1
|
Lowenthal J, Johnson M, Tyack S, Hilton L, Bean A. Oral delivery of novel therapeutics: development of a fowl adenovirus vector expressing chicken IL-2 and MGF. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.W. Lowenthal
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - M.A. Johnson
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - S.G. Tyack
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - L.S. Hilton
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Australia
| | - A.G.D. Bean
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong 3220, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rubbenstroth D, Rautenschlein S. Compromised T-cell immunity in turkeys may lead to an unpredictable avian metapneumovirus vaccine response and variable protection against challenge. Avian Pathol 2010; 39:349-57. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2010.507240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
3
|
Rubbenstroth D, Dalgaard TS, Kothlow S, Juul-Madsen HR, Rautenschlein S. Effects of cyclosporin A induced T-lymphocyte depletion on the course of avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) infection in turkeys. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:518-529. [PMID: 20043941 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) causes an economically important acute respiratory disease in turkeys (turkey rhinotracheitis, TRT). While antibodies were shown to be insufficient for protection against aMPV-infection, the role of T-lymphocytes in the control of aMPV-infection is not clear. In this study we investigated the role of T-lymphocytes in aMPV-pathogenesis in a T-cell-suppression model in turkeys. T-cell-intact turkeys and turkeys partly depleted of functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes by Cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment were inoculated with the virulent aMPV subtype A strain BUT 8544. CsA-treatment resulted in a significant reduction of absolute numbers of circulating CD4(+) and CD8alpha(+) T-lymphocytes by up to 82 and 65%, respectively (P<0.05). Proportions of proliferating T-cells within mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were reduced by similar levels in CsA-treated birds compared to untreated controls (P<0.05). CsA-treated turkeys showed delayed recovery from aMPV-induced clinical signs and histopathological lesions and a prolonged detection of aMPV in choanal swabs. The results of this study show that T-lymphocytes play an important role in the control of primary aMPV-infection in turkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bumstead JM, Howes K, Payne LN. Effect of cyclosporin a on normal, mitogen-stimulated and Marek's disease virus-exposed and transformed chicken lymphoid cells. Avian Pathol 2008; 14:99-113. [PMID: 18766902 DOI: 10.1080/03079458508436211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies have been made with the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) to examine its value in the establishment of lymphoid tumour cell lines from Marek's disease (MD) lymphomas and from lymphoid cell cultures exposed to MD virus in vitro. CsA was shown to depress the proliferative response of normal spleen cells to phytohaemagglutinin, Concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen, and to a lesser extent to lipopolysaccharide. Short-term proliferative responses of lymphoma cells were either not affected, depressed or stimulated by CsA. The efficiency of establishment of lymphoid cell lines from long-term cultures of lymphoma cells was not increased by CsA, and the drug had a depressive effect on the proliferation of cell lines in the lympho-cytoid stage. The majority of lymphoblastoid cell lines studied were stimulated by CsA. Interleukin 2 partially overcame the suppressive effect of CsA on the cell lines, and enhanced the stimulatory effects. Cultures of lymphoid cells exposed to MD virus in vitro were usually depressed by CsA; a few stimulatory combinations were observed, but these were not considered to be of biological significance. These results indicate that CsA suppresses normal T-cell responses in the chicken, but that some MD-associated lymphoid cells are stimulated by the drug, in some instances at least by a direct effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Bumstead
- Houghton Poultry Research Station, Houghton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schat K, Calnek B, Weinstock D. Cultivation and characterisation of avian lymphocytes with natural killer cell activity. Avian Pathol 2008; 15:539-56. [DOI: 10.1080/03079458608436314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
6
|
Weiler H, Von Bülow V. Detection of different macrophage‐activating factor and interferon activities in supernatants of chicken lymphocyte cultures1. Avian Pathol 2008; 16:439-52. [DOI: 10.1080/03079458708436394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
7
|
Hilton LS, Bean AGD, Kimpton WG, Lowenthal JW. Interleukin-2 directly induces activation and proliferation of chicken T cells in vivo. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22:755-63. [PMID: 12184913 DOI: 10.1089/107999002320271341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines, as immune activators, have been investigated in mammalian systems as natural adjuvants and therapeutics. In particular, interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been studied widely as a vaccine adjuvant and immuno-enhancer because of its role in activating T cell proliferation. We show here that the first nonmammalian IL-2 gene cloned, chicken IL-2 (ChIL-2), exhibits similar biologic activities to those of mammalian IL-2. To assess the activities of ChIL-2 in vivo, we injected birds with recombinant ChIL-2 (rChIL-2) protein. rChIL-2 treatment induced peripheral blood lymphocytes to express cell surface IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) within 48 h and resulted in an increase in the proportion of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation as a measurement of cell proliferation, we showed the increase in T cell populations to be due to cell proliferation. The ability of ChIL-2 to cause both activation and proliferation of T cells in vivo indicates that it has the potential to be used as an immune activator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise S Hilton
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hilton LS, Bean AGD, Lowenthal JW. The emerging role of avian cytokines as immunotherapeutics and vaccine adjuvants. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 85:119-28. [PMID: 11943313 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of antibiotic feed additives and chemical antimicrobials in food production animals is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it helps to prevent the outbreak of disease and promotes the growth of animals, but on the other hand, concerns are mounting over the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. As a consequence, some countries have already banned the use of in-feed antibiotics which has resulted in meat producers urgently seeking environmentally friendly alternative methods to control disease. Cytokines are proteins that control the type and extent of an immune response following infection or vaccination. They therefore represent excellent naturally occurring therapeutics. The use of cytokines in poultry has become more feasible with the discovery of a number of avian cytokine genes. Since the immune system of chickens is similar to that of mammals, they offer an attractive model system to study the effectiveness of cytokine therapy in the control of disease in livestock. This review will focus on the recent advances made in avian cytokines, with a particular focus on their assessment as therapeutic agents and vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise S Hilton
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratories, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
SC and TK inbred chicken strains display differential protective immunity to coccidiosis, SC being more resistant and TK susceptible to disease. In this study, the association between interleukin (IL)-2 and disease phenotype was assessed by cytokine quantification in serum, duodenum, cecum, and spleen cell cultures of SC and TK chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella. In general, after primary infection, SC and TK strains produced equivalent amounts of IL-2 in all sources examined. However, after secondary infection, SC animals displayed significantly greater IL-2 levels in serum and the duodenum compared with strain TK. IL-2 production after reinfection with Eimeria may be an important factor contributing to the genetic differences in coccidiosis between SC and TK chickens and provides a rational foundation for cytokine-based immunotherapeutic approaches to disease control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxing Li
- Parasite Biology, Epidemiology, and Systematics Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Staeheli P, Puehler F, Schneider K, Göbel TW, Kaspers B. Cytokines of birds: conserved functions--a largely different look. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:993-1010. [PMID: 11798457 DOI: 10.1089/107999001317205123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted disruptions of the mouse genes for cytokines, cytokine receptors, or components of cytokine signaling cascades convincingly revealed the important roles of these molecules in immunologic processes. Cytokines are used at present as drugs to fight chronic microbial infections and cancer in humans, and they are being evaluated as immune response modifiers to improve vaccines. Until recently, only a few avian cytokines have been characterized, and potential applications thus have remained limited to mammals. Classic approaches to identify cytokine genes in birds proved difficult because sequence conservation is generally low. As new technology and high throughput sequencing became available, this situation changed quickly. We review here recent work that led to the identification of genes for the avian homologs of interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) and IFN-gamma, various interleukins (IL), and several chemokines. From the initial data on the biochemical properties of these molecules, a picture is emerging that shows that avian and mammalian cytokines may perform similar tasks, although their primary structures in most cases are remarkably different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Staeheli
- Abteilung Virologie, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Siatskas C, Boyd R. Regulation of chicken haemopoiesis by cytokines. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 24:37-59. [PMID: 10689097 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(99)00051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The continuous production, control and functional activation of blood cells involves a complex series of cellular events in which a small population of stem cells generates large numbers of mature cells. The survival, proliferation and development of these cells is strictly dependent on extracellular signals, among these are polypeptide regulators generally known as cytokines. While a large number of mammalian cytokines with proliferative and inhibitory effects have been described in detail, it is surprising that comparatively little is known of the avian system. Given the success of human cytokines as a model, the ability to manipulate the chicken haemopoietic and lymphopoietic systems by precise application of purified cytokines provides a rational approach to defence against disease. As a general caveat, an increased awareness of the existence of regulatory networks and the likelihood that these regulators were designed to function most effectively when acting in combination, will provide an understanding into the regulation of haemopoiesis and hence find application in both clinical and agricultural research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Siatskas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash University Medical School, Commercial Road, Prahran, 3181, Melbourne, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stepaniak JA, Shuster JE, Hu W, Sundick RS. Production and in vitro characterization of recombinant chicken interleukin-2. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:515-26. [PMID: 10386864 DOI: 10.1089/107999099313965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a well-characterized cytokine that plays key roles in T cell differentiation and activation, B cell development, and natural killer (NK) cell stimulation. Chicken IL-2, which is the first nonmammalian IL-2 cloned, differs substantially from mammalian IL-2 molecules. We undertook to study the functions of chicken IL-2 by producing recombinant molecules in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems, determining the in vitro properties of these molecules, and examining the kinetics of endogenous IL-2 production in vitro. Recombinant chicken IL-2 (rChIL-2) produced in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems induced proliferation of chicken splenocytes in vitro, demonstrating that glycosylation is not required for this activity. Polyclonal antibodies generated against prokaryotically produced rChIL-2 inhibited proliferation of splenocytes induced by eukaryotically and prokaryotically produced rChIL-2, as well as endogenously produced cIL-2 obtained from ConA-stimulated splenocytes. Human IL-2 or IL-15-induced CTLL proliferation was not blocked by rChIL-2 or polyclonal anti-rChIL-2 antibodies, indicating that chicken IL-2 cannot act as an antagonist of the mammalian IL-2 response. Endogenous chicken IL-2 appears to occur in vitro as a monomer of about 14.2 kDa and is secreted within 4 h after ConA stimulation. The production of rChIL-2 provides us with a useful tool for studying avian immunology as well as a potential vaccine-enhancing agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Stepaniak
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thiagarajan D, Ram GC, Bansal MP. Optimum conditions for in vitro chicken IL-2 production and its in vivo role in Newcastle disease vaccinated chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999; 67:79-91. [PMID: 9950356 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Optimum conditions for in vitro chicken interleukin-2 (IL-2) production were studied. IL-2 containing culture supernatants were generated by mitogen stimulation of splenic mononuclear cells (SMC) and the samples were tested on 72 h Concanavalin A (ConA) blasts for their proliferative ability. 3H-thymidine incorporation was used as a measurement of proliferation. Higher stimulation indices and thus maximal IL-2 production were obtained with the following culture conditions: 5 x 10(6) cells ml(-1) cultured for 24 h in the presence of 10 microg ml(-1) ConA in serum free Iscove's modified Dulbecco medium. The molecule responsible for IL-2 activity was found to have a molecular weight of 14000 as estimated by size exclusion chromatography. SMC obtained from chickens inoculated with Newcastle disease virus were used to study the immunomodulatory role of IL-2. The lymphocyte transformation test was used as an in vitro correlate of cell mediated immunity in these chickens. The mitogen responses of cells obtained from virus inoculated and control chickens were similar on the basis of stimulation indices. Antigen specific lymphocyte proliferation was demonstrated using SMC obtained from virus inoculated chickens. Uptake of exogenous IL-2 by 72 h ConA blasts was of similar magnitude in both virus inoculated and control chickens indicating that uptake of IL-2 by T lymphocytes was normal in Newcastle disease virus inoculated chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Thiagarajan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pfohl JL, Hester JB, Doelling VW, Girardi RS, Hutchins JE, Murray DL, Ricks CA, Poston RM. Development of a highly quantitative, reproducible assay for determination of chicken T cell growth factor biological activity. Poult Sci 1997; 76:1379-86. [PMID: 9316113 DOI: 10.1093/ps/76.10.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This report examines optimal culture conditions necessary for accurate and sensitive quantification of chicken T Cell Growth Factor (TCGF) activity. With this bioassay, TCGF is quantified by measuring its ability to cause proliferation of splenocytes prestimulated with mitogen. Proliferation is quantified by determining the optical density (OD) or "signal" of test samples in microtiter wells by measuring the incorporation of tetrazolium salt by live cells. To optimize assay conditions, systematic evaluation of the effects of cell culture variables was carried out with the constant aim of increasing signal to noise ratio in the assay. Higher signal to noise ratios were found when using Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) rather than Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium (RPMI) for basal tissue culture media containing the same supplements. The addition of lipid supplement to the assay system not only increased the proliferation signal, but also decreased the background OD. Incubation temperatures of 41 C rather than 37 C for both the mitogen prestimulation and proliferation phases of the assay also resulted in a higher signal to noise ratio. While incorporating the optimal experimental conditions, a finalized assay procedure employing test sample normalization with an internal assay standard was tested for accuracy. The assay can accurately detect 2 to 15 U/mL of TCGF activity. The within-assay variation ranged from 2 to 13% and the between-assay variation ranged from 11 to 22% depending upon the TCGF preparation being tested. The excellent reproducibility of this assay has facilitated investigations of TCGF production, processing, and purification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Pfohl
- Embrex, Inc., Department of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-3989, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bertram EM, Jilbert AR, Kotlarski I. An homologous in vitro assay to detect lymphokines released by PHA-activated duck peripheral blood lymphocytes and spleen cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1997; 56:163-74. [PMID: 9220589 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(96)05737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
When stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin duck lymphocytes released lymphokines which were detected by their ability to maintain the proliferation of duck lymphoblasts using an in vitro assay similar to that previously developed with the mammalian system to measure IL-2. The inability of duck lymphokines to maintain the proliferation of mammalian lymphoblasts (mouse) indicated that there was no functional homology between duck and mammalian lymphokines. However, duck lymphokines did maintain the proliferation of chicken lymphoblasts indicating functional homology of these growth factors between these two species. The duck lymphokine maintenance assay is a simple and reliable test, and should be useful as an in vitro assay for the detection of factors released by antigen-specific lymphocytes when cultured in the presence of viral antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Bertram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Adelaide, South Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sobotková E, Indrová M, Símová J, Bubeník J, Vonka V. Cross-reactivity of murine and hamster IL-2 mitogenic signal. Immunol Lett 1996; 50:115-7. [PMID: 8793568 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(96)02513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Sobotková
- Department of Experimental Virology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Volpini LM, Calnek BW, Sekellick MJ, Marcus PI. Stages of Marek's disease virus latency defined by variable sensitivity to interferon modulation of viral antigen expression. Vet Microbiol 1995; 47:99-109. [PMID: 8604560 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00056-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines in conditioned medium can suppress expression of viral internal antigens (VIA) in lymphocytes latently infected with Marek's disease virus. In the present study, conditioned media produced by spleen cells stimulated with concanavalin A or by mixed-lymphocyte reaction had significantly greater (P < 0.05) VIA-suppressive activity with lymphocytes harvested from birds at 14 days post infection than with those collected at 7 days. This finding defines two stages during the latent period in which sensitivity of lymphocytes to cytokine modulation of viral expression differs. Suppression involved proteins representing immediate-early, early and late viral antigens. Physico-chemical characterization of the suppressive factor in conditioned medium was consistent with that expected of interferon. Indeed, natural interferon prepared from avian reovirus-exposed chicken embryo cells, and recombinant chicken interferon, both mimicked the activity of conditioned medium and were more suppressive with lymphocytes from the later stage of latency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Volpini
- Department of Avian and Aquatic Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nicolas-Bolnet C, Johnston PA, Kemper AE, Ricks C, Petitte JN. Synergistic action of two sources of avian growth factors on proliferative differentiation of chick embryonic hematopoietic cells. Poult Sci 1995; 74:1102-16. [PMID: 7479487 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0741102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, the components of the avian immune system undergo ontogeny in several distinct organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius. This process is regulated and controlled by the complex interactions of various cytokines and colony-stimulating factors (CSF). The objective was to examine the action of two different sources of hematopoietic growth factors, spleen-conditioned media (SCM) and chick embryo extract (CEE), on the proliferation of hematopoietic cells from various organs and on the differentiation of progenitor cells in semi-solid culture. Spleen and bone marrow cells obtained at Day 16 of incubation responded in a dose-dependent manner to the addition of SCM and CEE alone or in combination. No proliferative effect of SCM was observed on cells obtained from embryonic thymus or bursa. Clonal analysis of bone marrow and spleen cells suggested that CEE may contain the avian equivalents of stem cell factor, interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage CSF, granulocyte-CSF, and macrophage-CSF. Clonal analysis of SCM cultures suggested that in addition to myelomonocytic growth factor, which affects primarily macrophage-granulocyte lineages, a thrombocyte-CSF-like activity was also apparent. The SCM alone tended to act upon committed late progenitors. The combination of CEE and SCM amplified the size and the total number of colonies obtained and appeared to act synergistically upon progenitors with a high level of proliferative potential. This response on young progenitors was confirmed when cells were cultured in CEE and SCM prior to clonal analysis. These results document the presence of thrombocyte CSF in SCM and the effect of both CEE and SCM on the proliferative differentiation of avian embryonic hematopoietic progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Nicolas-Bolnet
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7608, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
McNeilly F, Adair BM, McNulty MS. In vitroinfection of mononuclear cells derived from various chicken lymphoid tissues by chicken anaemia virus. Avian Pathol 1994; 23:547-56. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459408419024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Arstila TP, Vainio O, Lassila O. Central role of CD4+ T cells in avian immune response. Poult Sci 1994; 73:1019-26. [PMID: 7937463 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0731019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken alpha beta T cells express either CD4 or CD8 accessory molecules, whereas most of the gamma delta T cells do not. The functional significance of the alpha beta T cells is relatively well understood. The CD4+ alpha beta T cells function as coordinators of the immune response, and CD8+ alpha beta T cells are the effector cells in cytotoxic responses, killing infected target cells. In comparison, the role of gamma delta T cells is so far poorly known. In chicken, the gamma delta T cells comprise a large lymphocyte subset. They can be induced to proliferate by various stimuli, but the proliferative response is dependent on CD4+ alpha beta T cells. The CD4+ T cells are also essential for the generation of antibody responses by providing help for the B cells and can influence cytotoxic responses as well. Thus, the CD4+ alpha beta T cells have a central role in the avian immune system, and their activation is a prerequisite for responses by other types of cells, including gamma delta T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T P Arstila
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Turku University, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chandratilleke D, Scanes CG, Marsh JA. Effect of triiodothyronine and in vitro growth hormone on avian interleukin-2. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1994; 18:353-362. [PMID: 7883064 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(94)90360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
One-day-old chickens were treated with varying levels of triiodothyronine (T3) added to the diet. At 28 days of age, the IL-2-like activity in the splenocyte culture supernatants were assessed. The lowest dose of T3 (0.1 ppm) enhanced IL-2-like activity while the highest dose (1.0 ppm) was significantly suppressive. The intermediate dose elicited varying effects. Recombinant chicken growth hormone (rcGH) was added to some cultures 24 h prior to IL-2 assay. In vitro rcGH significantly depressed the IL-2-like activity of splenocytes from animals given the low T3 diet. The addition of varying concentrations of T3 in vitro to splenocytes from non-T3-supplemented chickens had no effect on the IL-2-like activity. These results indicate that in vivo supplementation of low dietary T3 but not in vitro T3 is effective in enhancing avian IL-2-like activity. The addition of rcGH in vitro can modify this response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Chandratilleke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Leukocytic cytokines are produced by cells of the immune system and are prominent regulators of the immune response and in some cases various systemic responses. Leukocytic cytokines are released during immune responses and may act in autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manners. Although over a dozen avian leukocytic cytokines have been described based on functional activities, characterization at the molecular level is not well developed. Two exceptions are 1) myelomonocytic growth factor, a colony-stimulating factor-like cytokine required for the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, particularly myelomonocytic cells; and 2) the avian transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family of cytokines, which modulate wound healing, bone metabolism, and cellular differentiation. Cytokines with bioactivities similar to mammalian interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, and interferon-gamma have been at least partially purified. Cytokines with bioactivities similar to mammalian IL-8, colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha have been reported but are not well characterized at the molecular level. With a few exceptions, including TGF-beta and thymulin, highly purified leukocytic cytokines of mammalian origin have diminished or no specific activity in avian assay systems. The chicken IL-1 receptor has been cloned and the predicted amino acid sequence shares 60% homology with the human IL-1 receptor. A component of the chicken IL-2 receptor has been partially purified but little is known about other avian leukocytic cytokine receptors. Potential applications of leukocytic cytokines in poultry production originate from their regulation of a variety of functions such as disease resistance, would healing, bone accretion, nutrient partitioning, appetite, growth, and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Klasing
- Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Göbel TW, Chen CL, Shrimpf J, Grossi CE, Bernot A, Bucy RP, Auffray C, Cooper MD. Characterization of avian natural killer cells and their intracellular CD3 protein complex. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1685-91. [PMID: 8026528 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell activity appears to be conserved throughout vertebrate development but NK cells have only been well characterized in mammals. Candidate NK cells have been identified in the chicken as cytoplasmic CD3+ and surface T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3- (TCRO) lymphocytes that often express CD8. The fact that the TCRO cells are abundant in the embryonic spleen before T cells enter this organ allowed us to cultivate the embryonic TCRO cells using growth factors derived from activated adult lymphocytes. These TCRO cells were cytotoxic for an NK target cell line. They expressed cell surface CD8, a putative interleukin-2 receptor, CD45 and a receptor for IgG, but did not express CD4, major histocompatibility complex class II or immunoglobulin. Biochemical analysis of the cytoplasmic CD3 antigen revealed two of the three CD3 gamma, delta and epsilon homologues, and RNA transcripts for the third. The CD3 monoclonal antibody also precipitated a 32-kDa dimer that may represent a heterodimer of different CD3 constituents. TCR alpha and beta gene transcripts were not detected in the TCRO cells. These results indicate that the avian TCRO cell is the mammalian NK cell homologue. The shared evolutionary features of T cells and NK cells in birds and mammals support the idea that they derive from a common progenitor.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- Chickens/immunology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Microscopy, Electron
- Precipitin Tests
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/embryology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T W Göbel
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-3300
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Myers TJ, Lillehoj HS, Fetterer RH. Partial purification and characterization of chicken interleukin-2. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 34:97-114. [PMID: 1441231 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(92)90154-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chicken interleukin 2 (IL-2) activity was partially purified from conditioned medium produced by culturing chicken splenic lymphocytes in the presence of concanavalin A. The purification procedure included sequential steps of gel filtration chromatography, reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, and phenyl-sepharose chromatography. Two peaks of IL-2 activity with apparent mol. wt. ranges of 36-39 kD and 17.5-25 kD were eluted from the Sephadex G100 gel filtration column. An increase in IL-2 spec. act. from 14 U mg-1 to between 2000 and 20,000 U mg-1 was obtained for the Sephadex G100 column peaks when subjected to the subsequent steps of the purification procedure. Alkylative reduction of the higher mol. wt. Sephadex G100 column peak (followed by re-chromatography with Sephadex G100), resulted in generation of the lower (17.5 kD) mol. wt. peak, indicating that chicken IL-2 is capable of either dimerizing or forming aggregates with other proteins. Elution of the lower mol. wt. IL-2 activity from a non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel demonstrated an apparent mol. wt. for chicken IL-2 of 20 kD, which confirmed the range of 17.5-25 kD seen with gel filtration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Myers
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kaplan MH, Dhar A, Brown TR, Sundick RS. Marek's disease virus-transformed chicken T-cell lines respond to lymphokines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 34:63-79. [PMID: 1332253 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(92)90152-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current assays for chicken interleukin-2 (IL-2) utilize mitogen-activated lymphocytes. However, very high inter-assay variability and sporadic high background proliferation limit their usefulness. In view of the above, several Marek's disease virus (MDV)-transformed T-cell lines (which grow well in a serum-supplemented medium) were tested for a response to chicken IL-2 when grown in serum-free media. Five of six lines examined showed a dose-dependent proliferative response to chicken T-cell conditioned media. One line, MDCC-CU14, was chosen for further studies. In addition to the tumor cells' dose-dependent responses to semi-purified chicken IL-2, they expressed T-cell activation antigens on the cell surface. Furthermore, the level of surface expression was enhanced on cells provided IL-2. Co-incubation of the tumor cells with monoclonal antibody INN-CH-16 (specific for an antigen on the surface of activated T-cells) and IL-2 resulted in a modulation of lymphokine-induced proliferation. Together, these data suggest that signalling mechanisms in MDV T-cell tumors are intact and that these lines can be used as an assay for chicken T-cell lymphokines. Furthermore, they provide an interesting model for the study of avian and mammalian T-cell transformation. Implications for the study of Marek's disease are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Kaplan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Haddad EE, Mashaly MM. Augmentation of natural cell-mediated cytotoxic activity by supernatant from in vitro mitogen-stimulated, in vivo hormone-treated lymphocytes in immature male (K strain) chickens. Immunol Invest 1992; 21:365-75. [PMID: 1398785 DOI: 10.3109/08820139209069376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Newly hatched White Leghorn male chicks were used in this study. Triiodothyronine (T3; 0.1 or 1 ppm) and Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH; 1 or 5 ppm) were added to the feed for an 8-week period starting at hatch. A fifth group received the unsupplemented diet and served as controls. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from each treatment group were cultured in vitro with or without different mitogens (PHA, Con-A, or LPS), and the culture supernatants were tested for the presence of lymphokines (LK). The natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) assay was carried out with or without supernatant using the standard chromium (Cr51) release assay. Control untreated chicks were used as donors for effector cells and the P815 mouse mastocytoma was used as a target. Supernatant from in vivo 1 ppm T3- or 5 ppm TRH-treated lymphocytes significantly suppressed NCMC (or cells mediating NCMC, e.g., NK cells). However, supernatant from 1 ppm T3-treated, PHA-stimulated lymphocytes significantly enhanced NK cells cytotoxicity, while supernatant from 5 ppm TRH-treated lymphocytes with PHA stimulation tended to suppress cytotoxicity. These results provide evidence supporting a regulatory role of the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis on lymphokine (LK) production. The results also suggest that these hormones act on different subpopulation of lymphocytes, and therefore, the mediators released by them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Haddad
- Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Quere P. Suppression mediated in vitro by Marek's disease virus-transformed T-lymphoblastoid cell lines: effect on lymphoproliferation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 32:149-64. [PMID: 1318599 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(92)90076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cells (MDCC-MSB1, -PA9 and -RP1) added to chicken splenic lymphocytes after treatment with mitomycin, suppress the lymphoproliferative response to T-cell mitogens (concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin) by 40-70%. This suppressive activity was observed in syngeneic as well as in allogeneic combinations of cell lines and responder lymphocytes. The suppressive effect disappeared when the addition of MD-transformed cell lines to the responder cultures was delayed for 24 h. Treatment with glutaraldehyde, instead of mitomycin, greatly weakened the suppressive activity of the MD lymphoblastoid cells. A reduction of interleukin 2 (IL-2)-like activity produced by responder lymphocytes was observed after mixing with mitomycin-treated lymphoblastoid cells, but also, although slightly less, with the same glutaraldehyde-treated cells. Nevertheless no membrane fluorescence was observed, using INN-CH16 monoclonal antibody on MDV-induced lymphoblastoid cell lines to check up on the presence of IL-2 receptor-like structure. All the three lines exhibited a CD4+, CD8- phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Quere
- Unité de Virologie Aviaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, CR de Tours-Nouzilly, Monnaie, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lillehoj HS. Lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immune responses and methods to assess cell-mediated immunity. Poult Sci 1991; 70:1154-64. [PMID: 1852690 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0701154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing need for the development of vaccines against many poultry diseases, it is important to understand host immune mechanisms involved in protection against diseases. Because of increasing evidence suggesting a role of cell-mediated immunity in disease resistance against many poultry disease, investigation of immune systems involved in cell-mediated immunity is crucial for the development of immunological control strategies. Recent advances in hybridoma technology and cellular immunology have facilitated the understanding of the ontogeny, structure, and function of the avian immune system. Isolation and flow cytometric analysis of single lymphoid cells now enables researchers to dissect various components of the avian immune system and to investigate the role of subpopulations of lymphocytes in disease processes. In vitro assays are used to asses the host cellular response based upon antigen-specific lymphoproliferation, specific cellular effector function, and lymphokine secretion. These various assays can be used to quantify and qualify host immune responses and to better understand host immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H S Lillehoj
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Lymphocytes obtained from thymus and spleens of 1-6 week old White Leghorn cockerels, untreated or immunized twice with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), were cultured with common T-cell mitogens in serial dilutions and/or different concentrations of bovine prolactin (PRL). [3H]Thymidine incorporation in newly synthesized DNA was used as a measure of lymphocyte mitogenic stimulation. Lymphocytes were stimulated by mitogens, as well as by PRL alone, in a dose-dependent way. Cell cultures prepared from immunized and non-immunized donors differed in their response to mitogens or PRL. The present results demonstrate direct PRL action on avian lymphoid cells and resemble those found in the mammalian immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Skwarło-Sońta
- Department of Vertebrate Animal Physiology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bauer RM, Olsen RG. Parameters of production and partial characterization of feline interleukin 2. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1988; 19:173-83. [PMID: 3266982 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(88)90105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The conditions for the production of feline interleukin 2 (IL-2) from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and splenocytes by concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation are described. Feline IL-2 was quantitated by measuring DNA synthesis in the murine IL-2-dependent cell line, CTLL-20. In addition, feline IL-2 was generated for the maintenance of long-term cultures of Con A-stimulated feline PBL and for biochemical characterization. Finally, IL-2 production was evaluated from the PBL of feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-infected cats. Con A at 9.6 micrograms/ml produced a plateau of peak IL-2 activity from 24 to 48 h following stimulation. The tumor promoter, phorbol myristic acetate, stimulated feline IL-2 production and enhanced Con A-stimulated feline IL-2 production. Fetal calf serum (FCS) was not required for IL-2 production; however, FCS at 5% (v/v) allowed for maximal Con A-stimulated IL-2 production. Feline IL-2 generated from Con A-stimulated splenocytes migrated with an apparent molecular size of 13.7 to 23 kD by gel filtration chromatography and supported the proliferation of Con A-activated feline PBL at a final concentration of 0.3 to 0.9 units/ml.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1092
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zelarney PT, Belden EL. Bovine interleukin 2: production by an E-rosette-defined lymphocyte subpopulation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1988; 18:297-305. [PMID: 2970714 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(88)90157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
E-rosette-separated bovine peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were examined for ability to produce interleukin 2 (IL 2). Sequential E-rosetting techniques resulted in three T-cell subpopulations and a non-T population. Separated cells were stimulated with Con A and the resulting culture supernatants were assayed for IL 2 activity on IL 2-dependent cells. The bovine T-cell subpopulation which rosetted with both neuraminidase-treated and 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET)-treated erythrocytes was found to produce significantly more IL 2 than the other T-cell subpopulations or the non-T population. These results suggest that this population may have a T-helper cell function. IL 2-dependent cells were found to be predominately T-cells by E-rosetting, were lymphoblastoid in appearance and surface immunoglobulin negative. Conditioned media containing IL 2 were used to demonstrate cytotoxic T-cell activity against allogeneic lymphocytes in peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P T Zelarney
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Russell PH. The non-specific stimulation of avian peripheral blood lymphocytes from uninfected chickens by paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses. Vet Microbiol 1988; 16:181-8. [PMID: 2836991 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(88)90042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Avian paramyxovirus-3 was mitogenic to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from about half the normal birds sampled from 3 inbred flocks. Eight other myxoviruses including Newcastle disease virus, Sendai virus and influenza virus were also irregularly mitogenic. This could complicate in vitro assays for specific immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Gt. Britain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Martensen H, Hasløv K, Mansa B, Bentzon MW. Production, assay and partial characterization of guinea pig interleukin 2. J Immunol Methods 1987; 104:209-17. [PMID: 3500235 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(87)90506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Optimum conditions for the production and assay of guinea pig interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been established. The mitogenic activities of serial dilutions of guinea pig IL-2 preparations were compared in cultures of guinea pig peripheral blood lymphocytes prestimulated for 7 days with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) used at 1 microgram/ml. Parallel log dose-log response curves were used for quantitative comparisons. Optimum IL-2 yields were obtained from cultures of lymph node lymphocytes stimulated for 20 h with Concanavalin A (ConA) at 5 micrograms/ml. Guinea pig T cell lines reactive to mycobacterial antigens were propagated for several months using our IL-2 preparations. The molecular weight of guinea pig IL-2 was estimated to be 30,000 using S-200 gel filtration. The species specificities of guinea pig, human, mouse and rat IL-2s were examined. It was shown that guinea pig T lymphocyte blasts were stimulated only weakly with human IL-2 and not at all with mouse and rat IL-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Martensen
- Tuberculin Department, Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Weiler H, von Bülow V. Development of optimal conditions for lymphokine production by chicken lymphocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1987; 14:257-67. [PMID: 3109113 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(87)90094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chicken thymus, spleen, and bursa lymphocytes were isolated by different methods and incubated under differing conditions in order to obtain and characterize avian lymphokines. The biological activity of lymphokine-containing cell culture supernatants was measured by their antiviral activity (interferon(IFN)-units) and by their capacity to induce cytostatic effects in bone-marrow-derived macrophages (50% cytostasis-inducing dose, CID). Lymphokine production by thymus lymphocytes required concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulation, while spleen cells, when cultured at high density, released CID and IFN activities into the culture medium even without mitogen-stimulation. By way of comparison, the highest lymphokine content was found in the supernatant of lymphocyte cultures, which were incubated for 72 hours at 41 degrees C after stimulation with an optimal ConA dose. For stimulation of thymus lymphocytes 30 micrograms ConA/ml were found to be optimal, independent of serum content and cell density in the cultures. In contrast, the optimal ConA dose for spleen lymphocytes not only depended on the serum content but also on the cell density in the cultures and varied within a range of 2.5 micrograms and 45 micrograms ConA/ml.
Collapse
|
35
|
el Ridi R, Wahby AF, Saad AH, Soliman MA. Concanavalin A responsiveness and interleukin 2 production in the snake Spalerosophis diadema. Immunobiology 1987; 174:177-89. [PMID: 3496266 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(87)80037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thymocytes and splenocytes (SC) of adult snakes, Spalerosophis diadema, responded to concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro by strong proliferation during the spring and autumn seasons. Con A-mediated mitogenesis was, however, abrogated in summer and winter. Conditioned medium (CM) collected from snake SC cultures stimulated with Con A in spring or autumn could enhance the Con A summer and winter responses and support the proliferation of splenic lymphoblasts. Gel filtration of native CM on Sephadex G-100 revealed the presence of two biologically active peaks of molecular weight 39-42 and 15 KD. However, only one peak of activity corresponding to molecular weight (m.w.) of 14-15 KD was observed when CM was subjected to analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The active molecular forms exhibited isoelectric points of 5.5-5.8 and 6.4-6.6. The findings suggest that Con A activation of snake lymphocytes in optimal seasonal conditions is associated with the secretion of a lymphokine analogous to the interleukin 2 (IL 2) of endothermic vertebrates.
Collapse
|
36
|
Vainio O, Ratcliffe MJ, Leanderson T. Chicken T-cell growth factor: use in the generation of a long-term cultured T-cell line and biochemical characterization. Scand J Immunol 1986; 23:135-42. [PMID: 3486455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1986.tb01951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Supernatants from concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated chicken spleen cells were used to generate a long-term cultured cell line from antigen-primed chicken peripheral blood leukocytes. This line has been kept in continuous proliferation in vitro for more than 25 weeks. Morphologically these cells were lymphoblastoid and expressed class I and class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex as well as T-cell (but not B-cell or macrophage) antigens. In addition they contained no peroxidase or non-specific esterase activity, neither were they phagocytic. Proliferation of the line was totally dependent on exogenous T-cell growth factor (TCGF) activity provided by the Con-A-stimulated spleen cell supernatant, comparable with the proliferation of Con-A-induced T-cell blasts. TCGF activity from the supernatant was absorbed both by the long-term cultured T cells and by Con A blasts, demonstrating the presence of receptors for the same TCGF species on the two populations. We have used the long-term cultured cell line to characterize chicken TCGF further. The molecular weight of the biologically active fractions found by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 was approximately 13,000 and isoelectric focusing showed chicken TCGF to have a pI of pH 5.9. We propose that the TCGF described here is the chicken analogue to the mammalian interleukin 2.
Collapse
|
37
|
Grondel JL, Angenent GC, Egberts E. The influence of antibiotics on the immune system. III. Investigations on the cellular functions of chicken leukocytes in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1985; 10:307-16. [PMID: 3879566 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(85)90020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic antibiotics widely used in veterinary medicine. It is reported here that the tetracycline analogue oxytetracycline (OxyTC) interferes with the mitogenic response of chicken leukocytes. A dose-dependent suppression of lectin stimulation of peripheral blood and spleen leukocytes was observed. The kinetics of the DNA-synthetic activity were seriously affected. The antimicrobial agent does not seem to have any effect on interleukin 2 (IL-2) production, whereas the uptake of 3H-thymidine by IL-2-dependent T cell blasts was severely reduced. It is concluded that the T cell blast is the target for OxyTC.
Collapse
|
38
|
Yokota T, Arai N, Lee F, Rennick D, Mosmann T, Arai K. Use of a cDNA expression vector for isolation of mouse interleukin 2 cDNA clones: expression of T-cell growth-factor activity after transfection of monkey cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:68-72. [PMID: 3918306 PMCID: PMC396972 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA sequence coding for mouse interleukin 2 (IL-2) has been cloned from a cDNA library prepared from mRNA derived from a concanavalin A-activated mouse T-cell clone. The library was constructed by using the pcD vector system, which permits the expression of cDNA inserts in mammalian cells. Screening of the library was performed by transfecting COS-7 monkey cells with pools of cDNA clones in order to express the products encoded by full-length cDNA inserts. By assaying the supernatant fluid, IL-2 cDNA clones that express T-cell growth-factor (TCGF) activity were identified. The DNA sequence codes for a polypeptide of 169 amino acid residues including a putative signal peptide. The mouse IL-2 amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of its cDNA shares extensive homology with the human IL-2 amino acid sequence reported previously. These results demonstrate that identification of full-length cDNA clones for many lymphokines may be achieved entirely on the basis of detection of the functional polypeptides in mammalian cells.
Collapse
|
39
|
Leutz A, Beug H, Graf T. Purification and characterization of cMGF, a novel chicken myelomonocytic growth factor. EMBO J 1984; 3:3191-7. [PMID: 6396086 PMCID: PMC557837 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the purification of a novel hematopoietic growth factor from conditioned medium of a transformed macrophage cell line. The factor, termed chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) stimulates the growth of chicken myeloblasts transformed by myb oncogene-containing retroviruses and induces the formation of macrophage colonies in uninfected chick bone marrow cultures. The biological activity of the factor is destroyed by trypsin and by reducing reagents but not by SDS. Analysis of crude conditioned medium on non-reducing SDS gels reveals two active species of cMGF with mol. wts. of 23 and 27 kd. Incubation of radioiodinated partially purified cMGF with myeloblasts demonstrates the specific binding of 23- and 27-kd components under non-reducing, and 25- and 29-kd components under reducing conditions. Glycosylation inhibition experiments indicate that the larger molecules represent glycosylated forms of a single protein moiety. The 27-kd species has been purified to homogeneity (80 000-fold enrichment) and exerts its half maximal activity at 2 X 10(-12) M and its maximal activity at 3 X 10(-11) M. Antibodies prepared to purified cMGF completely neutralize the growth-stimulating activity of the factor.
Collapse
|
40
|
Krömer G, Schauenstein K, Wick G. Avian lymphokines: an improved method for chicken IL-2 production and assay. A Con A-erythrocyte complex induces higher T cell proliferation and IL-2 production than does free mitogen. J Immunol Methods 1984; 73:273-81. [PMID: 6333462 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(84)90402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Optimized production conditions and a functional assay of avian T cell growth factor (TCGF) or interleukin 2 (IL-2) are described. Treatment of lymphocytes with mitogen (Con A)-coated chicken red blood cells (MRC) resulted in markedly enhanced mitogenic response and IL-2 secretion compared to stimulation with free Con A. A positive correlation (r = 0.89) was found between mitogenic response and IL-2 activity of conditioned media. Enrichment of target cells, i.e., Con A lymphoblasts, by Percoll consistently improved the sensitivity of the IL-2 assay. The half-life time of chicken IL-2 at 40 degrees C was 9.7 +/- 1.7 h, which was considerably shorter than the value obtained for murine IL-2, i.e., 53.1 +/- 8.5 h. High concentrations of conditioned media were found to contain a dialysable factor that suppressed IL-2 promoted blast proliferation. The relevance of the data for in vitro analysis of T cell function as well as for establishing T cell lines in the chicken system are discussed.
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Chi DS, Bhogal BS, Fox GJ, Thorbecke GJ. Effect of temperature and lymphokines on mixed lymphocyte and mitogen responses of chicken lymphoid cells in vitro. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1984; 8:683-694. [PMID: 6238858 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(84)90100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on T cell mitogen and mixed lymphocyte responses (MLR) of chicken lymphoid cells in vitro was examined. Responses at 40 degrees C were much higher than at 37 degrees C. This difference did not appear to be due only to faster kinetics of the responses at 40 degrees C. At the lower temperature the MLR could be enhanced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) for spleen cells and by Con A induced lymphokines for peripheral blood cells (PBL). The positive effect of PEG on the chicken spleen cell MLR appeared to be determined at the stimulator cell level. Responses to mitogens at 37 degrees C of both spleen cells and PBL were enhanced by lymphokines.
Collapse
|
43
|
Pink JR, Vainio O. Genetic control of the response of chicken T lymphocytes to concanavalin A: cellular localization of the low responder defect. Eur J Immunol 1983; 13:571-5. [PMID: 6603365 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830130711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation in the response of chicken lymphocytes to the T cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) has previously been studied by assaying tritiated thymidine [( 3H]dThd) uptake of cultured cells following mitogen stimulation. Our present results show, firstly, that low [3H]dThd uptake (e.g. in cultures of Con A-stimulated cells from low responder CB, CC or G-B1-lo birds) is correlated with low proliferative activity and with reduced capacity to form Con A-dependent T cell colonies in semi-solid agar. Secondly, in cultures containing mixtures of cells from high and low responder birds, the cells from each partner respond independently to Con A (there is neither suppression of high responder, nor activation of low responder cell proliferation). Finally, Con A-stimulated cultures of high responder cells respond better to T cell growth factors, as well as producing more growth factor activity, than cultures of low responder cells. These results suggest that the basis for the low responder phenotype is an intrinsic inability of low responder T lymphocytes to respond to Con A by differentiating into growth factor-sensitive blast cells.
Collapse
|