1
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Liu C, Zhu J, Mi Y, Jin T. Impact of disease-modifying therapy on dendritic cells and exploring their immunotherapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:298. [PMID: 36510261 PMCID: PMC9743681 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which play a pivotal role in inducing either inflammatory or tolerogenic response based on their subtypes and environmental signals. Emerging evidence indicates that DCs are critical for initiation and progression of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Current disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for MS can significantly affect DCs' functions. However, the study on the impact of DMT on DCs is rare, unlike T and B lymphocytes that are the most commonly discussed targets of these therapies. Induction of tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) with powerful therapeutic potential has been well-established to combat autoimmune responses in laboratory models and early clinical trials. In contrast to in vitro tolDC induction, in vivo elicitation by specifically targeting multiple cell-surface receptors has shown greater promise with more advantages. Here, we summarize the role of DCs in governing immune tolerance and in the process of initiating and perpetuating MS as well as the effects of current DMT drugs on DCs. We then highlight the most promising cell-surface receptors expressed on DCs currently being explored as the viable pharmacological targets through antigen delivery to generate tolDCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Liu
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrcs, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yan Mi
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Jin
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Davies J, Sirvent S, Vallejo AF, Clayton K, Douilhet G, Keeler PS, West J, Ardern-Jones M, MacArthur BD, Singh H, Polak ME. Transcriptional programming of immunoregulatory responses in human Langerhans cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892254. [PMID: 36203560 PMCID: PMC9530347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) maintain immune homeostasis in the skin. To examine transcriptional programming of human primary LCs during homeostasis, we performed scRNA-seq analysis of LCs before and after migration from the epidermis, coupled with functional assessment of their regulatory T cell priming capabilities. The analysis revealed that steady-state LCs exist in a continuum of maturation states and upregulate antigen presentation genes along with an immunoregulatory module including the genes IDO1, LGALS1, LAMTOR1, IL4I, upon their migration. The migration-induced transition in genomic state is accompanied by the ability of LCs to more efficiently prime regulatory T cell responses in co-culture assays. Computational analyses of the scRNAseq datasets using SCENIC and Partial Information Decomposition in Context identified a set of migration-induced transcription factors including IRF4, KLF6 and RelB as key nodes within a immunoregulatory gene regulatory network. These findings support a model in which efficient priming of immunoregulatory responses by LCs is dependent on coordinated upregulation of a migration-coupled maturation program with a immunoregulation-promoting genomic module.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Davies
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Sirvent
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andres F. Vallejo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kalum Clayton
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Douilhet
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick S. Keeler
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Ardern-Jones
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ben D. MacArthur
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Harinder Singh
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational and Systems Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Marta E. Polak, ; Harinder Singh,
| | - Marta E. Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Marta E. Polak, ; Harinder Singh,
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3
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Bourque J, Hawiger D. Variegated Outcomes of T Cell Activation by Dendritic Cells in the Steady State. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:539-547. [PMID: 35042789 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) control adaptive immunity by sensing damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns and then inducing defined differentiation programs in T cells. Nevertheless, in the absence of specific proimmunogenic innate signals, generally referred to as the steady state, cDC also activate T cells to induce specific functional fates. Consistent with the maintenance of homeostasis, such specific outcomes of T cell activation in the steady state include T cell clonal anergy, deletion, and conversion of peripheral regulatory T cells (pTregs). However, the robust induction of protolerogenic mechanisms must be reconciled with the initiation of autoimmune responses and cancer immunosurveillance that are also observed under homeostatic conditions. Here we review the diversity of fates and functions of T cells involved in the opposing immunogenic and tolerogenic processes induced in the steady state by the relevant mechanisms of systemic cDC present in murine peripheral lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bourque
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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4
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Bourque J, Hawiger D. Applications of Antibody-Based Antigen Delivery Targeted to Dendritic Cells In Vivo. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11010008. [PMID: 35225867 PMCID: PMC8884005 DOI: 10.3390/antib11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunoglobulins, derived from monoclonal antibodies recognizing the defined surface epitopes expressed on dendritic cells, have been employed for the past two decades to deliver antigens to dendritic cells in vivo, serving as critical tools for the investigation of the corresponding T cell responses. These approaches originated with the development of the recombinant chimeric antibody against a multilectin receptor, DEC-205, which is present on subsets of murine and human conventional dendritic cells. Following the widespread application of antigen targeting through DEC-205, similar approaches then utilized other epitopes as entry points for antigens delivered by specific antibodies to multiple types of dendritic cells. Overall, these antigen-delivery methodologies helped to reveal the mechanisms underlying tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses orchestrated by dendritic cells. Here, we discuss the relevant experimental strategies as well as their future perspectives, including their translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-314-977-8875; Fax: +1-314-977-8717
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5
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Pham MN, Khoryati L, Jamison BL, Hayes E, Sullivan JM, Campbell DJ, Gavin MA. In Vivo Expansion of Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells through Staggered Fc.IL-2 Mutein Dosing and Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:782-791. [PMID: 34583939 PMCID: PMC11034776 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, Ag administration in the absence of adjuvant typically elicits tolerogenic immune responses through the deletion or inactivation of conventional CD4 T cells and the formation or expansion of regulatory CD4 T cells (Treg). Although these "Ag-specific immunotherapy" (ASI) approaches are currently under clinical development to treat autoinflammatory conditions, efficacy and safety may be variable and unpredictable because of the diverse activation states of immune cells in subjects with autoimmune and allergic diseases. To reliably induce Ag-specific tolerance in patients, novel methods to control T cell responses during ASI are needed, and strategies that permanently increase Treg frequencies among Ag-specific CD4 T cells may provide long-lasting immunosuppression between treatments. In this study, we present an approach to durably increase the frequency of Ag-specific Treg in mice by administering ASI when Treg numbers are transiently increased with individual doses of a half-life-extended Treg-selective IL-2 mutein. Repeated weekly cycles of IL-2 mutein doses (day 0) followed by ASI (day 3) resulted in a 3- to 5-fold enrichment in Treg among Ag-responsive CD4 T cells. Expanded Ag-specific Treg persisted for more than 3 wk following treatment cessation, as well as through an inflammatory T cell response to an Ag-expressing virus. Combining Treg enrichment with ASI has the potential to durably treat autoimmune disease or allergy by increasing the Treg/conventional CD4 T cell ratio among autoantigen- or allergen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh N Pham
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
| | | | | | - Erika Hayes
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
| | | | | | - Marc A Gavin
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA; and
- Omeros Corp., Seattle, WA
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6
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Lutz MB, Backer RA, Clausen BE. Revisiting Current Concepts on the Tolerogenicity of Steady-State Dendritic Cell Subsets and Their Maturation Stages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1681-1689. [PMID: 33820829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The original concept stated that immature dendritic cells (DC) act tolerogenically whereas mature DC behave strictly immunogenically. Meanwhile, it is also accepted that phenotypically mature stages of all conventional DC subsets can promote tolerance as steady-state migratory DC by transporting self-antigens to lymph nodes to exert unique functions on regulatory T cells. We propose that in vivo 1) there is little evidence for a tolerogenic function of immature DC during steady state such as CD4 T cell anergy induction, 2) all tolerance as steady-state migratory DC undergo common as well as subset-specific molecular changes, and 3) these changes differ by quantitative and qualitative markers from immunogenic DC, which allows one to clearly distinguish tolerogenic from immunogenic migratory DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; and
| | - Ronald A Backer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
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7
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Thomann AS, Schneider T, Cyran L, Eckert IN, Kerstan A, Lutz MB. Conversion of Anergic T Cells Into Foxp3 - IL-10 + Regulatory T Cells by a Second Antigen Stimulus In Vivo. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704578. [PMID: 34249012 PMCID: PMC8267912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell anergy is a common mechanism of T cell tolerance. However, although anergic T cells are retained for longer time periods in their hosts, they remain functionally passive. Here, we describe the induction of anergic CD4+ T cells in vivo by intravenous application of high doses of antigen and their subsequent conversion into suppressive Foxp3- IL-10+ Tr1 cells but not Foxp3+ Tregs. We describe the kinetics of up-regulation of several memory-, anergy- and suppression-related markers such as CD44, CD73, FR4, CD25, CD28, PD-1, Egr-2, Foxp3 and CTLA-4 in this process. The conversion into suppressive Tr1 cells correlates with the transient intracellular CTLA-4 expression and required the restimulation of anergic cells in a short-term time window. Restimulation after longer time periods, when CTLA-4 is down-regulated again retains the anergic state but does not lead to the induction of suppressor function. Our data require further functional investigations but at this stage may suggest a role for anergic T cells as a circulating pool of passive cells that may be re-activated into Tr1 cells upon short-term restimulation with high and systemic doses of antigen. It is tentative to speculate that such a scenario may represent cases of allergen responses in non-allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Thomann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Schneider
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Cyran
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ina Nathalie Eckert
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kerstan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Sheng J, Chen Q, Wu X, Dong YW, Mayer J, Zhang J, Wang L, Bai X, Liang T, Sung YH, Goh WWB, Ronchese F, Ruedl C. Fate mapping analysis reveals a novel murine dermal migratory Langerhans-like cell population. eLife 2021; 10:65412. [PMID: 33769279 PMCID: PMC8110305 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells residing in the skin represent a large family of antigen-presenting cells, ranging from long-lived Langerhans cells (LC) in the epidermis to various distinct classical dendritic cell subsets in the dermis. Through genetic fate mapping analysis and single-cell RNA-sequencing, we have identified a novel separate population of LC-independent CD207+CD326+ LClike cells in the dermis that homed at a slow rate to the lymph nodes (LNs). These LClike cells are long-lived and radio-resistant but, unlike LCs, they are gradually replenished by bone marrow-derived precursors under steady state. LClike cells together with cDC1s are the main migratory CD207+CD326+ cell fractions present in the LN and not, as currently assumed, LCs, which are barely detectable, if at all. Cutaneous tolerance to haptens depends on LClike cells, whereas LCs suppress effector CD8+ T-cell functions and inflammation locally in the skin during contact hypersensitivity. These findings bring new insights into the dynamism of cutaneous dendritic cells and their function opening novel avenues in the development of treatments to cure inflammatory skin disorders. Our immune cells are constantly on guard to defend and protect us against invading pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. Specialized immune cells, known as antigen-presenting cells, or APCs, have a key role in this process. They engulf invaders, chew them up, and travel to the closest local lymph node to stimulate other immune cells with small fragments of these pathogens. This ramps up the immune response to control infection and disease. APCs are a large and diverse family of immune cells, which includes dendritic cells and macrophages. Some APCs work as mobile surveillance units, travelling around the body to find new threats. Others embed themselves in particular organs and tissues, such as the skin, to provide local, on-the-spot surveillance. Langerhans cells are one of the main types of APC in the skin and are found in the thin outer layer of the epidermis. While it is commonly believed that Langerhans cells can move from the epidermis to the skin-draining lymph nodes, some seemingly contradictory evidence exists to suggest that this may not be the case. Now, Sheng et al. have investigated this issue by tracking APCs, including Langerhans cells, in the skin of mice. A powerful genetic cell labelling technique allowed them to track the movement of immune cells inside a living mouse. Sheng et al. found that majority of 'real' Langerhans cells did not leave the skin. Yet, a second lookalike cell that shared many of the same features of a Langerhans cell was found in the dermal layer of skin, and this cell could travel to local lymph nodes. Both the original and lookalike cells had distinct and separate roles in the skin. This research, which has uncovered a new type of Langerhans-like immune cell in the skin, may be extremely useful for developing new targeted therapies to boost immune responses during infection; or to suppress inappropriate immune activation that can lead to autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Sheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi Chen
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Wen Dong
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johannes Mayer
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Junlei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueli Bai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Ho Sung
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilson Wen Bin Goh
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Castenmiller C, Keumatio-Doungtsop BC, van Ree R, de Jong EC, van Kooyk Y. Tolerogenic Immunotherapy: Targeting DC Surface Receptors to Induce Antigen-Specific Tolerance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643240. [PMID: 33679806 PMCID: PMC7933040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are well-established as major players in the regulation of immune responses. They either induce inflammatory or tolerogenic responses, depending on the DC-subtype and stimuli they receive from the local environment. This dual capacity of DCs has raised therapeutic interest for their use to modify immune-activation via the generation of tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs). Several compounds such as vitamin D3, retinoic acid, dexamethasone, or IL-10 and TGF-β have shown potency in the induction of tolDCs. However, an increasing interest exists in defining tolerance inducing receptors on DCs for new targeting strategies aimed to develop tolerance inducing immunotherapies, on which we focus particular in this review. Ligation of specific cell surface molecules on DCs can result in antigen presentation to T cells in the presence of inhibitory costimulatory molecules and tolerogenic cytokines, giving rise to regulatory T cells. The combination of factors such as antigen structure and conformation, delivery method, and receptor specificity is of paramount importance. During the last decades, research provided many tools that can specifically target various receptors on DCs to induce a tolerogenic phenotype. Based on advances in the knowledge of pathogen recognition receptor expression profiles in human DC subsets, the most promising cell surface receptors that are currently being explored as possible targets for the induction of tolerance in DCs will be discussed. We also review the different strategies that are being tested to target DC receptors such as antigen-carbohydrate conjugates, antibody-antigen fusion proteins and antigen-adjuvant conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Castenmiller
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brigitte-Carole Keumatio-Doungtsop
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther C de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Christofi M, Le Sommer S, Mölzer C, Klaska IP, Kuffova L, Forrester JV. Low-dose 2-deoxy glucose stabilises tolerogenic dendritic cells and generates potent in vivo immunosuppressive effects. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:2857-2876. [PMID: 33074350 PMCID: PMC8004500 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapies for autoimmune diseases using tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) have been promisingly explored. A major stumbling block has been generating stable tolDC, with low risk of converting to mature immunogenic DC (mDC), exacerbating disease. mDC induction involves a metabolic shift to lactate production from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and β-oxidation, the homeostatic energy source for resting DC. Inhibition of glycolysis through the administration of 2-deoxy glucose (2-DG) has been shown to prevent autoimmune disease experimentally but is not clinically feasible. We show here that treatment of mouse bone marrow-derived tolDC ex vivo with low-dose 2-DG (2.5 mM) (2-DGtolDC) induces a stable tolerogenic phenotype demonstrated by their failure to engage lactate production when challenged with mycobacterial antigen (Mtb). ~ 15% of 2-DGtolDC express low levels of MHC class II and 30% express CD86, while they are negative for CD40. 2-DGtolDC also express increased immune checkpoint molecules PDL-1 and SIRP-1α. Antigen-specific T cell proliferation is reduced in response to 2-DGtolDC in vitro. Mtb-stimulated 2-DGtolDC do not engage aerobic glycolysis but respond to challenge via increased OXPHOS. They also have decreased levels of p65 phosphorylation, with increased phosphorylation of the non-canonical p100 pathway. A stable tolDC phenotype is associated with sustained SIRP-1α phosphorylation and p85-AKT and PI3K signalling inhibition. Further, 2-DGtolDC preferentially secrete IL-10 rather than IL-12 upon Mtb-stimulation. Importantly, a single subcutaneous administration of 2-DGtolDC prevented experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in vivo. Inhibiting glycolysis of autologous tolDC prior to transfer may be a useful approach to providing stable tolDC therapy for autoimmune/immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christofi
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - S Le Sommer
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - C Mölzer
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
| | - I P Klaska
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - L Kuffova
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.,Eye Clinic, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - J V Forrester
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK. .,Ocular Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia. .,Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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11
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Iberg CA, Hawiger D. Natural and Induced Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:733-744. [PMID: 32015076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly susceptible to extrinsic signals that modify the functions of these crucial APCs. Maturation of DCs induced by diverse proinflammatory conditions promotes immune responses, but certain signals also induce tolerogenic functions in DCs. These "induced tolerogenic DCs" help to moderate immune responses such as those to commensals present at specific anatomical locations. However, also under steady-state conditions, some DCs are characterized by inherent tolerogenic properties. The immunomodulatory mechanisms constitutively present in such "natural tolerogenic DCs" help to promote tolerance to peripheral Ags. By extending tolerance initially established in the thymus, these functions of DCs help to regulate autoimmune and other immune responses. In this review we will discuss the mechanisms and functions of natural and induced tolerogenic DCs and offer further insight into how their possible manipulations may ultimately lead to more precise treatments for various immune-mediated conditions and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Iberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
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12
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Ashour D, Arampatzi P, Pavlovic V, Förstner KU, Kaisho T, Beilhack A, Erhard F, Lutz MB. IL-12 from endogenous cDC1, and not vaccine DC, is required for Th1 induction. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135143. [PMID: 32434994 PMCID: PMC7259537 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Success of DC vaccines relies on the quality of antigen presentation, costimulation, lymph node migration, and the release of IL-12, in case of Th1 priming. Here, we provide evidence for interaction between the injected vaccine DCs with endogenous lymph node–resident DCs for Th1 induction. While migration of the injected DCs was essential for antigen delivery to the lymph node, the injected DCs contributed only partially to Th0 priming and were unable to instruct Th1 generation. Instead, we provide evidence that the lymph node–resident XCR1+ DCs are activated by the injected DCs to present the cognate antigen and release IL-12 for Th1 polarization. The timing of interactions in the draining lymph nodes appeared step-wise as (a) injected DCs with cognate T cells, (b) injected DCs with bystander DCs, and (c) bystander DCs with T cells. The transcriptome of the bystander DCs showed a downregulation of Treg- and Th2/Th9-inducing genes and self-antigen presentation, as well as upregulation of MHC class II and genes required for Th1 instruction. Together, these data show that injected mature lymph node migratory DCs direct T cell priming and bystander DC activation, but not Th1 polarization, which is mediated by endogenous IL-12p70+XCR1+ resident bystander DCs. Our results are of importance for clinical DC-based vaccinations against tumors where endogenous DCs may be functionally impaired by chemotherapy. Successful Th1 priming by DC vaccines in mice depends on IL-12 from endogenous and XCR1+ cDC1 population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Konrad U Förstner
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,ZB MED, Information Centre for Life Sciences, Cologne, Germany.,TH Köln, University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Information Science, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Yang MG, Sun L, Han J, Zheng C, Liang H, Zhu J, Jin T. Biological characteristics of transcription factor RelB in different immune cell types: implications for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Mol Brain 2019; 12:115. [PMID: 31881915 PMCID: PMC6935142 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor RelB is a member of the nuclear factror-kappa B (NF-κB) family, which plays a crucial role in mediating immune responses. Plenty of studies have demonstrated that RelB actively contributes to lymphoid organ development, dendritic cells maturation and function and T cells differentiation, as well as B cell development and survival. RelB deficiency may cause a variety of immunological disorders in both mice and humans. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which involves a board of immune cell populations. Thereby, RelB may exert an impact on MS by modulating the functions of dendritic cells and the differentiation of T cells and B cells. Despite intensive research, the role of RelB in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, is still unclear. Herein, we give an overview of the biological characters of RelB, summarize the updated knowledge regarding the role of RelB in different cell types that contribute to MS pathogenesis and discuss the potential RelB-targeted therapeutic implications for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ge Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.,Present address: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hudong Liang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.
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14
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Ahad A, Stevanin M, Smita S, Mishra GP, Gupta D, Waszak S, Sarkar UA, Basak S, Gupta B, Acha-Orbea H, Raghav SK. NCoR1: Putting the Brakes on the Dendritic Cell Immune Tolerance. iScience 2019; 19:996-1011. [PMID: 31522122 PMCID: PMC6744395 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms fine-tuning immunogenic versus tolerogenic balance in dendritic cells (DCs) is of high importance for therapeutic approaches. We found that NCoR1-mediated direct repression of the tolerogenic program in conventional DCs is essential for induction of an optimal immunogenic response. NCoR1 depletion upregulated a wide variety of tolerogenic genes in activated DCs, which consequently resulted in increased frequency of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Mechanistically, NCoR1 masks the PU.1-bound super-enhancers on major tolerogenic genes after DC activation that are subsequently bound by nuclear factor-κB. NCoR1 knockdown (KD) reduced RelA nuclear translocation and activity, whereas RelB was unaffected, providing activated DCs a tolerogenic advantage. Moreover, NCoR1DC−/- mice depicted enhanced Tregs in draining lymph nodes with increased disease burden upon bacterial and parasitic infections. Besides, adoptive transfer of activated NCoR1 KD DCs in infected animals showed a similar phenotype. Collectively, our results demonstrated NCoR1 as a promising target to control DC-mediated immune tolerance. NCoR1 directly represses tolerogenic program in mouse cDCs Depletion of NCoR1 in cDCs enhanced Treg development ex vivo and in vivo NCoR1 masks PU.1-bound super-enhancers on tolerogenic genes in cDCs NCoR1DC−/− animals depicted enhanced Treg frequency and infection load
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- Immuno-genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Mathias Stevanin
- Department of Biochemistry CIIL, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Immuno-genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Gyan Prakash Mishra
- Immuno-genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Dheerendra Gupta
- Immuno-genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India
| | - Sebastian Waszak
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Uday Aditya Sarkar
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology (NII), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Soumen Basak
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology (NII), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Bhawna Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Hans Acha-Orbea
- Department of Biochemistry CIIL, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Epalinges CH-1066, Switzerland.
| | - Sunil Kumar Raghav
- Immuno-genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751023, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
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15
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Tordesillas L, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Dunkin D, Mondoulet L, Agudo J, Merad M, Sampson HA, Berin MC. PDL2 + CD11b + dermal dendritic cells capture topical antigen through hair follicles to prime LAP + Tregs. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5238. [PMID: 30531969 PMCID: PMC6286332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin immune system must discriminate between innocuous antigens and pathogens. Antigen applied topically using a Viaskin® patch elicits immune tolerance that can suppress colitis and food allergy. Here we show how topical antigen is acquired and presented by dendritic cells in the skin. Topical antigen is acquired by Langerhans cells (LC) and CD11b+ cDC2s but not cDC1s, and both LCs and CD11b+ cDC2s reaching the lymph node can prime T cells and expand LAP+ Tregs. However, LCs are neither required nor sufficient for T cell priming, and have no role in tolerance induction. Conversely, IRF-4-dependent cDC2s are required for T cell priming. Acquisition of antigen in the dermis, delivery to the draining lymph node, and generation of tolerance are all absent in hairless mice. These results indicate an important function for hair follicle niche and CD11b+ cDC2s in antigen acquisition, and in generation of primary immune tolerance to topical antigens. Antigen present and presented in the structures of the skin can result in immune responses that elicit tolerance, protective immunity or allergy, depending on the immunological context. Here the authors describe a key role for the hair follicle and CD11b+ dendritic cells in the priming of local antigenic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Tordesillas
- Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.,Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.,Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - David Dunkin
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Judith Agudo
- Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.,Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.,DBV Technologies, Montrouge, 90120, France
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA. .,Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.
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16
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Szczepanik M, Majewska-Szczepanik M, Wong FS, Kowalczyk P, Pasare C, Wen L. Regulation of contact sensitivity in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice by innate immunity. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:197-207. [PMID: 29943459 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic background influences allergic immune responses to environmental stimuli. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice are highly susceptible to environmental stimuli. Little is known about the interaction of autoimmune genetic factors with innate immunity in allergies, especially skin hypersensitivity. OBJECTIVES To study the interplay of innate immunity and autoimmune genetic factors in contact hypersensitivity (CHS) by using various innate immunity-deficient NOD mice. METHODS Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-deficient, TLR9-deficient and MyD88-deficient NOD mice were used to investigate CHS. The cellular mechanism was determined by flow cytometry in vitro and adoptive cell transfer in vivo. To investigate the role of MyD88 in dendritic cells (DCs) in CHS, we also used CD11cMyD88+ MyD88-/- NOD mice, in which MyD88 is expressed only in CD11c+ cells. RESULTS We found that innate immunity negatively regulates CHS, as innate immunity-deficient NOD mice developed exacerbated CHS accompanied by increased numbers of skin-migrating CD11c+ DCs expressing higher levels of major histocompatibility complex II and CD80. Moreover, MyD88-/- NOD mice had increased numbers of CD11c+ CD207- CD103+ DCs and activated T effector cells in the skin-draining lymph nodes. Strikingly, re-expression of MyD88 in CD11c+ DCs (CD11cMyD88+ MyD88-/- NOD mice) restored hyper-CHS to a normal level in MyD88-/- NOD mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the autoimmune-prone NOD genetic background aggravates CHS regulated by innate immunity, through DCs and T effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Medical Biology, Health Science Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Majewska-Szczepanik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Medical Biology, Health Science Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Florence S Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paulina Kowalczyk
- Department of Medical Biology, Health Science Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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17
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Engman C, Garciafigueroa Y, Phillips BE, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Co-Stimulation-Impaired Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Prevent Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:894. [PMID: 29774025 PMCID: PMC5943510 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are important in the onset and severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Tolerogenic DC induce T-cells to become therapeutic Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs). We therefore asked if experimental IBD could be prevented by administration of bone marrow-derived DC generated under conventional GM-CSF/IL-4 conditions but in the presence of a mixture of antisense DNA oligonucleotides targeting the primary transcripts of CD40, CD80, and CD86. These cell products (which we call AS-ODN BM-DC) have demonstrated tolerogenic activity in preventing type 1 diabetes and preserving beta cell mass in new-onset type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse strain, in earlier studies. In addition to measuring efficacy in prevention of experimental IBD, we also sought to identify possible mechanism(s) of action. Weight, behavior, stool frequency, and character were observed daily for 7–10 days in experimental colitis in mice exposed to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) following injection of the AS-ODN BM-DC. After euthanasia, the colons were processed for histology while spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were made into single cells to measure Foxp3+ Treg as well as IL-10+ regulatory B-cell (Breg) population frequency by flow cytometry. AS-ODN BM-DC prevented DSS-induced colitis development. Recipients of these cells exhibited significant increases in Foxp3+ Treg and IL-10+ Breg in MLN and spleen. Histological examination of colon sections of colitis-free mice remained largely architecturally physiologic and mostly free of leukocyte infiltration when compared with DSS-treated animals. Although DSS colitis is mainly an innate immunity-driven condition, our study adds to the growing body of evidence showing that Foxp3+ Treg and IL-10 Bregs can suppress a mainly innate-driven inflammation. The already-established safety of human DC generated from monocytic progenitors in the presence of the mixture of antisense DNA targeting the primary transcripts of CD40, CD80, and CD86 in humans offers the potential to adapt them for clinical IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Engman
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yesica Garciafigueroa
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brett Eugene Phillips
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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18
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Vendelova E, Ashour D, Blank P, Erhard F, Saliba AE, Kalinke U, Lutz MB. Tolerogenic Transcriptional Signatures of Steady-State and Pathogen-Induced Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541071 PMCID: PMC5835767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key directors of tolerogenic and immunogenic immune responses. During the steady state, DCs maintain T cell tolerance to self-antigens by multiple mechanisms including inducing anergy, deletion, and Treg activity. All of these mechanisms help to prevent autoimmune diseases or other hyperreactivities. Different DC subsets contribute to pathogen recognition by expression of different subsets of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors or C-type lectins. In addition to the triggering of immune responses in infected hosts, most pathogens have evolved mechanisms for evasion of targeted responses. One such strategy is characterized by adopting the host’s T cell tolerance mechanisms. Understanding these tolerogenic mechanisms is of utmost importance for therapeutic approaches to treat immune pathologies, tumors and infections. Transcriptional profiling has developed into a potent tool for DC subset identification. Here, we review and compile pathogen-induced tolerogenic transcriptional signatures from mRNA profiling data of currently available bacterial- or helminth-induced transcriptional signatures. We compare them with signatures of tolerogenic steady-state DC subtypes to identify common and divergent strategies of pathogen induced immune evasion. Candidate molecules are discussed in detail. Our analysis provides further insights into tolerogenic DC signatures and their exploitation by different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Vendelova
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Diyaaeldin Ashour
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Blank
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Morita A. Current developments in phototherapy for psoriasis. J Dermatol 2018; 45:287-292. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Japan
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20
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West HC, Bennett CL. Redefining the Role of Langerhans Cells As Immune Regulators within the Skin. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1941. [PMID: 29379502 PMCID: PMC5770803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are a unique population of tissue-resident macrophages that form a network of cells across the epidermis of the skin, but which have the ability to migrate from the epidermis to draining lymph nodes (LN). Their location at the skin barrier suggests a key role as immune sentinels. However, despite decades of research, the role of LC in skin immunity is unclear; ablation of LC results in neither fatal susceptibility to skin infection nor overt autoimmunity due to lack of immune regulation. Our understanding of immune processes has traditionally been centered on secondary lymphoid organs as sites of lymphocyte priming and differentiation, which is exemplified by LC, initially defined as a paradigm for tissue dendritic cells that migrate to draining LN on maturation. But, more recently, an awareness of the importance of the tissue environment in shaping effector immunity has emerged. In this mini-review, we discuss whether our lack of understanding of LC function stems from our lymph node-centric view of these cells, and question whether a focus on LC as immune regulators in situ in the skin may reveal clearer answers about their function in cutaneous immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C. West
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare L. Bennett
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Yamazaki S, Odanaka M, Nishioka A, Kasuya S, Shime H, Hemmi H, Imai M, Riethmacher D, Kaisho T, Ohkura N, Sakaguchi S, Morita A. Ultraviolet B-Induced Maturation of CD11b-Type Langerin - Dendritic Cells Controls the Expansion of Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells in the Skin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:119-129. [PMID: 29158419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin dendritic cells (DCs) are divided into several subsets with distinctive functions. This study shows a previously unappreciated role of dermal CD11b-type Langerin- DCs in maintaining immunological self-tolerance after UVB exposure. After UVB exposure, dermal CD11b-type Langerin- DCs upregulated surface CD86 expression, induced proliferation of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells without exogenous Ags, and upregulated a set of genes associated with immunological tolerance. This Treg-expansion activity was significantly hampered by CD80/CD86 blockade in vivo. These results indicate that CD11b-type Langerin- DCs from the UVB-exposed skin are specialized to expand Treg cells in the skin, which suppress autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yamazaki
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Mizuyu Odanaka
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akiko Nishioka
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Saori Kasuya
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hemmi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.,Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Dieter Riethmacher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan.,School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.,Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and.,Department of Frontier Research in Tumor Immunology, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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22
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Dunkin D, Berin MC, Mondoulet L, Tobar S, Yeretssian G, Tordesillas L, Iuga A, Larcher T, Gillespie V, Benhamou PH, Colombel JF, Sampson HA. Epicutaneous Tolerance Induction to a Bystander Antigen Abrogates Colitis and Ileitis in Mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:1972-1982. [PMID: 29019858 PMCID: PMC5659741 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a failure in maintaining tolerance to the intestinal microbiota, few studies have investigated the use of immunologic tolerance as a treatment approach for IBD. We hypothesized that induction of immune tolerance at a distal site could suppress intestinal inflammation through a process of bystander regulation. METHODS Epicutaneous tolerance was induced by topical application of ovalbumin (OVA) using a Viaskin patch for 48 hours. In some experiments, a single feed of ovalbumin was used to drive epicutaneous tolerance-induced regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the intestine. The mechanism of tolerance induction was tested using neutralizing antibodies against TGF-β, IL-10, and Treg depletion using Foxp3-DTR mice. The capacity of skin-draining Tregs, or epicutaneous tolerance, to prevent or treat experimental IBD was tested using T-cell transfer colitis, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis, and ileitis in SAMP-YITFc mice. Weight loss, colonic inflammatory cytokines and histology were assessed. RESULTS Epicutaneous exposure to ovalbumin induced systemic immune tolerance by a TGF-β-dependent, but IL-10 and iFoxp3 Treg-independent mechanism. Skin draining Tregs suppressed the development of colitis. Epicutaneous tolerance to a model antigen prevented intestinal inflammation in the dextran sodium sulfate and SAMP-YITFc models and importantly could halt disease in mice already experiencing weight loss in the T-cell transfer model of colitis. This was accompanied by a significant accumulation of LAP and Foxp3 Tregs in the colon. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration that epicutaneous tolerance to a model antigen can lead to bystander suppression of inflammation and prevention of disease progression in preclinical models of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dunkin
- *Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; †Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Precision Immunology Institute, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; ‡DBV Technologies, Bagneux, France; §Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; ‖Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical School, New York, New York; ¶National Veterinary School, Nantes, France; **Department of Comparative Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and ††Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Low doses of cholera toxin and its mediator cAMP induce CTLA-2 secretion by dendritic cells to enhance regulatory T cell conversion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178114. [PMID: 28759565 PMCID: PMC5536293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immature or semi-mature dendritic cells (DCs) represent tolerogenic maturation stages that can convert naive T cells into Foxp3+ induced regulatory T cells (iTreg). Here we found that murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BM-DCs) treated with cholera toxin (CT) matured by up-regulating MHC-II and costimulatory molecules using either high or low doses of CT (CThi, CTlo) or with cAMP, a known mediator CT signals. However, all three conditions also induced mRNA of both isoforms of the tolerogenic molecule cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 2 (CTLA-2α and CTLA-2β). Only DCs matured under CThi conditions secreted IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23 leading to the instruction of Th17 cell polarization. In contrast, CTlo- or cAMP-DCs resembled semi-mature DCs and enhanced TGF-β-dependent Foxp3+ iTreg conversion. iTreg conversion could be reduced using siRNA blocking of CTLA-2 and reversely, addition of recombinant CTLA-2α increased iTreg conversion in vitro. Injection of CTlo- or cAMP-DCs exerted MOG peptide-specific protective effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by inducing Foxp3+ Tregs and reducing Th17 responses. Together, we identified CTLA-2 production by DCs as a novel tolerogenic mediator of TGF-β-mediated iTreg induction in vitro and in vivo. The CT-induced and cAMP-mediated up-regulation of CTLA-2 also may point to a novel immune evasion mechanism of Vibrio cholerae.
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Döhler A, Schneider T, Eckert I, Ribechini E, Andreas N, Riemann M, Reizis B, Weih F, Lutz MB. RelB + Steady-State Migratory Dendritic Cells Control the Peripheral Pool of the Natural Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:726. [PMID: 28690613 PMCID: PMC5479892 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus-derived natural Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (nTregs) play a key role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune disease. Several studies indicate that dendritic cells (DCs) are critically involved in the maintenance and proliferation of nTregs. However, the mechanisms how DCs manage to keep the peripheral pool at constant levels remain poorly understood. Here, we describe that the NF-κB/Rel family transcription factor RelB controls the frequencies of steady-state migratory DCs (ssmDCs) in peripheral lymph nodes and their numbers control peripheral nTreg homeostasis. DC-specific RelB depletion was investigated in CD11c-Cre × RelBfl/fl mice (RelBDCko), which showed normal frequencies of resident DCs in lymph nodes and spleen while the subsets of CD103− Langerin− dermal DCs (dDCs) and Langerhans cells but not CD103+ Langerin+ dDC of the ssmDCs in skin-draining lymph nodes were increased. Enhanced frequencies and proliferation rates were also observed for nTregs and a small population of CD4+ CD44high CD25low memory-like T cells (Tml). Interestingly, only the Tml but not DCs showed an increase in IL-2-producing capacity in lymph nodes of RelBDCko mice. Blocking of IL-2 in vivo reduced the frequency of nTregs but increased the Tml frequencies, followed by a recovery of nTregs. Taken together, by employing RelBDCko mice with increased frequencies of ssmDCs our data indicate a critical role for specific ssmDC subsets for the peripheral nTreg and IL-2+ Tml frequencies during homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Döhler
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Schneider
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ina Eckert
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eliana Ribechini
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nico Andreas
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Riemann
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Falk Weih
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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25
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Abstract
This review aims to address the mechanisms of compromised immune tolerance contributing to the development and maintenance of Alopecia Areata (AA). Our goal is to also highlight future treatment opportunities and therapeutics that will safely and efficiently restore hair growth and maintain patients in remission. AA is a presumptive autoimmune disorder that coincides and genetically clusters to several other autoimmune diseases. In this review, we pay attention to the learnings from the mechanistic research and drug development in these other autoimmune conditions. Interestingly, most of these diseases have been linked to compromised central and peripheral tolerance, and increased intestinal inflammation with enhanced gut permeability. Break of tolerance and priming of the autoreactive T-cells to attack antigenic epitopes in the hair follicle most likely requires several steps which include escape from negative selection and compromised peripheral tolerance. Local skin-related changes are also of importance due to the patchy manifestation of the skin areas with loss of hair, particularly in the early disease. Here, we discuss the defective mechanisms of tolerance, both central and peripheral, and hypothesize that the disease is driven by areas of tolerance break, and that these could be targeted for successful therapeutic interventions.
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26
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Abstract
Apoptosis is an important component of normal tissue physiology, and the prompt removal of apoptotic cells is equally essential to avoid the undesirable consequences of their accumulation and disintegration. Professional phagocytes are highly specialized for engulfing apoptotic cells. The recent ability to track cells that have undergone apoptosis in situ has revealed a division of labor among the tissue resident phagocytes that sample them. Macrophages are uniquely programmed to process internalized apoptotic cell-derived fatty acids, cholesterol and nucleotides, as a reflection of their dominant role in clearing the bulk of apoptotic cells. Dendritic cells carry apoptotic cells to lymph nodes where they signal the emergence and expansion of highly suppressive regulatory CD4 T cells. A broad suppression of inflammation is executed through distinct phagocyte-specific mechanisms. A clever induction of negative regulatory nodes is notable in dendritic cells serving to simultaneously shut down multiple pathways of inflammation. Several of the genes and pathways modulated in phagocytes in response to apoptotic cells have been linked to chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Our collective understanding of old and new phagocyte functions after apoptotic cell phagocytosis demonstrates the enormity of ways to mediate immune suppression and enforce tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Yin X, Yu H, Jin X, Li J, Guo H, Shi Q, Yin Z, Xu Y, Wang X, Liu R, Wang S, Zhang L. Human Blood CD1c+ Dendritic Cells Encompass CD5high and CD5low Subsets That Differ Significantly in Phenotype, Gene Expression, and Functions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:1553-1564. [PMID: 28087664 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
There are three major dendritic cell (DC) subsets in both humans and mice, that is, plasmacytoid DCs and two types of conventional DCs (cDCs), cDC1s and cDC2s. cDC2s are important for polarizing CD4+ naive T cells into different subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, and regulatory T cells. In mice, cDC2s can be further divided into phenotypically and functionally distinct subgroups. However, subsets of human cDC2s have not been reported. In the present study, we showed that human blood CD1c+ cDCs (cDC2s) can be further separated into two subpopulations according to their CD5 expression status. Comparative transcriptome analyses showed that the CD5high DCs expressed higher levels of cDC2-specific genes, including IFN regulatory factor 4, which is essential for the cDC2 development and its migration to lymph nodes. In contrast, CD5low DCs preferentially expressed monocyte-related genes, including the lineage-specific transcription factor MAFB. Furthermore, compared with the CD5low subpopulation, the CD5high subpopulation showed stronger migration toward CCL21 and overrepresentation among migratory DCs in lymph nodes. Additionally, the CD5high DCs induced naive T cell proliferation more potently than did the CD5low DCs. Moreover, CD5high DCs induced higher levels of IL-10-, IL-22-, and IL-4-producing T cell formation, whereas CD5low DCs induced higher levels of IFN-γ-producing T cell formation. Thus, we show that human blood CD1c+ cDC2s encompass two subsets that differ significantly in phenotype, that is, gene expression and functions. We propose that these two subsets of human cDC2s could potentially play contrasting roles in immunity or tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Haisheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Quanxing Shi
- Department of Cardiology, 306th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Cardiology, 306th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Yong Xu
- Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shouli Wang
- Department of Cardiology, 306th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
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Batf3 selectively determines acquisition of CD8 + dendritic cell phenotype and function. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:215-223. [PMID: 27897162 PMCID: PMC5309136 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Batf3 is a transcription factor that impacts the development of CD103+ tissue-resident dendritic cells (DCs). However, whether Batf3 is absolutely required for the development of CD8+ DCs remains controversial. Id2 is required for CD8+ DC development. Here we show that bone marrow chimeric mice with a deletion of Id2 in the CD11c compartment lose the ability to reject a skin graft expressing a non-self protein antigen or mount a delayed hypersensitivity response. In contrast, Batf3-/- mice remained competent for skin graft rejection and delayed hypersensitivity, and retained a CD8+ DC population with markers characteristic of the CD11b+ DC lineage, including CD11b, CD4 and CD172α, as well as the key regulator transcription factor IRF4, but lacked IRF8 expression. CD8+ DCs in Batf3-/- mice took up and cleaved protein antigen and larger particles but were unable to phagocytose dying cells, a characteristic feature to the CD8+ DC lineage. These data clarify a requirement for CD8+ lineage DCs to induce effectors of neo-antigen-driven skin graft rejection, and improve our understanding of DC subtype commitment by demonstrating that in the absence of Batf3 CD8+ DCs can change their fate and become CD11b+ DCs.
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Pan Z, Horton CG, Lawrence C, Farris AD. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and type 1 interferon promote peripheral expansion of forkhead box protein 3(+) regulatory T cells specific for the ubiquitous RNA-binding nuclear antigen La/Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-B. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:18-29. [PMID: 27227559 PMCID: PMC5011359 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding nuclear antigens are a major class of self-antigen to which immune tolerance is lost in rheumatic diseases. Serological tolerance to one such antigen, La/Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-B (La), is controlled by CD4(+) T cells. This study investigated peripheral tolerance to human La (hLa) by tracking the fate of hLa-specific CD4(+) T cells expressing the transgenic (Tg) 3B5.8 T cell receptor (TCR) after adoptive transfer into lymphocyte-replete recipient mice expressing hLa as a neo-self-antigen. After initial antigen-specific cell division, hLa-specific donor CD4(+) T cells expressed forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3). Donor cells retrieved from hLa Tg recipients displayed impaired proliferation and secreted interleukin (IL)-10 in vitro in response to antigenic stimulation. Transfer of highly purified FoxP3-negative donor cells demonstrated that accumulation of hLa-specific regulatory T cells (Treg ) was due primarily to expansion of small numbers of donor Treg . Depletion of recipient plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), but not B cells, severely hampered the accumulation of FoxP3(+) donor Treg in hLa Tg recipients. Recipient pDC expressed tolerogenic markers and higher levels of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules than B cells. Adoptive transfer of hLa peptide-loaded pDC into mice lacking expression of hLa recapitulated the accumulation of hLa-specific Treg . Blockade of the type 1 interferon (IFN) receptor in hLa Tg recipients of hLa-specific T cells impaired FoxP3(+) donor T cell accumulation. Therefore, peripheral expansion of Treg specific for an RNA-binding nuclear antigen is mediated by antigen-presenting pDC in a type 1 IFN-dependent manner. These results reveal a regulatory function of pDC in controlling autoreactivity to RNA-binding nuclear antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z.‐J. Pan
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - C. G. Horton
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research Foundation
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City
- Department of Biological SciencesSouthwestern Oklahoma State UniversityWeatherfordOKUSA
| | - C. Lawrence
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - A. D. Farris
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research Foundation
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City
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30
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Abstract
The immune system has evolved to defend the organism against an almost infinite number of pathogens in a locally confined and antigen-specific manner while at the same time preserving tolerance to harmless antigens and self. Regulatory T (Treg) cells essentially contribute to an immunoregulatory network preventing excessive immune responses and immunopathology. There is emerging evidence that Treg cells not only operate in secondary lymphoid tissue but also regulate immune responses directly at the site of inflammation. Hence, the classification of Treg cells might need to be further extended by Treg cell subsets that are functionally and phenotypically polarized by their residency. In this review, we discuss recent findings on these tissue-resident Treg cell subsets and how these cells may operate in a tissue- and context-dependent manner.
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31
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García-González P, Ubilla-Olguín G, Catalán D, Schinnerling K, Aguillón JC. Tolerogenic dendritic cells for reprogramming of lymphocyte responses in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:1071-1080. [PMID: 27485011 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) control immune responses by driving potent inflammatory actions against external and internal threats while generating tolerance to self and harmless components. This duality and their potential to reprogram immune responses in an antigen-specific fashion have made them an interesting target for immunotherapeutic strategies to control autoimmune diseases. Several protocols have been described for in vitro generation of tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) capable of modulating adaptive immune responses and restoring tolerance through different mechanisms that involve anergy, generation of regulatory lymphocyte populations, or deletion of potentially harmful inflammatory T cell subsets. Recently, the capacity of tolDCs to induce interleukin (IL-10)-secreting regulatory B cells has been demonstrated. In vitro assays and rodent models of autoimmune diseases provide insights to the molecular regulators and pathways enabling tolDCs to control immune responses. Here we review mechanisms through which tolDCs modulate adaptive immune responses, particularly focusing on their suitability for reprogramming autoreactive CD4+ effector T cells. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings establishing that tolDCs also modulate B cell populations and discuss clinical trials applying tolDCs to patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina García-González
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Ubilla-Olguín
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Catalán
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile
| | - Katina Schinnerling
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII), Santiago, Chile.
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32
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Broggi A, Cigni C, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Preparation of Single-cell Suspensions for Cytofluorimetric Analysis from Different Mouse Skin Regions. J Vis Exp 2016:e52589. [PMID: 27166881 DOI: 10.3791/52589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a barrier organ that interacts with the external environment. Being continuously exposed to potential microbial invasion, the dermis and epidermis home a variety of immune cells in both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Tools to obtain skin cell release for cytofluorimetric analyses are, therefore, very useful in order to study the complex network of immune cells residing in the skin and their response to microbial stimuli. Here, we describe an efficient methodology for the digestion of mouse skin to rapidly and efficiently obtain single-cell suspensions. This protocol allows maintenance of maximum cell viability without compromising surface antigen expression. We also describe how to take and digest skin samples from different anatomical locations, such as the ear, trunk, tail, and footpad. The obtained suspensions are then stained and analyzed by flow cytometry to discriminate between different leukocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Broggi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Clara Cigni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center;
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center;
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33
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Chandra J, Miao Y, Romoff N, Frazer IH. Epithelium Expressing the E7 Oncoprotein of HPV16 Attracts Immune-Modulatory Dendritic Cells to the Skin and Suppresses Their Antigen-Processing Capacity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152886. [PMID: 27031095 PMCID: PMC4816461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APCs) in skin can promote either antigen-specific effector functions or antigen tolerance, and thus determine clearance or persistence of cutaneous viral infections. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections can persist in squamous epithelium in immunocompetent individuals, and some persisting HPV infections, particularly with HPV16, promote malignant epithelial transformation. Here, we investigate whether local expression of the HPV16 protein most associated with malignant transformation, HPV16-E7, affects the phenotype and function of APC subsets in the skin. We demonstrate an expanded population of Langerhans cells in HPV16-E7 transgenic skin with distinct cell surface markers which express immune-modulatory enzymes and cytokines not expressed by cells from non transgenic skin. Furthermore, HPV16-E7 transgene expression in keratinocytes attracts new APC subsets to the epidermis. In vivo migration and transport of antigen to the draining lymph node by these APCs is markedly enhanced in HPV16-E7 expressing skin, whereas antigen-processing, as measured by proteolytic cleavage of DQ-OVA and activation of T cells in vivo by APCs, is significantly impaired. These data suggest that local expression of HPV16-E7 in keratinocytes can contribute to persisting infection with this oncogenic virus, by altering the phenotype and function of local APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Chandra
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Yan Miao
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Natasha Romoff
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- * E-mail:
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34
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Immunity and Tolerance Induced by Intestinal Mucosal Dendritic Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3104727. [PMID: 27034589 PMCID: PMC4789473 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells present in the digestive tract are constantly exposed to environmental antigens, commensal flora, and invading pathogens. Under steady-state conditions, these cells have high tolerogenic potential, triggering differentiation of regulatory T cells to protect the host from unwanted proinflammatory immune responses to innocuous antigens or commensals. On the other hand, these cells must discriminate between commensal flora and invading pathogens and mount powerful immune response against pathogens. A potential result of unbalanced tolerogenic versus proinflammatory responses mediated by dendritic cells is associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, food allergies, and celiac disease. Herein, we review the dendritic cell population involved in mediating tolerance and immunity in mucosal surfaces, the progress in unveiling their development in vivo, and factors that can influence their functions.
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35
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Lutz MB. Induction of CD4(+) Regulatory and Polarized Effector/helper T Cells by Dendritic Cells. Immune Netw 2016; 16:13-25. [PMID: 26937228 PMCID: PMC4770096 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered to play major roles during the induction of T cell immune responses as well as the maintenance of T cell tolerance. Naive CD4(+) T cells have been shown to respond with high plasticity to signals inducing their polarization into effector/helper or regulatory T cells. Data obtained from in vitro generated bone-marrow (BM)-derived DCs as well as genetic mouse models revealed an important but not exclusive role of DCs in shaping CD4(+) T cell responses. Besides the specialization of some conventional DC subsets for the induction of polarized immunity, also the maturation stage, activation of specialized transcription factors and the cytokine production of DCs have major impact on CD4(+) T cells. Since in vitro generated BM-DCs show a high diversity to shape CD4(+) T cells and their high similarity to monocyte-derived DCs in vivo, this review reports data mainly on BM-DCs in this process and only touches the roles of transcription factors or of DC subsets, which have been discussed elsewhere. Here, recent findings on 1) the conversion of naive into anergic and further into Foxp3(-) regulatory T cells (Treg) by immature DCs, 2) the role of RelB in steady state migratory DCs (ssmDCs) for conversion of naive T cells into Foxp3(+) Treg, 3) the DC maturation signature for polarized Th2 cell induction and 4) the DC source of IL-12 for Th1 induction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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36
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Mahnke K, Ring S, Enk AH. Antibody Targeting of "Steady-State" Dendritic Cells Induces Tolerance Mediated by Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:63. [PMID: 26941742 PMCID: PMC4763042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are often defined as pivotal inducers of immunity, but these proinflammatory properties only develop after stimulation or ex vivo manipulation of DCs. Under non-inflammatory conditions in vivo, DCs are embedded into a tissue environment and encounter a plethora of self-antigens derived from apoptotic material. This material is transported to secondary lymphoid organs. As DCs maintain their non-activated phenotype in a sterile tissue environment, interaction with T cells will induce rather regulatory T cells than effector T cells. Thus, DCs are not only inducers of immunity but are also critical for maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Therapeutically, intervention for the induction of long-lasting tolerance in several autoimmune conditions may therefore be possible by manipulating DC activation and/or targeting of DCs in their “natural” tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Mahnke
- University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Sabine Ring
- University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Alexander H Enk
- University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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37
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Ali MA, Thrower SL, Hanna SJ, Coulman SA, Birchall JC, Wong FS, Dayan CM, Tatovic D. Topical steroid therapy induces pro-tolerogenic changes in Langerhans cells in human skin. Immunology 2015; 146:411-22. [PMID: 26293297 PMCID: PMC4610630 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the efficacy of conditioning skin Langerhans cells (LCs) with agents to promote tolerance and reduce inflammation, with the goal of improving the outcomes of antigen-specific immunotherapy. Topical treatments were assessed ex vivo, using excised human breast skin maintained in organ bath cultures, and in vivo in healthy volunteers by analysing skin biopsies and epidermal blister roof samples. Following topical treatment with a corticosteroid, tumour necrosis factor-α levels were reduced in skin biopsy studies and blister fluid samples. Blister fluid concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory proteins -1α and 1β and interferon-γ inducible protein-10 were also reduced, while preserving levels of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10. Steroid pre-treatment of the skin reduced the ability of LCs to induce proliferation, while supernatants showed an increase in the IL-10/interferon-γ ratio. Phenotypic changes following topical steroid treatment were also observed, including reduced expression of CD83 and CD86 in blister-derived LCs, but preservation of the tolerogenic signalling molecules immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 and programmed death-1. Reduced expression of HLA-DR, CD80 and CD86 were also apparent in LCs derived from excised human skin. Topical therapy with a vitamin D analogue (calcipotriol) and steroid, calcipotriol alone or vitamin A elicited no significant changes in the parameters studied. These experiments suggest that pre-conditioning the skin with topical corticosteroid can modulate LCs by blunting their pro-inflammatory signals and potentially enhancing tolerance. We suggest that such modulation before antigen-specific immunotherapy might provide an inexpensive and safe adjunct to current approaches to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alhadj Ali
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Stephanie J Hanna
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sion A Coulman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James C Birchall
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - F Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Colin Mark Dayan
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Danijela Tatovic
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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38
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Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Myeloid dendritic cells: Development, functions, and role in atherosclerotic inflammation. Immunobiology 2015; 220:833-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Flacher V, Tripp CH, Mairhofer DG, Steinman RM, Stoitzner P, Idoyaga J, Romani N. Murine Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells prime CD8+ T cells while Langerhans cells induce cross-tolerance. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1191-204. [PMID: 25085878 PMCID: PMC4197865 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201303283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin dendritic cells (DCs) control the immunogenicity of cutaneously administered vaccines. Antigens targeted to DCs via the C-type lectin Langerin/CD207 are cross-presented to CD8+ T cells in vivo. We investigated the relative roles of Langerhans cells (LCs) and Langerin+ dermal DCs (dDCs) in different vaccination settings. Poly(I:C) and anti-CD40 agonist antibody promoted cytotoxic responses upon intradermal immunization with ovalbumin (OVA)-coupled anti-Langerin antibodies (Langerin/OVA). This correlated with CD70 upregulation in Langerin+ dDCs, but not LCs. In chimeric mice where Langerin targeting was restricted to dDCs, CD8+ T-cell memory was enhanced. Conversely, providing Langerin/OVA exclusively to LCs failed to prime cytotoxicity, despite initial antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells. Langerin/OVA combined with imiquimod could not prime CD8+ T cells and resulted in poor cytotoxicity in subsequent responses. This tolerance induction required targeting and maturation of LCs. Altogether, Langerin+ dDCs prime long-lasting cytotoxic responses, while cross-presentation by LCs negatively influences CD8+ T-cell priming. Moreover, this highlights that DCs exposed to TLR agonists can still induce tolerance and supports the existence of qualitatively different DC maturation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Flacher
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David G Mairhofer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ralph M Steinman
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
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40
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Homeostatic NF-κB Signaling in Steady-State Migratory Dendritic Cells Regulates Immune Homeostasis and Tolerance. Immunity 2015; 42:627-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Wolf P, Gruber-Wackernagel A, Bambach I, Schmidbauer U, Mayer G, Absenger M, Fröhlich E, Byrne SN. Photohardening of polymorphic light eruption patients decreases baseline epidermal Langerhans cell density while increasing mast cell numbers in the papillary dermis. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:428-30. [PMID: 24758562 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of polymorphic light eruption (PLE) has been linked to a lack of UV-induced immune suppression. To determine the role of Langerhans cells (LC), mast cells and regulatory T cells, biopsies from PLE patients were taken from exposed sites in spring before and after photohardening with 311 nm or PUVA as well as again in summer. Skin sections were assessed for the presence of Langerin/CD1a+ LC and CD3+, CD4+, CD25+ or FoxP3+ T cells and mast cells. Photohardening transiently decreased the density of epidermal LC and significantly increased a low baseline mast cell density in the papillary dermis of PLE patients. Baseline T cell numbers in the skin were low, and there was no difference in PLE patients among any time point. This suggests that LC suppression together with recruitment of mast cells into photohardened skin may be a key cellular event underlying the mechanism by which phototherapy protects from PLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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42
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Engman C, Wen Y, Meng WS, Bottino R, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Generation of antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in vivo following administration of diabetes-reversing tolerogenic microspheres does not require provision of antigen in the formulation. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:103-23. [PMID: 25773782 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed novel antisense oligonucleotide-formulated microspheres that can reverse hyperglycemia in newly-onset diabetic mice. Dendritic cells taking up the microspheres adopt a restrained co-stimulation ability and migrate to the pancreatic lymph nodes when injected into an abdominal region that is drained by those lymph nodes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the absolute numbers of antigen-specific Foxp3+ T regulatory cells are increased only in the lymph nodes draining the site of administration and that these T-cells proliferate independently of antigen supply in the microspheres. Taken together, our data add to the emerging model where antigen supply may not be a requirement in "vaccines" for autoimmune disease, but the site of administration - subserved by lymph nodes draining the target organ - is in fact critical to foster the generation of antigen-specific regulatory cells. The implications of these observations on "vaccine" design for autoimmunity are discussed and summarized.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-2 Antigen/genetics
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- CD11c Antigen/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/analysis
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Hyperglycemia/therapy
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macaca fascicularis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microspheres
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Pancreas/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Engman
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Yi Wen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Mellon 413, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Mellon 413, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA.
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43
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Schinnerling K, Soto L, García-González P, Catalán D, Aguillón JC. Skewing dendritic cell differentiation towards a tolerogenic state for recovery of tolerance in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:517-27. [PMID: 25633325 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To date, the available options to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) include traditional corticoids and biological drugs, which are not exempt of adverse effects. The development of cellular therapies based on dendritic cells with tolerogenic functions (TolDCs) has opened a new possibility to efficiently eradicate symptoms and control the immune response in the field of autoimmunity. TolDCs are an attractive tool for antigen-specific immunotherapy to restore self-tolerance in RA and other autoimmune disorders. A promising strategy is to inject autologous self-antigen-loaded TolDCs, which are able to delete or reprogram autoreactive T cells. Different protocols for the generation of stable human TolDCs have been established and the therapeutic effect of TolDCs has been investigated in multiple rodent models of arthritis. Pilot studies in humans confirmed that TolDC application is safe, encouraging clinical trials using self-antigen-loaded TolDCs in RA patients. Although an abundance of molecular regulators of DC functions has been discovered in the last decade, no master regulator of tolerogenicity has been identified yet. Further research is required to define biomarkers or key regulators of tolerogenicity that might facilitate the induction and monitoring of TolDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina Schinnerling
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina García-González
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan C Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
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44
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Pfisterer K, Lipnik KM, Hofer E, Elbe-Bürger A. CD90 + Human Dermal Stromal Cells Are Potent Inducers of FoxP3 + Regulatory T Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:130-141. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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45
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Abstract
The therapeutic landscape of IBD has undergone a dramatic transformation since the advent of biologic therapies, especially TNF inhibitors. However, 30% of patients are primary nonresponders to biologic therapy and secondary failures are frequent. Due to substantial progress in our understanding of the biology of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and in the pathways of homing to the gastrointestinal tract, novel cell-based therapies for IBD have become possible. For example, although a reductionist view, one could envisage IBD as an imbalance between the proinflammatory effectors (such as Th17 cells) and the anti-inflammatory regulators (like Tregs). Here we focus on the development of ex vivo and in vivo approaches to enhance Tregs in the gastrointestinal tract. Specifically, herein we highlight a recently concluded phase 1/2a clinical trial that investigated the safety and efficacy of a single injection of escalating doses of autologous ovalbumin-specific Tregs in patients with active Crohn's disease refractory to conventional therapy. This therapy was well tolerated and demonstrated dose-related efficacy. We also discuss the potential of directing Tregs derived through intranasal as well as epicutaneous immunization to the gastrointestinal tract by enhancing their gut homing signature and their potential to decrease gastrointestinal inflammation. Finally, the strengths and pitfalls of these new therapeutic approaches are discussed as we move forward in this largely uncharted territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dunkin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Institute of Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, N.Y., USA
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46
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Milanez-Almeida P, Meyer-Hermann M, Toker A, Khailaie S, Huehn J. Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell homeostasis quantitatively differs in murine peripheral lymph nodes and spleen. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:153-66. [PMID: 25330759 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining self-tolerance and modulating inflammatory immune responses. Treg cells either develop within the thymus or are converted from CD4(+) naive T (Tnaive) cells in the periphery. The Treg-cell population size is tightly controlled and Treg-cell development and homeostasis have been intensively studied; however, quantitative information about mechanisms of peripheral Treg-cell homeostasis is lacking. Here we developed the first mathematical model of peripheral Treg-cell homeostasis, incorporating secondary lymphoid organs as separate entities and encompassing factors determining the size of the Treg-cell population, namely thymic output, homeostatic proliferation, peripheral conversion, transorgan migration, apoptosis, and the Tnaive-cell population. Quantitative data were collected by monitoring Tnaive-cell homeostasis and Treg-cell rebound after selective in vivo depletion of Treg cells. Our model predicted the previously unanticipated possibility that Treg cells regulate migration of Tnaive cells between spleen and peripheral lymph nodes (LNs), whereas migration of Treg cells between these organs can largely be neglected. Furthermore, our simulations suggested that peripheral conversion significantly contributed to the maintenance of the Treg-cell population, especially in LNs. Hence, we provide the first estimation of the peripheral Treg-cell conversion rate and propose additional facets of Treg-cell-mediated immune regulation that may previously have escaped attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Milanez-Almeida
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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47
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Yamazaki S, Nishioka A, Kasuya S, Ohkura N, Hemmi H, Kaisho T, Taguchi O, Sakaguchi S, Morita A. Homeostasis of thymus-derived Foxp3+ regulatory T cells is controlled by ultraviolet B exposure in the skin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5488-97. [PMID: 25348622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that immunological tolerance induced by Ag administration together with UVB irradiation is dependent on Foxp3(+) CD4(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells. However, the mechanisms by which UVB controls Treg cells in the skin are currently unclear. In this study, we have shown that exposure to UVB induced expansion of Treg cells up to 50-60% of the CD4(+) T cells in the irradiated skin. The Treg cell expansion in the skin lasted for 2 wk after exposure, which contributed to homeostasis of Treg cells in the periphery later. UVB-expanded Treg cells formed clusters with dendritic cells and proliferated in situ. Furthermore, the expanded Treg cells appeared to derive from neuropilin 1(+) thymus-derived Treg (tTreg) cells in the periphery because UVB-expanded Treg cells possessed Treg cell-specific CpG hypomethylation pattern, as seen in tTreg cells. These results collectively indicate that homeostasis of tTreg cells is controlled by UVB exposure in the skin. UVB therapy may be useful for not only inflammatory skin disorders, but also autoimmunity, transplantation, and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Yamazaki
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Akiko Nishioka
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Saori Kasuya
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hemmi
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Inflammatory Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; and
| | - Osamu Taguchi
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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48
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Tang DCC, Nguyen HH. The Yin-Yang arms of vaccines: disease-fighting power versus tissue-destructive inflammation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:417-27. [PMID: 24502690 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.882775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The disease-fighting power of vaccines has defeated many pathogens and has been credited with global reduction of mortality and morbidity. However, most vaccine developments focus on the enhancement of effector responses with systemic inflammation and the consequences overlooked. Recent evidence shows that systemic inflammatory phenotypes, acute or chronic, are both detrimental and should be avoided if possible. Since noninvasive vaccination by painless delivery of nasal vaccines and skin patch vaccines could elicit potent protective immunity without inducing systemic inflammation, it can be predicted that vaccinology will increasingly see the abandonment of the 'needle-injection' paradigm for vaccine development. The findings that specific viral particles could rapidly remodel the tissue environment postinfection in favor of some pathogens with the capacity to suppress others illustrate the pressing need for a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms in order to unlock the full potential of immunological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Chu Christopher Tang
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742 , Korea
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49
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Gordon JR, Ma Y, Churchman L, Gordon SA, Dawicki W. Regulatory dendritic cells for immunotherapy in immunologic diseases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:7. [PMID: 24550907 PMCID: PMC3907717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recognize well the abilities of dendritic cells to activate effector T cell (Teff cell) responses to an array of antigens and think of these cells in this context as pre-eminent antigen-presenting cells, but dendritic cells are also critical to the induction of immunologic tolerance. Herein, we review our knowledge on the different kinds of tolerogenic or regulatory dendritic cells that are present or can be induced in experimental settings and humans, how they operate, and the diseases in which they are effective, from allergic to autoimmune diseases and transplant tolerance. The primary conclusions that arise from these cumulative studies clearly indicate that the agent(s) used to induce the tolerogenic phenotype and the status of the dendritic cell at the time of induction influence not only the phenotype of the dendritic cell, but also that of the regulatory T cell responses that they in turn mobilize. For example, while many, if not most, types of induced regulatory dendritic cells lead CD4+ naïve or Teff cells to adopt a CD25+Foxp3+ Treg phenotype, exposure of Langerhans cells or dermal dendritic cells to vitamin D leads in one case to the downstream induction of CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell responses, while in the other to Foxp3− type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) responses. Similarly, exposure of human immature versus semi-mature dendritic cells to IL-10 leads to distinct regulatory T cell outcomes. Thus, it should be possible to shape our dendritic cell immunotherapy approaches for selective induction of different types of T cell tolerance or to simultaneously induce multiple types of regulatory T cell responses. This may prove to be an important option as we target diseases in different anatomic compartments or with divergent pathologies in the clinic. Finally, we provide an overview of the use and potential use of these cells clinically, highlighting their potential as tools in an array of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Gordon
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
| | - Yanna Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
| | - Laura Churchman
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
| | - Sara A Gordon
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
| | - Wojciech Dawicki
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada
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50
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Hua F, Kang N, Gao YA, Cui LX, Ba DN, He W. Potential regulatory role of in vitro-expanded Vδ1 T cells from human peripheral blood. Immunol Res 2013; 56:172-80. [PMID: 23532670 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells represent a relevant proportion of T lymphocytes that express T cell receptors (TCRs) encoded by the γ and δ T cell receptor genes. Whereas the most circulating γδ T cell type, Vδ2 T cells, has been described and studied intensively, the potential role of Vδ1 T cells remains largely unclear. Here, we identified that expanded peripheral blood Vδ1 T cells stimulated with anti-human TCR Vδ1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in vitro predominantly expressed forkhead box p3 (Foxp3). In addition, these cells also expressed other regulatory T cell-related molecules, such as CD25, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related protein and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4), and held the potent capacity for the production of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). These autocrine and/or paracrine TGF-β1 could bind TGF-β1 receptors on Vδ1 T cells and induce sustained Foxp3 expression. Moreover, Foxp3 expression coincided with high CD25 expression. CD25(high) Vδ1 T cells exhibited stronger suppression on CD4(+) T cell proliferation compared with TGF-β1-induced CD25(high) CD4(+) regulatory T cells. Therefore, our phenotypic and functional analyses first demonstrate the potential regulatory property of anti-human TCR Vδ1 mAb-activated Vδ1 T cells. These results will broaden our understanding about the role of peripheral blood Vδ1 T cells under physical and pathological conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Blood Cells/immunology
- Blood Circulation
- CTLA-4 Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/immunology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hua
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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