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Li Y, Fu Y, Sun J, Shen J, Liu F, Ning B, Lu Z, Wei L, Jiang X. Tanshinone IIA alleviates NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-(H37Ra-) infected macrophages by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114595. [PMID: 34517060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tanshinone IIA (Tan), extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is a perennial herbal plant widely used as a folk remedy in Asian countries. Several studies have proved that Tanshinone IIA possesses many biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging abilities, antioxidant properties, liver protection, and anti-cancer properties. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of the present study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of Tan. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in vitro infection model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages with the H37Ra strain was established. Murine macrophage Raw 264.7 and human monocyte THP-1 were used for the experiments. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Western blot and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assays were used to detect the effects of Tan on cell pyroptosis and the level of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Western blot, Co-immunoprecipitation and Immunofluorescence assays were used to observe the effect of Tan on the expression level of TXNIP. Immunofluorescence assays were applied to explore the effect of Tan on mtROS. Western blot and agarose gel electrophoresis were adopted to observe the effect of Tan on endoplasmic reticulum stress. The siRNA technique was applied to knockdown the expression levels of PERK/peIF2α, IRE1α and ATF6, and Western blot assay was employed to explore the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and possible molecular regulation mechanism of Tan. RESULTS This study demonstrated that Tan decreased Mtb-induced cell pyroptosis by measuring GSDMD-N and LDH release provoked by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Additionally, Tan inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), mitochondrial damage, and TXNIP protein expression, all of which acted as upstream signals of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Mtb-infected macrophages. Significantly, NLRP3 inflammasome activation was suppressed by knocking down ERS pathway proteins, which further clarified that Tan partly targeted ERS to exert anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory actions. CONCLUSION This research confirms Tan's anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms in Mtb-infected macrophages by downregulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation-mediated pyroptosis provoked by ERS. Tan may function as an adjuvant drug to treat TB by adjusting host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhong Li
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Yan Fu
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Jinxia Sun
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Jingjing Shen
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Fanglin Liu
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Bangzuo Ning
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Luyao Wei
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment, Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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Wang C, Zheng M, Choi Y, Jiang J, Li L, Li J, Xu C, Xian Z, Li Y, Piao H, Li L, Yan G. Cryptotanshinone Attenuates Airway Remodeling by Inhibiting Crosstalk Between Tumor Necrosis Factor-Like Weak Inducer of Apoptosis and Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Signaling Pathways in Asthma. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1338. [PMID: 31780948 PMCID: PMC6859802 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study is to investigate the effect of cryptotanshinone (CTS) on airway remodeling and the possible mechanism. Male BALB/c mice were pretreated with CTS or dexamethasone 30 min before nebulized inhalation of ovalbumin (OVA). CTS significantly inhibited OVA-induced increases of eosinophils and neutrophils infiltration of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs), reduced airway resistance in asthmatic mice, decreased the accumulation of inflammatory cells, the hyperplasia of goblet cells and the deposition of collagen in asthmatic mice lung tissue, as well as markedly attenuated the leakage of inflammatory cells and the level of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E in BALFs. CTS also inhibited the expressions of alpha-smooth muscle actin, tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), Fn14, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, Smad4, and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and STAT3 (Tyr705). In comparison to TWEAK inhibitor or TWEAK small interfering RNA (siRNA), which were used to inhibit TWEAK/STAT3 signaling pathways, CTS caused a similar effect as them on airway remodeling. Additionally, CTS also played a similar role as the TGF-β1 inhibitor or TGF-β1 siRNA in TGF-β1/STAT3 signaling pathways in airway remodeling. The anti-inflammatory effects of CTS against OVA-induced airway remodeling may be through inhibiting STAT3, which further suppresses TWEAK and TGF-β1 signaling cross talk in asthma. CTS may be a promising therapeutic reagent for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Jilin Key Laboratory of Anaphylactic Disease, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Mingyu Zheng
- Jilin Key Laboratory of Anaphylactic Disease, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yunho Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jingzhi Jiang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Jilin Key Laboratory of Anaphylactic Disease, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Jilin Key Laboratory of Anaphylactic Disease, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Jilin Key Laboratory of Anaphylactic Disease, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Jilin Key Laboratory of Anaphylactic Disease, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhemin Xian
- Jilin Key Laboratory of Anaphylactic Disease, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yan Li
- Jilin Key Laboratory of Anaphylactic Disease, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Hongmei Piao
- Jilin Key Laboratory of Anaphylactic Disease, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Liangchang Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Jilin Key Laboratory of Anaphylactic Disease, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Guanghai Yan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Jilin Key Laboratory of Anaphylactic Disease, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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Lin YY, Lee IY, Huang WS, Lin YS, Kuan FC, Shu LH, Cheng YC, Yang YH, Wu CY. Danshen improves survival of patients with colon cancer and dihydroisotanshinone I inhibit the proliferation of colon cancer cells via apoptosis and skp2 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 209:305-316. [PMID: 28807849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, it's definite clinical effect and mechanism on colon carcinoma is unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To test the hypothesis that the protective effect of danshen on colon cancer and discover the bioactive compounds through in vitro study. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a nationwide cohort study by using population-based data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). The study cohort comprised patients diagnosed with malignant neoplasm of colon (ICD-9-CM codes:153) in catastrophic illness database between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2010. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate colon [corrected] cancer cumulative incidences. Next, human colon cancer cells (HCT 116 cells and HT29 cells) were used to investigate the effect of dihydroisotanshinone I (DT) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human colon cancer cells and the underlying mechanism through XTT assay and flow cytometry. The in vivo effect of DT treatment was investigated through a xenograft nude mouse model. RESULTS In our study, the in vivo protective effect of danshen in the different stage of colon cancer patients was validated through data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. In vitro, we found that dihydroisotanshinone I (DT), a bioactive compound present in danshen, can inhibit the proliferation of colon carcinoma cells, HCT 116 cells and HT-29 cells. Moreover, DT induced apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. DT also repressed the protein expression of Skp2 (S-Phase Kinase Associated Protein 2) and the mRNA levels of its related gene, Snail1 (Zinc finger protein SNAI1) and RhoA (Ras homolog gene family, member A). In addition, DT also blocked the colon cancer cells recruitment ability of macrophage by decreasing CCL2 secretion in macrophages. DT treatment also significantly inhibited the final tumor volume in a xenograft nude mouse model. CONCLUSION Danshen has protective effects in colon cancer patients, which could be attributed to DT through blocking the proliferation of colon cancer cells through apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Yin Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - I-Yun Lee
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shih Huang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi, Chiayi, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shin Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Che Kuan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsin Shu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yuan Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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Wu CY, Yang YH, Lin YY, Kuan FC, Lin YS, Lin WY, Tsai MY, Yang JJ, Cheng YC, Shu LH, Lu MC, Chen YJ, Lee KD, Kang HY. Anti-cancer effect of danshen and dihydroisotanshinone I on prostate cancer: targeting the crosstalk between macrophages and cancer cells via inhibition of the STAT3/CCL2 signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:40246-40263. [PMID: 28157698 PMCID: PMC5522253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. In our study, the in vivo protective effect of danshen in prostate cancer patients was validated through data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. In vitro, we discovered that dihydroisotanshinone I (DT), a bioactive compound present in danshen, can inhibit the migration of both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. In addition, we noted that DT substantially inhibited the migratory ability of prostate cancer cells in both a macrophage-conditioned medium and macrophage/prostate cancer coculture medium. Mechanistically, DT both diminished the ability of prostate cancer cells to recruit macrophages and reduced the secretion of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) from both macrophages and prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, DT inhibited the protein expression of p-STAT3 and decreased the translocation of STAT3 into nuclear chromatin. DT also suppressed the expression of tumor epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes, including RhoA and SNAI1. In conclusion, danshen can prolong the survival rate of prostate cancer patients in Taiwan. Furthermore, DT can inhibit the migration of prostate cancer cells by interrupting the crosstalk between prostate cancer cells and macrophages via the inhibition of the CCL2/STAT3 axis. These results may provide the basis for a new therapeutic approach toward the treatment of prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yuan Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Chinese medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Chinese medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Yin Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Che Kuan
- Department of Hematology and oncology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shin Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi, Puzi City, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Tsai
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jing Yang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Cheng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsin Shu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chu Lu
- Department of Hematology and oncology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Der Lee
- School of Chinese medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yo Kang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Jiang J, Zhao X, Li X, Wu S, Yu S, Lou Y, Fan G. High-Throughput Determination of Sodium Danshensu in Beagle Dogs by the LCMS/MS Method, Employing Liquid-Liquid Extraction Based on 96-Well Format Plates. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050667. [PMID: 28441352 PMCID: PMC6154683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium Danshensu (sodium d-(+)-β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactate), one of the water-soluble ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza, exhibits potent relaxation of the coronary artery and anticoagulation effection. A high-throughput, rapid, and sensitive method combining liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to determine the sodium danshensu in beagle dog plasma was developed and validated, using gallic acid as an internal standard (IS). Acidified plasma samples were extracted using 96-well liquid-liquid extraction, and were eluted on a CNW Athena C18 column (3 μm, 2.1 × 100 mm) by using a gradient mobile phase system of methanol and water (containing 0.2% formic acid). The mass spectrometric detection was achieved using negative ion electrospray ionization mode and monitoring the precursor→production combinations of m/z 197→135 for sodium danshensu and 169→125 for IS, in multiple reaction monitoring modes. Good linearity was achieved, and the linear range was 10-1000 ng/mL (R² > 0.996) with a quantification limit of 10 ng/mL for sodium danshensu in beagle dog plasma. The intra- and inter-day precision (RSD) ranged from 2.1% to 9.0%. The accuracy (RE) was between -8.6% and 5.7% at all quality control levels. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics study of sodium danshensu in beagle dog plasma after intravenous injection and oral administration of sodium danshensu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiuxiu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Shengyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shidan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yuefen Lou
- Department of Pharmacy, Branch of Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200081, China.
| | - Guorong Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, School of Medicine, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
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Tong YF, Liu Y, Hu ZX, Li ZC, A A. Protocatechuic aldehyde inhibits TNF-α-induced fibronectin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via a c-Jun N-terminal kinase dependent pathway. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:277-282. [PMID: 26889254 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is one of the most important extracellular matrix proteins and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a potent, water-soluble antioxidant, protocatechuic aldehyde (PA), which is derived from the Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza, on the expression of FN in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The pharmacological effects of PA on the production of FN were investigated using ELISA and western blot analysis. In addition, ELISA and western blot analysis were used to examine the activation and suppression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and nuclear factor (NF)-κB in TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs, in order to explore the underlying pharmacological mechanism of PA. The inhibitory effect of PA on the total generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs was assessed using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Pretreatment of HUVECs with PA (0.15, 0.45 and 1.35 mM) for 18 h markedly attenuated the TNF-α-stimulated FN surface expression and secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Intracellular ROS generation and the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK (p38) were significantly induced by TNF-α (2 ng/ml) in HUVECs. TNF-α-induced ROS generation and JNK activation were inhibited by PA in a concentration-dependent manner. By contrast, ERK1/2 and p38 activation was not significantly affected by PA. Pretreatment of HUVECs with PA for 18 h markedly attenuated TNF-α-stimulated NF-κB activation. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that PA inhibits TNF-α-induced FN expression in HUVECs through a mechanism that involves ROS/JNK and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Feng Tong
- Division of Cardiology, The First Yongkang Municipal Hospital, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321300, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xing Hu
- Division of Cardiology, The First Yongkang Municipal Hospital, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321300, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Cheng Li
- Division of Cardiology, The First Yongkang Municipal Hospital, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321300, P.R. China
| | - Agula A
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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Pharmacokinetic investigation on nteraction between hydrophilic lithospermic acid B and lipophilic tanshinone IIA in rats: an experimental study. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2015; 35:206-10. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lu J, Song HP, Li P, Zhou P, Dong X, Chen J. Screening of direct thrombin inhibitors from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae by a peak fractionation approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 109:85-90. [PMID: 25819728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin plays a significant role in thromboembolic disease. In this work, a peak fractionation approach combined with an activity assay method was used to screen direct thrombin inhibitors from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM), a famous herbal remedy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in China. A total of 91 fractions were collected from the RSM extract, and 19 fractions out of them showed thrombin inhibitory effects with dose-effect relationship. Among them, three compounds were unambiguously identified as 15, 16-dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA with IC50 values of 29.39, 81.11 and 66.60μM, respectively. The three compounds were reported with direct thrombin inhibition activities for the first time and their ligand-thrombin interactions were explored by a molecular docking research. These results may contribute to explain the medical benefit of RSM for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hui-Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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A review on the traditional Chinese medicinal herbs and formulae with hypolipidemic effect. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:925302. [PMID: 25110708 PMCID: PMC4109135 DOI: 10.1155/2014/925302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, characterized by the abnormal blood lipid profiles, is one of the dominant factors of many chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). For the low cost, effectiveness, and fewer side effects, the popularity of using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to handle hyperlipidemia is increasing and its role in health care has been recognized by the public at large. Despite the importance of TCM herbs and formulations, there is no comprehensive review summarizing their scientific findings on handling hyperlipidemia. This review summarizes the recent experimental and clinical results of nine representative single Chinese herbs and seven classic TCM formulae that could improve lipid profiles so as to help understand and compare their underlying mechanisms. Most of single herbs and formulae demonstrated the improvement of hyperlipidemic conditions with multiple and diverse mechanisms of actions similar to conventional Western drugs in spite of their mild side effects. Due to increasing popularity of TCM, more extensive, well-designed preclinical and clinical trials on the potential synergistic and adverse side effects of herb-drug interactions as well as their mechanisms are warranted. Hyperlipidemic patients should be warned about the potential risks of herb-drug interactions, particularly those taking anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs.
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Lee HJ, Cho JY, Moon JH. Comparison of the inhibitory effect against copper ion-induced oxidation in rat plasma after oral administration of salvianolic acid B and its decocted solutions. J Med Food 2013; 16:239-45. [PMID: 23477623 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) decoction on antioxidative activities were evaluated. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, Fe(2+)-chelating activity, reducing power, and total phenolic content of the Sal B-decocted solutions did not change significantly after decoction in an aqueous solution. However, the formation of cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide (CE-OOH) in rat blood plasma containing the Sal B-decocted solutions was more effectively inhibited than that of plasma containing the Sal B solution, regardless of the decoction time. In addition, the accumulation of CE-OOH in rat plasma after oral administration of the Sal B-decocted solutions was more effectively suppressed than when the Sal B solution was administered, considering the lag time. It is likely that the decoction was partly responsible for the increased antioxidant activity in blood plasma. Therefore, the Sal B-decocted solution may contribute more to antioxidant defense in blood than a Sal B solution that is not decocted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Jae Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, and Functional Food Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Xing YL, Zhou Z, Agula, Zhong ZY, Ma YJ, Zhao YL, Xiao XH, Wang SQ. Protocatechuic Aldehyde Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-induced Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Apoptosis via Regulation of Caspase-3. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1334-41. [PMID: 22298410 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Xing
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District; Beijing; 100850; China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District; Beijing; 100850; China
| | - Agula
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District; Beijing; 100850; China
| | - Zhi-Yin Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District; Beijing; 100850; China
| | - Yong-Jie Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District; Beijing; 100850; China
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12
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Wu CY, Hsieh CY, Huang KE, Chang C, Kang HY. Cryptotanshinone down-regulates androgen receptor signaling by modulating lysine-specific demethylase 1 function. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:1423-34. [PMID: 22052438 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Development and progression of prostate cancer are intimately associated with androgen receptor (AR) signaling. The emergence of hormone-refractory prostate cancer and consequent failure of conventional androgen deprivation therapies make it necessary to bypass hormonal resistance by targeting the same signaling pathway at new intervention points. In our study, we showed that cryptotanshinone inhibited the growth of AR-positive prostate cancer cells, suggesting that cryptotanshinone affected AR function. Cryptotanshinone also profoundly inhibited the transcriptional activity of AR and suppressed the expression of several AR-target genes at the mRNA and the protein levels. At the molecular level, cryptotanshinone disrupted the interaction between AR and lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), and inhibited the complex of AR and LSD1 to the promoter of AR target genes without affecting the protein degradation and translocation of AR. Cryptotanshinone increased the mono-methyl and di-methylation of Histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9), a repressive histone marker which is demethylated and activated by LSD1. These data suggest that cryptotanshinone functions via inhibition of LSD1, a protein that promotes AR-dependent transcriptional activity via derepression of H3K9. In summary, we describe a novel mechanism whereby cryptotanshinone down-regulates AR signaling via functional inhibition of LSD1-mediated demethylation of H3K9 and represses the transcriptional activity of AR. Our data suggest that cryptotanshinone can be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yuan Wu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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13
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Koon CM, Woo KS, Leung PC, Fung KP. Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix and Puerariae Lobatae Radix herbal formula mediates anti-atherosclerosis by modulating key atherogenic events both in vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:175-183. [PMID: 21924338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (Danshen) and Puerariae Lobatae Radix (Gegen) are principal herbs have long been used in combination for treating cardiovascular disease. AIMS OF STUDY Danshen and Gegen in the ratio of 7:3 (DGW) have significantly reduced the carotid intimal-media thickening (IMT) in patients in our previous clinical study. In the present study, we have demonstrated the mechanisms on IMT reduction by investigating its key processes on both vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) and endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-proliferative effects of DGW on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) induced vSMC proliferation were studied by cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, p-ERK and cyclin D expression level. The anti-migratory effect of DGW was investigated by using transwell apparatus. For human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC), the inhibitory effects of DGW on TNF-alpha induced cell adhesion, cell adhesion molecules expression, MCP-1 and IL-6 production were investigated. RESULTS DGW significantly inhibited A7r5 proliferation and exhibited G1/S cell cycle arrest by suppressing both p-ERK and cyclin D expression. Moreover, DGW showed anti-migratory effect against PDGF-induced A7r5 migration. In addition, DGW inhibited the cell adhesion as well as the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, the production of MCP-1 but not IL-6 in TNF-α stimulated HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided strong scientific evidence on IMT reduction in patients by modulating the key atherogenic events in both vSMC and endothelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Cell Physiological Phenomena/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Cyclin D/metabolism
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Roots
- Pueraria
- Salvia miltiorrhiza
- Tunica Intima/cytology
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Media/cytology
- Tunica Media/drug effects
- Tunica Media/metabolism
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Koon
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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14
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Chan P, Liu IM, Li YX, Yu WJ, Cheng JT. Antihypertension Induced by Tanshinone IIA Isolated from the Roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:392627. [PMID: 19542183 PMCID: PMC3135424 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA is one of the active principles in danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge) widely used in treatment of cardiovascular disorders. We investigated the effect of danshen or tanshinone IIA on blood pressure and its possible mechanisms. An i.p. injection of danshen at 10 mg kg(-1) significantly lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) but failed to modify the SBP in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Oral administration of tanshinone IIA also decreased SBP in SHR but not in WKY. Tanshinone IIA produced a concentration-dependent relaxation in isolated SHR aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine (10 nmol l(-1)) or potassium chloride (KCl) (40 mmol l(-1)). The relaxing effect of tanshinone IIA on tonic contraction of phenylephrine in isolated aortic rings without endothelium remained produced. Glibenclamide at concentration sufficient to block adenosine triphosphatase (ATP)-sensitive potassium (K(+)) channel attenuated this tanshinone IIA-induced relaxation that was not influenced by other inhibitors. We further investigated the effect of tanshinone IIA on the changes of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in cultured aortic smooth muscle (A7r5) cells using fura-2 as indicator. Tanshinone IIA decreased [Ca(2+)](i) elicited by phenylephrine (10 nmol l(-1)) or KCl (40 mmol l(-1)) in a concentration-dependent manner; glibenclamide, but not other inhibitors for K(+) channel, abated this effect. Our results suggest that tanshinone IIA acts as an active principle of danshen showing vasodilation through ATP-sensitive K(+) channel to lower [Ca(2+)](i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei City 11601, Taiwan
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15
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Hung YC, Wang PW, Pan TL. Functional proteomics reveal the effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza aqueous extract against vascular atherosclerotic lesions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1310-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Large scale isolation and purification of salvianolic acid b in high purity from roots of dansham (Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge). Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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17
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Sá CM, Ramos AA, Azevedo MF, Lima CF, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Pereira-Wilson C. Sage tea drinking improves lipid profile and antioxidant defences in humans. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3937-3950. [PMID: 19865527 PMCID: PMC2769154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10093937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia officinalis (common sage) is a plant with antidiabetic properties. A pilot trial (non-randomized crossover trial) with six healthy female volunteers (aged 40–50) was designed to evaluate the beneficial properties of sage tea consumption on blood glucose regulation, lipid profile and transaminase activity in humans. Effects of sage consumption on erythrocytes’ SOD and CAT activities and on Hsp70 expression in lymphocytes were also evaluated. Four weeks sage tea treatment had no effects on plasma glucose. An improvement in lipid profile was observed with lower plasma LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol levels as well as higher plasma HDL cholesterol levels during and two weeks after treatment. Sage tea also increased lymphocyte Hsp70 expression and erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities. No hepatotoxic effects or other adverse effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. Sá
- CBMA–Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.M.S.); (A.A.R.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Alice A. Ramos
- CBMA–Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.M.S.); (A.A.R.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Marisa F. Azevedo
- CBMA–Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.M.S.); (A.A.R.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Cristovao F. Lima
- CITAB–Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences/Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.F.L.); (M.F.F.)
| | - Manuel Fernandes-Ferreira
- CITAB–Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences/Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.F.L.); (M.F.F.)
| | - Cristina Pereira-Wilson
- CBMA–Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.M.S.); (A.A.R.); (M.F.A.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:; Tel. +351-253604318; Fax: +351-253678980
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18
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Inhibitory effects of lithospermic acid on proliferation and migration of rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1245-52. [PMID: 19701233 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To understand the effects of lithospermic acid (LA), a potent antioxidant from the water-soluble extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza, on the migration and proliferation of rat thoracic aorta vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS VSMC migration, proliferation, DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression were investigated by transwell migration analysis, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay, and flow cytometric detection, respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was detected using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA). The expression of cyclin D1 protein and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein, as well as the phosphorylation state of ERK1/2, were determined using Western blots. The activity of MMP-9 and the expression of MMP-9 mRNA were assessed by gelatin zymography analysis and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS LA (25-100 micromol/L) inhibited both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and fetal bovine serum (FBS)-induced ROS generation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. By down-regulating the expression of cyclin D(1) and arresting cell cycle progression at the G(1) phase, LA inhibited both VSMC proliferation and DNA synthesis as induced by 5% FBS. Furthermore, LA attenuated LPS-induced VSMC migration by inhibiting MMP-9 expression and its enzymatic activity. CONCLUSION LA is able to inhibit FBS-induced VSMC proliferation and LPS-induced VSMC migration, which suggests that LA may have therapeutic effects in the prevention of atherosclerosis, restenosis and neointimal hyperplasia.
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Anti-allergic activity of an ethanol extract from Salviae miltiorrhiza. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:1597-603. [PMID: 19099230 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-2157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing investigation aimed at the discovery of novel bioactive medicinal herbs with anti-inflammatory properties, the effects of an ethanolic extract from the parts of Salviae miltiorrhiza Bunge (ESM) were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo animal model analysis. ESM inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and COX-1-dependent phases of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) generation in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 3.96 microg/mL and 21.54 microg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ESM inhibited leukotriene C4 (LTC4) production with an IC50 value of 2.6 microg/mL. These results clearly demonstrated the dual COX-2 selective/5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity that ESM possessed. ESM strongly inhibited a degranulation reaction in a dose dependent manner within a BMMC system, with an IC50 value of 22.4 microg/mL. Additionally, ESM was tested in a rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction assay by oral administration (25 to 100 mg/kg). ESM dose-dependently inhibited the PCA reaction, which was activated by anti-dinirophenyl (DNP) IgE. These results suggested that ESM might be beneficial in regulating various allergic reactions.
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20
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Zhou Z, Liu Y, Miao AD, Wang SQ. Salvianolic acid B attenuates plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 production in TNF-alpha treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 96:109-16. [PMID: 16052513 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), which plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis, is produced by endothelial cells following stimulation with various inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha). In the present study, we investigated the effects of a potent water-soluble antioxidant, salvianolic acid B (SalB; derived from the Chinese herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza), on the expression of PAI-1 in TNF-alpha-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that SalB inhibited TNF-alpha-induced PAI-1 mRNA production and protein secretion in HUVECs. Treatment with SalB (0.05 and 0.15 microM) notably attenuated TNF-alpha induced expression of PAI-1 to 90.5% and 74.6%, respectively, after 12 h, and to 75.1% and 64.2%, respectively, after 18 h. We also observed a dose-dependent decrease in PAI-1 protein production in the presence of SalB. We then used pathway inhibitors to investigate which step of the TNF-alpha induced signaling pathway was targeted by SalB. We found that the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, SP600125, increased the inhibitory effects of SalB on TNF-alpha-induced PAI-1 secretion, whereas the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitor, emodin, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor, PD98059, did not. A gel shift assay further showed that SalB inhibited the TNF-alpha-activated NF-kappaB and AP-1 DNA binding activities in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these results indicate that the NF-kappaB and ERK-AP-1 pathways are possible targets of SalB in the regulation of TNF-alpha-stimulated PAI-1 production in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
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21
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Fang ZY, Lin R, Yuan BX, Yang GD, Liu Y, Zhang H. Tanshinone IIA downregulates the CD40 expression and decreases MMP-2 activity on atherosclerosis induced by high fatty diet in rabbit. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 115:217-222. [PMID: 17997063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a member of the major lipophilic components abstracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and has the capacity of anti-atherosclerosis. To investigate the potential mechanism, we established an animal model by giving high fatty diet to rabbits and Tan IIA was given in different dose. Then, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum were detected using spectrophotometry; cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) expression of cellular membrane fraction of aortas and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity of total protein extract of aortas were detected by Western Blotting and Zymography, respectively. Compared with the control group, the level of MDA, the expression of CD40 and the MMP-2 activity were increased while the SOD activity was decreased significantly in model group. After Tan IIA administration, the SOD activity was significantly increased while the level of MDA was decreased; both the expression of CD40 and the activity of MMP-2 were decreased. It is suggested that Tan IIA not only inhibits the oxidation but also suppresses the inflammation in atherosclerotic lesion. Our data suggest that not only anti-oxidation but also anti-inflammation by decrease the expression of CD40 and MMP-2 activity maybe the potential mechanisms by which Tan IIA anti-atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-yuan Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
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Jin UH, Suh SJ, Chang HW, Son JK, Lee SH, Son KH, Chang YC, Kim CH. Tanshinone IIA fromSalvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE inhibits human aortic smooth muscle cell migration and MMP-9 activity through AKT signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:15-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Steinkamp-Fenske K, Bollinger L, Völler N, Xu H, Yao Y, Bauer R, Förstermann U, Li H. Ursolic acid from the Chinese herb danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza L.) upregulates eNOS and downregulates Nox4 expression in human endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195:e104-11. [PMID: 17481637 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Danshen, the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae), is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines for cardiovascular indications. In EA.hy 926 cells, a cell line derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), an aqueous extract of danshen, and also a methanol extract of the plant, increased eNOS promoter activity, eNOS mRNA and protein expression, as well as endothelial NO production. A dichloromethane extract, in contrast, did not change eNOS gene expression. Thus, the active danshen constituent(s) responsible for eNOS upregulation is (are) hydrophilic and/or alcohol-soluble. One such compound is ursolic acid that significantly increased eNOS expression in EA.hy 926 cells and native HUVEC, and enhanced bioactive NO production measured in terms of its cGMP increasing activity. Other tested hydrophilic and alcohol-soluble compounds isolated from danshen had no effect on eNOS expression. Interestingly, ursolic acid also reduced the expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit Nox4 and suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species in human endothelial cells. Upregulation of eNOS and a parallel downregulation of Nox4 lead to an increase in bioactive NO. This in turn could mediate some of the beneficial effects of danshen. Ursolic acid is a prototypical compound responsible for this effect of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Steinkamp-Fenske
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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Fang ZY, Lin R, Yuan BX, Liu Y, Zhang H. Tanshinone IIA inhibits atherosclerotic plaque formation by down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in rabbits fed a high-fat diet. Life Sci 2007; 81:1339-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Yang Q, Zhang XL, Li XY, Tang WK, Zhang JX, Fang CX, Zheng CY. Coupling continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction with ultrasonic probe, solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of sodium Danshensu and four tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 589:231-8. [PMID: 17418186 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction with high intensity ultrasonic probe (CUAE-HIUP) combined with solid-phase extraction (SPE) for preconcentration and clean-up of the extract prior to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination of the main biological active ingredients, sodium Danshensu and four tanshinones (dihydrotanshione I, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA) from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge has been developed. An experimental design (Plackett-Burman design, 2(6)x3/16) was used to optimize the CUAE-HIUP procedure and the SPE step. Detection limits of 1.2-4.2 x 10(-6) mg mL(-1) were achieved with the preconcentration efficiency of more than 10-folds by the SPE procedure. The repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility of the whole process, expressed as relative standard deviations (RSDs), were 1.5-3.6%, 1.6-3.1%, respectively. As compared with the conventional extraction techniques such as room temperature extraction (24 h), Soxhlet (4 h) and even microwave-assisted extraction (2 min), CUAE-HIUP achieved the highest extraction yield (98.9%) and the least amount (10 mL) of solvent compared with the other techniques (16 mL) in only 3 min. The method was successfully applied to the determination of the five biological active ingredients in root of S. miltiorrhiza bunge and Danshen-containing pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Lin SJ, Lee IT, Chen YH, Lin FY, Sheu LM, Ku HH, Shiao MS, Chen JW, Chen YL. Salvianolic acid B attenuates MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in vivo in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mouse aorta and in vitro in LPS-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:372-84. [PMID: 16924668 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a water-soluble antioxidant derived from a Chinese medicinal herb, is believed to have multiple therapeutic and preventive against human vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and restenosis. To elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms, we produced hypercholesterolemia by feeding apo-E-deficient mice a 0.15% cholesterol diet and inflammation in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) with the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), focusing on the metallopreteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, the relevant signal transduction pathways and the effects of Sal B. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated apo-E-deficient mice fed a 0.15% cholesterol diet for 12 weeks exhibited thickened intima and elevated levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in aortic sections, both of which were attenuated by 0.3% Sal B dietary supplement. Western blotting and zymography analyses indicated that unstimulated HASMCs exhibited basal levels of protein and activity levels for MMP-2 and barely detectable levels for MMP-9, both of which were markedly upregulated by LPS, which also induced cell migration. Sal B significantly attenuated upregulations of both MMPs as well as the LPS-induced cell migration through the inactivation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein synthesis as well as the downregulation of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). These results demonstrate that Sal B has anti-migration properties on smooth muscle cells and may explain its anti-atherosclerotic properties. This novel mechanism of action of Sal B, in addition to its previously reported inhibition of LDL oxidation, may help explain its efficacy in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Jong Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Suh SJ, Jin UH, Choi HJ, Chang HW, Son JK, Lee SH, Jeon SJ, Son KH, Chang YC, Lee YC, Kim CH. Cryptotanshinone from Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE has an inhibitory effect on TNF-α-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 production and HASMC migration via down-regulated NF-κB and AP-1. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1680-9. [PMID: 16999937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9 and MMP-2) production and smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration may play key roles in the phathogenesis of neointima formation and atherosclerosis. Especially inducible MMP-9 expression was directly involved in the cancer cell invasion and SMC migration through vascular wall. In this study, we reveal that cryptotanshinone (CT) purified from Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE had an inhibitory effect on MMP-9 production and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells treated with TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. The down regulation of transcription of MMP-9 mRNA was evidenced by RT-PCR and MMP-9 promoter assay using luciferase reporter gene. Eletrophoretic mobility shift assay showed NF-kappaB and AP-1 nuclear translocations were suppressed. In addition, Western blot analysis indicated that extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2, p38 and JNK MAP kinase signaling pathways were inhibited. From the results, it is suggested that CT has anti-atherosclerosis and anti-neointimal formation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jong Suh
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Chunchun-Dong 300, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea
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28
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Kim CH, Koo BS, Kim KO, Kim JK, Chang YC, Lee IS. Salviae miltiorrhizae radix increases dopamine release of rat and pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Phytother Res 2006; 20:191-9. [PMID: 16521109 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Radix of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) (SMR), an eminent herb, is often included as an ingredient in various herbal remedies recommended for vascular circulation therapies. The present study investigated the effect of SMR on dopaminergic neurotransmission. Various extracts prepared from the stems of SMR were tested for cytotoxic activity on pheochromocytoma PC12 cells using the XTT assay method. The ethanol extract (IC50 > 100 microg/mL), water extract (IC50 > 100 microg/mL) and chloroform (IC50 = 90 microg/mL) fraction exhibited weak cytotoxic activity. However, the butanol (IC50 = 80 microg/mL) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc; IC50 = 70 microg/mL) fractions exhibited strong cytotoxic activity. Also, the extracts and fractions were investigated for dopamine release effects. The EtOAc fraction showed a stronger stimulatory effect on dopamine release activity than the other fractions. The effect of the crude EtOAc fraction (50 microg/mL) of SMR on K+ (20 mm)-stimulated dopamine (DA) release from rat striatal slices was compared with amphetamine (10(-4) m) using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to measure endogenous DA. The EtOAc fraction significantly increased K+ -stimulated DA release (p < 0.001) from rat striatal slices when compared with K+ -stimulated alone. The EtOAc fraction potentiated the effect of amphetamine on K+ -stimulated DA release (p < 0.001) when compared with amphetamine alone. To examine whether in vitro the EtOAc fraction treatment induces DA release in PC12 cells, the role of protein kinases was investigated in the induction of the EtOAc fraction-mediated events by using inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) or protein kinase A (PKA). The PKC inhibitors chelerythrine (50 nm and 100 nm) and Ro31-8220 (100 nm) and the MAP kinase kinase inhibitor, PD98059 (20 microm), inhibited the ability of the EtOAc fraction of SMR to elicit the EtOAc fraction-stimulated DA release. The PKC activator, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA, 100 nm) mimicked the ability of the EtOAc fraction of SMR to elicit DA release. In contrast, a selective PKA inhibitor, 50 microm Rp-8-Br-cAMP, blocked the development of EtOAc fraction-stimulated DA release. It was demonstrated that the EtOAc fraction of SMR stimulated DA release. Therefore the mechanism by which the EtOAc fraction of SMR induced the enhancement in EtOAc fraction-stimulated DA release is apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University and NRL for Glycobiology, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea.
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29
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Zhang L, Zheng J, Li HM, Meng YX. Inhibitory effects of cardiotonic pills on platelet function in dogs fed a high-fat diet. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2006; 17:259-64. [PMID: 16651867 DOI: 10.1097/01.mbc.0000224844.33216.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and the consequent metabolic disorders are associated with a state of platelet hyperactivity. Oxidative stress is responsible for the persistent platelet activation. We sought to study the inhibitory effect of cardiotonic pills, an oral herbal component, on platelet function in a dog model with insulin resistance induced by high-fat feeding. We fed 18 dogs with a high-fat diet and six dogs with normal chow as control for 6 months. Then, six dogs were fed with a high-fat diet and received additional aspirin (250 mg/day), and another six dogs received additional cardiotonic pills (1,000 mg/day) for 4 months. Time-course changes in metabolic parameters and platelet function were detected. After high-fat feeding for 6 months, 18 dogs developed a series of metabolic disorders including obesity, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. In addition, a platelet hyperactivity state, characterized by increased agonist (arachidonic acid, ADP and collagen) induced platelet aggregation, platelet expression of adhesion molecules (P-selectin and GP IIb/IIIa), and platelet intracellular calcium concentration, was indicated. Cardiotonic pills showed a significant antioxidative activity by presenting an increase in plasma superoxide dismutase and decrease in erythrocyte glutathione, as well as a lipid-lowering effect (decrease in both plasma cholesterol and triglyceride). Either aspirin or cardiotonic pills could significantly reverse the platelet hypersensitivity and hyperfunction. Compared with aspirin, cardiotonic pills showed a more exaggerated inhibitory effect on platelet function (a significantly decreased collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation, and expression of adhesion molecules). In conclusion, cardiotonic pills inhibited platelet hyperfunction in dogs with insulin resistance. This inhibitory effect may mainly be explained by antioxidative activity and metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin 254th Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Nankai University, China.
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30
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Jin UH, Kang SK, Suh SJ, Hong SY, Park SD, Kim DW, Chang HW, Son JK, Lee SH, Son KH, Kim CH. Inhibitory effect of Salvia miltiorrhia BGE on matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and migration of TNF-α-induced human aortic smooth muscle cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2006; 44:345-53. [PMID: 16540379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The migration and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) production of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) may play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. The Radix of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) (SM), an eminent herb, is often included as an ingredient in various herbal remedies recommended for vascular therapies and has been used to treat vascular diseases for many centuries. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of SM on TNF-alpha induced human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) migration and MMP-9 activity. Various extracts prepared from stems of SM were tested for cytotoxic activity on HASMC using the XTT assay method. The ethanol extract (IC50 > 100 microg/ml), water extract (IC50 > 100 microg/ml) and chloroform (IC50 = 90 microg/ml) fraction exhibited weak cytotoxic activity. However, buthanol (IC50 = 80 microg/ml) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc; IC50 = 70 microg/ml) fraction exhibited strongly cytotoxic activity. Also, the extracts and fractions were investigated the inhibitory effects on MMP-9 activity using gelatin zymography. Gelatin zymography showed that the TNF-alpha-treated HASMC secreted MMP, probably including MMP-9, which may be involved in HASMC migration. The EtOAc fraction showed stronger inhibitory effect of proteolytic activity than other fractions. The EtOAc fraction was able to decrease the proteolytic activity of MMP-9 in a concentration-dependent manner on zymography. The Matrigel migration assay showed that SM effectively inhibited the TNF-alpha induced migration of HASMC as compared with the control group in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 65 microg/ml) and that the EtOAc fraction effectively inhibited the migration of HASMC, as compared with the control group in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that SM could be used as potential anti-atherosclerotic agent for anti-migration in TNF-alpha treated HASMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Ho Jin
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University and National Research Laboratory for Glycobiology, Chunchun-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon City, Kyunggi 440-746, Korea
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31
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Zhou Z, Wang SQ, Liu Y, Miao AD. Cryptotanshinone inhibits endothelin-1 expression and stimulates nitric oxide production in human vascular endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1-9. [PMID: 16289876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Revised: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) has been found to have beneficial effects on the circulatory system. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cryptotanshinone (derived from SM) on endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The effect of cryptotanshinone on nitric oxide (NO) in HUVECs was also examined. We found that cryptotanshinone inhibited basal and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulated ET-1 secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. Cryptotanshinone also induced a concentration-dependent decrease in ET-1 mRNA expression. Cryptotanshinone increased basal and TNF-alpha-attenuated NO production in a dose-dependent fashion. Cryptotanshinone induced a concentration-dependent increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression without significantly changing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in HUVECs in the presence or absence of TNF-alpha. NOS activities in the HUVECs were also induced by cryptotanshinone. Furthermore, decreased ET-1 expression in response to cryptotanshinone was not antagonized by the NOS inhibitor l-NAME. A gel shift assay further showed that TNF-alpha-induced Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity was significantly reduced by cryptotanshinone. These data suggest that cryptotanshinone inhibits ET-1 production, at least in part, through a mechanism that involves NF-kappaB but not NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Taiping road 27#, Haidian district, Beijing 100850, PR China
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32
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Chen YL, Hu CS, Lin FY, Chen YH, Sheu LM, Ku HH, Shiao MS, Chen JW, Lin SJ. Salvianolic acid B attenuates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in vitro in LPS-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells and in vivo in the apolipoprotein-E-deficient mouse aorta. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:618-31. [PMID: 16440326 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an essential role in atherosclerosis and post-angioplasty restenosis and the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines from vascular smooth muscle cells is an important contributor to these pathologies. It is assumed that drugs that prevent the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines may inhibit cardiovascular disorders. In the present study, the effects of a water-soluble antioxidant, salvianolic acid B (Sal B), derived from a Chinese herb, on the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and in the aortas of cholesterol-fed apoE deficient mice were investigated. In unstimulated HASMCs, COX-2 mRNA and protein were almost undetectable, but were strongly upregulated in response to LPS. In contrast, HASMCs with or without LPS treatment showed constitutive expression of COX-1 mRNA and protein. The activation of COX-2 protein synthesis in LPS-stimulated HASMCs was shown to involve the activation of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Incubation of HASMCs with Sal B before LPS stimulation resulted in pronounced downregulation of COX-2 expression. Sal B treatment suppressed ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation and attenuated the increase in prostaglandin E(2) production and NADPH oxidase activity in LPS-treated HASMCs. When apoE-deficient mice were fed a 0.15% cholesterol diet with or without supplementation with 0.3% Sal B for 12 weeks, the intima/media area ratio in the thoracic aortas was significantly reduced in the Sal B group (0.010 +/- 0.009%) compared to the apoE-deficient group (0.114 +/- 0.043%) and there was a significant reduction in COX-2 protein expression in the thickened intima. These results demonstrate that Sal B has anti-inflammatory properties and may explain its anti-atherosclerotic properties. This new mechanism of action of Sal B, in addition to its previously reported inhibition of LDL oxidation, may help explain its efficacy in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Lien Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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Zhou Z, Liu Y, Miao AD, Wang SQ. Protocatechuic aldehyde suppresses TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 513:1-8. [PMID: 15878704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules, which play a crucial role in the development of atherogenesis, are produced by endothelial cells following stimulation with various inflammatory cytokines. The current studies examined the effect of a potent water-soluble antioxidant, protocatechuic aldehyde (derived from the Chinese herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza), on the expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Protocatechuic aldehyde appeared to specifically downregulate the TNF-alpha-induced cell surface expression of vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on HUVECs as well as the release of soluble VCAM-1and ICAM-1 from HUVECs in a dose-response manner at pharmacologically relevant concentrations (0.15-1.35 mM). We also observed a dose-dependent lowering of mRNA expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in the presence of protocatechuic aldehyde. Furthermore, protocatechuic aldehyde (0.15, 0.45, and 1.35 mM) notably inhibited TNF-alpha-induced upregulation of U937 cell adhesion to HUVECs to 83.7%, 60.9%, and 40.8%, respectively. A gel shift assay further showed that protocatechuic aldehyde inhibited the TNF-alpha-activated NF-kappaB and AP-1 DNA binding activities in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these results indicate that protocatechuic aldehyde inhibits TNF-alpha-stimulated VCAM-1 and ICAM-1expression in HUVECs through a mechanism that involves NF-kappaB and AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing, PR China
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34
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Du JR, Li X, Zhang R, Qian ZM. Tanshinone inhibits intimal hyperplasia in the ligated carotid artery in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 98:319-322. [PMID: 15814266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is considered to play a central role in the development of intimal hyperplasia with pathological artery healing. Danshen, the Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., has long been regarded as an effective traditional Chinese medicine for cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, the effects of tanshinone (TA), the lipid-soluble pharmacological constituents of danshen, on the intima hyperplasia and proliferating state of VSMC were described in a mouse carotid artery injured by complete cessation of blood flow. This study showed that oral administration of TA could significantly decrease the intimal thickening of injured vessels and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive VSMC in intimal area. These results suggested that the suppressive effects of TA on intimal hyperplasia might partly result from its inhibitory effect against VSMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Lin SJ, Shyue SK, Hung YY, Chen YH, Ku HH, Chen JW, Tam KB, Chen YL. Superoxide Dismutase Inhibits the Expression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 and Intracellular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Human Endothelial Cells Through the JNK/p38 Pathways. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:334-40. [PMID: 15576639 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000152114.00114.d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and subsequent leukocyte recruitment are critical early events in the development of atherosclerosis. We tried to study possible effects of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) on adhesion molecule expression and its underlying mechanism in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
Methods and Results—
Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were transfected with adenovirus carrying the human SOD gene (AdSOD) to investigate whether SOD expression in HAECs attenuated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α–induced reactive oxygen species production and adhesion molecule expression and to define the mechanisms involved. SOD expression significantly suppressed TNF-α–induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and reduced the binding of the human neutrophils to TNF-α–stimulated HAECs. SOD expression suppressed c-JUN N-terminal kinase and p38 phosphorylation. It also attenuated intracellular superoxide anion production and NADPH oxidase activity in TNF-α–treated HAECs.
Conclusions—
These results provide evidence that SOD expression in endothelial cells attenuates TNF-α–induced superoxide anion production and adhesion molecule expression, and that this protective effect is mediated by decreased JNK and p38 phosphorylation and activator protein-1 and nuclear factor κB inactivation. These results suggest that SOD has antiinflammatory properties and may play important roles in the prevention of atherosclerosis and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Jong Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Lin SJ, Yen HT, Chen YH, Ku HH, Lin FY, Chen YL. Expression of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in oxLDL-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells and in the neointima of cholesterol-fed endothelia-denuded rabbits. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88:836-47. [PMID: 12577317 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the media to the intima and the proliferation of intimal VSMCs are key events in restenotic lesion development. These events, which are preceded and accompanied by inflammation, are modulated by the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), which induces vascular smooth muscle cells to express adhesion molecules and to proliferate. IL-1 beta action is complex and regulated, in part, by its naturally occurring inhibitor, the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Whether there was a temporal and spatial correlation between IL-1 beta and IL-1ra expression in, and release by, oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL)-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) was determined by using ELISA and Western blot. In addition, IL-1 beta and IL-1ra expression was detected in the neointima of endothelia-denuded cholesterol-fed New Zealand white rabbits by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. In HASMCs, oxLDL induced IL-beta and IL-1ra expression and release in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment with 20 microg/ml oxLDL resulted in increased IL-1 beta release after 6 h, which peaked at 24 h, and in increased IL-1ra release, first seen after 12 h, but continuing to increase for at least 48 h. In the cells, IL-beta expression showed a similar pattern to release, whereas IL-1ra expression was seen in unstimulated cells and was not increased by oxLDL treatment. Confocal microscopy showed colocalization of IL-beta and IL-1ra expression in oxLDL-stimulated HASMCs. oxLDL caused significant induction of nuclear factor kappa B and activator protein-1 DNA binding activity in HASMCs (6.6- and 3.3-fold, respectively). In cholesterol-fed endothelia-denuded rabbits, the notably thickened intima showed significant IL-1 beta and IL-1ra expression. These results provide further support for the role of IL-1 system in the pathogenesis of restenosis. This is the first demonstration of IL-1 beta and IL-1ra expression and secretion of oxLDL-treated HASMCs and their expression in the rabbit neointima, suggesting that the smooth muscle cells of the intima are an important source of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Jong Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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