1
|
Sawada J, Perrot CY, Chen L, Fournier-Goss AE, Oyer J, Copik A, Komatsu M. High Endothelial Venules Accelerate Naive T Cell Recruitment by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Mediated R-Ras Upregulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 191:396-414. [PMID: 33159887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of naive T cells to lymph nodes is essential for the development of adaptive immunity. Upon pathogen infection, lymph nodes promptly increase the influx of naive T cells from the circulation in order to screen and prime the T cells. The precise contribution of the lymph node vasculature to the regulation of this process remains unclear. Here we show a role for the Ras GTPase, R-Ras, in the functional adaptation of high endothelial venules to increase naive T cell trafficking to the lymph nodes. R-Ras is transiently up-regulated in the endothelium of high endothelial venules by the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) within 24 hours of pathogen inoculation. TNF induces R-Ras upregulation in endothelial cells via JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase but not NF-κB. Studies of T cell trafficking found that the loss of function of endothelial R-Ras impairs the rapid acceleration of naive T cell recruitment to the lymph nodes upon inflammation. This defect diminished the ability of naive OT-1 T cells to develop antitumor activity against ovalbumin-expressing melanoma. Proteomic analyses suggest that endothelial R-Ras facilitates TNF-dependent transendothelial migration (diapedesis) of naive T cells by modulating molecular assembly the at T cell-endothelial cell interface. These findings give new mechanistic insights into the functional adaptation of high endothelial venules to accelerate naive T cell recruitment to the lymph nodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Sawada
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Carole Y Perrot
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Linyuan Chen
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Ashley E Fournier-Goss
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Jeremiah Oyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida; Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando Florida
| | - Alicja Copik
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando Florida
| | - Masanobu Komatsu
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida; Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla California.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu X, Cole SH, Kawabata TT, Whritenour J. Characterization of the draining lymph node response in the mouse drug allergy model: A model for drug hypersensitivity reactions. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:376-84. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.988308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
3
|
Stanberry LR. Genital and Perinatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. Sex Transm Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391059-2.00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
4
|
Moraru M, Cisneros E, Gómez-Lozano N, de Pablo R, Portero F, Cañizares M, Vaquero M, Roustán G, Millán I, López-Botet M, Vilches C. Host genetic factors in susceptibility to herpes simplex type 1 virus infection: contribution of polymorphic genes at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4412-20. [PMID: 22490439 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HSV-1 establishes life-long latency that can result in clinical relapses or in asymptomatic virus shedding. Although virtually all adults have been exposed to HSV-1, the clinical course varies remarkably. Genetic host variability could be related to this clinical diversity. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of gene families in chromosomes 1, 6, 12, and 19, which encode key regulators of the innate and adaptive immunity, in a cohort of 302 individuals. Class I and class II alleles of the HLA system, the copy-number variation of NK cell receptor genes (KIR and NKG2C), the combinations of killer cell Ig-like receptor and their HLA ligands, and CD16A and CD32A allotypes of variable affinity for IgG subclasses were all studied. Although no major susceptibility locus for HSV-1 was identified, our results show that the risk of suffering clinical HSV-1 infection is modified by MHC class I allotypes (B*18, C*15, and the group of alleles encoding A19), the high-affinity receptor/ligand pair KIR2DL2/HLA-C1, and the CD16A-158V/F dimorphism. Conversely, HLA class II and CD32A polymorphisms and NKG2C deletion did not seem to influence the clinical course of herpetic infection. Collectively, these findings support an important role in host defense against herpetic infection for several polymorphic genes implicated in adaptive immunity and in surveillance of its subversion. They confirm the crucial role of cytotoxic cells (CTL and NK) and the contribution of genetic diversity to the clinical course of HSV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Moraru
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética-HLA, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda 28220, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rudd BD, Venturi V, Smithey MJ, Way SS, Davenport MP, Nikolich-Zugich J. Diversity of the CD8+ T cell repertoire elicited against an immunodominant epitope does not depend on the context of infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:2958-2965. [PMID: 20164421 PMCID: PMC4161216 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of the pathogen-specific T cell repertoire is believed to be important in allowing recognition of different pathogen epitopes and their variants and thereby reducing the opportunities for mutation-driven pathogen escape. However, the extent to which the TCR repertoire can be manipulated by different vaccine strategies so as to obtain broad diversity and optimal protection is incompletely understood. We have investigated the influence of the infectious/inflammatory context on the TCR diversity of the CD8(+) T cell response specific for the immunodominant epitope in C57BL/6 mice, derived from glycoprotein B of HSV-1. To that effect, we compared TCR V segment utilization, CDR3 length, and sequence diversity of the response to natural HSV-1 infection with those elicited by either Listeria monocytogenes or vaccinia virus expressing the immunodominant epitope in C57BL/6 mice. We demonstrate that although the type of infection in which the epitope was encountered can influence the magnitude of the CD8(+) T cell responses, TCR beta-chain repertoires did not significantly differ among the three infections. These results suggest that widely different live vaccine vectors may have little impact upon the diversity of the induced CTL response, which has important implications for the design of live CTL vaccine strategies against acute and chronic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Rudd
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724 and the BIO-5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson,AZ 85719
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Megan J. Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724 and the BIO-5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson,AZ 85719
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Infectious Disease and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Janko Nikolich-Zugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724 and the BIO-5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson,AZ 85719
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zahwa H, Yorty JL, Bonneau RH. Elevated maternal corticosterone during lactation hinders the neonatal adaptive immune response to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:339-53. [PMID: 17950573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonate's immune system is relatively immature. For short-term protection against pathogens the neonate is reliant primarily on maternally derived antibodies delivered via the mother's milk. However, neonates soon acquire the ability to generate adaptive immune responses for long-term protection. Products of the nervous and endocrine systems that are elicited by psychological stress are known to modulate a variety of immune responses. Additionally, psychological stressors are well recognized for their ability to increase corticosterone levels. The studies described herein examined the effects of increases in maternally derived corticosterone on the neonatal cell-mediated immune response to, and pathogenicity of, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Water containing corticosterone was made available to nursing mothers for a period of 6 consecutive days beginning on either the day of or 6 days post-delivery. At 12 days of age, neonates were infected with HSV-1 in the rear footpads. These neonates exhibited a decrease in the proliferative ability of splenic-derived cells due to the reduction of IL-2 production and IL-2 receptor alpha subunit (IL-2R alpha) expression by these cells. These neonates also exhibited a decrease in the number and function of popliteal lymph node-resident HSV-1 gB(498-505) peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells as measured by tetramer analysis, CTL lytic activity, expression of CD107a, cytokine production, and proliferation. Additionally, these HSV-infected neonates exhibited increased morbidity and mortality. Together, these studies indicate that exposure of neonates to maternally derived corticosterone via the milk hinders their ability to generate an adaptive cell-mediated immune response to a viral infection and illustrate the potential importance of maternal stress in neonatal resistance to infectious pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zahwa
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mueller SN, Jones CM, Stock AT, Suter M, Heath WR, Carbone FR. CD4+ T Cells Can Protect APC from CTL-Mediated Elimination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7379-84. [PMID: 16751382 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Professional APC play a central role in generating antiviral CD8(+) CTL immunity. However, the fate of such APC following interaction with these same CTL remains poorly understood. We have shown previously that prolonged Ag presentation persists in the presence of a strong CTL response following HSV infection. In this study, we examined the mechanism of survival of APC in vivo when presenting an immunodominant determinant from HSV. We show that transferred peptide-labeled dendritic cells were eliminated from draining lymph nodes in the presence of HSV-specific CTL. Maturation of dendritic cells with LPS or anti-CD40 before injection protected against CTL lysis in vivo. Furthermore, endogenous APC could be eliminated from draining lymph nodes early after HSV infection by adoptive transfer of HSV-specific CTL, yet the cotransfer of significant virus-specific CD4(+) T cell help promoted prolonged Ag presentation. This suggests that Th cells may assist in prolonging class I-restricted Ag presentation, potentially enhancing CTL recruitment and allowing more efficient T cell priming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cornish AL, Keating R, Kyparissoudis K, Smyth MJ, Carbone FR, Godfrey DI. NKT cells are not critical for HSV‐1 disease resolution. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 84:13-9. [PMID: 16277640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells are a minor subset of T cells that have important roles in controlling immune responses in disease states including cancer, autoimmunity and pathogenic infections. In contrast to conventional T cells, NKT cells express an invariant TCR and respond to glycolipids presented by CD1d. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of NKT cells in regulating the response to infection with HSV-1, and the mechanism involved, in well-established mouse models. Previous studies of HSV-1 disease in mice have shown clear roles for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The role of NKT cells in the resolution of HSV-1 (KOS strain) infection was investigated through flank zosteriform or footpad infection in wild-type versus CD1d-deficient mice, by measurement of viral plaque-forming units at different sites after infection, lesion severity and HSV-1-specific T-cell responses. In contrast to a previous study using a more virulent strain of HSV-1 (SC16 strain), no differences were observed in disease magnitude or resolution, and furthermore, the T-cell response to HSV-1 (KOS strain) was unaltered in the absence of NKT cells. In conclusion, this study shows that NKT cells do not play a general role in controlling the resolution or severity of HSV-1 infection. Instead, the resolution or severity of the infection may depend on the HSV-1 strain under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Cornish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Soderberg KA, Payne GW, Sato A, Medzhitov R, Segal SS, Iwasaki A. Innate control of adaptive immunity via remodeling of lymph node feed arteriole. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:16315-20. [PMID: 16260739 PMCID: PMC1283434 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506190102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system relies on rare cognate lymphocytes to detect pathogen-derived antigens. Naïve lymphocytes recirculate through secondary lymphoid organs in search of cognate antigen. Here, we show that the naïve-lymphocyte recirculation pattern is controlled at the level of innate immune recognition, independent of antigen-specific stimulation. We demonstrate that inflammation-induced lymphocyte recruitment to the lymph node is mediated by the remodeling of the primary feed arteriole, and that its physiological role is to increase the efficiency of screening for rare antigen-specific lymphocytes. Our data reveal a mechanism of innate control of adaptive immunity: by increasing the pool of naïve lymphocytes for detection of foreign antigens via regulation of vascular input to the local lymph node.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Soderberg
- Section of Immunobiology, John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sutherland JS, Goldberg GL, Hammett MV, Uldrich AP, Berzins SP, Heng TS, Blazar BR, Millar JL, Malin MA, Chidgey AP, Boyd RL. Activation of Thymic Regeneration in Mice and Humans following Androgen Blockade. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2741-53. [PMID: 16081852 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The thymus undergoes age-related atrophy, coincident with increased circulating sex steroids from puberty. The impact of thymic atrophy is most profound in clinical conditions that cause a severe loss in peripheral T cells with the ability to regenerate adequate numbers of naive CD4+ T cells indirectly correlating with patient age. The present study demonstrates that androgen ablation results in the complete regeneration of the aged male mouse thymus, restoration of peripheral T cell phenotype and function and enhanced thymus regeneration following bone marrow transplantation. Importantly, this technique is also applicable to humans, with analysis of elderly males undergoing sex steroid ablation therapy for prostatic carcinoma, demonstrating an increase in circulating T cell numbers, particularly naive (TREC+) T cells. Collectively these studies represent a fundamentally new approach to treating immunodeficiency states in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayne S Sutherland
- Department of Immunology, Monash University Medical School, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Evans IAC, Jones CA. HSV induces an early primary Th1 CD4 T cell response in neonatal mice, but reduced CTL activity at the time of the peak adult response. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1454-62. [PMID: 15789359 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Neonates are highly susceptible to HSV. In this study, we analyzed the primary neonatal cell-mediated response to HSV at the site of T cell activation, the draining lymph nodes (LN), and examined the effects of dose and the ability of HSV to replicate on the strength and character of this response. Neonatal mice mounted a predominantly Th1 cytokine (IFN-gamma) response at all doses of a replication-competent thymidine kinase-negative HSV-2 strain (186DeltaKpn) and at high doses of a replication-defective HSV-2 virus (dl5-29, UL5(-)/UL29(-)). Both neonates and adults showed increased production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and/or IL-5) at high doses of the replication-defective or inactivated HSV strains. An age-dependent difference in the strength of the Th1 response was noted, with neonates mounting adult-like responses at low but not high doses of HSV. Neonatal mice also showed impaired CD8(+) T cell activation and reduced HSV-specific CTL effector function at the time of the peak adult response. These studies are the first to highlight the impaired primary neonatal T cell response to HSV in the LN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A C Evans
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Killian MS, Monteiro J, Matud J, Hultin LE, Hausner MA, Yang OO, Gregersen PK, Detels R, Giorgi JV, Jamieson BD. Persistent alterations in the T-cell repertoires of HIV-1-infected and at-risk uninfected men. AIDS 2004; 18:161-70. [PMID: 15075532 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200401230-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the association between immunogenic exposure and T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity to more clearly assess the impact of HIV-1 infection on the T-cell repertoire. METHODS : To estimate the extent of T-cell clonality attributable to HIV-1 infection, we evaluated T-cell repertoires in low-risk and at-risk seronegative men and HIV-1 seropositive men by assessment of T-cell receptor beta-chain (TCR beta) complimentary determining region 3 (CDR3) lengths. RESULTS The frequency of T-cell clonality in both HIV-1 infected and at-risk uninfected men was elevated in comparison to low-risk uninfected men. Among low-risk and at-risk seronegative, and HIV-1 seropositive men, clonal expansions were present in 3, 8, and 10% of CD4+ CDR3 lengths, and 18, 22, and 28% of CD8+ CDR3 lengths respectively. In addition, the longitudinal conservation of clonal expansions was observed in at-risk seronegative men. Based on comparisons to at-risk seronegative men, we estimate that at-risk seropositive men with chronic HIV-1 infection exhibit a 27% increase in the number of expanded CD8+ CDR3 lengths. CONCLUSION These findings provide an approximation of the magnitude of the T-cell response in individuals undergoing chronic HIV-1 infection and demonstrate a significant association between the history of immunogenic challenge and the magnitude of clonality within the T-cell repertoire. In addition, these findings underscore the necessity of selecting controls with similar antigenic exposure histories when investigating T-cell dynamics in HIV-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Scott Killian
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
CD8 T cells respond to viral infections but also participate in defense against bacterial and protozoal infections. In the last few years, as new methods to accurately quantify and characterize pathogen-specific CD8 T cells have become available, our understanding of in vivo T cell responses has increased dramatically. Pathogen-specific T cells, once thought to be quite rare following infection, are now known to be present at very high frequencies, particularly in peripheral, nonlymphoid tissues. With the ability to visualize in vivo CD8 T cell responses has come the recognition that T cell expansion is programmed and, to a great extent, independent of antigen concentrations. Comparison of CD8 T cell responses to different pathogens also highlights the intricate relationship between microbially induced innate inflammatory responses and the kinetics, magnitude, and character of long-term T cell responses. This review describes recent progress in some of the major murine models of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity to viral, bacterial, and protozoal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Wong
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Esser MT, Marchese RD, Kierstead LS, Tussey LG, Wang F, Chirmule N, Washabaugh MW. Memory T cells and vaccines. Vaccine 2003; 21:419-30. [PMID: 12531640 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes play a central role in the generation of a protective immune response in many microbial infections. After immunization, dendritic cells take up microbial antigens and traffic to draining lymph nodes where they present processed antigens to naïve T cells. These naïve T cells are stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into effector and memory T cells. Activated, effector and memory T cells provide B cell help in the lymph nodes and traffic to sites of infection where they secrete anti-microbial cytokines and kill infected cells. At least two types of memory cells have been defined in humans based on their functional and migratory properties. T central-memory (T(CM)) cells are found predominantly in lymphoid organs and can not be immediately activated, whereas T effector-memory (T(EM)) cells are found predominantly in peripheral tissue and sites of inflammation and exhibit rapid effector function. Most currently licensed vaccines induce antibody responses capable of mediating long-term protection against lytic viruses such as influenza and small pox. In contrast, vaccines against chronic pathogens that require cell-mediated immune responses to control, such as malaria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), are currently not available or are ineffective. Understanding the mechanisms by which long-lived cellular immune responses are generated following vaccination should facilitate the development of safe and effective vaccines against these emerging diseases. Here, we review the current literature with respect to memory T cells and their implications to vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Esser
- Clinical Assay Research and Development, MRL-Wayne, 466 Devon Park Drive, Wayne, PA 19087-8630, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Messaoudi I, Guevara Patiño JA, Dyall R, LeMaoult J, Nikolich-Zugich J. Direct link between mhc polymorphism, T cell avidity, and diversity in immune defense. Science 2002; 298:1797-800. [PMID: 12459592 DOI: 10.1126/science.1076064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-encoded molecules govern immune responses by presenting antigenic peptides to T cells. The extensive polymorphism of genes encoding these molecules is believed to enhance immune defense by broadening the array of antigenic peptides available for T cell recognition, but direct evidence supporting the importance of this mechanism in combating pathogens is limited. Here we link mhc polymorphism-driven diversification of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) repertoire to the generation of high-avidity, protective antiviral T cells and to superior antiviral defense. Thus, much of the beneficial effect of the mhc polymorphism in immune defense may be due to its critical influence on the properties of the selected CTL repertoire.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Complementarity Determining Regions
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Genes, MHC Class I
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Immunity, Innate
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilhem Messaoudi
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mueller SN, Jones CM, Smith CM, Heath WR, Carbone FR. Rapid cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation occurs in the draining lymph nodes after cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection as a result of early antigen presentation and not the presence of virus. J Exp Med 2002; 195:651-6. [PMID: 11877488 PMCID: PMC2193766 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection leads to arming and initial expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the draining popliteal lymph nodes (PLNs) followed by migration and further proliferation in the spleen. To accurately characterize the sequence of events involved in the activation and generation of anti-HSV CTLs, we used T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice specific for the immunodominant epitope from HSV glycoprotein B (gB(498-505)). We describe the detection of the initiation of antigen presentation in the draining lymph nodes by 4-6 h after infection with HSV-1. Analysis of CD69 up-regulation revealed activation of gB-specific CD8(+) T cells by 6-8 h after infection. Furthermore, we show that T cell proliferation begins no sooner than 24 h after activation and is marked by the concurrent appearance of CTL activity in the PLNs. These events are not dependent on the presence of virus in the draining lymph nodes, and suggest a requirement for recruitment of professional antigen-presenting cells to the site of T cell activation. Consequently, we have defined the initiation of the CD8(+) T cell-mediated response to cutaneous HSV-1 infection, demonstrating that the immune response to localized viral infection depends only on the appearance of cells presenting virus-derived antigen and commences with remarkable swiftness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Koelle DM, Chen HB, Gavin MA, Wald A, Kwok WW, Corey L. CD8 CTL from genital herpes simplex lesions: recognition of viral tegument and immediate early proteins and lysis of infected cutaneous cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4049-58. [PMID: 11238653 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.4049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HSV-2 causes chronic infections. CD8 CTL may play several protective roles, and stimulation of a CD8 response is a rational element of vaccine design for this pathogen. The viral Ags recognized by CD8 T cells are largely unknown. It has been hypothesized that HSV inhibition of TAP may favor recognition of virion input proteins or viral immediate early proteins. We tested this prediction using HSV-specific CD8 CTL clones obtained from genital HSV-2 lesions. Drug and replication block experiments were consistent with specificity for the above-named classes of viral proteins. Fine specificity was determined by expression cloning using molecular libraries of viral DNA, and peptide epitopes recognized at nanomolar concentrations were identified. Three of four clones recognized the viral tegument proteins encoded by genes UL47 and UL49. These proteins are transferred into the cytoplasm on virus entry. Processing of the tegument Ag-derived epitopes was TAP dependent. The tegument-specific CTL were able to lyse HLA class I-appropriate fibroblasts after short times of infection. Lysis of keratinocytes required longer infection and pretreatment with IFN-gamma. Another clone recognized an immediate early protein, ICP0. Lymphocytes specific for these lesion-defined epitopes could be reactivated from the PBMC of additional subjects. These data are consistent with an influence of HSV immune evasion genes upon the selection of proteins recognized by CD8 CTL in lesions. Tegument proteins, identified for the first time as Ags recognized by HSV-specific CD8 CTL, are rational candidate vaccine compounds.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/physiology
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- COS Cells
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/virology
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- Herpes Genitalis/immunology
- Herpes Genitalis/pathology
- Herpes Genitalis/virology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/immunology
- Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism
- Keratinocytes/immunology
- Keratinocytes/virology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Edelmann KH, Wilson CB. Role of CD28/CD80-86 and CD40/CD154 costimulatory interactions in host defense to primary herpes simplex virus infection. J Virol 2001; 75:612-21. [PMID: 11134274 PMCID: PMC113957 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.2.612-621.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dependence of the primary antiviral immune response on costimulatory interactions between CD28/CD80-86 and between CD40/CD154 (CD40 ligand) has been correlated with the extent of viral replication in two models of systemic infection, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. To determine the role of these costimulatory interactions in the context of an acute cytolytic, but locally replicating viral infection, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was assessed in mice that had the CD28/CD80-86 or CD40/CD154 interactions disrupted either genetically or with blocking reagents (CTLA4Ig and MR1, respectively). CTLA4Ig treatment greatly reduced paralysis-free survival during primary acute HSV infection. This reflected an almost total ablation of the anti-HSV CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses due to anergy and reduced cell numbers, respectively. Disruption of CD40/CD154 interactions impaired survival, but the effect was less severe than that observed in CTLA4Ig-treated mice, with reductions observed in the CD4(+) T-cell but not CD8(+) T-cell responses. These two costimulatory pathways functioned in part independently, since disruption of both further impaired survival. The dependence on these costimulatory interactions for the control of primary HSV infection may represent a more widespread paradigm for nonsystemic viruses, which have restricted sites of replication and which employ immunoevasive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K H Edelmann
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Andersen H, Dempsey D, Chervenak R, Jennings SR. Expression of intracellular IFN-gamma in HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells identifies distinct responding subpopulations during the primary response to infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:2101-7. [PMID: 10925295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous infection in the footpads of C57BL/6 mice with HSV-1 results in an accumulation of activated (CD44high CD25+) CD8+ T cells within the draining popliteal lymph node (PLN). These studies were undertaken to evaluate the frequency and phenotype of the CD8+ T cell population within the PLN, recognizing the single immunodominant HSV-1 epitope derived from the viral envelope glycoprotein, glycoprotein B (gB), using an intracellular IFN-gamma-staining assay. It revealed that approximately 6% of the CD8+ T cells were specific for the gB epitope. Phenotypic analysis of the IFN-gamma-producing gB-specific CD8+ T cells generated in the PLN during the course of the acute infection expressed the CD44high CD25+ phenotype on days 3-5 postinfection. Surprisingly, IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells expressed the CD44high CD25- phenotype on days 5-8 postinfection, in contrast to expectations for a CD8+ effector T cell. IFN-gamma-producing CD25- CD8+ T cells were detected in the PLN on day 21 postinfection, long after infectious virus had been cleared. Throughout the response, the spleen was found to be the major reservoir of gB-specific CD8+ T cells, even during the peak of the response. In contrast to the gB-specific CD8+ T cell population within the PLN, the entire gB-specific CD8+ T cell population within the spleen was CD25-. Collectively, these results suggest the generation of subpopulations of virus-specific CD8+ T cells, distinguished by the expression of CD25, during the acute phase of the primary response to a localized viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Andersen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wallace ME, Bryden M, Cose SC, Coles RM, Schumacher TN, Brooks A, Carbone FR. Junctional biases in the naive TCR repertoire control the CTL response to an immunodominant determinant of HSV-1. Immunity 2000; 12:547-56. [PMID: 10843387 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The enormous diversity of the T cell pool makes it difficult to determine whether inherent biases in the naive TCR repertoire can influence T cell responsiveness. In C57BL/6 mice the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to an immunodominant HSV-1 determinant (gB) is characterized by a prominent bias in Vbeta element usage, associated with a conserved and preferentially D element-encoded CDR3 sequence. Comparison of naive and gB-specific T cell populations revealed a similar enrichment of germline D element-encoded CDR3 sequences in the preimmune repertoire. Strikingly, eliminating the germline coding of the gB-specific CDR3 sequence caused an almost complete loss of the dominant subset of gB-specific T cells, illustrating that CDR3 biases can significantly alter both the composition and strength of an immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Wallace
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash Medical School, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jones CM, Cose SC, Coles RM, Winterhalter AC, Brooks AG, Heath WR, Carbone FR. Herpes simplex virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte arming occurs within lymph nodes draining the site of cutaneous infection. J Virol 2000; 74:2414-9. [PMID: 10666272 PMCID: PMC111723 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.5.2414-2419.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/1999] [Accepted: 11/13/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies have shown that major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be isolated from lymph nodes draining sites of cutaneous infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Invariably, detection of this cytolytic activity appeared to require some level of in vitro culture of the isolated lymph node cells, usually for 3 days, in the absence of exogenous viral antigen. This in vitro "resting" period was thought to represent the phase during which committed CD8(+) T cells become "armed" killers after leaving the lymph nodes and prior to their entry into infected tissue as effector CTL. In this study we reexamined the issue of CTL appearance in the HSV-1 immune response and found that cytolytic activity can be isolated directly from draining lymph nodes, although at levels considerably below those found after in vitro culture. By using T-cell receptor elements that represent effective markers for class I-restricted T cells specific for an immunodominant glycoprotein B (gB) determinant from HSV-1, we show that the increase in cytotoxicity apparent after in vitro culture closely mirrors the expansion of gB-specific CTL during the same period. Taken together, our results suggest that HSV-1-specific CTL priming does not appear to require any level of cytolytic machinery arming outside the lymph node compartment despite the absence of any detectable infection within that site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Jones
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash Medical School, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jones CM, Cose SC, McNally JM, Jennings SR, Heath WR, Carbone FR. Diminished secondary CTL response in draining lymph nodes on cutaneous challenge with herpes simplex virus. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:407-14. [PMID: 10644839 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-2-407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that C57BL/6-derived CD8(+) CTL specific for an immunodominant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein B (gB) determinant express a highly conserved Vbeta10/junctional sequence combination. This extreme T cell receptor beta-chain bias can be used to track the activation of gB-specific CTL in lymph nodes draining the site of HSV-1 infection. In this report we have examined the accumulation of gB-specific CTL in the primary and secondary or recall CTL responses to HSV-1 infection. We found that gB-specific cytolytic activity present within popliteal lymph nodes draining HSV-infected foot-pads peaked at day 5 post-infection during the primary response. As found previously, this correlates with the accumulation of Vbeta10(+)CD8(+) CTL in the activated T cell subset. Lymph node-derived cytotoxicity peaked between days 3 and 4 on secondary challenge with virus and, somewhat surprisingly, was considerably below that seen in the primary response. This reduced gB-specific cytolytic activity mirrored a near absence of Vbeta10(+)CD8(+) T cell enrichment found within the draining lymph nodes during this recall response, consistent with the overall diminution of gB-specific CTL accumulation in this site. Finally, there was a second wave of biased accumulation of Vbeta10(+)CD8(+) activated T cells within the popliteal lymph nodes well after the resolution of infection in both the primary and secondary responses. These results are discussed in terms of preferential activation of virus-specific memory T cells directly in infected tissues during a secondary CTL response at the expense of draining lymphoid organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Jones
- Department of Pathology, Monash Medical School, Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
GENITAL AND PERINATAL HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTIONS: PROPHYLACTIC VACCINES. Sex Transm Dis 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012663330-6/50009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Abstract
To provide a T-cell population that will respond promptly to foreign antigen, the immune system looks inward, using the variety of self-antigens to select and maintain a diverse repertoire of receptors. A protective immune system must include a T-lymphocyte population that is poised to respond to foreign antigenic peptides presented by self-major histocompatibility complex molecules. As the organism cannot predict the precise pathogen-derived antigens that will be encountered, the system uses the diverse array of self-peptides bound to self-major histocompatibility complex molecules, not only to select a receptor repertoire in the thymus, but also to keep naïve T cells alive and 'ready for action' in the periphery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W Goldrath
- Department of Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Suter M, Lew AM, Grob P, Adema GJ, Ackermann M, Shortman K, Fraefel C. BAC-VAC, a novel generation of (DNA) vaccines: A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing a replication-competent, packaging-defective virus genome induces protective immunity against herpes simplex virus 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:12697-702. [PMID: 10535985 PMCID: PMC23055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.22.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to exploit bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) as large antigen-capacity DNA vaccines (BAC-VAC) against complex pathogens, such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The 152-kbp HSV-1 genome recently has been cloned as an F-plasmid-based BAC in Escherichia coli (fHSV), which can efficiently produce infectious virus progeny upon transfection into mammalian cells. A safe modification of fHSV, fHSVDeltapac, does not give rise to progeny virus because the signals necessary to package DNA into virions have been excluded. However, in mammalian cells fHSVDeltapac DNA can still replicate, express the HSV-1 genes, cause cytotoxic effects, and produce virus-like particles. Because these functions mimic the lytic cycle of the HSV-1 infection, fHSVDeltapac was expected to stimulate the immune system as efficiently as a modified live virus vaccine. To test this hypothesis, mice were immunized with fHSVDeltapac DNA applied intradermally by gold-particle bombardment, and the immune responses were compared with those induced by infection with disabled infectious single cycle HSV-1. Immunization with either fHSVDeltapac or disabled infectious single cycle HSV-1 induced the priming of HSV-1-specific cytotoxic T cells and the production of virus-specific antibodies and conferred protection against intracerebral injection of wild-type HSV-1 at a dose of 200 LD(50). Protection probably was cell-mediated, as transfer of serum from immunized mice did not protect naive animals. We conclude that BAC-VACs per se, or in combination with genetic elements that support replicative amplification of the DNA in the cell nucleus, represent a useful new generation of DNA-based vaccination strategies for many viral and nonviral antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Suter
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Raftery MJ, Behrens CK, Müller A, Krammer PH, Walczak H, Schönrich G. Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of activated cytotoxic T cells: Induction of fratricide as a mechanism of viral immune evasion. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1103-14. [PMID: 10523608 PMCID: PMC2195666 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.8.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), a large DNA-containing virus, is endemic in all human populations investigated. After infection of mucocutaneous surfaces, HSV1 establishes a latent infection in nerve cells. Recently, it was demonstrated that HSV1 can also infect activated T lymphocytes. However, the consequences of T cell infection for viral pathogenesis and immunity are unknown. We have observed that in contrast to the situation in human fibroblasts, in human T cell lines antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is not blocked after HSV1 infection. Moreover, HSV1 infection of T cells results in rapid elimination of antiviral T cells by fratricide. To dissect the underlying molecular events, we used a transgenic mouse model of HSV1 infection to demonstrate that CD95 (Apo-1, Fas)-triggered apoptosis is essential for HSV1-induced fratricide, whereas tumor necrosis factor (TNF) also contributes to this phenomenon but to a lesser extent. By contrast, neither TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) nor perforin were involved. Finally, we defined two mechanisms associated with HSV1-associated fratricide of antiviral T cells: (a) T cell receptor-mediated upregulation of CD95 ligand and (b) a viral "competence-to-die" signal that renders activated T lymphocytes susceptible to CD95 signaling. We propose that induction of fratricide is an important immune evasion mechanism of HSV1, helping the virus to persist in the host organism throughout its lifetime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Raftery
- Department of Medical Virology, Institute of Hygiene, University of Heidelberg
| | - Christian K. Behrens
- Tumor Immunology Program, Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anke Müller
- Department of Medical Virology, Institute of Hygiene, University of Heidelberg
| | - Peter H. Krammer
- Tumor Immunology Program, Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henning Walczak
- Tumor Immunology Program, Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Department of Medical Virology, Institute of Hygiene, University of Heidelberg
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Maturation of dendritic cells (DC), leading to migration and increased T cell stimulatory capacity, is essential for the initiation of immune responses. This process is triggered by a variety of stimuli, such as inflammatory cytokines, bacterial and viral products. Using a recombinant disabled infectious single cycle herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encoding green fluorescent protein, we show that the infected DC are defective in up-regulating co-stimulatory molecules, do not produce cytokines, and do not acquire responsiveness to chemokines required for migration to secondary lymphoid organs. These results reveal yet another strategy used by HSV-1 to evade the immune response, namely the inhibition of signaling pathways involved in DC maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Salio
- Basel Institute for Immunology Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Soudeyns H, Pantaleo G. The moving target: mechanisms of HIV persistence during primary infection. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 20:446-50. [PMID: 10500291 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The vigorous host immune responses detected during primary HIV infection fail to prevent the establishment of chronic infection because HIV has evolved multiple strategies to make these responses ineffective. Here, Hugo Soudeyns and Giuseppe Pantaleo discuss the mechanisms that allow HIV to persist in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Soudeyns
- Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, Dept of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wallace ME, Keating R, Heath WR, Carbone FR. The cytotoxic T-cell response to herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of C57BL/6 mice is almost entirely directed against a single immunodominant determinant. J Virol 1999; 73:7619-26. [PMID: 10438852 PMCID: PMC104289 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7619-7626.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/1999] [Accepted: 06/10/1999] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many virus infections give rise to surprisingly limited T-cell responses directed to very few immunodominant determinants. We have been examining the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Previous studies have identified the glycoprotein B-derived peptide from residues 498 to 505 (gB(498-505)) as one of at least three determinants recognized by HSV-1-specific CTLs isolated from C57BL/6 mice. We had previously found that in vitro-derived CTLs directed to gB(498-505) show a characteristic pattern of T-cell receptor (TCR) usage, with 60% of gB(498-505)-specific CD8(+) T cells expressing BV10(+) TCR beta chains and a further 20% expressing BV8S1. In this report, we confirm that this TCR V-region bias is also reflected in the ex vivo response to HSV-1 infection. A high proportion of activated CD8(+) draining lymph node cells were found to express these dominant V regions, suggesting that a substantial number of in vivo responding T cells were directed to this one viral determinant. The use of an HSV-1 deletion mutant lacking the gB(498-505) determinant in combination with accurate intracellular gamma interferon staining allowed us to quantify the extent of gB-specific T-cell dominance. Together, these results suggested that between 70 and 90% of all CD8(+) HSV-1-specific T cells target gB(498-505). While deletion of this determinant resulted in an attenuated CD8(+) T-cell response, it also permitted the emergence of one or more previously unidentified cryptic specificities. Overall, HSV-1 infection of C57BL/6 mice results in an extremely focused pattern of CD8(+) T-cell selection in terms of target specificity and TCR expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Wallace
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash Medical School, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
McNally JM, Dempsey D, Wolcott RM, Chervenak R, Jennings SR. Phenotypic Identification of Antigen-Dependent and Antigen-Independent CD8 CTL Precursors in the Draining Lymph Node During Acute Cutaneous Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Optimal immunological control of cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections initiated in the hind footpad of C57BL/6 (B6, H-2b) mice is dependent upon the presence of functional HSV-1-specific T lymphocytes. The class I MHC-restricted, CD8+ T cell subpopulation is involved in the clearance of infectious HSV-1 from the skin and limiting HSV-1 replication and spread within the peripheral nervous system. However, the frequency of HSV-1-specific CTL precursors (CTLp), as a measure of potential anti-viral CD8+ T cell function, is relatively low compared with other acute viral infections. To gain insight into the basis for this low functional frequency, changes in the CD8+ T cell subpopulation phenotype associated with activation and differentiation were investigated. Analysis of the phenotypic changes showed that HSV-1-specific CTLp were found predominantly within a subpopulation of CD8+ T cells expressing high levels of CD44 (CD44high) and high levels of the IL-2 receptor α-chain (CD25high). A second activated subpopulation of CD8+ T cells expressing the CD44high CD25low phenotype did not contain detectable HSV-1-specific CTLp, even after the addition of HSV-1-infected stimulator cells as a source of an exogenous Ag. These data suggested that HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells must increase expression of CD25 before attaining the potential to become CTL effector cells. These findings also indicated that the up-regulation of CD44 alone is not sufficient to identify precisely HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. McNally
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Deborah Dempsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - R. Michael Wolcott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Robert Chervenak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA 71130
| | - Stephen R. Jennings
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA 71130
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
McNally JM, Andersen HA, Chervenak R, Jennings SR. Phenotypic characteristics associated with the acquisition of HSV-specific CD8 T-lymphocyte-mediated cytolytic function in vitro. Cell Immunol 1999; 194:103-11. [PMID: 10357886 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Class I MHC-restricted, HSV-1-specific CD8(+) cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) function is rarely detected in lymphocytes isolated directly from the lymph node draining the site of infection. However, culture in vitro for 24 to 72 h in the absence of exogenous antigen results in the development of easily detectable levels of HSV-1-specific CTL effectors. The inability to detect virus-specific CTL in HSV-1-infected mice is not well understood. However, since the in vitro culture of HSV-1-immune lymphocytes results in the transition to CTL function, studies of the changes occurring to the CD8(+) T cell subpopulation may provide important insights into the development of virus-specific CTL. Therefore, the phenotypic changes taking place in the CD8(+) population of T cells from draining popliteal lymph nodes of HSV-1-infected C57BL/6 (B6) mice were investigated, focusing on changes in the expression of cell surface markers associated with T lymphocyte activation. The results demonstrate an increase in the percentage of CD8(+) T cells expressing the activation markers CD44 and CD25 in parallel with the acquisition of HSV-specific CTL effector function. Cytolytic function was found exclusively within the CD8(+) CD44(hi) CD25(hi) fraction of cells in culture, but, surprisingly, was not detectable in CD8(+) CD44(hi) CD25(lo) T cells. This suggested that the acquisition of high levels of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor was closely linked to cytolytic function and may define an important developmental stage in the transition from noncytolytic to cytolytic effector cell. In support of this, CD8(+) CD25(hi) T cells isolated from the regional lymph node exhibited direct ex vivo cytolytic function, indicating that cytolytic effector cells were present in the lymph node, but must emigrate rapidly after attaining this level of differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M McNally
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, 71130, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pewe L, Perlman S. Immune response to the immunodominant epitope of mouse hepatitis virus is polyclonal, but functionally monospecific in C57Bl/6 mice. Virology 1999; 255:106-16. [PMID: 10049826 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in an immunodominant CD8 CTL epitope (S-510-518) are selected in mice persistently infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus. These mutations abrogate recognition by T cells harvested from the infected CNS in direct ex vivo cytotoxicity assays. Previous reports have suggested that, in general, an oligoclonal, monospecific T cell response contributes to the selection of CTL escape mutants. Herein, we show that, in MHV-JHM-infected mice, the CD8 T cell response after intraperitoneal infection is polyclonal and diverse. This diverse response was shown to include both polyclonal and oligoclonal components. The polyclonal data were shown to fit a logarithmic distribution. With regard to specificity, we used a panel of peptide analogues of epitope S-510-518 and spleen-derived CD8 T cell lines to determine why only a subset of possible mutations was selected in persistently infected mice. At a given position in the epitope, the mutations identified in in vivo isolates were among those that resulted in the greatest loss of recognition. However, not all such mutations were selected, suggesting that additional factors must contribute to selection in vivo. By extrapolation of these results to the persistently infected CNS, they suggest that the selection of CTL escape mutants requires the presence of a monospecific T cell response but also show that this response need not be oligoclonal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pewe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Butz E, Bevan MJ. Dynamics of the CD8+ T cell response during acute LCMV infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 452:111-22. [PMID: 9889965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5355-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Butz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Murali-Krishna K, Altman JD, Suresh M, Sourdive D, Zajac A, Ahmed R. In vivo dynamics of anti-viral CD8 T cell responses to different epitopes. An evaluation of bystander activation in primary and secondary responses to viral infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 452:123-42. [PMID: 9889966 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5355-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections induce extensive T cell proliferation in vivo. However, only a small fraction (1-5%) of the activated T cells have been shown to be virus specific leading to the prevailing notion that most of the T cell expansion represents cytokine-mediated by-stander activation and/or cross reactive stimulation of non specific cells. To re-examine this issue we quantitated antigen specific CD8 T cells during acute LCMV infection of mice using three sensitive techniques: (i) intracellular cytokine production, (ii) single cell ELISPOT and (iii) direct visualization of antigen specific CD8 T cells by staining with MHC class I tetramers + peptide. In contrast to previous estimates, we found that 50-70% of the activated CD8 T cells were LCMV specific. This represented > or = 10,000-fold increase (approximately 2 x 10(7) virus specific cells/spleen) in 8 days with the peak expansion occurring between day 3 and 5 during which period virus specific CD8 T cells had an estimated division time of approximately 8 hours. Following viral clearance, the number of antigen specific CD8 T cells dropped to 1 x 10(6) per spleen and were maintained at this level for the life of the mouse. Upon rechallenge with LCMV, memory CD8 T cells rapidly proliferated and again comprised > 50% of the total CD8 T cells. In contrast, upon challenge with a heterologous virus such as vaccinia, there was no change in the number of LCMV specific memory CTL, despite a substantial increase in the number of activated CD8 T cells. Taken together, these results show that much of the CD8 T cell expansion seen during viral infection represents antigen specific cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Murali-Krishna
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sourdive DJ, Murali-Krishna K, Altman JD, Zajac AJ, Whitmire JK, Pannetier C, Kourilsky P, Evavold B, Sette A, Ahmed R. Conserved T cell receptor repertoire in primary and memory CD8 T cell responses to an acute viral infection. J Exp Med 1998; 188:71-82. [PMID: 9653085 PMCID: PMC2525546 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/1998] [Revised: 04/09/1998] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections often induce potent CD8 T cell responses that play a key role in antiviral immunity. After viral clearance, the vast majority of the expanded CD8 T cells undergo apoptosis, leaving behind a stable number of memory cells. The relationship between the CD8 T cells that clear the acute viral infection and the long-lived CD8 memory pool remaining in the individual is not fully understood. To address this issue, we examined the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of virus-specific CD8 T cells in the mouse model of infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) using three approaches: (a) in vivo quantitative TCR beta chain V segment and complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) length repertoire analysis by spectratyping (immunoscope); (b) identification of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells with MHC class I tetramers containing viral peptide and costaining with TCR Vbeta-specific antibodies; and (c) functional TCR fingerprinting based on recognition of variant peptides. We compared the repertoire of CD8 T cells responding to acute primary and secondary LCMV infections, together with that of virus-specific memory T cells in immune mice. Our analysis showed that CD8 T cells from several Vbeta families participated in the anti-LCMV response directed to the dominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope (NP118-126). However, the bulk (approximately 70%) of this CTL response was due to three privileged T cell populations systematically expanding during LCMV infection. Approximately 30% of the response consisted of Vbeta10+ CD8 T cells with a beta chain CDR3 length of nine amino acids, and 40% consisted of Vbeta8.1+ (beta CDR3 = eight amino acids) and Vbeta8.2+ cells (beta CDR3 = six amino acids). Finally, we showed that the TCR repertoire of the primary antiviral CD8 T cell response was similar both structurally and functionally to that of the memory pool and the secondary CD8 T cell effectors. These results suggest a stochastic selection of memory cells from the pool of CD8 T cells activated during primary infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Sourdive
- Emory Vaccine Center, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Historically, quantitation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells has been accomplished by limiting dilution analysis of cytotoxic precursor cells. Recent studies have shown that this technique greatly underestimates the actual number of antigen-specific cells and have provided new insight into anti-viral immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F Tough
- Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Turner SJ, Carbone FR. A dominant V beta bias in the CTL response after HSV-1 infection is determined by peptide residues predicted to also interact with the TCR beta-chain CDR3. Mol Immunol 1998; 35:307-16. [PMID: 9747890 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(98)00051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many T cell responses are dominated by restricted TCR expression and can range from repeated usage of particular TCR Vbeta- and/or Valpha-elements, to the preferential usage of both V- and J-elements, often in conjunction with conserved V-D-J or V-J junctional sequences. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for a Kb-restricted determinant from the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B (gB) preferentially express a dominant TCRBV10 beta-chain with sequence conservation of a tryptophan-glycine located in the V-D junction. Here we have examined whether immunisation of C57BL/6 mice with the gB-peptide can mimic the CTL response seen after HSV-1 infection. Immunisation with the gB-peptide resulted in the generation of gB-specific CTL that showed a similar TCRBV10 bias to that observed after HSV-1 infection. When the gB-determinant was expressed as a part of a fusion protein, immunised mice again exhibited the TCRBV10 bias with the junctional sequence conservation in the responding CTL. C57BL/6 mice were then immunised with variants of the gB-peptide that contained amino acid substitutions at positions previously predicted to contact the TCR beta-chain CDR3. Analysis of the TCRBV usage of variant specific CTL lines showed that substitutions at the TCR-contact positions 4, 6 and 7 of the gB-peptide resulted in a loss of the TCRBV10 bias. These results suggest that the TCRBV10 bias seen in gB-specific CTL after HSV-1 infection is due to antigenic selection by the minimal peptide and is determined by residues proposed to contact the TCR beta-chain CDR3.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Immunization
- Immunodominant Epitopes/biosynthesis
- Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Thymoma
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash Medical School, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Murali-Krishna K, Altman JD, Suresh M, Sourdive DJ, Zajac AJ, Miller JD, Slansky J, Ahmed R. Counting antigen-specific CD8 T cells: a reevaluation of bystander activation during viral infection. Immunity 1998; 8:177-87. [PMID: 9491999 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1589] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections induce extensive T cell proliferation in vivo, but the specificity of the majority of the responding T cells has not been defined. To address this issue we used tetramers of MHC class I molecules containing viral peptides to directly visualize antigen-specific CD8 T cells during acute LCMV infection of mice. Based on tetramer binding and two sensitive assays measuring interferon-gamma production at the single-cell level, we found that 50%-70% of the activated CD8 T cells were LCMV specific [2 x 10(7) virus-specific cells/spleen]. Following viral clearance, antigen-specific CD8 T cell numbers dropped to 10(6) per spleen and were maintained at this level for the life of the mouse. Upon rechallenge with LCMV, there was rapid expansion of memory T cells, but after infection with the heterologous vaccinia virus there was no detectable change in the numbers of LCMV-specific memory CTL. Therefore, much of the CD8 T cell expansion seen during viral infection represents antigen-specific cells and warrants a revision of our current thinking on the size of the antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Murali-Krishna
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
During LCMV infection, CD8+ T cells expand greatly. Bystander activation has been thought to play a role because few cells score as LCMV specific in limiting dilution analysis. In contrast, we find that at least a quarter of the CD8+ cells secrete IFNgamma specifically in response to LCMV peptides at the peak of the response. Moreover, by analyzing the expansion of adoptively transferred LCMV-specific, TCR-transgenic CD8+ T cells in congenic hosts, we have determined that most of the CD8+ cell expansion is virus specific. Analysis of the effect of the monospecific TCR-transgenic T cells on the host response to three LCMV epitopes suggests that CTL precursors compete for sites on the APC in an epitope-specific fashion and that this competition determines the specificity of the response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Butz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Immunology University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Michael J. Bevan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Immunology University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195
| |
Collapse
|