histopathological approaches for the first time.

METHODS

A total of 24 rats were divided into 4 groups: sham control, torsion/detorsion, torsion/detorsion + syringic acid (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg). Tissue malondialdehyde, total oxidant status and total antioxidant status levels were determined using colorimetric methods. Tissue 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, superoxide dismutase, catalase, high mobility group box 1, nuclear factor kappa B protein 65, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, myeloperoxidase, 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein, activating transcription factor-6, C/EBP homologous protein and caspase-3 levels were determined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Johnsen's testicle scoring system was used for histological evaluation.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, the levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis were significantly increased in the torsion/detorsion group (p < 0.05). Syringic acid administrations statistically significantly restored these damage in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.05). Moreover, it was found that the results of histological examinations supported the biochemical results to a statistically significant extent.

CONCLUSION

The overall results suggest that syringic acid emerges as a potential compound for the treatment of testicular torsion and may be subject to clinical trials.

Selected Seeds as Sources of Bioactive Compounds with Diverse Biological Activities

Seeds contain a variety of phytochemicals that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Plant-derived compounds are often investigated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-platelet, anti-apoptotic, anti-nociceptive, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, hepatoprotective, or neuroprotective properties. In this review, we have described the chemical content and biological activity of seeds from eight selected plant species-blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.), black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miq.), grape (Vitis vinifera L.), Moringa oleifera Lam., sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Sprenger), hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), and sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L). This review is based on studies identified in electronic databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SCOPUS. Numerous preclinical, and some clinical studies have found that extracts, fractions, oil, flour, proteins, polysaccharides, or purified chemical compounds isolated from the seeds of these plants display promising, health-promoting effects, and could be utilized in drug development, or to make nutraceuticals and functional foods. Despite that, many of these properties have been studied only in vitro, and it's unsure if their effects would be relevant in vivo as well, so there is a need for more animal studies and clinical trials that would help determine if they could be applied in disease prevention or treatment.

The vital role of animal, marine, and microbial natural products against COVID-19

CONTEXT

Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, researchers have been working on finding ways to prevent viral entry and pathogenesis. Drug development from naturally-sourced pharmacological constituents may be a fruitful approach to COVID-19 therapy.

OBJECTIVE

Most of the published literature has focussed on medicinal plants, while less attention has been given to biodiverse sources such as animal, marine, and microbial products. This review focuses on highlighting natural products and their derivatives that have been evaluated for antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties.

METHODS

We searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Springer Link to gather raw data from publications up to March 2021, using terms such as 'natural products', marine, micro-organism, and animal, COVID-19. We extracted a number of documented clinical trials of products that were tested in silico, in vitro, and in vivo which paid specific attention to chemical profiles and mechanisms of action.

RESULTS

Various classes of flavonoids, 2 polyphenols, peptides and tannins were found, which exhibit inhibitory properties against viral and host proteins, including 3CLpro, PLpro, S, hACE2, and NF-κB, many of which are in different phases of clinical trials.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The synergistic effects of logical combinations with different mechanisms of action emphasizes their value in COVID19 management, such as iota carrageenan nasal spray, ermectin oral drops, omega-3 supplementation, and a quadruple treatment of zinc, quercetin, bromelain, and vitamin C. Though in vivo efficacy of these compounds has yet to be established, these bioproducts are potentially useful in counteracting the effects of SARS-CoV-2.

Phenolic Acid Patterns in Different Plant Species of Families Asteraceae and Lamiaceae: Possible Phylogenetic Relationships and Potential Molecular Markers

Nowadays, investigations of some specific secondary metabolites estimated near 10,000 various compounds of phenolic nature in different plant species. The interest in natural compounds is not only due to their antioxidant potential, but also to their economic impact, as most of them may be extracted from underexploited plant species. The presented research work presents an extended analysis of the most important phenolic acids of the selected known and underexploited plant species from the families Asteraceae and Rosaceae with the development of phylogenic tree analysis according to the nonparametric rate smoothing (NPRS) methods. HPLC-UV analysis revealed the original spectrum of phenolic acids in selected known and underexploited plant species of the families Rosaceae and Asteraceae. The analysis of phenolic acid’s contribution from their total amount in the methanolic extract in Asteraceae found the high percentage of syringic acid in leaves varied between 64.13% and 95.13%. The detected high contribution of syringic acid among estimated phenolic acids in Asteraceae leaves suggests its possible prevalence in the representatives of the family Asteraceae. The content of draconic acid in the leaves of most representatives of the family Rosaceae which represented more than 30% of total phenolic acid content. The high presence of such phenolic acids may relate to the antioxidant activity of the studied herbal extracts.

Syringic Acid Ameliorates Cardiac, Hepatic, Renal and Neuronal Damage Induced by Chronic Hyperglycaemia in Wistar Rats: A Behavioural, Biochemical and Histological Analysis

This study investigated the effects of syringic acid (SA) on renal, cardiac, hepatic, and neuronal diabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced neonatal (nSTZ) diabetic rats. STZ (110 mg/kg i.p) was injected into Wistar rat neonates as a split dose (second and third postnatal day). Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in adults by measuring fasting blood glucose levels, urine volume, and food and water intake. The treatment of SA (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg p.o) was given from the 8th to 18th postnatal week. To assess the development of diabetic complications and the effect of therapy, biochemical indicators in serum and behavioural parameters were recorded at specific intervals during the study period. SA (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg p.o) treatment reduced hyperglycaemia, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, relative organ weight, cardiac hypertrophic indices, inflammatory markers, cell injury markers, glycated haemoglobin, histopathological score, and oxidative stress, and increased Na/K ATPase activity. These findings suggest that SA might significantly alleviate diabetic complications and/or renal, neuronal, cardiac, and hepatic damage in nSTZ diabetic rats.

Syringic acid and silymarin concurrent administration inhibits sodium valproate-induced liver injury in rats

Sodium valproate (SV) is a well-known anti-epileptic drug, also used to control convulsions, bipolar disorders and migraines. SV has been shown to induce liver toxicity in clinical subjects. Syringic acid (SA), a natural polyphenolic compound has potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and several beneficial effects. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated hepatoprotective effect of SA against SV-induced liver injury in rats. Wistar rats were treated with SV orally at a dose of 500 mg/kg, once daily, for 14 days. Another three groups of rats were administered with SV and concurrently treated with SA (40 and 80 mg/kg) and silymarin (SIL) (100 mg/kg) for 14 days. SV administration for 14 days caused significant (p < .001) elevation of liver transaminases and ALP in serum. Liver MDA level was significantly (p < .001) increased with a concomitant decrease (p < .001) in enzymic antioxidants activities in SV administered rats. SV administration also caused the upregulation of proinflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor α, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, cyclooxygenase-2 and Interleukin 6 expressions in liver tissue. Histopathological studies also revealed the presence of inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatocellular necrosis upon SV administration. At both doses, concurrent administration of SA and SIL significantly (p < .001) inhibited the liver transaminase activities in serum, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory markers expression in liver tissue. Our current results suggest that SA can be a promising herbal drug that can inhibit SV-induced hepatotoxicity when administered together due its potential anti-inflammatory effects.

In vitro, in vivo and in silico evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman (Lamiaceae)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Medicinal properties of hyssop have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times, inter alia, in diseases/conditions with an inherent inflammatory process.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of hyssop herb preparations (essential oil and methanol extracts) in vivo, in vitro and in silico.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For in vitro testing of essential oils and extracts of hyssop herb, the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme assays were used. In vivo anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts (at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) was assessed using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test. Molecular docking and dynamics were used for in silico testing of the inhibitory activity of chlorogenic (CA) and rosmarinic (RA) acids, as the dominant compounds in the tested methanol extracts against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.

RESULTS

Significant inhibitory activity was shown in the COX-2 test regarding extracts (essential oils did not exhibit any significant activity). Namely, all analyzed extracts, at a concentration of 20 μg/mL, showed a percentage of inhibition of COX-2 enzyme (54.04-63.04%), which did not indicate a statistically significant difference from the positive control of celecoxib (61.60%) at a concentration of 8.8 μM. In vivo testing showed that all methanol extracts of hyssop herb, at the highest test dose of 200 mg/kg in the third and fourth hours, after carrageenan administration, exhibited a statistically significant (p < 0.05) inhibitory effect on the increase in rat paw edema in relation to control. This activity is comparable or higher in relation to the reference substance, indomethacin, at a concentration of 8 mg/kg. The preliminary in silico results suggest that investigated compounds (RA and CA) showed better inhibitory activity against COX-1 and COX-2 than standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), ibuprofen, as evident from the free binding energy (ΔG_bind in kJ mol^-1). The binding energies of the docked compounds to COX-1 and -2 were found to be in the range between -47.4 and -49.2 kJ mol^-1. Ibuprofen, as the one NSAID, for the same receptors targets, showed remarkably higher binding energy (ΔG_bind = -31.3 kJ mol^-1 to COX-1, and ΔG_bind = -30.9 kJ mol^-1 to COX-2).

CONCLUSION

The results obtained not only support the traditional use of hyssop herb in inflammatory conditions in folk medicine, but also open the door to and the need for further in vivo testing of extracts in order to examine the molecular mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity in living systems and possibly develop a new anti-inflammatory drug or supplement.

Protective Effects of Antioxidants on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Ovarian Toxicity

The most common limitation of anticancer chemotherapy is the injury to normal cells. Cyclophosphamide, which is one of the most widely used alkylating agents, can cause premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility since the ovarian follicles are extremely sensitive to their effects. Although little information is available about the pathogenic mechanism of cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian damage, its toxicity is attributed to oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The use of compounds with antioxidant and cytoprotective properties to protect ovarian function from deleterious effects during chemotherapy would be a significant advantage. Thus, this article reviews the mechanism by which cyclophosphamide exerts its toxic effects on the different cellular components of the ovary, and describes 24 cytoprotective compounds used to ameliorate cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian injury and their possible mechanisms of action. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for the development of efficient and targeted pharmacological complementary therapies that could protect and prolong female fertility.

Syringol isolated from Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn bran suppresses inflammatory response through the down-regulation of cPLA2, COX-2, IκBα, p38 and MPO signaling in sPLA2 induced mice paw oedema

Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn (E. coracana) is one of the highest consuming food crops in Asia and Africa. E. coracana is a plant with several medicinal values including anti-ulcerative, anti-diabetic, anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. However, the anti-inflammatory property of E. coracana remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the objective of present study was to investigate the potential in isolated molecule from E. coracana via a combination of in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods. In this study, we have isolated, purified and characterized an anti-inflammatory molecule from E. coracana bran extract known as syringol. Purification of syringol was accomplished by combination of GC-MS and RP-HPLC techniques. Syringol significantly inhibited the enzymes activity of sPLA₂ (IC₅₀ = 3.00 µg) and 5-LOX (IC₅₀ = 0.325 µg) in vitro. The inhibition is independent of substrate concentration, calcium ion concentration and was irreversible. Syringol interacts with purified sPLA₂ enzymes as evidenced by fluorescence and molecular docking studies. Further, the syringol molecule dose dependently inhibited the development of sPLA₂ and λ-carrageenan induced edema. Furthermore, syringol decreases the expression of cPLA₂, COX-2, IκBα, p38 and MPO in edematous tissues as demonstrated by western blots. These studies revealed that syringol isolated from E. coracana bran may develop as a potent anti-inflammatory molecule.

Heat Stress Altered the Vaginal Microbiome and Metabolome in Rabbits

Heat stress can have an impact on parental gamete maturation and reproduction functions. According to current research, the microbial composition of the vaginal cavity is species specific. Pregnancy, menstruation, and genital diseases have been linked to the dynamics of vaginal ecology. In this study, we characterized the vaginal microbiota and metabolites after heat stress. At the phylum level, the rabbit’s vaginal microbial composition of rabbit showed high similarity with that of humans. In the Heat group, the relative abundance of the dominant microbiota Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria increased, while the relative abundance of Firmicutes decreased. Furthermore, heat stress significantly increased the relative abundance of W5053, Helcococcus, Thiopseudomonas, ldiomaarina, atopostipes, and facklamia, whereas the relative abundance of 12 genera significantly decreased, including Streptococcus, UCG-005, Alistipes, [Eubacterium]_xylanophilum_group, Comamonas, RB41, Fastidiosipila, Intestinimonas, Arthrobacter, Lactobacillus, Leucobacter, and Family_xlll_AD3011_group. Besides, the relative concentrations of 158 metabolites differed significantly between the Heat and Control groups. Among them, the endocrine hormone estradiol (E₂) increased in the Heat group and was positively associated with a number of metabolites such as linolelaidic acid (C18:2N6T), N-acetylsphingosine, N-oleoyl glycine, trans-petroselinic acid, syringic acid, 2-(1-adamantyl)-1-morpholinoethan-1-one, 5-OxoETE, and 16-heptadecyne-1,2,4-triol. Further, the majority of the differential metabolites were enriched in steroid biosynthesis and endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption pathways, reflecting that heat stress may affect calcium metabolism, hormone-induced signaling, and endocrine balance of vaginal ecology. These findings provide a comprehensive depiction of rabbit vaginal ecology and reveal the effects of heat stress on the vagina via the analysis of vaginal microbiome and metabolome, which may provide a new thought for low female fertility under heat stress.

Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids in Acetonic Extract from Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.): Nutraceuticals with Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential

Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) is a potential source of polyphenolic compounds related with beneficial biological processes. In this study polyphenols from quince fruit were extracted with aqueous acetone at different ratios. A polyphenol profile was identified and quantified by LC-ESI-QqQ. The antioxidant capacity (ORAC and DPPH) and anti-inflammatory effect (inhibition of COX-2 cyclooxygenase) were evaluated in vitro. The results indicated an effect of the aqueous acetone ratio on the extraction of polyphenolic compounds. The higher extraction yields of polyphenolic compounds were attained with 60-75% aqueous acetone. However, extracts obtained with 85% aqueous acetone promoted higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Optimal scaling analysis indicated that hydroxycinnamic acids (quinic and chlorogenic), hydroxybenzoic acids (vanillic and syringic), flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol), dihydrochalcones (neohesperidin) and flavones (acacetin) are related to the antioxidant activity of quince. While phenolic acids, flavonols (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and rutin) and flavanols (epicatechin) generated the anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting 52.3% of the COX-2 enzyme. Therefore, a selective extraction of phenolic mix can reduce oxidative stress or inflammatory processes. This suggests the use of quince as a natural source with significant nutraceutical potential.

A Review of the Effects of Olive Oil-Cooking on Phenolic Compounds

The fate of phenolic compounds in oil and food during cooking vary according to the type of cooking. From a nutritional point of view, reviews largely suggest a preference for using extra-virgin olive oil at a low temperature for a short time, except for frying and microwaving, for which there appears to be no significant advantages compared to olive oil. However, due to the poorly pertinent use of terminology, the different protocols adopted in studies aimed at the same objective, the different type and quality of oils used in experiments, and the different quality and quantity of PC present in the used oils and in the studied vegetables, the evidence available is mainly contradictory. This review tries to reanalyse the main experimental reports on the fate, accessibility and bioavailability of phenolic compounds in cooking oils and cooked vegetables, by considering different cooking techniques and types of oil and foods, and distinguishing experimental findings obtained using oil alone from those in combination with vegetables. The re-analysis indicates that incomplete and contradictory observations have been published in the last few years and suggests that further research is necessary to clarify the impact of cooking techniques on the phenolic compounds in oil and vegetables during cooking, especially when considering their nutritional properties.

Assessment of modulatory activity of Uncaria tomentosa extract against fipronil immunotoxicity in male rats

This study has investigated the effect of using the Uncaria tomentosa (UT) extract against immunotoxicity that induced by fipronil (FP) in male Wistar rats. Twenty-eight, male Wistar rats were assigned randomly into four groups (7 rats each). Control group received distilled water. FP group received FP 9.7 mg/kg b. wt orally via gastric tube. UT group received 120 mg/kg b. wt. of UT extract orally. FP-UT group received both FP and UT (9.7 and 120 mg/kg b.wt, respectively) for 30 days. Hematological parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), estradiol, histamine and immunoglobulin E (IGE) were assayed. Histopathological and electron microscopical examinations were performed to the lymphoid organs. Hematological parameters, were decreased in the FP group than the control group. There was a rise in MDA of FP group followed by a decrease in TAC content with histological and ultrastructure degenerative changes. UT extract treatment ameliorated the FP-induced perturbations for the former parameters. The results showed that FP treatment exerted an immunotoxic effect through acting as an endocrine disruptor and allergic, pro-inflammatory that was confirmed by histopathological and ultrastructure study of the lymphoid organs. Uncaria tomentosa extract could successfully modulate FP-induced immunotoxicity by diminishing all the studied parameters.

Antioxidant-rich fraction of Amomum subulatum fruits mitigates experimental methotrexate-induced oxidative stress by regulating TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 proinflammatory cytokines

The culinary spice Amomum subulatum was assessed for its phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant potential, and in vivo ameliorating effect against methotrexate (MTX)-induced toxicities. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of A. subulatum dry fruits (MEAS) confirmed the presence of different bioactive secondary metabolites. MEAS scavenged reactive free radicals and inhibited lipid peroxidation in vitro. To confirm the antioxidant efficiency of MEAS, in vivo experiment was carried out in which MTX was administered to induce oxidative stress. Co-administration of MEAS reduced MTX-induced hepatic, renal, and pulmonary toxicities via significantly (p < .01) enhancing antioxidant status and reducing oxidative stress. MTX treatment significantly (p < .01) increased liver and kidney toxicity markers and increased proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) levels. However, co-administration of MEAS significantly (p < .01) reduced their levels, and tissue histopathology confirmed the protective effect of MEAS in maintaining normal tissue architecture following MTX treatment. Protective effect of MEAS is accredited to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties exhibited by bioactive compounds in MEAS. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Amomum subulatum (Black cardamom) is a folkloric and culinary spice used for its organoleptic, nutritional, and medicinal properties. This study demonstrated the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of A. subulatum dry fruits (MEAS). Toxicities associated with MTX therapy limit its clinical application. MEAS attenuated methotrexate-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and associated organ damages, suggesting the possible therapeutic application of A. subulatum in reducing oxidative stress and associated diseases. Our results showed that A. subulatum is a potential functional food, which may be used for the betterment of health due to its richness in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals.

Hydroxycinnamic Acids and Derivatives Formulations for Skin Damages and Disorders: A Review

Alterations of skin homeostasis are widely diffused in our everyday life both due to accidental injuries, such as wounds and burns, and physiological conditions, such as late-stage diabetes, dermatitis, or psoriasis. These events are locally characterized by an intense inflammatory response, a high generation of harmful free radicals, or an impairment in the immune response regulation, which can profoundly change the skin tissue' repair process, vulnerability, and functionality. Moreover, diabetes diffusion, antibiotic resistance, and abuse of aggressive soaps and disinfectants following the COVID-19 emergency could be causes for the future spreading of skin disorders. In the last years, hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives have been investigated and applied in several research fields for their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial activities. First, in this study, we give an overview of these natural molecules' current source and applications. Afterwards, we review their potential role as valid alternatives to the current therapies, supporting the management and rebalancing of skin disorders and diseases at different levels. Also, we will introduce the recent advances in the design of biomaterials loaded with these phenolic compounds, specifically suitable for skin disorders treatments. Lastly, we will suggest future perspectives for introducing hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives in treating skin disorders.

Syringic Acid: A Potential Natural Compound for the Management of Renal Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Diabetic Rats

BACKGROUND

Diabetic nephropathy can lead to renal diseases; oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have critical roles in its development.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, the effect of syringic acid (SYR), a natural phenolic acid, on diabetic nephropathy and mitochondrial biogenesis was examined.

METHODS

Diabetes was induced in rats by injecting streptozotocin. SYR (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for 6 weeks. SYR effects on factors, such as antioxidant activities and mRNA expression level of mitochondrial biogenesis indexes, were evaluated.

RESULTS

In SYR-treated rats, blood glucose and ALP level were significantly reduced. SYR increased kidney GSH content in the diabetic group. Elevated renal catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in diabetic rats were restored to normal levels after treatment. SYR significantly reduced the renal TBARS level, which had increased in diabetic rats. This compound also significantly upregulated renal mRNA expression of PGC-1α and NRF-1, and increased mtDNA/nDNA ratio in diabetic rats. These values were reduced in the non-treated diabetic group. The results show improvement of histopathological damages of kidney in the SYR treated group in comparison with the diabetic group.

CONCLUSION

According to the results, SYR alters renal antioxidant defense mechanisms. Also, it could be considered as a novel approach by targeting mitochondria in renal diabetic complications.

The upshot of Polyphenolic compounds on immunity amid COVID-19 pandemic and other emerging communicable diseases: An appraisal

Polyphenols are a large family of more than 10,000 naturally occurring compounds, which exert countless pharmacological, biological and physiological benefits for human health including several chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. Their role in traditional medicine, such as the use of a wide range of remedial herbs (thyme, oregano, rosemary, sage, mint, basil), has been well and long known for treating common respiratory problems and cold infections. This review reports on the most highlighted polyphenolic compounds present in up to date literature and their specific antiviral perceptive properties that might enhance the body immunity facing COVID-19, and other viral infectious diseases. In fact, several studies and clinical trials increasingly proved the role of polyphenols in controlling numerous human pathogens including SARS and MERS, which are quite similar to COVID-19 through the enhancement of host immune response against viral infections by different biological mechanisms. Thus, polyphenols ought to be considered as a potential and valuable source for designing new drugs that could be used effectively in the combat against COVID-19 and other rigorous diseases.

Gene expression profile of lipopolysaccharide‑induced apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells reversed by syringic acid

Apoptosis of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells has an important role in the process of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), and the search for novel compounds to prevent apoptosis from occurring is urgently required. In the present study, syringic acid (SyrA) was found to exhibit no cytotoxicity on NP cells, and was able to reverse the cytotoxicity, as well as the abnormal expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3, that were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The transcriptomes of each group were then analyzed using RNA-Seq. A total of 65 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in LPS-stimulated groups (LPS group vs. control group), 819 DEGs were identified in the SyrA-reversed groups (SyrA plus LPS group vs. LPS group), and a further 25 DEGs were identified in the SyrA plus LPS group compared with the control group. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR validation indicated that the alterations in expression of uroplakin 3B-like 1 (UPK3BL1), voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit α-2/δ-1 (CACNA2D1) and polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) were consistent with the corresponding results of RNA-Seq, and that these genes were involved in both LPS-stimulation and SyrA-reversion processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses indicated that the DEGs in SyrA-reversed groups were involved in, amongst other pathways, ‘Autophagy-other’ and ‘Apoptosis-multiple species’. In conclusion, the addition of SyrA to the NP cells co-incubated with LPS appeared to help prevent the abnormal expression of mRNAs and apoptosis that had been identified in NP cells incubated with LPS alone. The potential mechanism underlying the reversion of SyrA might be attributed to the regulation of CACNA2D1 and PLK4.

R. R, K. M, K. M. M, E. M. A, M. P, Balachandran I. Chemical profiling of a polyherbal formulation by tandem mass spectroscopic analysis with multiple ionization techniques

Background

Gugguluthiktham Kashayam (GTK) is the decoction form of Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita, a classical Ayurvedic formulation used for treating various diseases like skin disorders, ulcers, sinus, asthma, cardiac diseases, arthritis, and cancer.

Results

Tandem mass spectroscopic analysis of GTK was carried out by different ionization techniques such as electro spray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in both positive and negative modes using Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (Q-TOF) mass spectroscopy. Data processing of molecular ions obtained by ESI and APCI mass fragmentation led to the identification of several phytoconstituents belonging to various classes of compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, and coumarins.

Conclusion

The study concluded that GTK contains variety of phytochemicals with numerous biological properties that might be responsible for its various therapeutic effects.

A Review of Potential Beneficial Effects of Honey on Bone Health

Bone remodelling is a complex and tightly regulated process. Disruption of bone remodelling skewing towards resorption will cause osteoporosis and increase the risk of fragility fracture. Honey is a natural product containing various bioactive ingredients with health benefits, especially polyphenols. Therefore, honey may be a novel dietary supplement to prevent osteoporosis. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on the effects of honey on bone health. The evidence reported so far indicates a skeletal-beneficial effect of honey in animal models of osteoporosis. However, the number of studies on humans is limited. Honey can protect the bone via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, primarily through its polyphenol content that acts upon several signalling pathways, leading to bone anabolic and antiresorptive effects. In conclusion, honey is a potential functional food for bone health, but the dose and the bioactive contents of honey need to be verified prior to its application in humans.

Acceleration of wound healing activity with syringic acid in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Impaired wound healing is a serious concern of uncontrolled hyperglycemia that can lead to gangrene, and even death. There is an urgent need to look for better alternative therapy because of the undesirable side effects of currently available synthetic drugs in the market. Syringic acid (SA) is a natural phenolic compound abundantly available in edible fruits and plants. In this study, wound healing activities of 2.5% and 5.0% SA were evaluated in type 2 diabetic rats using incisional wound model. SA-treated diabetic wounds showed faster rate of wound closure and epithelization with enhanced contents of hydroxyproline and protein compared to diabetic wounds. SA effectively prevents alterations in blood glucose levels, serum insulin and dyslipidemia in diabetic wound rats. The SA-treated diabetic wounds after 14 days of treatment demonstrated inhibition of pro-inflammatory response (NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-2) with improvement in anti-inflammatory response (IL-10), inhibited the elevated oxidative stress and decreased the concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -8 and -9) and increased the concentrations of TIMP-1 & TIMP- 2. Furthermore, the diabetic wounds were presented with an increase in expression of CD 31 and 68, growth factors (TGF-β1, collagen-I and α-SMA and VEGF) with significant improvement in collagen deposition, re-epithelialization and complete skin structure as revealed by histological analysis after treatment of diabetic wounds with SA for 14 days. Hence, the results of this study designate that SA significantly improves wound healing in diabetic rats and could be used as a potential therapy for treatment of diabetic wounds.

HPLC Analysis of Phenols in Negroamaro and Primitivo Red Wines from Salento

Wine is probably the oldest and still most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world. Nevertheless, it contains several biomolecules with beneficial health effects. Phenols are among them and, in this article, we identified and quantified by HPLC catechin, gallic acid, hydroxytyrosol, quercetin, trans-resveratrol, and syringic acid in Primitivo and Negroamaro red wines from Salento, in Southeast Italy. The concentrations of the analyzed antioxidant molecules were quite high in all varieties. Gallic acid and catechin were the most abundant, but significant concentrations of quercetin, hydroxytyrosol, syringic acid, and trans-resveratrol were also found. Multivariate statistical analysis was also employed to discriminate between Negroamaro and Primitivo wines, suggesting the variables influencing their separation.