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Barrow F, Wang H, Fredrickson G, Florczak K, Ciske E, Khanal S, Parthiban P, Nguyen H, Rios E, Kostallari E, Revelo XS. Pyruvate Oxidation Sustains B Cell Antigen-Specific Activation to Exacerbate MASH. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.13.566832. [PMID: 38014163 PMCID: PMC10680643 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.13.566832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), a severe form of steatotic liver disease that if persistent can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and cancer. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis are key features of MASH that determine disease progression and outcomes. Recent advances have revealed that pathogenic B cell-derived cytokines and antibodies promote the development of MASH. However, the mechanisms through which B cells promote fibrosis and the metabolic adaptations underlying their pathogenic responses remain unclear. Here, we report that a subset of mature B cells with heightened cytokine responses accumulate in the liver and promote inflammation in MASH. To meet the increased energetic demand of effector responses, B cells increase their ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) fueled by pyruvate oxidation in a B cell receptor (BCR)-specific manner. Blocking pyruvate oxidation completely abrogated the inflammatory capacity of MASH B cells. Accordingly, the restriction of the BCR led to MASH attenuation, including reductions in steatosis, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis. Mechanistically, BCR restriction decreased B cell maturation, activation, and effector responses in the liver, accompanied by decreased T cell- and macrophage-mediated inflammation. Notably, attenuated liver fibrosis in BCR-restricted mice was associated with lower IgG production and decreased expression of Fc-gamma receptors on hepatic stellate cells. Together, these findings indicate a key role for B cell antigen-specific responses in promoting steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis during MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Gavin Fredrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Kira Florczak
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Erin Ciske
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Shalil Khanal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Preethy Parthiban
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Huy Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Enrique Rios
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Enis Kostallari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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Muench MO, Fomin ME, Gutierrez AG, López-Terrada D, Gilfanova R, Nosworthy C, Beyer AI, Ostolaza G, Kats D, Matlock KL, Cairo S, Keller C. CD203c is expressed by human fetal hepatoblasts and distinguishes subsets of hepatoblastoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:927852. [PMID: 36845728 PMCID: PMC9947649 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.927852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Hepatocytic cells found during prenatal development have unique features compared to their adult counterparts, and are believed to be the precursors of pediatric hepatoblastoma. The cell-surface phenotype of hepatoblasts and hepatoblastoma cell lines was evaluated to discover new markers of these cells and gain insight into the development of hepatocytic cells and the phenotypes and origins of hepatoblastoma. Methods Human midgestation livers and four pediatric hepatoblastoma cell lines were screened using flow cytometry. Expression of over 300 antigens was evaluated on hepatoblasts defined by their expression of CD326 (EpCAM) and CD14. Also analyzed were hematopoietic cells, expressing CD45, and liver sinusoidal-endothelial cells (LSECs), expressing CD14 but lacking CD45 expression. Select antigens were further examined by fluorescence immunomicroscopy of fetal liver sections. Antigen expression was also confirmed on cultured cells by both methods. Gene expression analysis by liver cells, 6 hepatoblastoma cell lines, and hepatoblastoma cells was performed. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate CD203c, CD326, and cytokeratin-19 expression on three hepatoblastoma tumors. Results Antibody screening identified many cell surface markers commonly or divergently expressed by hematopoietic cells, LSECs, and hepatoblasts. Thirteen novel markers expressed on fetal hepatoblasts were identified including ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 3 (ENPP-3/CD203c), which was found to be expressed by hepatoblasts with widespread expression in the parenchyma of the fetal liver. In culture CD203c+CD326++ cells resembled hepatocytic cells with coexpression of albumin and cytokeratin-19 confirming a hepatoblast phenotype. CD203c expression declined rapidly in culture whereas the loss of CD326 was not as pronounced. CD203c and CD326 were co-expressed on a subset of hepatoblastoma cell lines and hepatoblastomas with an embryonal pattern. Conclusions CD203c is expressed on hepatoblasts and may play a role in purinergic signaling in the developing liver. Hepatoblastoma cell lines were found to consist of two broad phenotypes consisting of a cholangiocyte-like phenotype that expressed CD203c and CD326 and a hepatocyte-like phenotype with diminished expression of these markers. CD203c was expressed by some hepatoblastoma tumors and may represent a marker of a less differentiated embryonal component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Marcus O. Muench,
| | - Marina E. Fomin
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Dolores López-Terrada
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Ashley I. Beyer
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Dina Kats
- Pediatric Cancer Biology, Children’s Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | | | - Stefano Cairo
- Research and Development Unit, XenTech, Evry, France
| | - Charles Keller
- Pediatric Cancer Biology, Children’s Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States
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Mehrabi M, Amini F, Mehrabi S. Kill and Clearance in HCC: An Approach Based on NK Cells and Macrophages. Front Oncol 2021; 11:693076. [PMID: 34557407 PMCID: PMC8453146 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.693076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shima Mehrabi
- Internal Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Ahmed O, Robinson MW, O'Farrelly C. Inflammatory processes in the liver: divergent roles in homeostasis and pathology. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1375-1386. [PMID: 33864004 PMCID: PMC8166849 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic immune system is designed to tolerate diverse harmless foreign moieties to maintain homeostasis in the healthy liver. Constant priming and regulation ensure that appropriate immune activation occurs when challenged by pathogens and tissue damage. Failure to accurately discriminate, regulate, or effectively resolve inflammation offsets this balance, jeopardizing overall tissue health resulting from an either overly tolerant or an overactive inflammatory response. Compelling scientific and clinical evidence links dysregulated hepatic immune and inflammatory responses upon sterile injury to several pathological conditions in the liver, particularly nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Murine and human studies have described interactions between diverse immune repertoires and nonhematopoietic cell populations in both physiological and pathological activities in the liver, although the molecular mechanisms driving these associations are not clearly understood. Here, we review the dynamic roles of inflammatory mediators in responses to sterile injury in the context of homeostasis and disease, the clinical implications of dysregulated hepatic immune activity and therapeutic developments to regulate liver-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Ahmed
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark W Robinson
- Department of Biology, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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5
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Martrus G, Kautz T, Lunemann S, Richert L, Glau L, Salzberger W, Goebels H, Langeneckert A, Hess L, Poch T, Schramm C, Oldhafer KJ, Koch M, Tolosa E, Nashan B, Altfeld M. Proliferative capacity exhibited by human liver-resident CD49a+CD25+ NK cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182532. [PMID: 28792982 PMCID: PMC5549915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment and retention of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the liver are thought to play an important role during hepatotropic infections and liver cirrhosis. The aims of this study were to determine differences between liver-derived and peripheral blood-derived NK cells in the context of liver inflammation and cirrhosis. We conducted a prospective dual-center cross-sectional study in patients undergoing liver transplantation or tumor-free liver resections, in which both liver tissue and peripheral blood samples were obtained from each consenting study participants. Intrahepatic lymphocytes and PBMCs were stained, fixed and analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results showed that, within cirrhotic liver samples, intrahepatic NK cells were particularly enriched for CD49a+ NK cells when compared to tumor-free liver resection samples. CD49a+ liver-derived NK cells included populations of cells expressing CD25, CD34 and CXCR3. Moreover, CD49a+CD25+ liver-derived NK cells exhibited high proliferative capacity in vitro in response to low doses of IL-2. Our study identified a specific subset of CD49a+CD25+ NK cells in cirrhotic livers bearing functional features of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glòria Martrus
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kautz
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Richert
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team SISTM, UMR1219 and Inria, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Glau
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Salzberger
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Goebels
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Langeneckert
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonard Hess
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karl J. Oldhafer
- Department of General & Abdominal Surgery, Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Asklepios Campus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Koch
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Nashan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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6
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Peng H, Tian Z. Tissue-resident natural killer cells in the livers. Sci China Life Sci 2016; 59:1218-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Robinson MW, Harmon C, O'Farrelly C. Liver immunology and its role in inflammation and homeostasis. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:267-76. [PMID: 27063467 PMCID: PMC4856809 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human liver is usually perceived as a non-immunological organ engaged primarily in metabolic, nutrient storage and detoxification activities. However, we now know that the healthy liver is also a site of complex immunological activity mediated by a diverse immune cell repertoire as well as non-hematopoietic cell populations. In the non-diseased liver, metabolic and tissue remodeling functions require elements of inflammation. This inflammation, in combination with regular exposure to dietary and microbial products, creates the potential for excessive immune activation. In this complex microenvironment, the hepatic immune system tolerates harmless molecules while at the same time remaining alert to possible infectious agents, malignant cells or tissue damage. Upon appropriate immune activation to challenge by pathogens or tissue damage, mechanisms to resolve inflammation are essential to maintain liver homeostasis. Failure to clear ‘dangerous' stimuli or regulate appropriately activated immune mechanisms leads to pathological inflammation and disrupted tissue homeostasis characterized by the progressive development of fibrosis, cirrhosis and eventual liver failure. Hepatic inflammatory mechanisms therefore have a spectrum of roles in the healthy adult liver; they are essential to maintain tissue and organ homeostasis and, when dysregulated, are key drivers of the liver pathology associated with chronic infection, autoimmunity and malignancy. In this review, we explore the changing perception of inflammation and inflammatory mediators in normal liver homeostasis and propose targeting of liver-specific immune regulation pathways as a therapeutic approach to treat liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Robinson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - Cathal Harmon
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
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8
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Zuber J, Rosen S, Shonts B, Sprangers B, Savage TM, Richman S, Yang S, Lau SP, DeWolf S, Farber D, Vlad G, Zorn E, Wong W, Emond J, Levin B, Martinez M, Kato T, Sykes M. Macrochimerism in Intestinal Transplantation: Association With Lower Rejection Rates and Multivisceral Transplants, Without GVHD. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2691-703. [PMID: 25988811 PMCID: PMC4575629 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Blood chimerism has been reported sporadically among visceral transplant recipients, mostly in association with graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). We hypothesized that a higher degree of mixed chimerism would be observed in multivisceral (MVTx) than in isolated intestinal (iITx) and isolated liver transplant (iLTx) recipients, regardless of GVHD. We performed a longitudinal prospective study investigating multilineage blood chimerism with flow cytometry in 5 iITx and 4 MVTx recipients up to one year posttransplant. Although only one iITx patient experienced GVHD, T cell mixed chimerism was detected in 8 out of 9 iITx/MVTx recipients. Chimerism was significantly lower in the four subjects who displayed early moderate to severe rejection. Pre-formed high-titer donor-specific antibodies, bound in vivo to the circulating donor cells, were associated with an accelerated decline in chimerism. Blood chimerism was also studied in 10 iLTx controls. Among nonsensitized patients, MVTx recipients exhibited greater T and B cell chimerism than either iITx or iLTx recipients. Myeloid lineage chimerism was present exclusively among iLTx and MVTx (6/13) recipients, suggesting that its presence required the hepatic allograft. Our study demonstrates, for the first time, frequent T cell chimerism without GVHD following visceral transplantation and a possible relationship with reduced rejection rate in MVTx recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Zuber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Rosen
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Brittany Shonts
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Ben Sprangers
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Thomas M. Savage
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Richman
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Suxiao Yang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Sai Ping Lau
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Susan DeWolf
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Donna Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - George Vlad
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Emmanuel Zorn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Waichi Wong
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Jean Emond
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Bruce Levin
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Mercedes Martinez
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Tomoaki Kato
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
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9
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Semeraro R, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Gentile R, Napoli C, Venere R, Gatto M, Brunelli R, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. The fetal liver as cell source for the regenerative medicine of liver and pancreas. Ann Transl Med 2014; 1:13. [PMID: 25332958 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients affected by liver diseases and diabetes mellitus are in need for sources of new cells to enable a better transition into clinic programs of cell therapy and regenerative medicine. In this setting, fetal liver is becoming the most promising and available source of cells. Fetal liver displays unique characteristics given the possibility to isolate cell populations with a wide spectrum of endodermal differentiation and, the co-existence of endodermal and mesenchymal-derived cells. Thus, the fetal liver is a unique and highly available cell source contemporarily candidate for the regenerative medicine of both liver and pancreas. The purpose of this review is to revise the recent literature on the different stem cells populations isolable from fetal liver and candidate to cell therapy of liver diseases and diabetes and to discuss advantages and limitation with respect to other cell sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Semeraro
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Gentile
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Napoli
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Venere
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Gatto
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Brunelli
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
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11
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Muench MO, Beyer AI, Fomin ME, Thakker R, Mulvaney US, Nakamura M, Suemizu H, Bárcena A. The adult livers of immunodeficient mice support human hematopoiesis: evidence for a hepatic mast cell population that develops early in human ontogeny. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97312. [PMID: 24819392 PMCID: PMC4018295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a vital role in hematopoiesis during mammalian prenatal development but its hematopoietic output declines during the perinatal period. Nonetheless, hepatic hematopoiesis is believed to persist into adulthood. We sought to model human adult-liver hematopoiesis by transplantation of fetal and neonatal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into adult immunodeficient mice. Livers were found to be engrafted with human cells consisting primarily of monocytes and B-cells with lesser contributions by erythrocytes, T-cells, NK-cells and mast-cells. A resident population of CD117(++)CD203c(+) mast cells was also documented in human midgestation liver, indicating that these cells comprise part of the liver's resident immune cell repertoire throughout human ontogeny. The murine liver was shown to support human multilineage hematopoiesis up to 321 days after transplant. Evidence of murine hepatic hematopoiesis was also found in common mouse strains as old as 2 years. Human HSC engraftment of the murine liver was demonstrated by detection of high proliferative-potential colony-forming cells in clonal cultures, observation of CD38-CD34(++) and CD133(+)CD34(++) cells by flow cytometry, and hematopoietic reconstitution of secondary transplant recipients of chimeric liver cells. Additionally, chimeric mice with both hematopoietic and endothelial reconstitution were generated by intrasplenic injection of immunodeficient mice with liver specific expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) transgene. In conclusion, the murine liver is shown to be a hematopoietic organ throughout adult life that can also support human hematopoiesis in severely immunodeficient strains. Further humanization of the murine liver can be achieved in mice harboring an uPA transgene, which support engraftment of non-hematopoietic cells types. Thus, offering a model system to study the interaction of diverse human liver cell types that regulate hematopoiesis and immune function in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O. Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Liver Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ashley I. Beyer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marina E. Fomin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rahul Thakker
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Usha S. Mulvaney
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Masato Nakamura
- Biomedical Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Biomedical Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Alicia Bárcena
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Jiang X, Chen Y, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z. Characterizing the lymphopoietic kinetics and features of hematopoietic progenitors contained in the adult murine liver in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76762. [PMID: 24130788 PMCID: PMC3793923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The appearance of donor-derived lymphocytes in liver transplant patients suggests that adult livers may contain cells capable of lymphopoiesis. However, only a few published studies have addressed the lymphopoietic capacity of adult liver cells, and its kinetics and features remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the lymphopoietic capacity of adult liver mononuclear cells (MNCs) and purified liver hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in vivo. Similar to bone-marrow transplantation (BMT), transplantation of liver MNCs alone was able to rescue survival of lethally irradiated mice. In terms of kinetics, liver MNC-derived myeloid lineage cells reconstituted more slowly than those from BMT. Liver MNC-derived lymphocyte lineage cells in the blood, spleen and BM also reconstituted more slowly than BMT, but lymphocytes in the liver recovered at a similar rate. Interestingly, liver MNCs predominantly gave rise to CD3+CD19− T cells in both irradiated WT and non-irradiated lymphocyte-deficient Rag-1−/−Il2rg−/− recipients. To define the lymphopoietic potential of various cell populations within liver MNCs, we transplanted purified lineage-negative (Lin−) liver HPCs into recipient mice. Unlike total liver MNCs, liver HPCs reconstituted T and B cells in similar frequencies to BMT. We further determined that the predominance of T cells observed after transplanting total liver MNCs likely originated from mature T cells, as purified donor liver T cells proliferated in the recipients and gave rise to CD8+ T cells. Thus, the capacity of donor adult liver cells to reconstitute lymphocytes in recipients derives from both HPCs and mature T cells contained in the liver MNC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Jiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Department of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
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Jia SQ, Ren JJ, Dong PD, Meng XK. Probing the hepatic progenitor cell in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013;2013:145253. [PMID: 23533383 PMCID: PMC3600331 DOI: 10.1155/2013/145253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. The intrahepatic stem cells, also known as hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), are able to differentiate into hepatocytes and bile duct epithelia. By exposure of different injuries and different hepatocarcinogenic regimens, the mature hepatocytes can no longer effectively regenerate; stem cells are involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 107 paraffin-embedded hepatocellular carcinoma specimens with the marker of hepatocyte and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepPar1), biliary differentiation (CK7,CK19), haemopoietic stem cell (HSC) (c-kit/CD117, CD34, and Thy-1/CD90), HPC specific markers (OV-6), and Ki-67, p53 protein. Results. HPCs can be identified in the tumor nodules, around the edge of tumor nodules, and in the portal tracts of the paracirrhosis nodules being positive in HepPar1, CK7, CK19, and OV-6, but they failed to immunostain with CD117, CD34, and CD90. The HPCs positive in Ki-67 are observed in the tumor and paracirrhosis tissues. In 107 specimens, 40.2% (43/107) HCC tissues expressed p53 protein, lower than that of the HPCs around the tumor nodules (46.7%, 50/107) and much higher than that of the HPCs around the paracirrhosis nodules (8.41%, 9/107). Conclusion. Human hepatocellular carcinogenesis may be based on transformation of HPCs, not HSCs, through the formation of the transitional cells (hepatocyte-like cells and bile ductal cells).
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McMenamin M, Lysakova-Devine T, Wingfield M, O’Herlihy C, O’Farrelly C. Endometrial aspiration biopsy: a non-invasive method of obtaining functional lymphoid progenitor cells and mature natural killer cells. Reprod Biomed Online 2012; 25:322-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Seki S, Nakashima H, Nakashima M, Kinoshita M. Antitumor immunity produced by the liver Kupffer cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and CD8 CD122 T cells. Clin Dev Immunol. 2011;2011:868345. [PMID: 22190974 PMCID: PMC3235445 DOI: 10.1155/2011/868345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mouse and human livers contain innate immune leukocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, and macrophage-lineage Kupffer cells. Various bacterial components, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and an NKT cell ligand (α-galactocylceramide), activate liver Kupffer cells, which produce IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF. IL-12 activates hepatic NK cells and NKT cells to produce IFN-γ, which further activates hepatic T cells, in turn activating phagocytosis and cytokine production by Kupffer cells in a positive feedback loop. These immunological events are essentially evoked to protect the host from bacterial and viral infections; however, these events also contribute to antitumor and antimetastatic immunity in the liver by activated liver NK cells and NKT cells. Bystander CD8+CD122+ T cells, and tumor-specific memory CD8+T cells, are also induced in the liver by α-galactocylceramide. Furthermore, adoptive transfer experiments have revealed that activated liver lymphocytes may migrate to other organs to inhibit tumor growth, such as the lungs and kidneys. The immunological mechanism underlying the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic livers in hepatitis C patients and liver innate immunity as a double-edged sword (hepatocyte injury/regeneration, septic shock, autoimmune disease, etc.) are also discussed.
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Moroso V, Famili F, Papazian N, Cupedo T, van der Laan LJW, Kazemier G, Metselaar HJ, Kwekkeboom J. NK cells can generate from precursors in the adult human liver. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:3340-50. [PMID: 21830211 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic NK cells constitute ≈ 40% of hepatic lymphocytes and are phenotypically and functionally distinct from blood NK cells. Whether hepatic NK cells derive from precursors in the BM or develop locally from hepatic progenitors is still unknown. Here, we identify all five known sequential stages of NK-cell development in the adult human liver and demonstrate that CD34(+) hepatic progenitors can generate functional NK cells. While early NK-cell precursors (NKPs) were similar in liver and blood, hepatic stage 3 NKPs displayed immunophenotypical differences, suggesting the onset of a liver-specific NK-cell development. Hepatic stage 3 NKPs were RORC(neg) and did not produce IL-17 or IL-22, excluding them from the lymphoid tissue-inducer (LTi) subset. In vitro culture of hepatic NKPs gave rise to functional NK cells exhibiting strong cytotoxicity against K562 targets. To determine whether hepatic NKPs are stably residing in the liver, we analyzed donor and recipient-derived cells in transplanted livers. Shortly after liver transplantation all donor NKPs in liver grafts were replaced by recipient-derived ones, indicating that hepatic NKPs are recruited from the bloodstream. Together, our results show that NKPs are continuously recruited from peripheral blood into the liver and can potentially differentiate into liver-specific NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Moroso
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Wittig O, Paez-Cortez J, Cardier JE. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells promote B lymphopoiesis from primitive hematopoietic cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:341-50. [PMID: 19788396 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment is the main inducer niche of early B lymphopoiesis during the adult life, other extramedullar microenvironments, such as the liver, may also have potential for supporting B-cell development. Previously, we reported that murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) support in vitro and in vivo hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation and myeloid differentiation. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of LSEC to promote B lymphopoiesis from BM progenitor lineage-negative (Lin(-)) cells. Murine BM Lin(-) cells were co-cultured with LSEC, in the absence of exogenous cytokines. B cells were characterized by flow cytometry and cytokine expression by RT-PCR. We show that BM Lin(-) cells differentiated to early B-lymphoid progenitors (B220(+)) and subsequently to mature (CD19(+)) B cells. Functional studies showed the presence of a high number of non-adherent cells (NACs), collected from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated Lin(-)/LSEC co-cultures, expressing IgM on their surface (sIgM). Colony formation from NAC was observed in the presence of IL-7 (CFU-IL-7). LSEC constitutively express IL-7, Flt-3L, and SCF at the mRNA level, and VCAM-1 on their surface, which may explain the capacity of these cells to promote B lymphopoiesis. These data demonstrate that LSEC promote all stages of B lymphopoiesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report that LSEC constitute an in vitro microenvironment for B lymphopoiesis. Further studies will establish whether LSEC can serve in vivo as a B-lymphopoietic niche under physiological or pathological condition, or when HSC are mobilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Wittig
- Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Miranda, Venezuela
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Porretti L, Cattaneo A, Colombo F, Lopa R, Rossi G, Mazzaferro V, Battiston C, Svegliati-Baroni G, Bertolini F, Rebulla P, Prati D. Simultaneous characterization of progenitor cell compartments in adult human liver. Cytometry A 2010; 77:31-40. [PMID: 19960544 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The human liver is a complex tissue consisting of epithelial, endothelial, hematopoietic, and mesenchymal elements that probably derive from multiple lineage-committed progenitors, but no comprehensive study aimed at identifying and characterizing intrahepatic precursors has yet been published. Cell suspensions for this study were obtained by enzymatic digestion of liver specimens taken from 20 patients with chronic liver disease and 13 multiorgan donors. Stem and progenitor cells were first isolated, amplified, and characterized ex vivo according to previously validated methods, and then optimized flow cytometry was used to assess their relative frequencies and characterize their immunophenotypes in the clinical specimens. Stem and progenitor cells committed to hematopoietic, endothelial, epithelial, and mesenchymal lineages were clearly identifiable in livers from both healthy and diseased subjects. Within the mononuclear liver cell compartment, epithelial progenitors [epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)(+)/CD49f(+)/CD29(+)/CD45(-)] accounted for 2.7-3.5% whereas hematopoietic (CD34(+)/CD45(+)), endothelial [vascular endothelial growth factor-2 (KDR)(+)/CD146(+)/CD45(-)], and mesenchymal [CD73(+)/CD105(+)/CD90 (Thy-1)(+)/CD45 (-)] stem cells and progenitors accounted for smaller fractions (0.02-0.6%). The patients' livers had higher percentages of hematopoietic and endothelial precursors than those of the donors. In conclusion, we identified and characterized precursors committed to four different lineages in adult human liver. We also optimized a flow cytometry approach that will be useful in exploring the contribution of these cells to the pathogenesis of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Porretti
- Center of Transfusion Medicine, Cellular Therapy and Cryobiology, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan, Italy.
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Wauthier E, Schmelzer E, Turner W, Zhang L, LeCluyse E, Ruiz J, Turner R, Furth M, Kubota H, Lozoya O, Barbier C, McClelland R, Yao H, Moss N, Bruce A, Ludlow J, Reid L. Hepatic Stem Cells and Hepatoblasts: Identification, Isolation, and Ex Vivo Maintenance. Methods Cell Biol 2008; 86:137-225. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Piscaglia AC, Shupe TD, Oh SH, Gasbarrini A, Petersen BE. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor promotes liver repair and induces oval cell migration and proliferation in rats. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:619-31. [PMID: 17681181 PMCID: PMC3130597 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic regeneration is a heterogeneous phenomenon involving several cell populations. Oval cells are considered liver stem cells, a portion of which derive from bone marrow (BM). Recent studies have shown that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) may be effective in facilitating liver repair. However, it remains unclear if G-CSF acts by mobilizing BM cells, or if it acts locally within the liver microenvironment to facilitate the endogenous restoration program. In the present study, we assessed the involvement of G-CSF during oval cell activation. METHODS Dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV-deficient female rats received BM transplants from wild-type male donors. Four weeks later, rats were subjected to the 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy model of oval cell-mediated liver regeneration, followed by administration of either nonpegylated G-CSF or pegylated G-CSF. Control animals did not receive further treatments after surgery. The magnitude of oval cell reaction, the entity of BM contribution to liver repopulation, as well as the G-CSF/G-CSF-receptor expression levels were evaluated. In addition, in vitro proliferation and migration assays were performed on freshly isolated oval cells. RESULTS Oval cells were found to express G-CSF receptor and G-CSF was produced within the regenerating liver. G-CSF administration significantly increased both the magnitude of the oval cell reaction, and the contribution of BM to liver repair. Finally, G-CSF acted as a chemoattractant and a mitogen for oval cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that G-CSF facilitates hepatic regeneration by increasing the migration of BM-derived progenitors to the liver, as well as enhancing the endogenous oval cell reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Piscaglia
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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21
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Abstract
The immune tolerance induced by the liver as an allograft is difficult to reconcile with the evidence that the liver selectively accumulates activated T cells from the circulation. However, much of this information is based on murine liver lymphocytes that were isolated using enzymatic digestion. In the present study we made use of a novel resource, the lymphocytes isolated during the perfusion of living donor liver lobe prior to transplantation. These healthy human liver lymphocytes displayed surface markers indicating a high degree of activation of natural killer cells, CD56(+) T cells, CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells. These properties were independent of enzymatic treatment or the details of cell isolation. We conclude that the healthy human liver is a site of intense immunological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tu
- The Division of Solid Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Abstract
Both animal and human studies have demonstrated the adoptive transfer of immunity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) through liver transplantation that may be attributed to the presence of HBV-specific immunocompetent cells of donor origin in liver grafts. In this study, we characterized the resident lymphocytes in 41 human liver grafts by immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry and directly identified the intragraft HBV-specific lymphocytes in relation to the donor's and subsequent recipient's immunity using enzyme-linked immunospot assay. A significant number of HBV-specific T and B cells were detectable in 59.4% (19/32) and 28.1% (9/32), respectively, of liver grafts from HBV-immune donors. The presence of various HBV-specific lymphocytes was closely associated with each other and with a higher serum titer of antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) in donors (P < 0.05). After liver transplantation, 17 of 35 (48.6%) patients with chronic HBV infection showed a spontaneous anti-HBs production, which was significantly associated with a higher number of donor-derived T lymphocytes specific for hepatitis B surface antigen (P = 0.043). In conclusion, the presence of considerable numbers of donor-derived HBV-specific immunocompetent cells in grafts may account for the adoptive transfer of HBV immunity through liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Department of Surgery, Centre for the Study of Liver Disease, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Abstract
Kupffer cells (KC) constitute 80-90% of the tissue macrophages present in the body. They reside within the lumen of the liver sinusoids, and are therefore constantly exposed to gut-derived bacteria, microbial debris and bacterial endotoxins, known to activate macrophages. Upon activation KC release various products, including cytokines, prostanoides, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. These factors regulate the phenotype of KC themselves, and the phenotypes of neighboring cells, such as hepatocytes, stellate cells, endothelial cells and other immune cells that traffic through the liver. Therefore, KC are intimately involved in the liver's response to infection, toxins, ischemia, resection and other stresses. This review summarizes established basic concepts of KC function as well as their role in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Bilzer
- Department of Medicine II, University of Munich, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany.
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Oosterling SJ, Mels AK, Geijtenbeek TBH, van der Bij GJ, Tuk CW, Vuylsteke RJCLM, van Leeuwen PAM, Meijer GA, Meijer S, Beelen RHJ, van Egmond M. Preoperative granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) increases hepatic dendritic cell numbers and clustering with lymphocytes in colorectal cancer patients. Immunobiology 2006; 211:641-9. [PMID: 16920503 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite surgery with curative intent, approximately 30% of colorectal carcinoma patients will develop liver metastases during follow-up. Synchronous occult micrometastases, tumor cell shedding into the portal circulation and postoperative immune impairment have all been suggested to facilitate outgrowth of liver metastases. In experimental models, increases in both number of resident macrophages of the liver, the so-called Kupffer cells (KC), and tumoricidal capacity of KC were observed after pretreatment with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a potent immuno-stimulatory agent. Following perioperative recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF), we previously showed activation of the systemic immune response in the postoperative period, which is normally transiently down-modulated after surgery. Therefore, in this pilot study, effects of preoperative rhGM-CSF administration on the composition of human liver immune cell population were evaluated in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. No difference in KC numbers of rhGM-CSF-treated patients was observed. Importantly, however, a 6-fold increase in dendritic cell (DC) numbers was observed compared to control patients, as quantified by immunohistochemistry of liver biopsies, taken during laparotomy. Furthermore, direct contact between liver CD8+ cells and DC was significantly enhanced in rhGM-CSF-treated patients. Both increases in DC numbers and DC interaction with CD8+ T cells suggest enhanced immunological activation, which may reduce liver metastases formation and ultimately improve survival after initial colorectal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Oosterling
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lynch L, O'Donoghue D, Dean J, O'Sullivan J, O'Farrelly C, Golden-Mason L. Detection and characterization of hemopoietic stem cells in the adult human small intestine. J Immunol 2006; 176:5199-204. [PMID: 16621984 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.9.5199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The concept of lymphoid differentiation in the human gastrointestinal tract is controversial but is the focus of this study, which examined adult human small intestinal tissue for the presence of CD34(+)CD45(+) hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and lymphoid progenitors. Flow cytometry demonstrated that over 5% of leukocytes (CD45(+) cells) isolated from human gut were HSCs coexpressing CD34, a significantly higher incidence than in matched peripheral blood or control bone marrow. HSCs were detected in cell preparations from both the epithelium and lamina propria of all samples tested and localized to the intestinal villous and crypt regions using immunofluorescence. A high proportion of gut HSCs expressed the activation marker CD45RA, and few expressed c-kit, indicating ongoing differentiation. The vast majority of intestinal HSCs coexpressed the T cell Ag, CD7 (92% in the epithelium, 80% in the lamina propria) whereas <10% coexpressed the myeloid Ag CD33, suggesting that gut HSCs are a relatively mature population committed to the lymphoid lineage. Interestingly, almost 50% of epithelial layer HSCs coexpressed CD56, the NK cell Ag, compared with only 10% of the lamina propria HSC population, suggesting that the epithelium may be a preferential site of NKR(+) lymphoid differentiation. In contrast, bone marrow HSCs displayed low coexpression of CD56 and CD7 but high coexpression of CD33. The phenotype of intestinal HSCs, which differs significantly from circulating or bone marrow HSCs, is consistent with a role in local lymphoid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lynch
- Education and Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Zachou K, Rigopoulou EI, Tsikrikoni A, Alexandrakis MG, Passam F, Kyriakou DS, Stathakis NE, Dalekos GN. Autoimmune hepatitis type 1 and primary biliary cirrhosis have distinct bone marrow cytokine production. J Autoimmun 2005; 25:283-8. [PMID: 16242912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported differences in the hematopoiesis between autoimmune hepatitis type 1 (AIH-1) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). In view of the notion that cytokines are regulators of hematopoiesis, we investigated in our tertiary center the cytokine production in the bone marrow (BM) of the same consecutive cohort of patients (13 AIH-1, 13 PBC, 10 healthy and 7 patients with cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis B). Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) were determined in the supernatants of long-term BM cultures by ELISAs. IL-4, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta were found significantly increased in the BM of PBC patients compared to AIH-1 and both control groups. AIH-1 patients had significantly higher BM IL-10 compared to PBC patients and higher IL-10, IL-4 and TNF-alpha compared to controls. BM IFN-gamma was significantly higher in PBC and AIH-1 patients compared to controls. In AIH-1 patients, IL-10 was positively correlated with CD34+, CD34+/CD38- and CD34+/CD38+ cell proportions. In conclusion, the BM cytokine microenvironment of PBC and AIH-1 patients differs significantly compared to that of healthy individuals and cirrhotic patients of non-autoimmune etiology. Differences were also found between patients with PBC and AH-1. The implication of BM in the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver diseases is possible and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Zachou
- Department of Medicine, Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessaly, 22 Papakiriazi str, Larissa 41222, Greece
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Abstract
Intrahepatic lymphocytes have a distinct subset composition and phenotype. Compared with lymphoid tissues, the frequency of natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells and gammadelta T cells among total lymphocytes is increased within the liver, and alphabeta T cells are predominantly effector/memory cells. Divergent hypotheses on the origin of intrahepatic T cells have emerged to explain this; in these hypotheses, either local development or selective recruitment of cells into the liver dominates. This Opinion highlights findings showing that the migratory preferences of lymphocyte subsets reflect their representation within the liver surprisingly well, suggesting that the composition of intrahepatic lymphocytes, in the absence of inflammation, is largely shaped by the dynamics of cell entry and exit into and from the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Klugewitz
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Golden-Mason L, Kelly AM, Doherty DG, Traynor O, McEntee G, Kelly J, Hegarty JE, O'Farrelly C. Hepatic interleuklin 15 (IL-15) expression: implications for local NK/NKT cell homeostasis and development. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 138:94-101. [PMID: 15373910 PMCID: PMC1809196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is critical for the development of human and murine natural killer (NK) cells and hepatic-derived NK T cells (NKT) in mice, and for the homeostatic maintenance of NK/NKT and CD8(+) memory T cells. The lymphocyte repertoire of an adult human liver includes significant populations of NK and NKT-like cells, which may arise locally from hepatic haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We investigated hepatic IL-15 levels and the expression of IL-2/IL-15-receptor beta-chain (IL-2/IL-15Rbeta; CD122) on mature hepatic lymphocytes and HSCs. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect secreted/intracellular IL-15 transcripts. IL-15 protein was localized using immunohistochemistry; levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IL-2/IL-15Rbeta expression by flow-cytometry. Normal hepatic IL-15 protein was detected at 0.43 ng/100 mg total protein (n = 11, range 0.10 ng-0.9 ng). There was a significant increase in HCV-infected tissue (1.78 ng, P < 0.005, n = 11, range 0.18-2.43 ng). The staining pattern suggests that infiltrating monocytes and tissue resident Kupffer cells are the main producers. IL-15 protein was detected in supernatants from cultured liver biopsy specimens in the absence of stimulation (mean 175.8 pg/100 mg wet tissue, n = 3), which increased significantly upon stimulation (P < 0.05, mean 231.21 pg). On average, 61% of hepatic HSCs expressed IL-2/IL-15Rbeta suggesting a local lymphopoietic role. Eighty per cent of NK and 45.8% of CD56(+) T cells expressed IL-2/IL-15Rbeta, suggesting involvement in local CD56(+) cell activation and expansion. Constitutive expression of IL-15 protein and IL-2/IL-15Rbeta on hepatic lymphocytes suggests a key role in the generation and maintenance of the unique hepatic lymphoid repertoire. The significant increase observed in HCV-infected liver suggests a role for IL-15 in host antiviral responses in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Golden-Mason
- Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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29
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Abstract
AIM: To study oval cells pathological characteristics and relationship with the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); to observe the form and structural characteristics of oval cells; to explore the expression characteristics of C-kit, PCNA mRNA and c-myc gene during the occurrence and development of HCC and the effect of ulinastatin (UTI) on C-kit and PCNA expression.
METHODS: One hundred and twenty-five SD rats fed on 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) to construct HCC models were divided into control group, cancer-inducing group and UTI intervention group. In each group, rat liver samples were collected at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and 24 respectively to study pathological distribution characteristics of oval cells in the process of carcinogenesis under optical microscope. Oval cells were separated by the methods of improved density gradient centrifugation and their structural characteristics were observed under optical microscope and electronic microscope respectively; the oval cells expressing C-kit and PCNA in the collected samples were observed by the methods of immunohistochemistry and image analysis and the expression of c-myc mRNA was also detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
RESULTS: Oval cells proliferated firstly in the portal area then gradually migrated into hepatic parenchyma in the inducing group and intervention group. The oval cells distributed inside and outside the carcinoma nodes. The oval cells presented the characteristics of undifferentiated cells: a high ratio of nucleolus and cellular plasm and obvious nucleoli, rare organelle in plasm. Only a few mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum and some villus-like apophysis on surface of cells could be seen. Cells stained with C-kit and PCNA antibody were mainly oval cells distributed in the portal area. The expression of c-myc mRNA increased with the progression of HCC. However, in the intervention group, UTI could retard its increase.
CONCLUSION: Oval cells work throughout the development of HCC, and might play important roles in this process. c-myc gene may be a kind of promoter gene of HCC, and play a key role in hepatic injury and development of HCC. UTI could retard the occurrence of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hua Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong Province, China.
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30
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Abstract
1. The recent ability to isolate stem cells and study their specific capacity of self-renewal with the formation of different cell types has opened up exciting vistas to help the repair of damaged tissue and even the formation of new tissue. In the present review, we deal with the characteristics and sources that stem cells can be derived and cultured from. 2. We focus on the role that stem cell-derived vascular cells or endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) may play in (re)vascularization of ischaemic and engineered tissues. This so-called vasculogenesis resembles the embryological process in which 'haemangioblasts' differentiate in blood cells, as well as in primitive vessels. Although also derived from the blood-forming bone marrow, in adult life vasculogenic stem cells contribute only little to the regular vascular repair mechanisms: namely (i) angiogenesis (outgrowth of vessels from existing vessels); and (ii) arteriogenesis (monocyte-aided increase in the calibre of existing arteriolar collaterals). 3. Most attempts to increase vascular repair by stem cells involve the use of growth factors, which mobilize stem cells from bone marrow into the blood, sometimes combined with isolation and reinfusion of these cells after ex vivo expansion and differentiation into EPC. 4. Clear improved perfusion of ischaemic sites and new vasculature has been observed in vivo mostly in animal models. Specific homing or administration of these cells and regulated and quantitative expansion and (final) differentiation at these vascular (repair) sites are less studied, but are paramount for efficacy and safety. 5. In conclusion, the use of embryonic stem cells will still encounter ethical objections. Moreover, special attention and measures are needed to cope with the allogeneic barriers that these cells usually encounter. In general, the long and complicated ex vivo cultures to obtain sufficient offspring from the very small numbers of stem cells that can be obtained as starting material will be costly and cumbersome. Both basic research on conceptual matters and cost-effective development of the product itself will have to go a long way before the clinical use of some volume can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Zwaginga
- Department of Hematology, Academical Medical Centre and Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research at CLB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Bordoni V, Alonzi T, Agrati C, Poccia F, Borsellino G, Mancino G, Fimia GM, Piacentini M, Fantoni A, Tripodi M. Murine hepatocyte cell lines promote expansion and differentiation of NK cells from stem cell precursors. Hepatology 2004; 39:1508-16. [PMID: 15185291 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
While fetal liver is a major hematopoietic organ, normal adult liver provides a suitable microenvironment for a variety of immune cells and, in several pathological conditions, may become a site of extramedullary hematopoiesis. The direct influence of hepatocytes on hematopoietic cell differentiation is poorly understood. We have previously reported that the Met murine hepatocyte (MMH) untransformed hepatocytic lines retain several morphological and functional features of hepatocytes in vivo and are able to support the survival, self-renewal, and differentiation of hematopoietic precursors in a cell-cell contact system. Here we report the effects of soluble factors released by MMH lines on bone marrow-derived cells. Lymphohematopoietic cells were cultured in two different cell contact-free systems: transwell inserts on MMH feeder layers, and MMH conditioned medium (MMH-CM). Both culture systems were able to promote a substantial expansion of bone marrow-derived cells and their differentiation to natural killer (NK) cells that express the NK1.1 and U5A2-13 markers. Purified hematopoietic stem cells (Sca-1+Lin-), either plated as a bulk population or as single cells, were also able to differentiate into NK cells, when cultured in MMH-CM; thus, soluble factors secreted by MMH lines promote the expansion and differentiation of NK precursor cells. MMH-CM-derived NK cells are functionally active; stimulation by interleukin (IL)-12 together with IL-18 was required to induce interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) expression and to enhance their cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, our findings may imply a direct role of hepatocytes in NK cell development, and the system we have used may provide a tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of NK cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Bordoni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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32
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Golden-Mason L, Douek DC, Koup RA, Kelly J, Hegarty JE, O'Farrelly C. Adult Human Liver Contains CD8posT Cells with Naive Phenotype, but Is Not a Site for Conventional αβ T Cell Development. J Immunol 2004; 172:5980-5. [PMID: 15128780 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.5980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal adult human liver (AHL) contains populations of unconventional lymphocytes that have been shown in the mouse to mature locally. The presence of lymphoid progenitors together with IL-7, recombinase-activating gene, and pre-TCR-alpha expression in AHL suggests similar local T cell development activity in humans. Flow cytometry was used to characterize potentially naive hepatic alphabeta-T cells. We looked for evidence of TCR-alphabeta cell development in AHL by quantifying delta deletion TCR excision circles (TRECs) in CD3(pos) populations isolated from the liver and matched blood of eight individuals. Phenotypic analysis of hepatic T cells suggests the presence of Ag-inexperienced populations. TRECs were detected in all blood samples (mean, 164.10 TRECs/ micro g DNA), whereas only two hepatic samples were positive at low levels (59.40 and 1.92). The relatively high level of CD8(pos) T cells in these livers with a naive phenotype suggests that in addition to its role as a graveyard for Ag-specific activated CD8(pos) T cells, naive CD8(pos) T cells may enter the liver without prior activation. The almost complete absence of TRECs suggests that normal AHL is not a site for the development of conventional alphabeta T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Interphase/immunology
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/blood
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Golden-Mason
- Education and Research Center, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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33
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Kyriakou DS, Alexandrakis MG, Zachou K, Passam F, Stathakis NE, Dalekos GN. Hemopoietic progenitor cells and bone marrow stromal cells in patients with autoimmune hepatitis type 1 and primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2003; 39:679-85. [PMID: 14568247 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used in severe cases of autoimmunity. We investigated whether hemopoietic progenitor cells and/or bone marrow (BM) microenvironment are affected in autoimmune hepatitis type-1 (AIH-1) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). METHODS We studied 13 AIH-1 patients, 13 PBC patients, 12 cirrhotic controls (CC) and ten healthy controls (HC). Flow cytometry, expansion cultures, long-term BM cultures and clonogenic progenitor cell assays were used. Stromal cell function was assessed in long-term BM cultures recharged with normal CD34+ cells. RESULTS AIH-1 had increased CD34+, CD34+/CD38+ and CD34+/CD38- cells compared to all groups (P<0.001). PBC had lower progenitor cells compared to controls (P<0.005). No differences were found between CC and HC. Committed progenitor cells in non-adherent cell fraction were increased in AIH-1 (P<0.05) but decreased in PBC compared to controls (P<0.05). Granulocyte-macrophage colony forming units (CFU) and erythroid-burst CFU were increased in AIH-1 compared to all groups (P<0.001). PBC had these CFUs decreased compared to controls (P<0.005). Stromal cells failed to support normal hemopoiesis in PBC. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time that AIH-1 had increased hemopoietic progenitor cells and normal stromal function. In PBC, progenitor cells and BM microenvironment were defective. Further studies will determine the significance of these novel findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina S Kyriakou
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Larisa, University of Thessaly, PO BOX 1425, Larisa, Greece
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34
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35
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Okano JI, Shiota G, Matsumoto K, Yasui S, Kurimasa A, Hisatome I, Steinberg P, Murawaki Y. Hepatocyte growth factor exerts a proliferative effect on oval cells through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 309:298-304. [PMID: 12951049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent mitogen for a variety of cells including hepatocytes. While rat oval cells are supposed to be one of hepatic stem cells, biological effects of HGF on oval cells and their relevant signal transduction pathways remain to be determined. We sought to investigate them on OC/CDE22 rat oval cells, which are established from the liver of rats fed a choline-deficient/DL-ethionine-supplemented diet. The oval cells were cultured on fibronectin-coated dishes and stimulated with recombinant HGF, transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), and thrombopoietin (TPO) under the serum-free medium condition. HGF treatment enhanced [3H]thymidine incorporation into oval cells in a dose-dependent manner. On the contrary, treatment with TGF-alpha or TPO had no significant effects on [3H]thymidine incorporation into the oval cells. c-Met protein was phosphorylated at the tyrosine residues after the HGF treatment. AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and p70(s6k) were simultaneously activated after the HGF stimulation, peaking at 30min after the treatment. The activation of AKT, p70(s6k), and ERK1/2 induced by HGF was abolished by pre-treatment with LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, and U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, respectively. When the cells were pre-treated with LY294002 prior to the HGF stimulation, the proliferative action of HGF was completely abrogated, implying that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is responsible for the biological effect of HGF. These in vitro data indicate that HGF exerts a proliferative action on hepatic oval cells via activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Okano
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
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36
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Abstract
Stem cells play a key role in tissue homeostasis and renewal after damage, so learning more about them may become a sort of 'Pandora's box', which when opened will make it possible to clarify the nature and the pathophysiology of several human diseases and to find new treatments for pathologies, such as cancers, degenerative, autoimmune and genetic disorders, that are currently untreatable. The characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract and of the liver, in terms of genesis and regeneration and their special relationship with the haemolymphopoietic system, allow stem cell research to outline interesting therapeutic perspectives in these fields. We aim to summarize the knowledge acquired on gastrointestinal and hepatic stem cell biology, focusing attention on the issues that remain to be addressed, and to present the main perspectives of treatment offered by these 'new tools' in gastroenterology and hepatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Piscaglia
- Department of Internal Medicine & Gastroenterology, Catholic University of Rome, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
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37
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Abstract
The T-cell biology of the liver is unlike that of any other organ. The local lymphocyte population is enriched in natural killer (NK) and NKT cells, which might have crucial roles in the recruitment of circulating T cells. A large macrophage population and the efficient trafficking of dendritic cells from sinusoidal blood to lymph promote antigen trapping and T-cell priming, but the local presentation of antigen causes T-cell inactivation, tolerance and apoptosis. These local mechanisms might result from the need to maintain immunological silence to harmless antigenic material in food. The overall bias of intrahepatic T-cell responses towards tolerance might account for the survival of liver allografts and for the persistence of some liver pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Nicholas Crispe
- The David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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38
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Boisvert J, Kunkel EJ, Campbell JJ, Keeffe EB, Butcher EC, Greenberg HB. Liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in end-stage hepatitis C virus: subsets, activation status, and chemokine receptor phenotypes. J Hepatol 2003; 38:67-75. [PMID: 12480562 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease, yet little is known about the intrahepatic immune response in end-stage patients. Chemokines and their receptors are important regulators of immunity, particularly in the migration and localization of circulating leukocytes within peripheral tissues. AIMS This report provides a comprehensive comparison of the chemokine receptor and activation phenotype of the major leukocyte subsets present in end-stage HCV-infected and non-HCV infected livers. METHODS Lymphocytes were purified from homogenized explant liver tissue and analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS NK cells are the predominant cell type, followed by T cells, B cells and NK-T cells, independent of HCV status. T cells displayed a memory phenotype and low levels of activation markers. CCR5, CXCR3 and CXCR6 were expressed on a large fraction of activated cells, while moderate to low expression of CCR2, CCR6 and CX(3)CR1 was observed. Several other tissue-specific and inflammatory chemokine receptors were absent from infiltrating lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results identify the chemokine receptors present on infiltrating lymphocytes during end-stage liver disease and suggest that such infiltration is predominantly controlled by non-tissue-specific inflammatory chemokines, a situation that may be distinct from liver homing pathways under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judie Boisvert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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39
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Junge G, Neumann UP, Joka M, Nagy M, Neuhaus R, Langrehr JM, Neuhaus P. Microchimerism in patients after orthotopic liver transplantation: a prognostic indicator? Transplant Proc 2002; 34:1542-3. [PMID: 12176475 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Junge
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Charité Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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40
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Muench MO, Suskind DL, Bárcena A. Isolation, growth and identification of colony-forming cells with erythroid, myeloid, dendritic cell and NK-cell potential from human fetal liver. Biol Proced Online 2002; 4:10-23. [PMID: 12734573 PMCID: PMC145552 DOI: 10.1251/bpo29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2002] [Revised: 05/16/2002] [Accepted: 05/27/2002] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and the process by which they differentiate into committed progenitors has been hampered by the lack of in vitro clonal assays that can support erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid differentiation. We describe a method for the isolation from human fetal liver of highly purified candidate HSCs and progenitors based on the phenotypes CD38(-)CD34(++) and CD38(+)CD34(++), respectively. We also describe a method for the growth of colony-forming cells (CFCs) from these cell populations, under defined culture conditions, that supports the differentiation of erythroid, CD14/CD15(+) myeloid, CD1a(+) dendritic cell and CD56(+) NK cell lineages. Flow cytometric analyses of individual colonies demonstrate that CFCs with erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid potential are distributed among both the CD38(-) and CD38(+) populations of CD34(++) progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O Muench
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco. 3rd & Parnassus Ave., Room U-440; San Francisco, CA 94143-0793.
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41
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Abstract
Because of its location and function, the liver is continuously exposed to large antigenic loads that include pathogens, toxins and tumour cells, as well as harmless dietary and commensal proteins and peptides. Therefore, the liver must be actively immunocompetent and, at the same time, control inappropriate inflammatory responses to dietary and other harmless antigens encountered in the portal circulation. In addition to conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from the circulation, several specialized lymphoid populations are found in the liver to meet these diverse immunological challenges. These populations display the functional and phenotypic properties of innate cells as well as conventional CD4+ or CD8+ helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B cells. The innate lymphoid cells include gammadeltaTCR+ T cells, B1-B cells and NKT cells as well as large numbers of NK cells. The origin of these cells is unknown, but their murine counterparts have been shown to be capable of differentiation in situ in adult liver. Because haematopoietic stem cells have been found in adult human liver as well as molecular evidence of T-cell maturation, we hypothesize that some resident human hepatic lymphoid cells, particularly those expressing innate phenotypes, also differentiate locally. In particular, it is likely that the adult human liver is an important site of NK cell maturation. In this review, we explore the evidence for an active lymphopoietic role for the normal adult human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Golden-Mason
- Education and Research Centre, St.Vincent'sUniversity Hospital and The Conway Institute, University College, Dublin, Ireland
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42
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Abstract
Premises for the subspecialty of hepatoimmunology include the recognition that the liver is a lymphoid organ with unique immunological properties. These properties ensure efficient innate defence against intestinal microbes and toxins, confer a particular capacity for induction of tolerance, and provide for apoptotic disposal of redundant lymphocytes. Pathological responses within the liver are elicited when: (i) hepatotropic viruses (hepatitis virus B and C) escape immune elimination and reside in hepatocytes; (ii) the liver becomes the site of autoimmune responses directed against either hepatocytes (autoimmune hepatitis) or biliary ductules (primary biliary cirrhosis); or (iii) the liver in the course of disposal of drugs generates neoantigens that provoke adverse allergic responses. Recent advances in the understanding of the immunopathogenesis of these entities are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry and MolecularBiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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43
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Abstract
Cryoglobulins are cold-precipitable immunoglobulins associated with a number of infectious, autoimmune and neoplastic disorders. Their appearance along with rheumatoid factor (RF) can be considered a normal event in the clearance of immune complexes and rarely produces any symptoms. The association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) has been rendered evident since the recognition of serological markers of HCV infection. There is thus every reason to suppose that direct or indirect involvement of B cells on the part of the HCV results in their persistent stimulation, clonal expansion and release of molecules with RF activity. The formation of RF/IgG immune complexes is the key pathogenetic mechanism. The close correlation between HCV infection and MC also throws new light on the interpretation of autoimmune phenomena in the course of viral infection and on the close link between autoimmune diseases and lymphoproliferative disorders. The higher risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) displayed by HCV positive subjects, especially in the Mediterranean basin, suggests that the HCV's chronic lymphoproliferative drive may progress towards frank lymphoid neoplasia. The presence of MC does not represent an in situ or 'occult' NHL, because recent evidences indicate that none of the clones interpreted as predominant displays the molecular features of a true neoplastic process. The cryoglobulinemic syndrome is probably the consequence of pathogenic noxae that act upon the immune system of a host in which regulation of the peripheral T cell response appears to be in some way altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dammacco
- University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy.
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44
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Abstract
Severe liver injury often leads to the proliferation of oval cells, which differentiate along hepatocytic and biliary lineages. Because oval cells proliferate only when hepatocyte replication is impaired, they are considered to be the progeny of facultative liver stem cells (FLSCs). Identification and isolation of FLSCs has been hampered by the lack of markers that delineate these bipotential progenitors. We hypothesized that transition ductal cells are FLSCs because they are located in a unique anatomical niche sharing tight junctions with a neighboring hepatocyte and another terminal ductular cell. Alternatively, it has been proposed recently that bone marrow-derived stem cells are FLSCs since these cells differentiate along the hepatic lineage following colonization of the liver. The intent of this review is to provide insight into the nature and origin of liver stem cells and to explore the possibility that stem cell technology may lead to the development of clinical modalities for the treatment of human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Faris
- Department of Pediatric Oncology Research, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, U.S.A.
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45
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Golden-Mason L, Kelly AM, Traynor O, McEntee G, Kelly J, Hegarty JE, O'Farrelly C. Expression of interleukin 7 (IL-7) mRNA and protein in the normal adult human liver: implications for extrathymic T cell development. Cytokine 2001; 14:143-51. [PMID: 11396992 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2001.0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) has been shown to play an essential role in T-cell development. Recombinase-activating gene (RAG)-1, RAG-2 and pre-TCR-alpha expression in the normal adult human liver (AHL), together with the presence of lymphoid-haematopoietic progenitors, is strong evidence that the AHL supports T cell maturation. We investigated IL-7 mRNA and protein levels in order to determine whether AHL could support T lymphocyte differentiation. Biopsies were snap frozen, powdered, and RNA/protein extracted. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to detect IL-7 using primers that amplified 620 base pair (bp) fragments and other smaller transcripts. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to quantify IL-7 protein in homogenates. The anatomic distribution of IL-7-secreting cells was determined by immunohistochemistry. IL-7-specific product (620 bp) was detected in nine of ten samples, with six also positive for a smaller splice-variant (488 bp). Levels of the 620 bp product were 2.5 times greater than the 488 bp fragment. IL-7 protein was detected in all samples (range 18.47-76.93 pg/100 mg tissue). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated IL-7 protein in discrete cells of lymphoid morphology, widely distributed throughout the parenchyma and within portal tracts. Large populations of innate T cells are found in normal AHL, some of which may differentiate locally. The presence of IL-7 RNA and protein throughout normal hepatic tissue provides evidence that the normal AHL is a suitable microenvironment for T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Golden-Mason
- Education & Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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46
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Abstract
Immunologic injury in the liver involves immigrant T and B lymphocytes and a resident lymphoid population that comprises distinct lymphocytic cells and accessory cells. The forerunner to autoimmunity is breaching of natural self-tolerance and hence the disruption of a fundamental property of the immune system. Such breaching occurs by processes that include inflammatory activation of immunocytes and macrophages, spillage of intracellular constituents, and epitope mimicry by constituents of microorganisms, with these acting on a genetically conditional phenotype; compounding factors include aberrations of apoptosis, whether insufficient or excess. The downstream end requires specifically directed inflammatory leukocyte traffic as an essential component of autoimmune expressions in the liver. The culmination is an orchestrated attack on hepatocytes or biliary epithelial cells by multiple effector pathways. Progress in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis still requires knowledge of a disease-specific autoantigen(s) involved in T-cell reactivity, although such knowledge in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis, in which the known autoantigen is cytochrome P4502D6, has not yet been integrated into a clearly defined scheme of pathogenesis. For PBC there has been a very promising amalgamation of molecular knowledge of the mitochondrial autoantigens. Future insights require deeper analysis of molecular, genetic, macroenvironmental, and microenvironmental elements in predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kita
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
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47
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Brauner P, Nibbelink M, Flachs P, Vítková I, Kopecký P, Mertelíková I, Janderová L, Pénicaud L, Casteilla L, Plavka R, Kopecký J. Fast decline of hematopoiesis and uncoupling protein 2 content in human liver after birth: location of the protein in Kupffer cells. Pediatr Res 2001; 49:440-7. [PMID: 11228274 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200103000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic hematopoiesis is prominent during fetal life and ceases around birth. In rodent liver, the decline of the hepatic hematopoiesis starts abruptly at birth being accompanied by a decrease of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression in monocytes/macrophages, whereas hepatocytes may express UCP2 only under pathologic situations. The goals of this study were to characterize hepatic hematopoiesis in humans around birth, and to identify cells expressing UCP2. Hematopoiesis was evaluated histologically in the liver of 22 newborns (mostly very premature neonates), who died between 45 min and 140 d after birth, and one fetus. UCP2 expression was characterized by Northern blots, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and by in situ hybridization. The number of hematopoietic cells started to decrease rapidly at birth, irrespectively of the gestational age (23-40 wk) of neonates. A similar decline was observed for UCP2 expression, which was relatively high in fetal liver. UCP2 was detected only in myeloid cells (mainly in Kupffer cells), but not in hepatocytes, although sepsis or other pathologies occurred in the critically ill newborns. Kupffer cells represent the major site of mitochondrial UCP2 expression in the human newborn. UCP2 may be essential for the differentiation and function of macrophages and serve as a marker for these cells in human liver during the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brauner
- Institute of Physiology Center for Integrated Genomics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recent reports suggest that after bone marrow transplantation into rodents and humans, hematopoietic stem cells migrate into the liver and give rise to oval cells, hepatocytes, and biliary epithelial cells. We investigated this hypothesis further in the human liver using the hematopoietic markers c-kit and CD34. METHODS Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was performed using cytokeratin 19 (CK-19; biliary cell marker) with either c-kit or CD34. Immunomagnetic separation was then used to select c-kit- or CD34-positive cells. After attachment, cells were cultured for up to 7 days, and their growth and phenotypic characteristics were examined. RESULTS In cirrhotic tissue, c-kit- or CD34-positive cells were located in the portal tracts surrounding bile ducts. Occasionally c-kit- (but not CD34-) positive cells that coexpressed CK-19 were observed integrated into bile ducts. In vitro, immunoisolated c-kit or CD34 cells gave rise to colonies of at least 2 morphologies expressing CK-19 or CD31 (endothelial cell marker). CD34- or c-kit-positive cells with similar properties were also isolated from normal liver. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that cells present in human liver that express the markers c-kit or CD34 have the capacity to differentiate into biliary epithelial cell lineage and may therefore represent human biliary epithelial progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Crosby
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, England.
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49
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Kawarabayashi N, Seki S, Hatsuse K, Ohkawa T, Koike Y, Aihara T, Habu Y, Nakagawa R, Ami K, Hiraide H, Mochizuki H. Decrease of CD56(+)T cells and natural killer cells in cirrhotic livers with hepatitis C may be involved in their susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2000; 32:962-9. [PMID: 11050046 PMCID: PMC7165992 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.19362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2000] [Accepted: 08/28/2000] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
CD56(+)T cells and CD56(+)natural killer (NK) cells are abundant in the human liver. The aim of this study was the further characterization of these cells in the liver with or without hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Liver mononuclear cells (MNC) were isolated from liver specimens obtained from the patients during abdominal surgery. In addition to a flow cytometric analysis, liver MNC and PBMC were cultured with the immobilized anti-CD3 Ab, IL-2, or a combination of IL-2 and IL-12 and their IFN-gamma production and the antitumor cytotoxicity were assessed. The liver MNC of HCV (-) patients contained 20% CD56(+)T cells whereas the same proportions decreased to 11% in chronic hepatitis livers and to 5% in cirrhotic livers. The proportion of NK cells also decreased in the cirrhotic livers. On the other hand, the populations of these cells in PBMC did not significantly differ among patient groups. The IFN-gamma production and the cytotoxicity against K562 cells, Raji cells, and a hepatocellular carcinoma, HuH-7 cells, greatly decreased in the cirrhotic liver MNC. In contrast, the cytotoxicity in PBMC did not significantly differ among the patient groups and was lower than that in the liver MNC of HCV (-) patients. CD56(+)T cells and NK cells but not regular T cells purified from liver MNC cultured with cytokines showed potent cytotoxicities against HuH-7 cells. These results suggest that a decreased number of CD56(+)T cells and NK cells in cirrhotic livers may be related to their susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Kawarabayashi
- Department of Surgery I, National Defense Medical College, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Shuhji Seki
- Division of Basic Traumatology, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hatsuse
- Department of Surgery I, National Defense Medical College, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohkawa
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Koike
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Aihara
- Department of Surgery I, National Defense Medical College, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Habu
- Division of Basic Traumatology, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Nakagawa
- Division of Basic Traumatology, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ami
- Division of Basic Traumatology, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hoshio Hiraide
- Division of Basic Traumatology, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Mochizuki
- Department of Surgery I, National Defense Medical College, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Japan
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50
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Nierhoff D, Horvath HC, Mytilineos J, Golling M, Bud O, Klar E, Opelz G, Voso MT, Ho AD, Haas R, Hohaus S. Microchimerism in bone marrow–derived CD34+ cells of patients after liver transplantation. Blood 2000; 96:763-767. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.2.763.014k09_763_767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid and dendritic cells of donor origin can be detected in the recipient several years after a solid organ transplantation. This phenomenon is termed microchimerism and could play a role in the induction of tolerance. The fate of other hematopoietic cells transferred by liver transplantation, in particular of stem and progenitor cells, is unknown. For this reason, we studied peripheral blood and bone marrow samples of 12 patients who had received a liver transplant from an HLA-DR mismatched donor. Eight patients were long-term survivors between 2.8 and 10.1 years after allografting. CD34+ cells from bone marrow were highly enriched with the use of a 2-step method, and a nested polymerase chain reaction was applied to detect donor cells on the basis of allelic differences of the HLA-DRB1 gene. Rigorous controls with DRB1 specificities equal to the donor and host were included. In 5 of 8 long-term liver recipients, donor-specific CD34+ cells could be detected in bone marrow. Microchimerism in the CD34+ cell fraction did not correlate to the chimeric status in peripheral blood. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a frequent microchimerism among bone marrow–derived CD34+ cells after liver transplantation. The functional role of this phenomenon still needs to be defined.
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