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Xu MY, Guo CC, Li MY, Lou YH, Chen ZR, Liu BW, Lan L. Brain-gut-liver axis: Chronic psychological stress promotes liver injury and fibrosis via gut in rats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1040749. [PMID: 36579341 PMCID: PMC9791198 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of chronic psychological stress on hepatitis and liver fibrosis is concerned. However, its mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the effect and mechanism of chronic psychological stress in promoting liver injury and fibrosis through gut. Methods Sixty male SD rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups. Rat models of chronic psychological stress (4 weeks) and liver fibrosis (8 weeks) were established. The diversity of gut microbiota in intestinal feces, permeability of intestinal mucosa, pathologies of intestinal and liver tissues, collagen fibers, protein expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor kappa β (NF-κβ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) in liver tissue, liver function and coagulation function in blood and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in portal vein blood were detected and analyzed. Results The diversities and abundances of gut microbiota were significant differences in rats among each group. The pathological lesions of intestinal and liver tissues, decreased expression of occludin protein in intestinal mucosa, deposition of collagen fibers and increased protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κβ, TNF-α and IL-1 in liver tissue, increased LPS level in portal vein blood, and abnormalities of liver function and coagulation function, were observed in rats exposed to chronic psychological stress or liver fibrosis. There were significant differences with normal rats. When the dual intervention factors of chronic psychological stress and liver fibrosis were superimposed, the above indicators were further aggravated. Conclusion Chronic psychological stress promotes liver injury and fibrosis, depending on changes in the diversity of gut microbiota and increased intestinal permeability caused by psychological stress, LPS that enters liver and acts on TLR4, and active LPS-TLR4 pathway depend on MyD88. It demonstrates the possibility of existence of brain-gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Can-Can Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jining No.1 People′s Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Meng-Ying Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yu-Han Lou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Ran Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henan No.3 Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo-Wei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ling Lan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Ling Lan,
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A novel Fas-binding outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide of Leptospira interrogans induce macrophage apoptosis through the Fas/FasL-caspase-8/-3 pathway. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:135. [PMID: 30061622 PMCID: PMC6066479 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans is the major causative agent of leptospirosis, an emerging, globally spreading zoonotic infectious disease. The pathogen induces macrophage apoptosis, but the molecular basis and mechanism remain unknown. In the present study, we found that L. interrogans caused apoptosis of phagocytosis-inhibited macrophages, and the product of the L. interrogans LB047 gene (Lep-OMP047) was the unique protein captured by mouse and human Fas proteins. The recombinant expressed Lep-OMP047 (rLep-OMP047) strongly bound mouse and human Fas proteins with equilibrium association constant (KD) values of 5.20 × 10−6 to 2.84 × 10−9 M according to surface plasmon resonance measurement and isothermal titration calorimetry. Flow-cytometric examination showed that 5 μg rLep-OMP047 or 1 μg lipopolysaccharide of L. interrogans (Lep-LPS) caused 43.70% or 21.90% early apoptosis in mouse J774A.1 macrophages and 28.41% or 15.80% for PMA-differentiated human THP-1 macrophages, respectively, but the apoptosis was blocked by Fas-antagonizing IgGs, Fas siRNAs, and caspase-8/-3 inhibitors. Moreover, Lep-OMP047 was significantly upregulated during infection of macrophages. Lep-LPS promoted the expression and cytomembrane translocation of Fas and FasL in macrophages. The JNK and p38 MAPK but not ERK signaling pathways, as well as the transcription factors c-Jun and ATF2 but not CHOP, mediated Lep-LPS-induced Fas/FasL expression and translocation. TLR2 but not TLR4 mediated Lep-LPS-induced JNK/p38 MAPK activation. Therefore, we demonstrated that a novel Fas-binding OMP and LPS of L. interrogans induce macrophage apoptosis through the Fas/FasL-caspase-8/-3 pathway.
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Abstract
Maternal undernutrition (MUN) results in growth-restricted newborns with reduced nephron numbers that is associated with increased risk of hypertension and renal disease. The total adult complement of nephrons is set during nephrogenesis suggesting that MUN affects the staged development of nephrons in as yet unknown manner. A possible cause may be the increased renal apoptosis; therefore, we investigated whether apoptotic signaling and cell death were increased in MUN rat kidneys. Pregnant rat dams were fed an ad libitum diet [control] or were 50% food restricted (MUN) starting at embryonic day (E) 10. Male offspring kidneys (n = 5 each, MUN and control) were analyzed for mRNA using quantitative PCR (E20) and for protein expression using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (E20 and postnatal day 1, P1). Apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Upregulation of pro-apoptotic protein expression was detected at E20 (Fas receptor, caspase 9) and at P1 (caspase 3, Bax). The anti-apoptotic factor Bcl2 was significantly decreased in P1 kidneys. Kidney TUNEL showed apoptotic nuclei significantly increased in the P1 nephrogenic zone (MUN 3.3 + 0.3 v. C 1.6 + 0.5, P = 0.002). The majority of apoptotic nuclei co-localized to mesenchyme and pretubular aggregates in the nephrogenic zone. Differential regulation of apoptosis in mesenchyme and pretubular aggregates following parturition suggests a mechanism for nephropenia in gestational programming of the kidney.
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Lopez M, Kopec AK, Joshi N, Geddings JE, Cline H, Towery KL, Rockwell CE, Mackman N, Luyendyk JP. Fas-induced apoptosis increases hepatocyte tissue factor procoagulant activity in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:453-64. [PMID: 25015658 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte (HPC) apoptosis occurs in association with hepatotoxic responses and chronic liver disease, and is coupled to activation of the blood coagulation cascade. HPCs have been shown to express tissue factor (TF), the primary activator of blood coagulation, in a form that lacks procoagulant activity. In this study, we determined the effect of inducing HPC apoptosis on the procoagulant activity of TF. Treatment of primary mouse HPCs with the Fas death receptor agonist (anti-CD95 antibody, Jo2) triggered apoptosis as shown by cleavage of caspase-3, increased caspase-3 proteolytic activity, and cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS). Jo2-induced apoptosis significantly increased TF-dependent factor Xa generation by HPCs. Moreover, Jo2 treatment was associated with increased levels of microparticle-associated TF procoagulant activity in the culture medium. Pretreatment with a caspase-3 inhibitor significantly reduced Jo2-induced HPC TF activity and prevented the increase in microparticle-associated TF procoagulant activity. Application of the high-affinity PS-binding protein lactadherin inhibited TF-dependent factor Xa generation by Jo2-treated HPCs and dramatically reduced microparticle-associated TF procoagulant activity. Treatment of wild-type mice with a sublethal dose of Jo2 was associated with a robust increase in the activation of coagulation as measured by plasma thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) levels; whereas mice with liver-specific TF deficiency had significantly lower TAT levels. Overall, the results indicate that Fas-initiated, caspase-3-dependent HPC apoptosis increases TF procoagulant activity through a mechanism involving PS externalization. This suggests that activation of liver TF likely contributes to the procoagulant state associated with HPC apoptosis in liver toxicity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lopez
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, 253 Food Safety and Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Anna K Kopec
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, 253 Food Safety and Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Nikita Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B346 Life Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Julia E Geddings
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 98 Manning Dr. Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Holly Cline
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, 253 Food Safety and Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Keara L Towery
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, 253 Food Safety and Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, B346 Life Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 98 Manning Dr. Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - James P Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, 253 Food Safety and Toxicology Bldg, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Kochat V, Baligar P, Maiwall R, Mukhopadhyay A. Bone marrow stem-cell therapy for genetic and chronic liver diseases. Hepatol Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12072-013-9499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Primary hepatocytes and their cultures in liver apoptosis research. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:199-212. [PMID: 24013573 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis not only plays a key role in physiological demise of defunct hepatocytes, but is also associated with a plethora of acute and chronic liver diseases as well as with hepatotoxicity. The present paper focuses on the modelling of this mode of programmed cell death in primary hepatocyte cultures. Particular attention is paid to the activation of spontaneous apoptosis during the isolation of hepatocytes from the liver, its progressive manifestation upon the subsequent establishment of cell cultures and simultaneously to strategies to counteract this deleterious process. In addition, currently applied approaches to experimentally induce controlled apoptosis in this in vitro setting for mechanistic research purposes and thereby its detection using relevant biomarkers are reviewed.
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7
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1042] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Reinehr R, Häussinger D. CD95 death receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in liver cell apoptosis and regeneration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 518:2-7. [PMID: 22182753 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that signaling pathways towards cell proliferation and cell death are much more interconnected than previously thought. Whereas not only death receptors such as CD95 (Fas, APO-1) can couple to both, cell death and proliferation, also growth factor receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are involved in these opposing kinds of cell fate. EGFR is briefly discussed as a growth factor receptor involved in liver cell proliferation during liver regeneration. Then the role of EGFR in activating CD95 death receptor in liver parenchymal cells (PC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC), which represent a liver stem/progenitor cell compartment, is described summarizing different ways of CD95- and EGFR-dependent signaling in the liver. Here, depending on the hepatic cell type (PC vs. HSC) and the respective signaling context (sustained vs. transient JNK activation) CD95-/EGFR-mediated signaling ends up in either liver cell apoptosis or cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Reinehr
- Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Germany.
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Häussinger D, Reinehr R. Osmotic Regulation of Bile Acid Transport, Apoptosis and Proliferation in Rat Liver. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:1089-98. [DOI: 10.1159/000335845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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10
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The role of FasL and Fas in health and disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 647:64-93. [PMID: 19760067 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89520-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The FS7-associated cell surface antigen (Fas, also named CD95, APO-1 or TNFRSF6) attracted considerable interest in the field of apoptosis research since its discovery in 1989. The groups of Shin Yonehara and Peter Krammer were the first reporting extensive apoptotic cell death induction upon treating cells with Fas-specific monoclonal antibodies.1,2 Cloning of Fas3 and its ligand,4,5 FasL (also known as CD178, CD95L or TNFSF6), laid the cornerstone in establishing this receptor-ligand system as a central regulator of apoptosis in mammals. Therapeutic exploitation of FasL-Fas-mediated cytotoxicity was soon an ambitous goal and during the last decade numerous strategies have been developed for its realization. In this chapter, we will briefly introduce essential general aspects of the FasL-Fas system before reviewing its physiological and pathophysiological relevance. Finally, FasL-Fas-related therapeutic tools and concepts will be addressed.
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11
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Malhi H, Gores GJ. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver injury. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:1641-54. [PMID: 18471544 PMCID: PMC2553363 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Derangements in apoptosis of liver cells are mechanistically important in the pathogenesis of end-stage liver disease. Vulnerable hepatocytes can undergo apoptosis via an extrinsic, death receptor-mediated pathway, or alternatively intracellular stress can activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Both pathways converge on mitochondria, and mitochondrial dysfunction is a prerequisite for hepatocyte apoptosis. Persistent apoptosis is a feature of chronic liver diseases, and massive apoptosis is a feature of acute liver diseases. Fibrogenesis is stimulated by ongoing hepatocyte apoptosis, eventually resulting in cirrhosis of the liver in chronic liver diseases. Endothelial cell apoptosis occurs in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Natural killer and natural killer T cells remove virus-infected hepatocytes by death receptor-mediated fibrosis. Lastly, activated stellate cell apoptosis leads to slowing and resolution of apoptosis. This review summarizes recent cellular and molecular advances in the understanding of the injury mechanisms leading to end-stage liver disease.
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12
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Goldberg AC, Bittencourt PL, Oliveira LC, Ramasawmy R, Marin MLC, Palacios SA, Kalil J, Porta G. Autoimmune hepatitis in Brazil: an overview. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:208-16. [PMID: 17635798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is an immune cell-mediated chronic liver disease of unknown cause that leads, when untreated, to cirrhosis and liver failure. Importantly, this disease affects not only adults but children as well. Genetic susceptibility is clearly important and the major susceptibility factor identified up to now is the HLA-DRB1 locus, but other genes may play a role as well. HLA-DRB1 alleles present in South American patients differ from those found in patients in other parts of the world. In addition, we have recently identified two chromosomal regions where additional susceptibility factors may be found in Brazilian patients, namely, the class III MHC region and the 5q31 region where the IL-4 and IL-13 genes are located. This review discusses the current knowledge of the pathogenesis of this autoimmune disease occurring in the setting of an immune-privileged organ, the liver, and compares the data on gene polymorphisms studied in Brazil and in other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Goldberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Keitel V, Reinehr R, Gatsios P, Rupprecht C, Görg B, Selbach O, Häussinger D, Kubitz R. The G-protein coupled bile salt receptor TGR5 is expressed in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatology 2007; 45:695-704. [PMID: 17326144 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) constitute a permeable barrier between hepatocytes and blood. SEC are exposed to high concentrations of bile salts from the enterohepatic circulation. Whether SEC are responsive to bile salts is unknown. TGR5, a G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor, which triggers cAMP formation, has been discovered recently in macrophages. In this study, rat TGR5 was cloned and antibodies directed against the C-terminus of rat TGR5 were developed, which detected TGR5 as a glycoprotein in transfected HepG2-cells. Apart from Kupffer cells, TGR5 was detected in SEC of rat liver. SEC expressed TGR5 over the entire acinus, whereas endothelial cells of the portal or central veins were not immunoreactive toward TGR5 antibodies. In isolated SEC, TGR5 mRNA and protein were detected by reverse transcription (RT) PCR, immunofluorescence microscopy, and Western blot analysis. Bile salts increased cAMP in isolated SEC and induced mRNA expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), a known cAMP-dependent gene. In addition, bile acids activated eNOS by phosphorylation of eNOS at amino acid position 1177. In line with eNOS activation, bile acids induced NO production in liver slices. This is the first report on the expression of TGR5 in SEC. CONCLUSION The data suggest that SEC are directly responsive toward specific bile salts. Regulation of eNOS in SEC by TGR5 connects bile salts with hepatic hemodynamics. This is of particular importance in cholestatic livers when bile salt concentrations are increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Keitel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Reinehr R, Häussinger D. CD95 activation in the liver: ion fluxes and oxidative signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 462:124-31. [PMID: 17258167 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is characterized by typical features as cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and apoptotic body formation. Whereas some signs of apoptosis are cell type-and death signal-dependent, apoptotic cell volume decrease is an early and ubiquitous event and little is known about the signalling events, which are localized upstream of the plasma membrane transport steps leading to apoptotic cell volume decrease and the proapoptotic events, which are induced by osmolyte loss and cell shrinkage. Ion fluxes and oxidative signaling were recently shown to play an important role in signal transduction with respect to apoptotic cell death within the liver, as a ceramide-dependent activation of the NADPH oxidase was identified as the source of reactive oxygen species generation in rat hepatocytes upon treatment with CD95 ligand, hydrophobic bile salts or hyperosmolarity. The NADPH oxidase-derived ROS signal then allows via Yes, JNK, and EGFR activation for CD95 tyrosine phosphorylation as a prerequisite for CD95 targeting to the plasma membrane and formation of the death inducing signalling complex. Other covalent modifications such as CD95-tyrosine-nitration or CD95-serine/threonine-phosphorylation can interfere with the CD95 activation process. The findings not only provide a mechanistic explanation for the high susceptibility of dehydrated cells for apoptosis, but also give insight into the role of ion fluxes and oxidative signaling with respect to apoptotic cell death within the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Reinehr
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and apoptotic body formation are hallmarks of programmed apoptotic cell death. Herein, apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) is an early and ubiquitous event. Conversely, in hepatocytes, hyperosmotic cell shrinkage leads to an activation of the CD95 death receptor system, which involves CD95 tyrosine phosphorylation, CD95 oligomerization, and subsequent trafficking of the CD95 to the plasma membrane, and sensitizes hepatocytes toward CD95 ligand (CD95L)-induced apoptosis. Early signaling events leading to CD95 activation by hyperosmolarity have been identified. In hepatocytes, hyperosmotic exposure induces an almost instantaneous acidification of an acidic sphingomyelinase (ASM) containing endosomal compartment, which is followed by an increase in the intracellular ceramide concentration. Inhibition of anion channels or the vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase abolishes not only endosomal acidification and subsequent ceramide generation, but also the otherwise observed hyperosmotically induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase isoforms. Hyperosmolarity-induced ROS formation then leads to a Src-family kinase Yes-mediated activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and to an activation of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). JNK then provides a signal for CD95/EGFR association and subsequent CD95 tyrosine phosphorylation, which is mediated by the EGFR tyrosine kinase activity. CD95 tyrosine phosphorylation then allows for CD95 receptor oligomerization, translocation of the CD95/EGFR protein complex to the plasma membrane, and formation of the death inducing signaling complex (DISC). Mild hyperosmotic exposure, that is, 405 mosmol/liter, does not lead to a reduction of cell viability, even if DISC formation and subsequent caspase 8 and 3 activation occur, but sensitizes hepatocytes to CD95L-induced apoptosis. However, activation of the CD95 system by a more severe hyperosmotic challenge (>505 mosmol/liter) is followed by execution of the apoptotic cell death. Other covalent modifications of CD95, such as CD95 tyrosine nitration or CD95 serine/threonine phosphorylation, were shown to inhibit the CD95 activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Reinehr
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Ohi N, Nishikawa Y, Tokairin T, Yamamoto Y, Doi Y, Omori Y, Enomoto K. Maintenance of Bad phosphorylation prevents apoptosis of rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1097-106. [PMID: 16565486 PMCID: PMC1606557 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism of apoptosis of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs), we examined the phosphorylation status of Bad and its upstream signaling molecules during apoptosis in culture and after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Rat SECs were isolated by the immunomagnetic method, and 2 days after culture, most SECs underwent apoptosis, which was associated with decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. Addition of orthovanadate (OV), a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, sustained cellular protein phosphorylation and strongly inhibited apoptosis. Bad was dephosphorylated at Ser-112 and Ser-136 during apoptosis, but the phosphorylation status of Bad was maintained in the presence of OV. OV activated the Akt, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, which are involved in Bad phosphorylation. In the absence of OV, depletion of Bad by RNA interference conferred resistance to apoptosis. Hepatic injury after ischemia-reperfusion was alleviated by OV treatment, with significant inhibition of SEC apoptosis. SEC apoptosis in vivo was associated with dephosphorylation of Bad, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, which was blocked by OV treatment. Our data suggest that maintenance of Bad phosphorylation is important in the prevention of SEC apoptosis and that the anti-apoptotic property of OV might have therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Ohi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Akita University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Apoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation and apoptotic body formation. These features distinguish apoptosis from other types of cell death, such as necrosis. Whereas some signs of apoptosis, such as externalization of phosphatidylserine, altered mitochondrial function or activation of caspases are cell type- and death signal-dependent, apoptotic cell volume decrease (AVD) is an early and ubiquitous event and little is known about the signalling events, which are localized upstream of the plasma membrane transport steps leading to AVD and the proapoptotic events, which are induced by osmolyte loss and cell shrinkage. In hepatocytes hyperosmotic shrinkage sensitizes the cells towards CD95 ligand-induced apoptosis by activating the CD95 system. This complex process with a NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species signal as an important upstream event, allows via Yes, JNK and epidermal growth factor-receptor activation for CD95 tyrosine phosphorylation as a prerequisite for CD95 targeting to the plasma membrane and formation of the death inducing signalling complex. Other covalent modifications such as CD95-tyrosine-nitration or CD95-serine/threonine-phosphorylation can interfere with the CD95 activation process. The findings not only provide a mechanistic explanation for the high susceptibility of dehydrated cells for apoptosis, but also give insight into the role of AVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reinehr
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
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18
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Zhong J, Deaciuc IV, Burikhanov R, de Villiers WJS. Lipopolysaccharide-induced liver apoptosis is increased in interleukin-10 knockout mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:468-77. [PMID: 16497487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although IL-10 down-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by hepatic Kupffer cells, the mechanisms underlying its hepatoprotective effects are not fully clear. This study tested the hypothesis that IL-10 protects the liver against pro-inflammatory cytokines by counteracting their pro-apoptotic effects. Wild type and IL-10 knockout mice were treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and sacrificed 1, 4, 8, and 12 h later. Plasma ALT activity was measured as a marker of liver injury. Liver pathology and TUNEL response were assessed by histology. Plasma levels and whole liver mRNA levels were measured for TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, TGF-beta1, IL-10, and their respective receptors. Hepatic mRNA levels were measured for several pro-apoptotic adaptors/regulators, including FasL, Fas receptor, FADD, TRADD, Bad, Bak, Bax, and Bcl-X(S), and anti-apoptotic regulators, including Bcl-w, Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2, and Bfl-1. Caspase-3 activity in the liver was determined as well as immunohistochemistry for IL-1RII, TGF-betaRII and Fas receptor. At all time points the livers from IL-10 knockout mice displayed a significantly increased number of apoptotic nuclei compared to wild type mice. Changes in plasma cytokine levels and their liver mRNA levels were consistent with suppression by IL-10 of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokine receptor mRNA levels (TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and IL-1 beta) were markedly up-regulated by LPS at all time points in IL-10 knockout mice as compared to wild type mice. Expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine receptor IL-1RII was similarly increased as shown by immunostaining. The mRNA levels of a typical pro-apoptotic cytokine, TRAIL, were increased and LPS also up-regulated the mRNA expression of other apoptotic factors to a larger extent in IL-10 knockout mice than in their wild type counterparts, suggestive of an IL-10 anti-apoptotic effect. In the livers of knockout mice, markedly increased caspase-3 activity was already evident at the 1-h time point following LPS administration, while in the wild type animals this increase was delayed. Immunostaining also indicated that LPS increased hepatic expression of the pro-apoptotic receptors Fas and TGF-betaRII in IL-10 knockout mice. The data presented in this study show that: (i) IL-10 modulates not only the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but also the receptors of these cytokines, and ii) IL-10 protects the liver against LPS-induced injury at least in part by counteracting pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced liver apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhong
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, MN649-0298, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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19
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Abstract
Death of hepatocytes and other hepatic cell types is a characteristic feature of liver diseases as diverse as cholestasis, viral hepatitis, ischemia/reperfusion, liver preservation for transplantation and drug/toxicant-induced injury. Cell death typically follows one of two patterns: oncotic necrosis and apoptosis. Necrosis is typically the consequence of acute metabolic perturbation with ATP depletion as occurs in ischemia/reperfusion and acute drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Apoptosis, in contrast, represents the execution of an ATP-dependent death program often initiated by death ligand/death receptor interactions, such as Fas ligand with Fas, which leads to a caspase activation cascade. A common event leading to both apoptosis and necrosis is mitochondrial permeabilization and dysfunction, although the mechanistic basis of mitochondrial injury may vary in different settings. Prevention of these modes of cell death is an important target of therapy, but controversies still exist regarding which mode of cell death predominates in various forms of liver disease and injury. Resolution of these controversies may come with the recognition that apoptosis and necrosis frequently represent alternate outcomes of the same cellular pathways to cell death, especially for cell death mediated by mitochondrial permeabilization. An understanding of processes leading to liver cell death will be important for development of effective interventions to prevent hepatocellular death leading to liver failure and to promote cancer and stellate cell death in malignancy and fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet Malhi
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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20
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Abstract
Although anecdotal comments on detrimental effects of psychosocial stress on liver diseases can be found even in the early literature, only recently has scientific evidence been reported. The present article reviewed such evidence to demonstrate how stress exacerbates liver diseases. A search of the literature from the last two decades was performed using MEDLINE by pairing 'psychological stress' with 'liver' or 'hepatitis.' Additional research was conducted by screening the bibliographies of articles retrieved in the MEDLINE search. The search results showed that the principal effectors of the activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, glucocorticoids, can exert a facilitative effect on the hepatic inflammatory response and even increase the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. For certain liver diseases, defective HPA axis activation, which probably contributed to the exacerbation of the liver disease, has been reported. The efferent sympathetic/adrenomedullary system mainly contributes to the stress-induced exacerbation of liver diseases via its neurotransmitters, the catecholamines. In contrast, the efferent parasympathetic nervous system elicits an inhibitory effect on the development of hepatic inflammation. In conclusion, the pathophysiological interaction between stress and the liver appears to be regulated by the complex, dynamic networks of both the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems, which implies a further need for basic research into the involved mechanisms and for clinical evidence to apply psychosocial support to patients with chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Chida
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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21
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Schliess F, Häussinger D. The cellular hydration state: role in apoptosis and proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200400046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Onoe T, Ohdan H, Tokita D, Shishida M, Tanaka Y, Hara H, Zhou W, Ishiyama K, Mitsuta H, Ide K, Asahara T. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells tolerize T cells across MHC barriers in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:139-46. [PMID: 15972640 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although livers transplanted across MHC barriers in mice are normally accepted without recipient immune suppression, the underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified. To identify the cell type that contributes to induction of such a tolerance state, we established a mixed hepatic constituent cell-lymphocyte reaction (MHLR) assay. Irradiated C57BL/6 (B6) or BALB/c mouse hepatic constituent cells (HCs) and CFSE-labeled B6 splenocytes were cocultured. In allogeneic MHLR, whole HCs did not promote T cell proliferation. When liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) were depleted from HC stimulators, allogeneic MHLR resulted in marked proliferation of reactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. To test the tolerizing capacity of the LSECs toward alloreactive T cells, B6 splenocytes that had transmigrated through monolayers of B6, BALB/c, or SJL/j LSECs were restimulated with irradiated BALB/c splenocytes. Nonresponsiveness of T cells that had transmigrated through allogeneic BALB/c LSECs and marked proliferation of T cells transmigrated through syngeneic B6 or third-party SJL/j LSECs were observed after the restimulation. Transmigration across the Fas ligand-deficient BALB/c LSECs failed to render CD4(+) T cells tolerant. Thus, we demonstrate that Fas ligand expressed on naive LSECs can impart tolerogenic potential upon alloantigen recognition via the direct pathway. This presents a novel relevant mechanism of liver allograft tolerance. In conclusion, LSECs are capable of regulating a polyclonal population of T cells with direct allospecificity, and the Fas/Fas ligand pathway is involved in such LSEC-mediated T cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Onoe
- Department of Surgery, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Fujii H, Seki S, Kobayashi S, Kitada T, Kawakita N, Adachi K, Tsutsui H, Nakanishi K, Fujiwara H, Ikarashi Y, Taniguchi M, Kronenberg M, Mitchell K, Ikemoto M, Nakajima Y, Arakawa T, Kaneda K. A murine model of NKT cell-mediated liver injury induced by alpha-galactosylceramide/d-galactosamine. Virchows Arch 2005; 446:663-73. [PMID: 15906084 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-005-1265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer-T (NKT) cells are rich in the liver. However, their involvement in liver injury is not fully understood. We developed here a new murine model of NKT-cell-activation-associated liver injury, and investigated a role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and Fas in pathogenesis. We injected intraperitoneally alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), an NKT-cell stimulant, into D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice. Survival rate, pathological changes of the liver, and plasma concentrations of cytokines were studied. Alpha-GalCer/GalN administration gave a lethal effect within 7 h, making pathological changes such as massive parenchymal hemorrhage, hepatocyte apoptosis, sinusoidal endothelial cell injury, and close apposition of lymphocytes to apoptotic hepatocytes. Anti-NK1.1 mAb-pretreated mice and Valpha14NKT knock out (KO) mice did not develop liver injury. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were elevated at 4 h in the plasma. These cytokines were produced by hepatic lymphocytes as demonstrated by in vitro stimulation with alpha-GalCer. The lethal effect was suppressed in TNF-alpha KO mice, TNF receptor-1 KO mice, and lpr/lpr (Fas deficient) mice, whereas it was not in IFN-gamma KO mice. These results indicate that the present liver injury is characterized by parenchymal hemorrhage and hepatocyte apoptosis, and mediated by TNF-alpha secretion and direct cytotoxicity of alpha-GalCer-activated NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Fujii
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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Gallagher SF, Peng Y, Haines K, Baksh K, Epling-Burnette PK, Yang J, Murr MM. Fas/FasL play a central role in pancreatitis-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. J Gastrointest Surg 2005; 9:467-74; discussion 474-5. [PMID: 15797225 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver injury is a clinical prognostic indicator in acute pancreatitis (AP). We have demonstrated that Kupffer cell-derived FasL mediates liver injury during AP and sought to determine its role in AP-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. AP was induced in National Institutes of Health (NIH) Swiss mice, C57/C57, and Fas-/-, FasL-/- mice by a choline-deficient ethionine-supplement diet. Liver Fas, FasL, p38-mitogen activated phosphokinase (p38-MAPK), poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), and cytochrome C were measured by immunoblotting. Apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and DNA fragmentation (ELISA). AP upregulated liver FasL (4280 +/- 580 vs. 733 +/- 336), Fas (2866 +/- 595 vs. 649 +/- 111), cytochrome C (6980 +/- 237 vs. 903 +/- 156), and PARP (6393 +/- 591 vs. 466 +/- 261) as well as increased TUNEL staining (40 +/- 2 vs. 14 +/- 1) and DNA fragmentation (all P < 0.03 vs. control). In FasL-/- and Fas-/- mice, AP-induced upregulation of p38-MAPK, PARP, and cytochrome C was significantly attenuated (all P < 0.01 compared to C57/C57 control). In addition, AP-induced DNA fragmentation was reduced 60% in Fas-/- and FasL-/- mice (P < 0.01 vs. C57/C57). AP induces apoptosis by transcriptional activation of Fas/FasL. AP-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced in Fas and FasL knockout mice along with downregulation of p38-MAPK, PARP, and cytochrome C, thereby suggesting a central role for Fas/FasL in hepatocyte apoptosis. The manipulation of interactions between Kupffer cell-derived FasL and hepatocytes may have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Gallagher
- Departments of Surgery, James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of South Florida Health Sciences Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Abstract
Hepatic cirrhosis is a common disease that poses a serious threat to public health, and is characterized by chronic, progressive and diffuse hepatic lesions preceded by hepatic fibrosis regardless of the exact etiologies. In recent years, considerable achievements have been made in China in research of the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and especially the treatment of hepatic fibrosis, resulting in much improved prognosis of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. In this paper, the authors review the current status of research in hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis and their major complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Xian Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology of Internal Medicine, Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China.
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26
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Gallagher SF, Yang J, Baksh K, Haines K, Carpenter H, Epling-Burnette PK, Peng Y, Norman J, Murr MM. Acute pancreatitis induces FasL gene expression and apoptosis in the liver. J Surg Res 2004; 122:201-9. [PMID: 15555619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver injury is an important prognostic indicator in acute pancreatitis. We previously demonstrated that Kupffer cell-derived cytokines mediate liver injury. In this work, we sought to characterize the role of Fas Ligand (FasL) in liver injury during acute pancreatitis. METHODS Acute pancreatitis was induced in mice using cerulein; serum FasL, AST, ALT, liver FasL, p38-MAPK, and caspase-3 were measured. FasL mRNA and protein and its receptor (Fas) were determined in rat Kupffer cells treated with elastase (1 U/ml) to mimic acute pancreatitis. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Cerulein-induced pancreatitis increased serum AST, ALT, and FasL and up-regulated liver FasL (1315 +/- 111 versus 310 +/- 164 pg/ml, P = 0.002 versus sham), while inducing p38-MAPK phosphorylation (P < 0.01 versus sham) and cleavage of caspase-3 (P < 0.04 versus sham); all were attenuated by pretreatment with the Kupffer cell inhibitor, gadolinium (all P < 0.003). In vitro, elastase induced a time-dependent increase in Kupffer cell FasL protein (FasL = 404 +/- 94 versus 170 +/- 40, P = 0.02, versus control), a 100-fold increase in FasL mRNA, and up-regulated Fas (FasL receptor). Gadolinium significantly attenuated the elastase-induced increase in FasL and FasL mRNA (FasL = 230 +/- 20 versus 404 +/- 94, P = 0.01, versus elastase) but had little effect on Fas. Additionally, elastase-primed Kupffer cell media induced apoptosis in hepatocytes (29 +/- 1 versus 16% +/- 1%; versus control, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Acute pancreatitis induces liver injury and hepatocyte death while up-regulating FasL, p38-MAPK, and caspase-3. Fas is up-regulated within Kupffer cells, suggesting that FasL may autoregulate its production by inducing its originator-cell death. The ability to manipulate interactions between Kupffer cells and hepatocytes may have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Gallagher
- Department of Surgery, James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of South Florida Health Sciences Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Li W, Chou ST, Wang C, Kuhr CS, Perkins JD. Role of the liver in peripheral tolerance: induction through oral antigen feeding. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:1574-82. [PMID: 15367212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Using a murine liver transplant model, we studied the liver's role in peripheral tolerance. Livers from BALB/c mice fed with ovalbumin (OVA) at either a low or high dose were transplanted into syngeneic recipients. Non-fed recipients were controls. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) was followed by OVA immunization and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) challenge. The ex vivo adoptive transfer effect of liver nonparenchymal cells (NPCs) or spleen cells (SCs) from OVA-fed mice was examined. In vitro proliferative assays and cytokine profiles were conducted on NPCs and SCs from transplant recipients. Livers from all OVA-fed mice after 10 days transferred tolerance to OVA-naïve mice. The time course of adoptive transfer of liver NPCs from high-dose OVA-fed mice transferred OVA tolerance within 24 h; low-dose OVA-fed mice required > or = 4 days to transfer tolerance. The in vitro proliferative response of the NPCs to OVA revealed a decreased response in both dosage groups over the control group. Our results suggest that the liver plays an important role in inducing peripheral tolerance in a mucosal tolerance model, especially feeding high-dose OVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Chida Y, Sudo N, Sonoda J, Sogawa H, Kubo C. Electric foot shock stress-induced exacerbation of alpha-galactosylceramide-triggered apoptosis in mouse liver. Hepatology 2004; 39:1131-40. [PMID: 15057917 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, liver natural killer T (NKT) cells, which are specifically stimulated by alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), were found to play a critical role in intrahepatic immunity to several infections and certain hepatic disorders. However, the role of psychophysical stress on NKT cell-dependent liver injury induced by alpha-GalCer still remains to be elucidated. In this study, we employed inescapable electric foot shock as the mode of psychophysical stress and evaluated its effect on alpha-GalCer-induced hepatitis. Pre-exposure of 12 hours of foot shock stress before alpha-GalCer administration significantly enhanced alpha-GalCer-triggered increase in serum alanine aminotransferase levels, followed by increases in both liver caspase-3 activity and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive hepatocytes, thus indicating that the liver NKT cell-dependent apoptotic response was exacerbated by stress. Foot shock stress also significantly increased both the number of liver NKT cells and Fas expression levels on hepatocytes. Pretreatment with RU-486, a glucocorticoid (GC) receptor antagonist, completely reversed such stress-induced enhancement of the alpha-GalCer-triggered serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatocyte Fas antigen responses. In contrast, such a reversal effect was not found in the mice pretreated with naloxone, a micro-opioid receptor antagonist, which thus suggests that an elevation of endogenous GCs, but not beta-endorphin, as responsible for such stress-induced aggravation in mouse hepatitis models. In conclusion, foot shock stress-induced elevation of endogenous GCs exacerbates alpha-GalCer-initiated hepatic apoptosis through the expansion of liver NKT cells and the up-regulation of hepatocyte Fas antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Chida
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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29
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Deaciuc IV, D'Souza NB, Burikhanov R, Nasser MS, Voskresensky IV, De Villiers WJS, McClain CJ. Alcohol, but not lipopolysaccharide-induced liver apoptosis involves changes in intracellular compartmentalization of apoptotic regulators. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004. [PMID: 14745315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2004.tb02981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While alcohol-induced augmentation of liver apoptosis has been demonstrated in humans and laboratory animals, the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. This study addresses the question whether alcohol and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a putative mediator of alcohol effects on the liver, induce augmentation of liver apoptosis by intrinsic or extrinsic signaling pathways. This information may prove important for future design of therapies for alcoholic liver disease. METHODS Male rats were fed either an alcohol-containing liquid diet or an isocaloric, control diet for 15-16 weeks. At the end of feeding period, the rats were treated with LPS (0.8 mg.kg-1 body weight) or sterile saline and killed 3 and 24 hr later. The liver and blood were sampled for histology and biochemical assays. Hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusion and fractionated to yield mitochondria and cytoplasm. The propensity of mitochondria to undergo permeability transition in the presence of a Ca2+ overload was determined along with distribution of various apoptotic regulators (AIF, Smac2, Bax, cytochrome c, Bcl-XL, Bfl-1, and caspase-2) between mitochondria and cytoplasmic fractions. RESULTS Increased liver apoptosis in alcohol-treated rats was associated with translocation of several apoptotic regulators between mitochondria and cytoplasm in a manner suggesting that alcohol induces augmentation of apoptosis by recruiting intrinsic apoptotic signals. LPS treatment of rats counteracted alcohol-induced changes in intracellular compartmentalization of apoptotic regulators despite an increased rate of apoptosis. LPS may, therefore, recruit extrinsic apoptotic signals, such as proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Hepatocytes are to be able to mount an apoptotic response to both intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Alcohol increases liver apoptosis predominantly through an intrinsic signaling pathway while LPS recruits extrinsic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion V Deaciuc
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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30
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Liu HC, Anday JK, House SD, Chang SL. Dual effects of morphine on permeability and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells: morphine potentiates lipopolysaccharide-induced permeability and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 146:13-21. [PMID: 14698842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (VEC) provide an essential protective barrier between the vascular system and underlying tissues. Using VEC barrier models of human coronary artery cells and human and rat brain microvascular endothelial cells, we investigated the mechanism by which morphine affects lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced VEC permeability. We demonstrated that co-administration of morphine and LPS induced greater VEC apoptosis and permeability than morphine or LPS alone. The extent of induced apoptosis appeared to be cell-type dependent. Furthermore, RT-PCR analysis revealed that morphine and LPS up-regulated Fas expression. These data suggest potential crosstalk between the signaling pathways that mediate morphine- and LPS-triggered apoptosis in brain VEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ching Liu
- Department of Biology, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
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31
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Yang J, Gallagher SF, Haines K, Epling-Burnette PK, Bai F, Gower WR, Mastorides S, Norman JG, Murr MM. Kupffer cell-derived Fas ligand plays a role in liver injury and hepatocyte death. J Gastrointest Surg 2004; 8:166-74. [PMID: 15036192 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2003.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver injury is an important prognostic indicator during acute pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Fas ligand (FasL) in hepatocyte injury. Liver parenchymal enzymes were measured in cocultures of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells treated with elastase. FasL and FasL mRNA were measured in elastase-treated Kupffer cells. Hepatocytes were treated with FasL and their viability was assessed by monotetrazolium (MTT), apoptosis by flow cytometry, as well as caspase-3 and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by immunoblotting. Elastase increased aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase in cocultures of hepatocyte and Kupffer cells (P<0.040). Elastase increased FasL production from Kupffer cells (P=0.02) and upregulated FasL mRNA (FasL/beta-2 microglobulin (BMG): 0.23+/-0.03 vs. 0.11+/-0.003; P=0.04). FasL increased alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase (P<0.03) and reduced hepatocyte viability by 45% (P=0.01). FasL increased the number of dually labeled cells with AnnexinV/7AAD (P=0.03) while upregulating cleavage of caspase-3 and the phosphorylation of p38-MAPK. FasL antibody attenuated the FasL-related increase in dually labeled cells (P=0.02), the cleavage of caspase-3, and phosphorylation of p38-MAPK. Pancreatic elastase upregulates FasL within Kupffer cells. FasL induces hepatocyte injury and death and upregulates p38-MAPK and caspase-3 within hepatocytes. The ability to manipulate interactions between Kupffer cells and hepatocytes may have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33601, USA
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Alcohol, But Not Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Apoptosis Involves Changes in Intracellular Compartmentalization of Apoptotic Regulators. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/00000374-200401000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vekemans K, Timmers M, Vermijlen D, De Zanger R, Wisse E, Braet F. CC531s colon carcinoma cells induce apoptosis in rat hepatic endothelial cells by the Fas/FasL-mediated pathway. Liver Int 2003; 23:283-93. [PMID: 12895269 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2003.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in colorectal carcinoma with liver metastasis are not well known. Metastasizing colon carcinoma cells express more FasL than primary colon carcinoma cells and cancer cells induce apoptosis in hepatocytes by the Fas/FasL pathway. Therefore, this study focused on Fas/FasL expression and functionality in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and CC531s colon carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. RT-PCR and immunochemistry revealed Fas and FasL in LSECs and CC531s, respectively. Functionality of Fas was assessed in vitro by incubation with human recombinant FasL (1-100 ng/ml) with or without enhancer. At concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/ml with enhancer, respectively 21% and 44% of endothelial cells showed signs of apoptosis using Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide staining and electron microscopy. In co-cultures, apoptosis could be detected in endothelial cells neighboring the CC531s and could be inhibited by an antagonistic FasL antibody. Moreover, 18 h after mesenteric injection of CC531s, the sinusoidal endothelium revealed disruption. In conclusion, (i). CC531s cells induce apoptosis in LSECs in vitro by using Fas/FasL; (ii). CC531s cells damage the sinusoidal endothelial lining in vivo; and (iii). this might provide FasL-positive tumor cells a gateway towards the hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vekemans
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, Free University Brussels (VUB), Brussels-Jette, Belgium
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34
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Kato T, Sato Y, Kurasaki I, Yamamoto S, Hirano K, Nakatsuka H, Kobayashi T, Kameyama H, Watanabe T, Hatakeyama K. FK506 may suppress liver injury during the early period following living-related liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2003; 35:79. [PMID: 12591316 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Kato
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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35
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Murohisa G, Kobayashi Y, Kawasaki T, Nakamura S, Nakamura H. Involvement of platelet-activating factor in hepatic apoptosis and necrosis in chronic ethanol-fed rats given endotoxin. LIVER 2002; 22:394-403. [PMID: 12390475 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.01552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Platelet-activating factor (PAF)-a potent activator of neutrophils-plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endotoxin-induced tissue injury. However, the role of PAF in hepatic damage during alcoholic hepatitis remains unclear. The aims of the present study were to test whether PAF contributes to hepatic injury in an animal model of alcoholic hepatitis and to investigate the involvement of the Fas-receptor/Fas-ligand system in this process. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pair-fed with Lieber-DeCarli ethanol liquid diet or isocaloric control diet for 6 weeks. Liver injury was induced by the intravenous (i.v.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 mg/kg). Rats were pretreated with a specific PAF receptor antagonist (TCV-309; 100 mg/kg i.v.) or vehicle 1 h before LPS treatment. RESULTS Chronic ethanol administration remarkably sensitized the rats to the effects of LPS, with resultant severe hepatocellular injury, accompanied by significant increases in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-8 (CINC/gro). Histological examination of the damaged livers showed hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis with extensive infiltration by neutrophils, whereas immunohistochemical studies revealed enhanced Fas-receptor expression on hepatocytes and hepatic accumulation of neutrophils expressing Fas-ligand. Pretreatment with the PAF receptor antagonist protected against hepatic injury, suppressing hepatocyte apoptosis and necrosis, infiltration of neutrophils, expression of Fas-receptor and Fas-ligand, and serum TNF-alpha levels. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that PAF is an important mediator of hepatic injury in the ethanol/endotoxin model of alcoholic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gou Murohisa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 3600 Handa-cho, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic, and Foundation, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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37
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Bailly-Maitre B, de Sousa G, Zucchini N, Gugenheim J, Boulukos KE, Rahmani R. Spontaneous apoptosis in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes: molecular mechanisms and regulation by dexamethasone. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:945-55. [PMID: 12181745 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2001] [Revised: 02/05/2002] [Accepted: 02/14/2002] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the biochemical pathways leading to spontaneous apoptosis in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes, we examined the activation of the caspase cascade, the expression of Bcl-2-related-proteins and heat shock proteins. Comparisons were made before and after dexamethasone (DEX) treatment. We show that DEX inhibited spontaneous apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. DEX increases the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) proteins, decreases the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and inhibits Bad translocation thereby preventing the release of cytochrome c, the activation of caspases, and cell death. Although, the expression of Hsp27 and Hsp70 proteins remained unchanged, the oncogenic protein c-Myc is upregulated upon DEX-treatment. These results indicate that DEX mediates its survival effect against spontaneous apoptosis by acting upstream of the mitochondrial changes. Thus, the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway plays a major role in regulating spontaneous apoptosis in these cells. Blocking this pathway therefore may assist with organ preservation for transplant, drug screening, and other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bailly-Maitre
- Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Toxicologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, INRA, 06606 Antibes, France
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38
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Fischer R, Cariers A, Reinehr R, Häussinger D. Caspase 9-dependent killing of hepatic stellate cells by activated Kupffer cells. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:845-61. [PMID: 12198711 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.35384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatic stellate cells play an important role in liver fibrogenesis, and hepatic stellate cell death may be involved in the termination of this response. METHODS Molecular mechanisms of hepatic stellate cell killing were studied in hepatic stellate cell/Kupffer cell cocultures. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide stimulation of hepatic stellate cell/Kupffer cell cocultures, but not of hepatic stellate cell monocultures, induced profound alterations of hepatic stellate cell morphology and hepatic stellate cell death. Kupffer cell-induced hepatic stellate cell killing required hepatic stellate cell/Kupffer cell contacts and was prevented by dexamethasone, prostaglandin E(2), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor 2 antagonists, and down-regulation of receptor-interacting protein, but not by antioxidants, tumor necrosis factor receptor, or CD95 antagonists. Hepatic stellate cell death was characterized by activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling negativity, lack of gross calcium overload, and TRAIL trafficking to the plasma membrane. Inhibition of caspase 9, but not of caspases 3, 8, or 10, prevented hepatic stellate cell death. Lipopolysaccharide induced a dexamethasone- and prostaglandin E(2)-sensitive expression of TRAIL in Kupffer cells. TRAIL receptors 1 and 2, FLIP (caspase 8-inhibitory protein), and receptor-interacting protein were up-regulated during hepatic stellate cell transformation; however, TRAIL addition did not induce hepatic stellate cell death. Hepatic stellate cell susceptibility toward Kupffer cell-induced death paralleled receptor-interacting protein and TRAIL-receptor expression levels. CONCLUSIONS Activated Kupffer cell can effectively kill hepatic stellate cell by a caspase 9- and receptor-interacting protein-dependent mechanism, possibly involving TRAIL. The data may suggest a novel form of hepatic stellate cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fischer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medizinische Einrichtungen der Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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39
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Gregory SH, Wing EJ. Neutrophil‐Kupffer cell interaction: a critical component of host defenses to systemic bacterial infections. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H. Gregory
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence
| | - Edward J. Wing
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence
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40
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Hwang SJ, Cha JY, Park SG, Joe GJ, Kim HM, Moon HB, Jeong SJ, Lee JS, Shin DH, Ko SR, Park JK. Diol- and triol-type ginseng saponins potentiate the apoptosis of NIH3T3 cells exposed to methyl methanesulfonate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 181:192-202. [PMID: 12079428 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2002.9413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effect of ginseng saponins on the p53-dependent apoptosis in NIH3T3 cells exposed to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), an alkylating agent. Trypan blue exclusion assay, cell morphology studies, and apoptotic index determined by acridine orange staining showed that the postincubation of MMS-exposed cells in medium containing diol- (PD) or triol-type (PT) ginseng saponins potentiate the apoptotic cell death. FACS analysis indicated that the increased apoptotic cell population in the saponin-postincubation group was accompanied by the accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase. By Western blot analyses it was demonstrated that postincubation of saponins increases the expression of p53 and p21 in MMS-exposed cells but decreased that of CDK2, cyclin E and D1, and PCNA. The upregulation of p53 and p21 and downregulation of CDK2 was shown to be p53-dependent in experiments using the p53 antisense oligonucleotide. These results suggest that ginseng saponins contain components potentiating the apoptosis of MMS-exposed NIH3T3 cells via p53 and p21 activation, accompanied with by downregulation of cell cycle-related protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Hwang
- Division of Biological Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea
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41
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Matsuki Y, Li L, Hsu HC, Yang PA, Zheng R, Edwards CK, Chaudry IH, Zhang HG, Mountz JD. Soluble Fas gene therapy protects against Fas-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes but not the lethal effects of Fas-induced TNF-alpha production by Kupffer cells. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:626-35. [PMID: 12032671 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2001] [Revised: 11/06/2001] [Accepted: 12/06/2001] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The elevation of soluble Fas (sFas) in the sera of patients with liver disease suggests a role for sFas in the disease process; whether it is protective or not is controversial. To determine the effects of sFas on Fas-induced liver apoptosis, we manipulated mice to produce sFas by transfecting them in vivo with different amounts of an adenovirus that produces mouse sFas driven by the CMV promoter (AdsFas). Fas-mediated apoptosis was induced by administration of anti-mouse Fas (Jo2; 10 microg/mouse) one week later. The administration of AdsFas (10(3), 10(7), or 10(9) pfu/mouse), which was associated with only minimal side-effects, resulted in a significant reduction in the liver transaminase levels and mortality of the mice on challenge with Jo2, as compared to control mice treated with AdLacZ. However, the protective effect of AdsFas was not complete. The possibility that Jo2-induction of TNF-alpha in the Kupffer cells of the liver contributes to the pathology was therefore tested. Although administration of soluble TNF receptor (sTNFRI) alone did not protect the mice from the lethal effects of Jo2, administration of sTNFRI (200 microg/mouse) after infection with AdsFas (10(9) pfu/mouse) resulted in 100% survival of the mice on challenge with Jo2. To confirm that the production of TNF-alpha by Kupffer cells produce the lethal effects of Jo2 that remained after treatment with AdsFas, these cells were selectively ablated by treatment of the mice with gadolinium chloride prior to challenge with Jo2. This treatment greatly reduced early mortality and hepatocellular damage as well as TNF-alpha production 6 h after injection of Jo2. These results indicate that: (1) AdsFas prevents Jo2-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes; (2) In addition to mediating Fas-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes, Jo2 can separately induce TNF-alpha production by Kupffer cells resulting in early mortality, and (3) Optimal protection from Jo2-induced mortality can be achieved by protection of liver cells by pretreatment with both AdsFas and sTNFRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsuki
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0007, USA
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Miñana JB, Gómez-Cambronero L, Lloret A, Pallardó FV, Del Olmo J, Escudero A, Rodrigo JM, Pellíin A, Viña JR, Viña J, Sastre J. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and CD95 ligand: a dual mechanism for hepatocyte apoptosis in chronic alcoholism. Hepatology 2002; 35:1205-14. [PMID: 11981771 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.32969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in the progression of alcohol-induced liver disease to cirrhosis. Oxidative stress is an early event in the development of apoptosis. The major aim of this study was to study the conditions in which oxidative stress occurs in chronic alcoholism and its relationship with apoptosis of hepatocytes. We have found that oxidative stress is associated with chronic ethanol consumption in humans and in rats, in the former independently of the existence of alcohol-induced liver disease. Ethanol or acetaldehyde induces apoptosis in hepatocytes isolated from alcoholic rats, but not in those from control rats. Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase, but not of cytochrome P450 2E1, prevents ethanol-induced cell death. Ethanol-induced apoptosis is caused by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) driven by increased availability of the reduced form of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) owing to mitochondrial acetaldehyde metabolism and it is prevented by blocking the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pores with cyclosporine A. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase or addition of antioxidant vitamins C and E completely prevented ethanol-induced apoptosis. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, which occurs during chronic alcoholism, renders hepatocytes susceptible to apoptosis. On the other hand, the CD95 ligand expression was up-regulated by acetaldehyde. In conclusion, ethanol induces apoptosis via 2 different pathways: MPT and up-regulation of the expression of CD95-Fas ligand. The overproduction of ROS by mitochondria, driven by acetaldehyde metabolism, is a common trigger of both mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Miñana
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Ashida H, Kihara K, Nonaka Y, Fukuda I, Shiotani B, Hashimoto T. The heterocyclic amine, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole induces apoptosis in cocultures of rat parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 177:59-67. [PMID: 11708901 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the mechanism of apoptosis by 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) in cocultures of parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells, since the liver consists of various cell types and they cooperatively respond to chemicals. It was found that cocultures were more susceptible to cell death by Trp-P-1 than culture of each cell type alone. In cocultures, Trp-P-1 induced DNA fragmentation accompanied by the activation of 18-kDa endonuclease. Trp-P-1 (30 microM) caused a rapid increase in Bid protein level in mitochondria and the leakage of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol 15 min after treatment. On the other hand, an increase in Bax protein and a decrease in Bcl-2 protein were detected in the mitochondrial fraction 2 h after treatment following the increases in p53 protein level and DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B. Caspase-8 was activated within 30 min followed by the activation of downstream caspases as measured using the corresponding peptide substrates. The activation of caspases was also confirmed by cleavage of caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, and protein kinase C-delta as analyzed by Western blotting. A peptide inhibitor of caspase-8 diminished DNA ladder formation and the activation of downstream caspases, but a caspase-9 inhibitor and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate as an inhibitor of NF-kappa B showed only partial inhibition, suggesting that caspase-8 is the apical caspase in the cascade. These results led to the conclusion that Trp-P-1 mainly drives the caspase-8-mediated pathway that involves Bid, accompanied by a delay in the p53/NF-kappa B-mediated side pathway that involves Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ashida
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Abstract
Apoptosis plays an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis during development, differentiation, and pathophysiological processes. In the immune system, recent investigations reveal that during the course of T-cell development in the thymus, negative selection of autoreactive immature T-cells is a typical apoptotic process. In addition, apoptosis is also involved in cytotoxic killing of target cells and the regulation of lymphocyte homeostasis during immune responses. Interestingly, recent evidence has suggested that cells dying by apoptosis are actively involved in immunosuppression in various circumstances. We have shown that apoptotic cells could inhibit the expression of CD69 during T-cell activation. Furthermore, apoptotic cells phagocytosed by macrophages and/or dendritic cells are immunosuppressive, a process likely mediated by the production of transforming growth factor-beta1. Since apoptosis is a common mechanism by which excessive cells in many tissues and organs are eliminated in various pathophysiological processes, we believe that further investigation into the mechanisms by which apoptotic cells affect the immune system will not only lead to a better understanding of the significance of apoptosis during immune responses, but will also provide novel strategies for the management of autoimmune diseases and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Sun
- Hemopurification and Renal Transplantation Center, Zhujiang Hospital, the First Military Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.
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Lau WY, Chen GG, Lai PB, Chun YS, Leung BC, Chak EC, Lee JF, Chui AK. Induction of Fas and Fas ligand expression on malignant glioma cells by Kupffer cells, a potential pathway of antiliver metastases. J Surg Res 2001; 101:44-51. [PMID: 11676553 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kupffer cells play an important role in controlling the growth and development of liver metastases. However, the pathway of Kupffer cells against tumor metastases is not clear. In the present study, we set up an experimental model to investigate the mechanisms on how Kupffer cells kill tumor cells which metastasize to the liver. Malignant glioma cells were cocultured with Kupffer cells or treated with culture medium collected from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated Kupffer cells. The results showed that the interaction between Kupffer cells and malignant glioma cells significantly stimulated the generation of tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNFalpha). TNFalpha was mainly produced by Kupffer cells, as its level in culture medium obtained from LPS-treated Kupffer cells was not significantly different from that of malignant glioma cells treated with the same medium. Both Kupffer cells and LPS/Kupffer cell-conditioned supernatants induced expression of Fas and Fas ligand on malignant glioma cells. Subsequently a significant proportion of malignant glioma cells became apoptotic, as evidenced by positive staining of annexin V and propidium iodine and an increase in cellular DNA fragmentation. Therefore, this study supports a novel pathway of Kupffer cells against liver metastases, in which tumor cells were apoptotic via the Fas-Fas ligand system induced by TNFalpha released from Kupffer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Lau
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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46
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Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, and the elimination of apoptotic cells are crucial factors in the maintenance of liver health Apoptosis allows hepatocytes to die without provoking a potentially harmful inflammatory response In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is tightly controlled and regulated via several mechanisms, including Fas/Fas ligand interactions, the effects of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and the influence of pro- and antiapoptotic mitochondria-associated proteins of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family. Efficient elimination of apoptotic cells in the liver relies on Kupffer cells and endothelial cells and is thought to be regulated by the expression of certain cell surface receptors. Liver disease is often associated with enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis, which is the case in viral and autoimmune hepatitis, cholestatic diseases, and metabolic disorders. Disruption of apoptosis is responsible for other diseases, for example, hepatocellular carcinoma. Use and abuse of certain drugs, especially alcohol, chemotherapeutic agents, and acetaminophen, have been associated with increased apoptosis and liver damage. Apoptosis also plays a role in transplantation-associated liver damage, both in ischemia/reperfusion injury and graft rejection. The role of apoptosis in various liver diseases and the mechanisms by which apoptosis occurs in the liver may provide insight into these diseases and suggest possible treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Neuman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Deaciuc IV, D'Souza NB, de Villiers WJ, Burikhanov R, Sarphie TG, Hill DB, McClain CJ. Inhibition of caspases in vivo protects the rat liver against alcohol-induced sensitization to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [PMID: 11410731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of liver sensitization by alcohol to Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) remain elusive. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to test the hypothesis that alcohol-enhanced liver apoptosis may be a sensitizing mechanism for LPS and (2) to further characterize the liver apoptotic response to alcohol. METHODS Rats were fed a high-fat, alcohol-containing liquid diet for 14 weeks, treated with LPS (1.0 mg/kg of body weight, intravenously) or saline, followed by injection of a pan-caspase inhibitor IDN1965; N-[(1,3-dimethylindole-2-carbonyl)-valinyl]-3-amino-4-oxo-5-fluoropentanoic acid; 10 mg/kg of body weight, intraperitoneally or vehicle, and killed. The following parameters were assessed: plasma aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity (AST); liver histology and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) response; caspase-3, -8, and -9 activity; and mRNA and protein expression for two apoptosis-signaling molecules: Fas receptor and Fas ligand; and three apoptosis adaptors: Bax, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-2. RESULTS Alcohol-feeding-induced liver steatosis, slightly increased caspases' activity, the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei, and facilitated the LPS necrotic effect without affecting mRNA expression of apoptosis signals and adaptors. LPS induced a significant increase in AST and the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei, both effects being more pronounced in alcohol-treated rats. LPS produced hepatic necrosis only in alcohol-treated rats. LPS effects were associated with up-regulation of mRNA expression for both apoptosis adaptors and signaling molecules. IDN1965 administration 3 hr after LPS injection strongly inhibited caspases' activity, particularly that of caspase-3. IDN1965 also abolished the increase in TUNEL-positive nuclei, reversed the effect of LPS on plasma AST in alcohol-treated rats, and prevented LPS-induced necrosis. CONCLUSIONS (1) Alcohol-enhanced liver apoptosis may not involve regulatory steps at the transcriptional level. LPS-induced liver apoptosis seems to involve transcriptional regulation of several apoptosis adaptors. Therefore, alcohol and LPS may enhance liver apoptosis through different mechanisms. (2) Alcohol-enhanced liver apoptosis precedes and may facilitate the hepatic effects of LPS. LPS superimposed on alcohol further elevates the rate of apoptosis in the liver. This may exceed the phagocytosing capacity of the liver so that all the apoptotic cells are not phagocytosed, but rather die of necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Deaciuc
- Division of Digestive Diseases, A. B. Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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48
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Knolle PA, Limmer A. Neighborhood politics: the immunoregulatory function of organ-resident liver endothelial cells. Trends Immunol 2001; 22:432-7. [PMID: 11473832 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(01)01957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is known for its ability to induce antigen (Ag)-specific immune tolerance. Among the different cell populations involved in the induction of hepatic tolerance, the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are particularly important because they are highly efficient at presenting soluble Ags to CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. The crosspresentation of soluble Ags to CD8(+) T cells was believed previously to be restricted to professional Ag-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs). However, in contrast to DCs, crosspresentation by LSECs can induce Ag-specific immune tolerance. It is proposed that these organ-resident APCs act as sessile hepatic APCs that control the immune responses to soluble blood-borne Ags, in concert with APCs in lymphatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Knolle
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie Heidelberg (ZMBH), Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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49
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Song E, Chen J, Ouyang N, Wang M, Exton MS, Heemann U. Kupffer cells of cirrhotic rat livers sensitize colon cancer cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:1265-71. [PMID: 11336480 PMCID: PMC2363876 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis of colorectal carcinomas rarely occurs in cirrhotic livers. Our study investigated the influence of activated Kupffer cells from cirrhotic rat livers on hepatic colonization and FasR-mediated apoptosis of colon cancer cells. A rat colon cancer cell line, RCN-9, was used to inoculate rat livers. Treatment with conditioned media of Kupffer cells isolated from CCl(4)-induced cirrhotic rat livers (cirrhotic KCM) significantly reduced the incidence of hepatic colonization of RCN-9 cells. In vitro cytotoxicity of Kupffer cells and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) on RCN-9 cells was evaluated using [(3)H]-release assay. RCN-9 cells were resistant to cytotoxicity mediated by cirrhotic Kupffer cells, but were sensitized to TIL-mediated killing after treatment with cirrhotic KCM. The specific killing induced by TILs was FasR-mediated, as it was inhibited by ZB4, an antagonistic anti-FasR antibody. In agreement, cirrhotic KCM increased recombinant Fas ligand-induced apoptosis of RCN-9 cells, and up-regulated FasR expression on RCN-9 cells as evaluated by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. These findings suggest that Kupffer cells in cirrhotic livers sensitize metastatic colon cancer cells to FasR-mediated apoptosis by up-regulating the receptors, which thus prepare them to be eliminated by infiltrating lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Song
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, Germany
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50
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Guillot C, Coathalem H, Chetritt J, David A, Lowenstein P, Gilbert E, Tesson L, van Rooijen N, Cuturi MC, Soulillou JP, Anegon I. Lethal hepatitis after gene transfer of IL-4 in the liver is independent of immune responses and dependent on apoptosis of hepatocytes: a rodent model of IL-4-induced hepatitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5225-35. [PMID: 11290807 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.5225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The putative role of IL-4 in human and animal models of hepatitis has not yet been directly determined. We now report that direct expression of IL-4 in the liver of rats or mice using recombinant adenoviruses coding for rat or mouse IL-4 (AdrIL-4 and AdmIL-4, respectively) results in a lethal, dose-dependent hepatitis. The hepatitis induced by IL-4 was characterized by hepatocyte apoptosis and a massive monocyte/macrophage infiltrate. IL-4-induced hepatitis was independent of T cell-mediated immune responses. Hepatitis occurred even after gene transfer of IL-4 into nude rats, CD8-depleted rats, cyclosporine A-treated rats, or recombinase-activating gene 2(-/-) immunodeficient mice. Peripheral depletion of leukocytes using high doses of cyclophosphamide, and/or the specific depletion of liver macrophages with liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate in rats did not block lethal IL-4-induced hepatitis. Direct transduction of hepatocytes with adenoviruses was not essential, since injection of AdrIL-4 into the hind limb induced an identical hepatitis. Finally, primary rat hepatocytes in culture also showed apoptosis when cultured in the presence of rIL-4. IL-4-dependent hepatitis was associated with increases in the intrahepatic levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and Fas ligand. Administration of AdmIL-4 to IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha receptor type I, or TNF-alpha receptor type II knockout mice also resulted in lethal hepatitis, whereas a moderate protection was observed in Fas-deficient lpr mice. IL-4-dependent hepatocyte apoptosis could be abolished by treatment with caspase inhibitory peptides. Our results thus demonstrate that IL-4 causes hepatocyte apoptosis, which is only partially dependent on the activation of Apo-1-Fas signaling and is largely independent of any immune cells in the liver.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Caspase Inhibitors
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/mortality
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatocytes/immunology
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- Immunity, Cellular/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Kupffer Cells/immunology
- Kupffer Cells/virology
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/enzymology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Rats
- Rats, Nude
- Rats, Wistar
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guillot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 437, Nantes, France
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