1
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Kim N, Li Y, Yu R, Kwon HS, Song A, Jun MH, Jeong JY, Lee JH, Lim HH, Kim MJ, Kim JW, Oh WJ. Repulsive Sema3E-Plexin-D1 signaling coordinates both axonal extension and steering via activating an autoregulatory factor, Mtss1. eLife 2024; 13:e96891. [PMID: 38526535 PMCID: PMC11001299 DOI: 10.7554/elife.96891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Axon guidance molecules are critical for neuronal pathfinding because they regulate directionality and growth pace during nervous system development. However, the molecular mechanisms coordinating proper axonal extension and turning are poorly understood. Here, metastasis suppressor 1 (Mtss1), a membrane protrusion protein, ensured axonal extension while sensitizing axons to the Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E)-Plexin-D1 repulsive cue. Sema3E-Plexin-D1 signaling enhanced Mtss1 expression in projecting striatonigral neurons. Mtss1 localized to the neurite axonal side and regulated neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons. Mtss1 also aided Plexin-D1 trafficking to the growth cone, where it signaled a repulsive cue to Sema3E. Mtss1 ablation reduced neurite extension and growth cone collapse in cultured neurons. Mtss1-knockout mice exhibited fewer striatonigral projections and irregular axonal routes, and these defects were recapitulated in Plxnd1- or Sema3e-knockout mice. These findings demonstrate that repulsive axon guidance activates an exquisite autoregulatory program coordinating both axonal extension and steering during neuronal pathfinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namsuk Kim
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research InstituteDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Yan Li
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research InstituteDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Ri Yu
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research InstituteDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Shin Kwon
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research InstituteDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Anji Song
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research InstituteDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hee Jun
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research InstituteDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Jeong
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research InstituteDaeguRepublic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and TechnologyDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research InstituteDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ho Lim
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research InstituteDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Won-Jong Oh
- Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research InstituteDaeguRepublic of Korea
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2
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He J, Blazeski A, Nilanthi U, Menéndez J, Pirani SC, Levic DS, Bagnat M, Singh MK, Raya JG, García-Cardeña G, Torres-Vázquez J. Plxnd1-mediated mechanosensing of blood flow controls the caliber of the Dorsal Aorta via the transcription factor Klf2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.576555. [PMID: 38328196 PMCID: PMC10849625 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.576555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system generates and responds to mechanical forces. The heartbeat pumps blood through a network of vascular tubes, which adjust their caliber in response to the hemodynamic environment. However, how endothelial cells in the developing vascular system integrate inputs from circulatory forces into signaling pathways to define vessel caliber is poorly understood. Using vertebrate embryos and in vitro-assembled microvascular networks of human endothelial cells as models, flow and genetic manipulations, and custom software, we reveal that Plexin-D1, an endothelial Semaphorin receptor critical for angiogenic guidance, employs its mechanosensing activity to serve as a crucial positive regulator of the Dorsal Aorta's (DA) caliber. We also uncover that the flow-responsive transcription factor KLF2 acts as a paramount mechanosensitive effector of Plexin-D1 that enlarges endothelial cells to widen the vessel. These findings illuminate the molecular and cellular mechanisms orchestrating the interplay between cardiovascular development and hemodynamic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia He
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Blazeski
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Uthayanan Nilanthi
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857
| | - Javier Menéndez
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Samuel C. Pirani
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel S. Levic
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Manvendra K. Singh
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609
| | - José G Raya
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Guillermo García-Cardeña
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesús Torres-Vázquez
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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3
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Bhat GP, Maurizio A, Motta A, Podini P, Diprima S, Malpighi C, Brambilla I, Martins L, Badaloni A, Boselli D, Bianchi F, Pellegatta M, Genua M, Ostuni R, Del Carro U, Taveggia C, de Pretis S, Quattrini A, Bonanomi D. Structured wound angiogenesis instructs mesenchymal barrier compartments in the regenerating nerve. Neuron 2024; 112:209-229.e11. [PMID: 37972594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Organ injury stimulates the formation of new capillaries to restore blood supply raising questions about the potential contribution of neoangiogenic vessel architecture to the healing process. Using single-cell mapping, we resolved the properties of endothelial cells that organize a polarized scaffold at the repair site of lesioned peripheral nerves. Transient reactivation of an embryonic guidance program is required to orient neovessels across the wound. Manipulation of this structured angiogenic response through genetic and pharmacological targeting of Plexin-D1/VEGF pathways within an early window of repair has long-term impact on configuration of the nerve stroma. Neovessels direct nerve-resident mesenchymal cells to mold a provisionary fibrotic scar by assembling an orderly system of stable barrier compartments that channel regenerating nerve fibers and shield them from the persistently leaky vasculature. Thus, guided and balanced repair angiogenesis enables the construction of a "bridge" microenvironment conducive for axon regrowth and homeostasis of the regenerated tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Parameshwar Bhat
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Maurizio
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Motta
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Podini
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Santo Diprima
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Malpighi
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Brambilla
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luis Martins
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Aurora Badaloni
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Boselli
- FRACTAL-Flow cytometry Resource Advanced Cytometry Technical Applications Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Pellegatta
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Genua
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Ostuni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Del Carro
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Taveggia
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano de Pretis
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Bonanomi
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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4
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Bao J, Betzler AC, Hess J, Brunner C. Exploring the dual role of B cells in solid tumors: implications for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233085. [PMID: 37868967 PMCID: PMC10586314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the tumor milieu of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), distinct B cell subpopulations are present, which exert either pro- or anti-tumor activities. Multiple factors, including hypoxia, cytokines, interactions with tumor cells, and other immune infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), alter the equilibrium between the dual roles of B cells leading to cancerogenesis. Certain B cell subsets in the tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibit immunosuppressive function. These cells are known as regulatory B (Breg) cells. Breg cells suppress immune responses by secreting a series of immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-10, IL-35, TGF-β, granzyme B, and adenosine or dampen effector TILs by intercellular contacts. Multiple Breg phenotypes have been discovered in human and mouse cancer models. However, when compartmentalized within a tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS), B cells predominantly play anti-tumor effects. A mature TLS contains a CD20+ B cell zone with several important types of B cells, including germinal-center like B cells, antibody-secreting plasma cells, and memory B cells. They kill tumor cells via antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, and local complement activation effects. TLSs are also privileged sites for local T and B cell coordination and activation. Nonetheless, in some cases, TLSs may serve as a niche for hidden tumor cells and indicate a bad prognosis. Thus, TIL-B cells exhibit bidirectional immune-modulatory activity and are responsive to a variety of immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the functional distinctions between immunosuppressive Breg cells and immunogenic effector B cells that mature within TLSs with the focus on tumors of HNSCC patients. Additionally, we review contemporary immunotherapies that aim to target TIL-B cells. For the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to complement T-cell-based immunotherapy, a full understanding of either effector B cells or Breg cells is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Bao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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5
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Wälchli T, Bisschop J, Carmeliet P, Zadeh G, Monnier PP, De Bock K, Radovanovic I. Shaping the brain vasculature in development and disease in the single-cell era. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:271-298. [PMID: 36941369 PMCID: PMC10026800 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The CNS critically relies on the formation and proper function of its vasculature during development, adult homeostasis and disease. Angiogenesis - the formation of new blood vessels - is highly active during brain development, enters almost complete quiescence in the healthy adult brain and is reactivated in vascular-dependent brain pathologies such as brain vascular malformations and brain tumours. Despite major advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving angiogenesis in peripheral tissues, developmental signalling pathways orchestrating angiogenic processes in the healthy and the diseased CNS remain incompletely understood. Molecular signalling pathways of the 'neurovascular link' defining common mechanisms of nerve and vessel wiring have emerged as crucial regulators of peripheral vascular growth, but their relevance for angiogenesis in brain development and disease remains largely unexplored. Here we review the current knowledge of general and CNS-specific mechanisms of angiogenesis during brain development and in brain vascular malformations and brain tumours, including how key molecular signalling pathways are reactivated in vascular-dependent diseases. We also discuss how these topics can be studied in the single-cell multi-omics era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wälchli
- Group of CNS Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Neuroscience Center Zurich, and Division of Neurosurgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Group of Brain Vasculature and Perivascular Niche, Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Jeroen Bisschop
- Group of CNS Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Neuroscience Center Zurich, and Division of Neurosurgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Group of Brain Vasculature and Perivascular Niche, Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB & Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe P Monnier
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Donald K. Johnson Research Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Discovery Tower, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Radovanovic
- Group of Brain Vasculature and Perivascular Niche, Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Brain Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Glass GE, Mohammedali S, Sivakumar B, Stotland MA, Abdulkader F, Prosser DO, Love DR. Poland-Möbius syndrome: a case report implicating a novel mutation of the PLXND1 gene and literature review. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:745. [PMID: 36581828 PMCID: PMC9801559 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Möbius (Moebius) and Poland's syndromes are two rare congenital syndromes characterized by non-progressive bilateral (and often asymmetric) dysfunction of the 6th and 7th cranial nerves and hypoplasia of the pectoral muscles associated with chest wall and upper limb anomalies respectively. Manifest simultaneously as Poland-Möbius (Poland-Moebius) syndrome, debate continues as to whether this is a distinct nosological entity or represents phenotypic variation as part of a spectrum of disorders of rhomboencephalic development. Etiological hypotheses implicate both genetic and environmental factors. The PLXND1 gene codes for a protein expressed in the fetal central nervous system and vascular endothelium and is thus involved in embryonic neurogenesis and vasculogenesis. It is located at chromosome region 3q21-q22, a locus of interest for Möbius syndrome. CASE PRESENTATION We present the first report of a patient with Poland-Möbius syndrome and a mutation in the PLXND1 gene. A child with Poland-Möbius syndrome and a maternally inherited missense variant (NM_015103.2:ex14:c.2890G > Ap.V964M) in the PLXND1 gene is described. In order to contextualize these findings, the literature was examined to identify other confirmed cases of Poland-Möbius syndrome for which genetic data were available. Fourteen additional cases of Poland-Möbius syndrome with genetic studies are described in the literature. None implicated the PLXND1 gene which has previously been implicated in isolated Möbius syndrome. CONCLUSIONS This report provides further evidence in support of a role for PLXND1 mutations in Möbius syndrome and reasserts the nosological link between Möbius and Poland's syndromes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, Descriptive Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme E. Glass
- grid.467063.00000 0004 0397 4222Department of Surgery, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XWeill Cornell Medical College, Doha, USA ,grid.416973.e0000 0004 0582 4340Weill-Cornell Medical College, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar ,grid.418818.c0000 0001 0516 2170Qatar Foundation, Education City North Campus, Room C1-120, 1st Floor OPC, Al Luqta Street, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shiyas Mohammedali
- grid.467063.00000 0004 0397 4222Department of Surgery, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bran Sivakumar
- grid.467063.00000 0004 0397 4222Department of Surgery, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar ,grid.424537.30000 0004 5902 9895Department of Plastic Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mitchell A. Stotland
- grid.467063.00000 0004 0397 4222Department of Surgery, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XWeill Cornell Medical College, Doha, USA ,grid.416973.e0000 0004 0582 4340Weill-Cornell Medical College, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Faisal Abdulkader
- grid.467063.00000 0004 0397 4222Department of Surgery, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XWeill Cornell Medical College, Doha, USA ,grid.416973.e0000 0004 0582 4340Weill-Cornell Medical College, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Debra O. Prosser
- grid.467063.00000 0004 0397 4222Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Donald R. Love
- grid.467063.00000 0004 0397 4222Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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7
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Alnefaie GO. A Missense Mutation in LMX1A in a Patient With Moebius Syndrome: A Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e30127. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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8
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Uto K, Ueda K, Okano T, Akashi K, Takahashi S, Nakamachi Y, Imanishi T, Awano H, Morinobu A, Kawano S, Saegusa J. Identification of Plexin D1 on circulating extracellular vesicles as a potential biomarker of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:1669-1679. [PMID: 34297034 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify disease-specific surface proteins on extracellular vesicles (EVs) as novel serum biomarkers of polymyositis and dermatomyositis (PM/DM). METHODS We performed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on purified EVs from sera of 10 PM/DM, 23 patients with other autoimmune diseases and 10 healthy controls (HC). We identified membrane proteins preferentially present in EVs of PM/DM patients by bioinformatics and biostatistical analyses. We developed EV sandwich ELISA for directly detecting serum EVs expressing disease-specific membrane proteins and evaluated their clinical utility using sera of 54 PM/DM, 24 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 20 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 13 systemic sclerosis, 25 Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) patients, and 36 HC. RESULTS LC/MS analysis identified 1,220 proteins in serum EVs. Of these, Plexin D1 was enriched in those from PM/DM patients relative to HC or patients without PM/DM. Using a specific EV sandwich ELISA, we found that levels of Plexin D1-positive EVs (Plexin D1+ EVs) in serum were significantly greater in PM/DM patients than in HC, RA or SLE, or DMD/BMD patients. Serum levels of Plexin D1+ EVs were greater in those PM/DM patients with muscle pain or weakness. Serum levels of Plexin D1+ EVs were significantly correlated with levels of aldolase (rs=0.481), white blood cells (rs=0.381), neutrophils (rs=0.450), and platelets (rs=0.408) in PM/DM patients. Finally, serum levels of Plexin D1+ EVs decreased significantly in patients with PM/DM in clinical remission after treatment. CONCLUSION We have identified levels of circulating Plexin D1+ EVs as a novel serum biomarker for PM/DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Uto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Project for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaichi Okano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kengo Akashi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Nakamachi
- Administration Department, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Imanishi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Awano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akio Morinobu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Seiji Kawano
- Integrated Clinical Education Center, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jun Saegusa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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9
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Ruffin AT, Cillo AR, Tabib T, Liu A, Onkar S, Kunning SR, Lampenfeld C, Atiya HI, Abecassis I, Kürten CHL, Qi Z, Soose R, Duvvuri U, Kim S, Oesterrich S, Lafyatis R, Coffman LG, Ferris RL, Vignali DAA, Bruno TC. B cell signatures and tertiary lymphoid structures contribute to outcome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3349. [PMID: 34099645 PMCID: PMC8184766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current immunotherapy paradigms aim to reinvigorate CD8+ T cells, but the contribution of humoral immunity to antitumor immunity remains understudied. Here, we demonstrate that in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) caused by human papillomavirus infection (HPV+), patients have transcriptional signatures of germinal center (GC) tumor infiltrating B cells (TIL-Bs) and spatial organization of immune cells consistent with tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) with GCs, both of which correlate with favorable outcome. GC TIL-Bs in HPV+ HNSCC are characterized by distinct waves of gene expression consistent with dark zone, light zone and a transitional state of GC B cells. Semaphorin 4a expression is enhanced on GC TIL-Bs present in TLS of HPV+ HNSCC and during the differentiation of TIL-Bs. Our study suggests that therapeutics to enhance TIL-B responses in HNSCC should be prioritized in future studies to determine if they can complement current T cell mediated immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana T Ruffin
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthony R Cillo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tracy Tabib
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sayali Onkar
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sheryl R Kunning
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caleb Lampenfeld
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Huda I Atiya
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Irina Abecassis
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Zengbiao Qi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ryan Soose
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Umamaheswar Duvvuri
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seungwon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterrich
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Women's Cancer Research Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lan G Coffman
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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10
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Yu R, Kim NS, Li Y, Jeong JY, Park SJ, Zhou B, Oh WJ. Vascular Sema3E-Plexin-D1 Signaling Reactivation Promotes Post-stroke Recovery through VEGF Downregulation in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:142-159. [PMID: 33978913 PMCID: PMC8766426 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-stroke vascular remodeling, including angiogenesis, facilitates functional recovery. Proper vascular repair is important for efficient post-stroke recovery; however, the underlying mechanisms coordinating the diverse signaling pathways involved in vascular remodeling remain largely unknown. Recently, axon guidance molecules were revealed as key players in injured vessel remodeling. One such molecule, Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), and its receptor, Plexin-D1, control vascular development by regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. In this study, using a mouse model of transient brain infarction, we aimed to investigate whether Sema3E-Plexin-D1 signaling was involved in cerebrovascular remodeling after ischemic injury. We found that ischemic damage rapidly induced Sema3e expression in the neurons of peri-infarct regions, followed by Plexin-D1 upregulation in remodeling vessels. Interestingly, Plexin-D1 reemergence was concurrent with brain vessels entering an active angiogenic process. In line with this, Plxnd1 ablation worsened neurological deficits, infarct volume, neuronal survival rate, and blood flow recovery. Furthermore, reduced and abnormal vascular morphogenesis was caused by aberrantly increased VEGF signaling. In Plxnd1 knockout mice, we observed significant extravasation of intravenously administered tracers in the brain parenchyma, junctional protein downregulation, and mislocalization in regenerating vessels. This suggested that the absence of Sema3E-Plexin-D1 signaling is associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment. Finally, the abnormal behavioral performance, aberrant vascular phenotype, and BBB breakdown defects in Plxnd1 knockout mice were restored following the inhibition of VEGF signaling during vascular remodeling. These findings demonstrate that Sema3E-Plexin-D1 signaling can promote functional recovery by downregulating VEGF signaling in the injured adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Yu
- Neurovascular Biology Laboratory, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Suk Kim
- Neurovascular Biology Laboratory, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Li
- Neurovascular Biology Laboratory, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Jeong
- Neurovascular Biology Laboratory, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Won-Jong Oh
- Neurovascular Biology Laboratory, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Zhang YF, Zhang Y, Jia DD, Yang HY, Cheng MD, Zhu WX, Xin H, Li PF, Zhang YF. Insights into the regulatory role of Plexin D1 signalling in cardiovascular development and diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4183-4194. [PMID: 33837646 PMCID: PMC8093976 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plexin D1 (PLXND1), which was previously thought to mediate semaphorin signalling, belongs to the Plexin family of transmembrane proteins. PLXND1 cooperates mostly with the coreceptor neuropilin and participates in many aspects of axonal guidance. PLXND1 can also act as both a tumour promoter and a tumour suppressor. Emerging evidence suggests that mutations in PLXND1 or Semaphorin 3E, the canonical ligand of PLXND1, can lead to serious cardiovascular diseases, such as congenital heart defects, CHARGE syndrome and systemic sclerosis. Upon ligand binding, PLXND1 can act as a GTPase‐activating protein (GAP) and modulate integrin‐mediated cell adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics and cell migration. These effects may play regulatory roles in the development of the cardiovascular system and disease. The cardiovascular effects of PLXND1 signalling have gradually been elucidated. PLXND1 was recently shown to detect physical forces and translate them into intracellular biochemical signals in the context of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the role of PLXND1 in cardiovascular development and diseases is gaining research interest because of its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target. In this review, we describe the cardiac effects, vascular effects and possible molecular mechanisms of PLXND1 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dong-Dong Jia
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong-Yu Yang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng-Die Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Xin
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin-Feng Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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12
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Naito H, Iba T, Takakura N. Mechanisms of new blood-vessel formation and proliferative heterogeneity of endothelial cells. Int Immunol 2020; 32:295-305. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The vast blood-vessel network of the circulatory system is crucial for maintaining bodily homeostasis, delivering essential molecules and blood cells, and removing waste products. Blood-vessel dysfunction and dysregulation of new blood-vessel formation are related to the onset and progression of many diseases including cancer, ischemic disease, inflammation and immune disorders. Endothelial cells (ECs) are fundamental components of blood vessels and their proliferation is essential for new vessel formation, making them good therapeutic targets for regulating the latter. New blood-vessel formation occurs by vasculogenesis and angiogenesis during development. Induction of ECs termed tip, stalk and phalanx cells by interactions between vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and its receptors (VEGFR1–3) and between Notch and Delta-like Notch ligands (DLLs) is crucial for regulation of angiogenesis. Although the importance of angiogenesis is unequivocal in the adult, vasculogenesis effected by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may also contribute to post-natal vessel formation. However, the definition of these cells is ambiguous and they include several distinct cell types under the simple classification of ‘EPC’. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that ECs within the intima show clonal expansion in some situations and that they may harbor vascular-resident endothelial stem cells. In this article, we summarize recent knowledge on vascular development and new blood-vessel formation in the adult. We also introduce concepts of EC heterogeneity and EC clonal expansion, referring to our own recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisamichi Naito
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iba
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Sandireddy R, Cibi DM, Gupta P, Singh A, Tee N, Uemura A, Epstein JA, Singh MK. Semaphorin 3E/PlexinD1 signaling is required for cardiac ventricular compaction. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125908. [PMID: 31434798 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is one of the most common forms of genetic cardiomyopathy characterized by excessive trabeculation and impaired myocardial compaction during fetal development. Patients with LVNC are at higher risk of developing left/right ventricular failure or both. Although the key regulators for cardiac chamber development are well studied, the role of semaphorin (Sema)/plexin signaling in this process remains poorly understood. In this article, we demonstrate that genetic deletion of Plxnd1, a class-3 Sema receptor in endothelial cells, leads to severe cardiac chamber defects. They were characterized by excessive trabeculation and noncompaction similar to patients with LVNC. Loss of Plxnd1 results in decreased expression of extracellular matrix proteolytic genes, leading to excessive deposition of cardiac jelly. We demonstrate that Plxnd1 deficiency is associated with an increase in Notch1 expression and its downstream target genes. In addition, inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway partially rescues the excessive trabeculation and noncompaction phenotype present in Plxnd1 mutants. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), one of PlexinD1's known ligands, is expressed in the developing heart and is required for myocardial compaction. Collectively, our study uncovers what we believe to be a previously undescribed role of the Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling pathway in myocardial trabeculation and the compaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reddemma Sandireddy
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dasan Mary Cibi
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anamika Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Tee
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Department of Retinal Vascular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manvendra K Singh
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Refueling the Ischemic CNS: Guidance Molecules for Vascular Repair. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:644-656. [PMID: 31285047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stroke patients have only limited therapeutic options and often remain with considerable disabilities. To promote neurological recovery, angiogenesis in the ischemic peri-infarct region has been recognized as an encouraging therapeutic target. Despite advances in mechanistic understanding of vascular growth and repair, effective and safe angiogenic treatments are currently missing. Besides the most intensively studied angiogenic growth factors, recent research has indicated that the process of vascular sprouting and migration also requires the participation of guidance molecules, many of which were initially identified as regulators of axonal growth. Here, we review the inhibitory and growth-promoting effects of guidance molecules on the vascular system and discuss their potential as novel angiogenic targets for neurovascular diseases.
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15
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Vivekanadhan S, Mukhopadhyay D. Divergent roles of Plexin D1 in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:103-110. [PMID: 31152824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plexin D1 belongs to a family of transmembrane proteins called plexins. It was characterized as a receptor for semaphorins and is known to be essential for axonal guidance and vascular patterning. Mutations in Plexin D1 have been implicated in pathologic conditions such as truncus arteriosus and Möbius syndrome. Emerging data show that expression of Plexin D1 is deregulated in several cancers; it can support tumor development by aiding in tumor metastasis and EMT; and conversely, it can act as a dependence receptor and stimulate cell death in the absence of its canonical ligand, semaphorin 3E. The role of Plexin D1 in tumor development and progression is thereby garnering research interest for its potential as a biomarker and as a therapeutic target. In this review, we describe its discovery, structure, mutations, role(s) in cancer, and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Vivekanadhan
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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16
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Carretero-Ortega J, Chhangawala Z, Hunt S, Narvaez C, Menéndez-González J, Gay CM, Zygmunt T, Li X, Torres-Vázquez J. GIPC proteins negatively modulate Plexind1 signaling during vascular development. eLife 2019; 8:e30454. [PMID: 31050647 PMCID: PMC6499541 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins (SEMAs) and their Plexin (PLXN) receptors are central regulators of metazoan cellular communication. SEMA-PLXND1 signaling plays important roles in cardiovascular, nervous, and immune system development, and cancer biology. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that modulate SEMA-PLXND1 signaling. As PLXND1 associates with GIPC family endocytic adaptors, we evaluated the requirement for the molecular determinants of their association and PLXND1's vascular role. Zebrafish that endogenously express a Plxnd1 receptor with a predicted impairment in GIPC binding exhibit low penetrance angiogenesis deficits and antiangiogenic drug hypersensitivity. Moreover, gipc mutant fish show angiogenic impairments that are ameliorated by reducing Plxnd1 signaling. Finally, GIPC depletion potentiates SEMA-PLXND1 signaling in cultured endothelial cells. These findings expand the vascular roles of GIPCs beyond those of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-dependent, proangiogenic GIPC1-Neuropilin 1 complex, recasting GIPCs as negative modulators of antiangiogenic PLXND1 signaling and suggest that PLXND1 trafficking shapes vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carretero-Ortega
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Zinal Chhangawala
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Shane Hunt
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Carlos Narvaez
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Javier Menéndez-González
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Carl M Gay
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tomasz Zygmunt
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Population HealthNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jesús Torres-Vázquez
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular MedicineNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
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17
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De Stefani E, Nicolini Y, Belluardo M, Ferrari PF. Congenital facial palsy and emotion processing: The case of Moebius syndrome. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 18:e12548. [PMID: 30604920 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
According to the Darwinian perspective, facial expressions of emotions evolved to quickly communicate emotional states and would serve adaptive functions that promote social interactions. Embodied cognition theories suggest that we understand others' emotions by reproducing the perceived expression in our own facial musculature (facial mimicry) and the mere observation of a facial expression can evoke the corresponding emotion in the perceivers. Consequently, the inability to form facial expressions would affect the experience of emotional understanding. In this review, we aimed at providing account on the link between the lack of emotion production and the mechanisms of emotion processing. We address this issue by taking into account Moebius syndrome, a rare neurological disorder that primarily affects the muscles controlling facial expressions. Individuals with Moebius syndrome are born with facial paralysis and inability to form facial expressions. This makes them the ideal population to study whether facial mimicry is necessary for emotion understanding. Here, we discuss behavioral ambiguous/mixed results on emotion recognition deficits in Moebius syndrome suggesting the need to investigate further aspects of emotional processing such as the physiological responses associated with the emotional experience during developmental age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Stefani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ylenia Nicolini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mauro Belluardo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pier Francesco Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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18
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Nakayama H, Kusumoto C, Nakahara M, Fujiwara A, Higashiyama S. Semaphorin 3F and Netrin-1: The Novel Function as a Regulator of Tumor Microenvironment. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1662. [PMID: 30532711 PMCID: PMC6265511 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon guidance molecules play an important role in regulating proper neuronal networking during neuronal development. They also have non-neuronal properties, which include angiogenesis, inflammation, and tumor development. Semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F), a member of the class 3 semaphorins, was initially identified as an axon guidance factor, that repels axons and collapses growth cones. However, SEMA3F has similar effects on endothelial cells (ECs) and tumor cells. In this review, we discuss the novel molecular mechanisms underlying SEMA3F activity in vascular and tumor biology. Recent evidence suggests that SEMA3F functions as a PI3K-Akt-mTOR inhibitor in mammalian cells, including T cells, ECs, and tumor cells. Therefore, SEMA3F may have broad therapeutic implications. We also discuss the key role of axon guidance molecules as regulators of the tumor microenvironment. Netrin-1, a chemoattractant factor in the neuronal system, promotes tumor progression by enhancing angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, our recent studies demonstrate that netrin-1/neogenin interactions augment CD4+ T cell chemokinesis and elicit pro-inflammatory responses, suggesting that netrin-1 plays a key role in modulating the function of a tumor and its surrounding cells in the tumor microenvironment. Overall, this review focuses on SEMA3F and netrin-1 signaling mechanisms to understand the diverse biological functions of axon guidance molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironao Nakayama
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Hiroshima International University, Higashihiroshima, Japan.,Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kusumoto
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Hiroshima International University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Masako Nakahara
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Hiroshima International University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Fujiwara
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Hiroshima International University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
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19
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Beamish IV, Hinck L, Kennedy TE. Making Connections: Guidance Cues and Receptors at Nonneural Cell-Cell Junctions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029165. [PMID: 28847900 PMCID: PMC6211390 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of axon guidance was revolutionized over the past three decades by the identification of highly conserved families of guidance cues and receptors. These proteins are essential for normal neural development and function, directing cell and axon migration, neuron-glial interactions, and synapse formation and plasticity. Many of these genes are also expressed outside the nervous system in which they influence cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. Because the nervous system develops from neural epithelium, it is perhaps not surprising that these guidance cues have significant nonneural roles in governing the specialized junctional connections between cells in polarized epithelia. The following review addresses roles for ephrins, semaphorins, netrins, slits and their receptors in regulating adherens, tight, and gap junctions in nonneural epithelia and endothelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian V Beamish
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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20
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Zhang H, Vreeken D, Bruikman CS, van Zonneveld AJ, van Gils JM. Understanding netrins and semaphorins in mature endothelial cell biology. Pharmacol Res 2018; 137:1-10. [PMID: 30240825 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Netrins and semaphorins are known as neuronal guidance molecules that are important to the facilitate patterning of the nervous system in embryonic development. In recent years, their function has been broadened to guide development in other systems, including the vascular system, where netrins and semaphorins critically contribute to the development of the vascular system. Evidence is accumulating that these guidance cues are also of critical importance in the biology of the mature endothelium by regulating the maintenance of endothelial quiescence. Here we review our current insights into the roles of netrins and semaphorins in endothelial cell survival, self-renewing, barrier function, response to wall shear stress, and control of the vascular tone. We also provide suggestions for future research into the functions of netrins and semaphorins in mature endothelial cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dianne Vreeken
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline S Bruikman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anton Jan van Zonneveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Janine M van Gils
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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21
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Fujii T, Yamasaki R, Iinuma K, Tsuchimoto D, Hayashi Y, Saitoh BY, Matsushita T, Kido MA, Aishima S, Nakanishi H, Nakabeppu Y, Kira JI. A Novel Autoantibody against Plexin D1 in Patients with Neuropathic Pain. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:208-224. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Fujii
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka
| | - Kyoko Iinuma
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka
| | - Daisuke Tsuchimoto
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation; Kyushu University; Fukuoka
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka
| | - Ban-yu Saitoh
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka
| | - Takuya Matsushita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka
| | - Mizuho A. Kido
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; Saga University; Saga
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine; Saga University; Saga
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Yasuda Women's University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation; Kyushu University; Fukuoka
| | - Jun-ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka
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22
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Rademacher S, Verheijen BM, Hensel N, Peters M, Bora G, Brandes G, Vieira de Sá R, Heidrich N, Fischer S, Brinkmann H, van der Pol WL, Wirth B, Pasterkamp RJ, Claus P. Metalloprotease-mediated cleavage of PlexinD1 and its sequestration to actin rods in the motoneuron disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3946-3959. [PMID: 29016853 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal rearrangement during axon growth is mediated by guidance receptors and their ligands which act either as repellent, attractant or both. Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton is disturbed in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), a devastating neurodegenerative disease affecting mainly motoneurons, but receptor-ligand interactions leading to the dysregulation causing SMA are poorly understood. In this study, we analysed the role of the guidance receptor PlexinD1 in SMA pathogenesis. We showed that PlexinD1 is cleaved by metalloproteases in SMA and that this cleavage switches its function from an attractant to repellent. Moreover, we found that the PlexinD1 cleavage product binds to actin rods, pathological aggregate-like structures which had so far been described for age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Our data suggest a novel disease mechanism for SMA involving formation of actin rods as a molecular sink for a cleaved PlexinD1 fragment leading to dysregulation of receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rademacher
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Bert M Verheijen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience & MIND Facility, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Peters
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, and Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gamze Bora
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gudrun Brandes
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Renata Vieira de Sá
- Department of Translational Neuroscience & MIND Facility, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Natascha Heidrich
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Fischer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hella Brinkmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - W Ludo van der Pol
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, and Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience & MIND Facility, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Semaphorins are extracellular signaling proteins that are essential for the development and maintenance of many organs and tissues. The more than 20-member semaphorin protein family includes secreted, transmembrane and cell surface-attached proteins with diverse structures, each characterized by a single cysteine-rich extracellular sema domain, the defining feature of the family. Early studies revealed that semaphorins function as axon guidance molecules, but it is now understood that semaphorins are key regulators of morphology and motility in many different cell types including those that make up the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems, as well as in cancer cells. Semaphorin signaling occurs predominantly through Plexin receptors and results in changes to the cytoskeletal and adhesive machinery that regulate cellular morphology. While much remains to be learned about the mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins, exciting work has begun to reveal how semaphorin signaling is fine-tuned through different receptor complexes and other mechanisms to achieve specific outcomes in various cellular contexts and physiological systems. These and future studies will lead to a more complete understanding of semaphorin-mediated development and to a greater understanding of how these proteins function in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Taylor Alto
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are uniquely required to balance the formation of new blood vessels with the maintenance and remodelling of existing ones, during development and in adult tissues. Recent advances have greatly expanded our understanding of the tight and multi-level regulation of VEGFR2 signalling, which is the primary focus of this Review. Important insights have been gained into the regulatory roles of VEGFR-interacting proteins (such as neuropilins, proteoglycans, integrins and protein tyrosine phosphatases); the dynamics of VEGFR2 endocytosis, trafficking and signalling; and the crosstalk between VEGF-induced signalling and other endothelial signalling cascades. A clear understanding of this multifaceted signalling web is key to successful therapeutic suppression or stimulation of vascular growth.
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25
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Vogel M, Velleuer E, Schmidt-Jiménez LF, Mayatepek E, Borkhardt A, Alawi M, Kutsche K, Kortüm F. Homozygous HOXB1 loss-of-function mutation in a large family with hereditary congenital facial paresis. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:1813-9. [PMID: 27144914 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary congenital facial paresis (HCFP) belongs to the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. HCFP is characterized by the isolated dysfunction of the seventh cranial nerve and can be associated with hearing loss, strabismus, and orofacial anomalies. Möbius syndrome shares facial palsy with HCFP, but is additionally characterized by limited abduction of the eye(s). Genetic heterogeneity has been documented for HCFP as one locus mapped to chromosome 3q21-q22 (HCFP1) and a second to 10q21.3-q22.1 (HCFP2). The only known causative gene for HCFP is HOXB1 (17q21; HCFP3), encoding a homeodomain-containing transcription factor of the HOX gene family, which are master regulators of early developmental processes. The previously reported HOXB1 mutations change arginine 207 to another residue in the homeodomain and alter binding capacity of HOXB1 for transcriptional co-regulators and DNA. We performed whole exome sequencing in HCFP-affected individuals of a large consanguineous Moroccan family. The homozygous nonsense variant c.66C>G/p.(Tyr22*) in HOXB1 was identified in the four patients with HCFP and ear malformations, while healthy family members carried the mutation in the heterozygous state. This is the first disease-associated HOXB1 mutation with a likely loss-of-function effect suggesting that all HOXB1 variants reported so far also have severe impact on activity of this transcriptional regulator. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Vogel
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eunike Velleuer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leon F Schmidt-Jiménez
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Bioinformatics Service Facility, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fanny Kortüm
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Tomas-Roca L, Tsaalbi-Shtylik A, Jansen JG, Singh MK, Epstein JA, Altunoglu U, Verzijl H, Soria L, van Beusekom E, Roscioli T, Iqbal Z, Gilissen C, Hoischen A, de Brouwer APM, Erasmus C, Schubert D, Brunner H, Pérez Aytés A, Marin F, Aroca P, Kayserili H, Carta A, de Wind N, Padberg GW, van Bokhoven H. De novo mutations in PLXND1 and REV3L cause Möbius syndrome. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7199. [PMID: 26068067 PMCID: PMC4648025 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Möbius syndrome (MBS) is a neurological disorder that is characterized by paralysis of the facial nerves and variable other congenital anomalies. The aetiology of this syndrome has been enigmatic since the initial descriptions by von Graefe in 1880 and by Möbius in 1888, and it has been debated for decades whether MBS has a genetic or a non-genetic aetiology. Here, we report de novo mutations affecting two genes, PLXND1 and REV3L in MBS patients. PLXND1 and REV3L represent totally unrelated pathways involved in hindbrain development: neural migration and DNA translesion synthesis, essential for the replication of endogenously damaged DNA, respectively. Interestingly, analysis of Plxnd1 and Rev3l mutant mice shows that disruption of these separate pathways converge at the facial branchiomotor nucleus, affecting either motoneuron migration or proliferation. The finding that PLXND1 and REV3L mutations are responsible for a proportion of MBS patients suggests that de novo mutations in other genes might account for other MBS patients. lt has been debated for decades if there is a genetic aetiology underlying Möbius syndrome, a neurological disorder characterized by facial paralysis. Here Tomas-Roca et al. use exome sequencing and identify de novo mutations in PLXND1 and REV3L, representing converging pathways in hindbrain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tomas-Roca
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo (Murcia), Spain
| | - Anastasia Tsaalbi-Shtylik
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob G Jansen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manvendra K Singh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 9-105 SCTR, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 9-105 SCTR, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet Caddesi, Capa, Fatih 34093, Turkey
| | - Harriette Verzijl
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Soria
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Beusekom
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Tony Roscioli
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.,The Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P M de Brouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Corrie Erasmus
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Han Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, Maastricht 6200AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Pérez Aytés
- Dysmorphology and Reproductive Genetics Unit, Moebius Syndrome Foundation of Spain, University Hospital LA FE, Valencia 46540, Spain
| | - Faustino Marin
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo (Murcia), Spain
| | - Pilar Aroca
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo (Murcia), Spain
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Millet Caddesi, Capa, Fatih 34093, Turkey
| | - Arturo Carta
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T.), University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Niels de Wind
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - George W Padberg
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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27
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Tata A, Stoppel DC, Hong S, Ben-Zvi A, Xie T, Gu C. An image-based RNAi screen identifies SH3BP1 as a key effector of Semaphorin 3E-PlexinD1 signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:573-90. [PMID: 24841563 PMCID: PMC4033773 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201309004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signals have to be precisely interpreted intracellularly and translated into diverse cellular behaviors often mediated by cytoskeletal changes. Semaphorins are one of the largest families of guidance cues and play a critical role in many systems. However, how different cell types translate extracellular semaphorin binding into intracellular signaling remains unclear. Here we developed and performed a novel image-based genome-wide functional RNAi screen for downstream signaling molecules that convert the interaction between Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) and PlexinD1 into cellular behaviors. One of the genes identified in this screen is a RhoGAP protein, SH3-domain binding protein 1 (SH3BP1). We demonstrate that SH3BP1 mediates Sema3E-induced cell collapse through interaction with PlexinD1 and regulation of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) activity. The identification and characterization of SH3BP1 as a novel downstream effector of Sema3E-PlexinD1 provides an explanation for how extracellular signals are translated into cytoskeletal changes and unique cell behavior, but also lays the foundation for characterizing other genes identified from our screen to obtain a more complete picture of plexin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Tata
- Department of Neurobiology and Image and Data Analysis Core (IDAC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David C Stoppel
- Department of Neurobiology and Image and Data Analysis Core (IDAC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shangyu Hong
- Department of Neurobiology and Image and Data Analysis Core (IDAC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ayal Ben-Zvi
- Department of Neurobiology and Image and Data Analysis Core (IDAC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tiao Xie
- Department of Neurobiology and Image and Data Analysis Core (IDAC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Chenghua Gu
- Department of Neurobiology and Image and Data Analysis Core (IDAC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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28
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Abstract
Mammalian plexins constitute a family of transmembrane receptors for semaphorins and represent critical regulators of various processes during development of the nervous, cardiovascular, skeletal, and renal system. In vitro studies have shown that plexins exert their effects via an intracellular R-Ras/M-Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain or by activation of RhoA through interaction with Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor proteins. However, which of these signaling pathways are relevant for plexin functions in vivo is largely unknown. Using an allelic series of transgenic mice, we show that the GAP domain of plexins constitutes their key signaling module during development. Mice in which endogenous Plexin-B2 or Plexin-D1 is replaced by transgenic versions harboring mutations in the GAP domain recapitulate the phenotypes of the respective null mutants in the developing nervous, vascular, and skeletal system. We further provide genetic evidence that, unexpectedly, the GAP domain-mediated developmental functions of plexins are not brought about via R-Ras and M-Ras inactivation. In contrast to the GAP domain mutants, Plexin-B2 transgenic mice defective in Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor binding are viable and fertile but exhibit abnormal development of the liver vasculature. Our genetic analyses uncover the in vivo context-dependence and functional specificity of individual plexin-mediated signaling pathways during development.
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29
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Oh WJ, Gu C. Establishment of neurovascular congruency in the mouse whisker system by an independent patterning mechanism. Neuron 2014; 80:458-69. [PMID: 24139045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nerves and vessels often run parallel to one another, a phenomenon that reflects their functional interdependency. Previous studies have suggested that neurovascular congruency in planar tissues such as skin is established through a "one-patterns-the-other" model, in which either the nervous system or the vascular system precedes developmentally and then instructs the other system to form using its established architecture as a template. Here, we find that, in tissues with complex three-dimensional structures such as the mouse whisker system, neurovascular congruency does not follow the previous model but rather is established via a mechanism in which nerves and vessels are patterned independently. Given the diversity of neurovascular structures in different tissues, guidance signals emanating from a central organizer in the specific target tissue may act as an important mechanism to establish neurovascular congruency patterns that facilitate unique target tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jong Oh
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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30
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Cagnoni G, Tamagnone L. Semaphorin receptors meet receptor tyrosine kinases on the way of tumor progression. Oncogene 2013; 33:4795-802. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Ta-Shma A, Pierri CL, Stepensky P, Shaag A, Zenvirt S, Elpeleg O, Rein AJ. Isolated truncus arteriosus associated with a mutation in the plexin-D1 gene. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:3115-20. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Ta-Shma
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari Aldo Moro; Bari Italy
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research; Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Avraham Shaag
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research; Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Shamir Zenvirt
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research; Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research; Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Azaria J.J.T. Rein
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology; Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
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32
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The role and mechanism-of-action of Sema3E and Plexin-D1 in vascular and neural development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 24:156-62. [PMID: 23270617 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Class 3 secreted semaphorins (Sema3A-3G) participate in many aspects of axon guidance through holoreceptor complexes that include Neuropilin-1 (Npn-1) or Neuropilin-2 and one of the four class A plexin proteins. However, unlike other Sema3 family proteins, Sema3E directly binds to Plexin-D1 without neuropilins. Its biological function was first explored in intersomitic vessel formation and since its initial discovery, Sema3E-Plexin-D1 signaling has been found to participate in the many biological systems in addition to vascular development, via seemingly different mode of actions. For example, temporal and spatial control of ligand vs. receptor results in two different mechanisms governing vascular patterning. Interactions with other transmembrane proteins such as neuropilin and VEGFR2 result in different axonal behaviors. Ligand receptor localization on pre- vs. post-synaptic neurons is used to control different types of synapse formation. Perhaps different downstream effectors will also result in different functional outcomes. Given the limited number of ligands and receptors in the genome and their multifunctional nature, we expect that more modes of action will be discovered in the future. In this review, we highlight current advances on the mechanisms of how Sema3E-Plexin-D1 interaction shapes the networks of multiple biological systems, in particular the vascular and nervous systems.
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33
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Shalaby MA, Hampson L, Oliver A, Hampson I. Plexin D1: new potential biomarker for cervical cancer. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2012; 33:223-33. [PMID: 22738647 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2011.634472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To explore possible role of Plexin D1 in cancer angiogenesis with special focus on cervical cancer. Twelve various normal tissues, 12 various tumor samples, and 59 different stages of cervical cancer samples on tissue microarrays were examined for the expression of Plexin D1. The findings of our study clearly indicate that Plexin D1 is strongly associated with cellular differentiation in the tissues investigated, and that expression is strongly dependent on the tumor histotype. In some tumor subtypes, the protein was detected at several-fold higher levels than was found in the corresponding normal tissues, while in others, expression was similar to normal tissues. Most significantly, strong expression was detected in the endothelial cells of the cervical cancer samples, yet no expression was seen in endothelial cells of normal cervical tissues, which suggests a potential role of Plexin D1 in cervical cancer-associated angiogenesis.Regarding the implications of Plexin D1 and its associations with cancer angiogenesis, it might be a potential cervical cancer biomarker if further studies confirm the present preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Aly Shalaby
- Biochemistry Department, King Saud University Girls Department, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia-Riyadh.
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34
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Hota PK, Buck M. Plexin structures are coming: opportunities for multilevel investigations of semaphorin guidance receptors, their cell signaling mechanisms, and functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3765-805. [PMID: 22744749 PMCID: PMC11115013 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plexin transmembrane receptors and their semaphorin ligands, as well as their co-receptors (Neuropilin, Integrin, VEGFR2, ErbB2, and Met kinase) are emerging as key regulatory proteins in a wide variety of developmental, regenerative, but also pathological processes. The diverse arenas of plexin function are surveyed, including roles in the nervous, cardiovascular, bone and skeletal, and immune systems. Such different settings require considerable specificity among the plexin and semaphorin family members which in turn are accompanied by a variety of cell signaling networks. Underlying the latter are the mechanistic details of the interactions and catalytic events at the molecular level. Very recently, dramatic progress has been made in solving the structures of plexins and of their complexes with associated proteins. This molecular level information is now suggesting detailed mechanisms for the function of both the extracellular as well as the intracellular plexin regions. Specifically, several groups have solved structures for extracellular domains for plexin-A2, -B1, and -C1, many in complex with semaphorin ligands. On the intracellular side, the role of small Rho GTPases has been of particular interest. These directly associate with plexin and stimulate a GTPase activating (GAP) function in the plexin catalytic domain to downregulate Ras GTPases. Structures for the Rho GTPase binding domains have been presented for several plexins, some with Rnd1 bound. The entire intracellular domain structure of plexin-A1, -A3, and -B1 have also been solved alone and in complex with Rac1. However, key aspects of the interplay between GTPases and plexins remain far from clear. The structural information is helping the plexin field to focus on key questions at the protein structural, cellular, as well as organism level that collaboratoria of investigations are likely to answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K. Hota
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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35
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Holl EK, Roney KE, Allen IC, Steinbach E, Arthur JC, Buntzman A, Plevy S, Frelinger J, Ting JPY. Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 in dendritic cells: expression and IL-12/IL-23p40 production. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43333. [PMID: 22916243 PMCID: PMC3419716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plexins are a family of genes (A,B,C, and D) that are expressed in many organ systems. Plexins expressed in the immune system have been implicated in cell movement and cell-cell interaction during the course of an immune response. In this study, the expression pattern of Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 in dendritic cells (DCs), which are central in immune activation, was investigated. Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 are reciprocally expressed in myeloid and plasmacytoid DC populations. Plasmacytoid DCs have high Plexin-B2 but low Plexin-D1, while the opposite is true of myeloid DCs. Expression of Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 is modulated upon activation of DCs by TLR ligands, TNFα, and anti-CD40, again in a reciprocal fashion. Semaphorin3E, a ligand for Plexin-D1 and Plexin-B2, is expressed by T cells, and interestingly, is dramatically higher on Th2 cells and on DCs. The expression of Plexins and their ligands on DCs and T cells suggest functional relevance. To explore this, we utilized chimeric mice lacking Plxnb2 or Plxnd1. Absence of Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 on DCs did not affect the ability of these cells to upregulate costimulatory molecules or the ability of these cells to activate antigen specific T cells. Additionally, Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 were dispensable for chemokine-directed in-vitro migration of DCs towards key DC chemokines, CXCL12 and CCL19. However, the absence of either Plexin-B2 or Plexin-D1 on DCs leads to constitutive expression of IL-12/IL-23p40. This is the first report to show an association between Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 with the negative regulation of IL-12/IL-23p40 in DCs. This work also shows the presence of Plexin-B2 and Plexin-D1 on mouse DC subpopulations, and indicates that these two proteins play a role in IL-12/IL-23p40 production that is likely to impact the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda K. Holl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kelly E. Roney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erin Steinbach
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Janelle C. Arthur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Adam Buntzman
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Scott Plevy
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Frelinger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jenny P.-Y. Ting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature, is essential for many physiological processes, and aberrant angiogenesis contributes to some of the most prevalent human diseases, including cancer. Angiogenesis is controlled by delicate balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic signals. While pro-angiogenic signaling has been extensively investigated, how developmentally regulated, naturally occurring anti-angiogenic molecules prevent the excessive growth of vascular and lymphatic vessels is still poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on how semaphorins and their receptors, plexins and neuropilins, control normal and pathological angiogenesis, with an emphasis on semaphorin-regulated anti-angiogenic signaling circuitries in vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells. This emerging body of information may afford the opportunity to develop novel anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies.
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37
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Perälä N, Sariola H, Immonen T. More than nervous: the emerging roles of plexins. Differentiation 2011; 83:77-91. [PMID: 22099179 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plexins are the receptors for semaphorins, a large family of axon guidance cues. Accordingly, the role of plexins in the development of the nervous system was the first to be acknowledged. However, the expression of plexins is not restricted to neuronal cells, and recent research has been increasingly focused on the roles of plexin-semaphorin signalling outside of the nervous system. During embryogenesis, plexins regulate the development of many organs, including the cardiovascular system, skeleton and kidney. They have also been shown to be involved in immune system functions and tumour progression. Analyses of the plexin signalling in different tissues and cell types have provided new insight to the versatility of plexin interactions with semaphorins and other cell-surface receptors. In this review we try to summarise the current understanding of the roles of plexins in non-neural development and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Perälä
- Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
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38
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39
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Abstract
Semaphorins belong to a family of membrane-bound and secreted molecules that regulate the functional activity of axons in the nervous system. Sema4A and Sema4D were the first semaphorins also found to be expressed in immune cells and were, therefore, termed "immune semaphorins". It is known that Sema4A has three functional receptors, namely Plexin D1, Plexin B1, and Tim-2, whereas Sema4D binds to Plexin B1 and CD72. Recent studies suggest that immune semaphorins play critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes and such. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the biology of neuroimmune semaphorins and their corresponding receptors, their distribution in organs and tissues, function in the immune response, and critical regulatory roles in various diseases.
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40
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Tomás‐Roca L, Pérez‐Aytés A, Puelles L, Marín F. In silico identification of new candidate genes for hereditary congenital facial paresis. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:451-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tomás‐Roca
- Department of Human Anatomy and PsychobiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U736MurciaSpain
| | - Antonio Pérez‐Aytés
- Dismorfología y Genética Reproductiva, Grupo de Investigación en PerinatologíaInstituto de Investigación SanitariaFundación Hospital La FeValenciaSpain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and PsychobiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U736MurciaSpain
| | - Faustino Marín
- Department of Human Anatomy and PsychobiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U736MurciaSpain
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Tam SJ, Watts RJ. Connecting vascular and nervous system development: angiogenesis and the blood-brain barrier. Annu Rev Neurosci 2011; 33:379-408. [PMID: 20367445 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-152829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The vascular and nervous systems share a common necessity of circuit formation to coordinate nutrient and information transfer, respectively. Shared developmental principles have evolved to orchestrate the formation of both the vascular and the nervous systems. This evolution is highlighted by the identification of specific guidance cues that direct both systems to their target tissues. In addition to sharing cellular and molecular signaling events during development, the vascular and nervous systems also form an intricate interface within the central nervous system called the neurovascular unit. Understanding how the neurovascular unit develops and functions, and more specifically how the blood-brain barrier within this unit is established, is of utmost importance. We explore the history, recent discoveries, and unanswered questions surrounding the relationship between the vascular and nervous systems with a focus on developmental signaling cues that guide network formation and establish the interface between these two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Tam
- Neurodegeneration Labs, Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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42
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Gay CM, Zygmunt T, Torres-Vázquez J. Diverse functions for the semaphorin receptor PlexinD1 in development and disease. Dev Biol 2011; 349:1-19. [PMID: 20880496 PMCID: PMC2993764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plexins are a family of single-pass transmembrane proteins that serve as cell surface receptors for Semaphorins during the embryonic development of animals. Semaphorin-Plexin signaling is critical for many cellular aspects of organogenesis, including cell migration, proliferation and survival. Until recently, little was known about the function of PlexinD1, the sole member of the vertebrate-specific PlexinD (PlxnD1) subfamily. Here we review novel findings about PlxnD1's roles in the development of the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems and salivary gland branching morphogenesis and discuss new insights concerning the molecular mechanisms of PlxnD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Gay
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, 4th floor, lab 14, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Melani M, Weinstein BM. Common factors regulating patterning of the nervous and vascular systems. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2010; 26:639-65. [PMID: 19575651 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.093008.093324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The vascular and the nervous systems of vertebrates share many features with similar and often overlapping anatomy. The parallels between these two systems extend to the molecular level, where recent work has identified ever-increasing similarities between the molecular mechanisms employed in the specification, differentiation, and patterning of both systems. This review discusses some of the most recent literature on this subject, with particular emphasis on the roles that the Ephrin, Semaphorin, Netrin, and Slit signaling pathways play in vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Melani
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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44
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Adams RH, Eichmann A. Axon guidance molecules in vascular patterning. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a001875. [PMID: 20452960 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a001875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form extensive, highly branched and hierarchically organized tubular networks in vertebrates to ensure the proper distribution of molecular and cellular cargo in the vertebrate body. The growth of this vascular system during development, tissue repair or in disease conditions involves the sprouting, migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in a process termed angiogenesis. Surprisingly, specialized ECs, so-called tip cells, which lead and guide endothelial sprouts, share many feature with another guidance structure, the axonal growth cone. Tip cells are motile, invasive and extend numerous filopodial protrusions sensing growth factors, extracellular matrix and other attractive or repulsive cues in their tissue environment. Axonal growth cones and endothelial tip cells also respond to signals belonging to the same molecular families, such as Slits and Roundabouts, Netrins and UNC5 receptors, Semaphorins, Plexins and Neuropilins, and Eph receptors and ephrin ligands. Here we summarize fundamental principles of angiogenic growth, the selection and function of tip cells and the underlying regulation by guidance cues, the Notch pathway and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf H Adams
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, Germany
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45
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Sipos PI, Crocker IP, Hubel CA, Baker PN. Endothelial progenitor cells: their potential in the placental vasculature and related complications. Placenta 2009; 31:1-10. [PMID: 19917514 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have received significant attention in recent times. A role for EPCs has been suggested in a range of pathologies and some recent studies of EPCs in pregnancy have been published. This review provides a guide to the confusing field of EPCs. Attention is paid to their phenotyping, as although elementary this remains a highly debated topic. The current understanding of different subtypes and physiological role of EPCs in the placenta, fetus and adult are also considered. An overview is given as to role of EPC's in the pathophysiology of different disease states and the possible therapeutic and diagnostic applications expected from EPC-related research in obstetrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Sipos
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Group, The University of Manchester, Research Floor, St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.
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46
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Roodink I, Verrijp K, Raats J, Leenders WPJ. Plexin D1 is ubiquitously expressed on tumor vessels and tumor cells in solid malignancies. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:297. [PMID: 19703316 PMCID: PMC2739226 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plexin D1 is expressed on both tumor-associated endothelium and malignant cells in a number of clinical brain tumors. Recently we demonstrated that Plexin D1 expression is correlated with tumor invasion level and metastasis in a human melanoma progression series. The objective of this study was to examine whether Plexin D1 might be clinically useful as a pan-tumor vessel and pan-tumor cell target in solid tumors. METHODS We examined Plexin D1 expression in clinical solid tumors (n = 77) of different origin, a selection of pre-malignant lesions (n = 29) and a variety of non-tumor related tissues (n = 52) by immunohistochemistry. Signals were verified in a selection of tissues via mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS Plexin D1 is abundantly expressed on both activated established tumor vasculature and malignant cells in the majority of primary and metastatic clinical tumors, as well as on macrophages and fibroblasts. Importantly, in non-tumor related tissues Plexin D1 expression is restricted to a subset of, presumably activated, fibroblasts and macrophages. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that Plexin D1 is in general ubiquitously expressed in tumor but not normal vasculature, as well as in malignant cells in a wide range of human tissues. This expression profile highlights Plexin D1 as a potentially valuable therapeutic target in clinical solid tumors, enabling simultaneous targeting of different tumor compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Roodink
- Dept. of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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47
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Uesugi K, Oinuma I, Katoh H, Negishi M. Different requirement for Rnd GTPases of R-Ras GAP activity of Plexin-C1 and Plexin-D1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:6743-51. [PMID: 19136556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805213200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plexins, comprising Plexin-A, -B, -C, and -D subfamilies, are receptors for semaphorins governing cell adhesion, migration, and axon guidance. Among plexin subfamilies, Plexin-A1 and Plexin-B1 have been shown to function as an R-Ras GAP, inducing repulsive responses, and the expression of R-Ras GAP activity requires the binding of Rnd1, a member of Rnd subfamily of Rho GTPases. However, signaling pathways of Plexin-D1 and Plexin-C1 still remain obscure. Here, we found that Plexin-D1 displayed R-Ras GAP activity and inhibited migration of COS-7 cells, and these actions required Rnd2, another Rnd subfamily GTPase. Rnd2 bound to Plexin-D1 in cortical neurons, and Sema3E/Plexin-D1-induced inhibition of axon outgrowth of cortical neurons required Rnd2 and down-regulation of R-Ras activity. On the other hand, Plexin-C1 displayed R-Ras GAP activity and inhibited cell migration of COS-7 cells without Rnd proteins. Therefore, R-Ras GAP activity is a common function of plexin subfamilies but the regulation of R-Ras GAP activity of plexins by Rnd proteins is different among plexin subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Uesugi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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48
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Roodink I, Kats G, van Kempen L, Grunberg M, Maass C, Verrijp K, Raats J, Leenders W. Semaphorin 3E expression correlates inversely with Plexin D1 during tumor progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1873-81. [PMID: 18974298 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plexin D1 (PLXND1) is broadly expressed on tumor vessels and tumor cells in a number of different human tumor types. Little is known, however, about the potential functional contribution of PLXND1 expression to tumor development. Expression of semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), one of the ligands for PLXND1, has previously been correlated with invasive behavior and metastasis, suggesting that the PLXND1-Sema3E interaction may play a role in tumor progression. Here we investigated PLXND1 and Sema3E expression during tumor progression in cases of melanoma. PLXND1 was not expressed by melanocytic cells in either naevi or melanomas in situ, whereas expression increased with invasion level, according to Clark's criteria. Furthermore, 89% of the metastatic melanomas examined showed membranous PLXND1-staining of tumor cells. Surprisingly, expression of Sema3E was inversely correlated with tumor progression, with no detectable staining in melanoma metastasis. To functionally assess the effects of Sema3E expression on tumor development, we overexpressed Sema3E in a xenograft model of metastatic melanoma. Sema3E expression dramatically decreased metastatic potential. These results show that PLXND1 expression during tumor development is strongly correlated with both invasive behavior and metastasis, but exclude Sema3E as an activating ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Roodink
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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49
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Zhang Y, Singh MK, Degenhardt KR, Lu MM, Bennett J, Yoshida Y, Epstein JA. Tie2Cre-mediated inactivation of plexinD1 results in congenital heart, vascular and skeletal defects. Dev Biol 2008; 325:82-93. [PMID: 18992737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PlexinD1 is a membrane-bound receptor that mediates signals derived from class 3 secreted semaphorins. Although semaphorin signaling in axon guidance in the nervous system has been extensively studied, functions outside the nervous system including important roles in vascular patterning have also been demonstrated. Inactivation of plexinD1 leads to neo-natal lethality, structural defects of the cardiac outflow tract, peripheral vascular abnormalities, and axial skeletal morphogenesis defects. PlexinD1 is expressed by vascular endothelial cells, but additional domains of expression have also been demonstrated including in lymphocytes, osteoblasts, neural crest and the central nervous system. Hence, the cell-type specific functions of plexinD1 have remained unclear. Here, we describe the results of tissue-specific gene inactivation of plexinD1 in Tie2 expressing precursors, which recapitulates the null phenotype with respect to congenital heart, vascular, and skeletal abnormalities resulting in neonatal lethality. Interestingly, these mutants also have myocardial defects not previously reported. In addition, we demonstrate functions for plexinD1 in post-natal retinal vasculogenesis and adult angiogenesis through the use of inducible cre-mediated deletion. These results demonstrate an important role for PlexinD1 in embryonic and adult vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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50
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Chauvet S, Cohen S, Yoshida Y, Fekrane L, Livet J, Gayet O, Segu L, Buhot MC, Jessell TM, Henderson CE, Mann F. Gating of Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling by neuropilin-1 switches axonal repulsion to attraction during brain development. Neuron 2008; 56:807-22. [PMID: 18054858 PMCID: PMC2700040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of functional neural circuits requires the guidance of axons in response to the actions of secreted and cell-surface molecules such as the semaphorins. Semaphorin 3E and its receptor PlexinD1 are expressed in the brain, but their functions are unknown. Here, we show that Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling plays an important role in initial development of descending axon tracts in the forebrain. Early errors in axonal projections are reflected in behavioral deficits in Sema3E null mutant mice. Two distinct signaling mechanisms can be distinguished downstream of Sema3E. On corticofugal and striatonigral neurons expressing PlexinD1 but not Neuropilin-1, Sema3E acts as a repellent. In contrast, on subiculo-mammillary neurons coexpressing PlexinD1 and Neuropilin-1, Sema3E acts as an attractant. The extracellular domain of Neuropilin-1 is sufficient to convert repulsive signaling by PlexinD1 to attraction. Our data therefore reveal a "gating" function of neuropilins in semaphorin-plexin signaling during the assembly of forebrain neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Chauvet
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, University of Mediterranee, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Samia Cohen
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, University of Mediterranee, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lylia Fekrane
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, University of Mediterranee, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Jean Livet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Odile Gayet
- INSERM U624, Case 915, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Louis Segu
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR 5106, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Marie-Christine Buhot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR 5106, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Thomas M. Jessell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher E. Henderson
- Departments of Pathology, Neurology and Neuroscience, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fanny Mann
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, University of Mediterranee, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
- Corresponding Author:
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