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Łoboda A, Dulak J. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 and Its Targets in Skeletal Muscle Repair and Regeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:619-642. [PMID: 36597355 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Skeletal muscles have a robust regenerative capacity in response to acute and chronic injuries. Muscle repair and redox homeostasis are intimately linked; increased generation of reactive oxygen species leads to cellular dysfunction and contributes to muscle wasting and progression of muscle diseases. In exemplary muscle disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), caused by mutations in the DMD gene that encodes the muscle structural protein dystrophin, the regeneration machinery is severely compromised, while oxidative stress contributes to the progression of the disease. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and its target genes, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), provide protective mechanisms against oxidative insults. Recent Advances: Relevant advances have been evolving in recent years in understanding the mechanisms by which NRF2 regulates processes that contribute to effective muscle regeneration. To this end, pathways related to muscle satellite cell differentiation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis have been studied. The regulatory role of NRF2 in skeletal muscle ferroptosis has been also suggested. Animal studies have shown that NRF2 pathway activation can stop or reverse skeletal muscle pathology, especially when endogenous stress defence mechanisms are imbalanced. Critical Issues: Despite the growing recognition of NRF2 as a factor that regulates various aspects of muscle regeneration, the mechanistic impact on muscle pathology in various models of muscle injury remains imprecise. Future Directions: Further studies are necessary to fully uncover the role of NRF2 in muscle regeneration, both in physiological and pathological conditions, and to investigate the possibilities for development of new therapeutic modalities. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 619-642.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Łoboda
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Józef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
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Zhong Y, Jin W, Gao H, Sun L, Wang P, Zhang J, Ong MTY, Sai Chuen Bruma F, Chen S, Chen J. A Knitted PET Patch Enhances the Maturation of Regenerated Tendons in Bridging Reconstruction of Massive Rotator Cuff Tears in a Rabbit Model. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:901-911. [PMID: 36802867 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231152186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although nondegradable synthetic grafts for bridging reconstruction of massive rotator cuff tears (MRCTs) have shown satisfactory clinical outcomes, their function and details on graft-tendon healing and enthesis regeneration have not been fully studied. HYPOTHESIS The knitted polyethylene terephthalate (PET) patch as a nondegradable synthetic graft could provide sustained mechanical support, facilitating enthesis and tendon regeneration in the treatment of MRCTs. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A knitted PET patch was fabricated for bridging reconstruction (PET group) in a New Zealand White rabbit model of MRCTs (negative control group), and an autologous Achilles tendon was used as a control (autograft group). The animals were sacrificed, and tissue samples were harvested for gross observation as well as histological and biomechanical analyses at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS Histological analysis showed no significant difference in the graft-bone interface score between the PET and autograft groups at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Interestingly, in the PET group, Sharpey-like fibers were observed at 8 weeks, while fibrocartilage formation and the ingrowth of chondrocytes were recognized at 12 weeks. Meanwhile, the tendon maturing score was significantly higher in the PET group than in the autograft group (19.7 ± 1.5 vs 15.3 ± 1.2, respectively; P = .008) at 12 weeks, with parallel-oriented collagen fibers around the knitted PET patch. Moreover, the ultimate failure load of the PET group was similar to that of a healthy rabbit tendon at 8 weeks (125.6 ± 13.6 vs 130.8 ± 28.6 N, respectively; P > .05) and no different from that of the autograft group at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. CONCLUSION The knitted PET patch could not only immediately reconstruct the mechanical support for the torn tendon postoperatively in the rabbit model of MRCTs but also enhanced maturation of the regenerated tendon by fibrocartilage formation and improved the organization of collagen fibers. Herein, the knitted PET patch could be a promising candidate graft adopted in bridging reconstruction of MRCTs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A nondegradable knitted PET patch can safely bridge MRCTs with satisfactory mechanical strength and the promotion of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhong
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhe Jin
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Gao
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyi Sun
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Tim Yun Ong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fu Sai Chuen Bruma
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Sports Medicine of Fudan University, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Shi LL, Zhu KC, Wang HL. Characterization of myogenic regulatory factors, myod and myf5 from Megalobrama amblycephala and the effect of lipopolysaccharide on satellite cells in skeletal muscle. Gene 2022; 834:146608. [PMID: 35659893 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myod and Myf5 are muscle-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors that play essential roles in regulating skeletal muscle development and growth. In order to investigate potential function of myod and myf5 of Megalobrama amblycephala, an economically important freshwater fish species, in the present study, we characterized the sequences and expression profiles of M. amblycephala myod and myf5. The open reading frame (ORF) sequences of myod and myf5 encoded 275 and 240 amino acids, respectively, possessing analogous structure with the highly conserved domains, bHLH and C-terminal helix III domains. Spatio-temporal expression patterns revealed that myod and myf5 were predominant in skeletal muscle with the highest expression in white muscle, and the highest at 10 days post-hatching (dph) and the segmentation period, respectively. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of muscle-related genes in white and red muscle, and proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells. The myod, myf5 and pax-7 expression generally increased and then decreased with increase of LPS concentration and treatment time in red muscle, while these genes showed inconsistent expression patterns in white muscle. In addition, LPS administration caused the frequency increase of satellite cells in red and white muscle especially at 3 and 7 days after LPS-injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Shi
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Huan-Ling Wang
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Fishery, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, PR China.
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4
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Xu J, Strasburg GM, Reed KM, Velleman SG. Thermal stress and selection for growth affect myogenic satellite cell lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression through mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6652327. [PMID: 35908789 PMCID: PMC9339274 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs) are multipotential stem cells having the plasticity to convert to an adipogenic lineage in response to thermal stress during the period of peak mitotic activity (the first week after hatch in poultry). The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which regulates cellular function and fate of SCs, is greatly altered by thermal stress in turkey pectoralis major muscle SCs. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of thermal stress, selection for growth, and the role of the mTOR pathway on SC intracellular lipid accumulation and expression of adipogenic regulatory genes. These effects were analyzed using SCs isolated from the pectoralis major muscle of 1-wk-old modern faster-growing commercial turkey line (NC) selected for increased growth and breast muscle yield as compared with SCs of a historic slower-growing Randombred Control Line 2 (RBC2) turkey. Heat stress (43 °C) of SCs during proliferation increased intracellular lipid accumulation (P < 0.001), whereas cold stress (33 °C) showed an inhibitory effect (P < 0.001) in both lines. Knockdown of mTOR reduced the intracellular lipid accumulation (P < 0.001) and suppressed the expression of several adipogenic regulatory genes: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ; P < 0.001), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBPβ; P < 0.001), and neuropeptide-Y (NPY; P < 0.001) during both proliferation and differentiation. The NC line SCs showed fewer reductions in lipid accumulation compared with the RBC2 line independent of temperature. Both intracellular lipid accumulation (P < 0.001) and PPARγ expression (P < 0.001) were greater at 72 h of proliferation than at 48 h of differentiation in both the RBC2 and NC lines independent of temperature. Thus, hot and cold thermal stress affected intracellular lipid accumulation in the pectoralis major muscle SCs, in part, through the mTOR pathway in wea growth-dependent manner. Altered intracellular lipid accumulation could eventually affect intramuscular fat deposition, resulting in a long-lasting effect on the structure and protein to fat ratio of the poultry pectoralis major muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Gale M Strasburg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kent M Reed
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sandra G Velleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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5
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Otelea MR, Nartea R, Popescu FG, Covaleov A, Mitoiu BI, Nica AS. The Pathological Links between Adiposity and the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2646-2663. [PMID: 35735622 PMCID: PMC9221759 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44060181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between obesity and carpal tunnel syndrome is found in many epidemiological studies. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate the physiopathological links that could explain the association between these two entities. Ectopic adipose tissue is responsible for metabolic syndrome and inflammation, and is a major risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Taking these elements into consideration, we conducted an extensive literature revision of the subject, considering as ectopic fat-related mechanisms the following: (a) the direct compression and the association with the metabolic syndrome of the fat deposition around the wrist, (b) the insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammatory, and oxidative mechanisms related to the central deposition of the fat, (c) the impaired muscle contraction and metabolism related to myosteatosis. Each section presents the cellular pathways which are modified by the ectopic deposition of the adipose tissue and the impact in the pathogeny of the carpal tunnel syndrome. In conclusion, the experimental and clinical data support the epidemiological findings. Efforts to reduce the obesity epidemics will improve not only cardio-metabolic health but will reduce the burden of the disability-free life expectancy due to the carpal tunnel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ruxandra Otelea
- Clinical Department 5, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Roxana Nartea
- Clinical Department 9, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.); (B.I.M.); (A.S.N.)
- National Institute for Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Balneoclimatology, 030079 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Florina Georgeta Popescu
- Department V, Internal Medicine, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Emergency Municipal Hospital, 300254 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Anatoli Covaleov
- Clinical Department 9, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.); (B.I.M.); (A.S.N.)
| | - Brindusa Ilinca Mitoiu
- Clinical Department 9, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.); (B.I.M.); (A.S.N.)
| | - Adriana Sarah Nica
- Clinical Department 9, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.); (B.I.M.); (A.S.N.)
- National Institute for Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Balneoclimatology, 030079 Bucharest, Romania
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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Skeletal Muscle Myogenesis and Muscle Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040755. [PMID: 35453440 PMCID: PMC9026549 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The contractile activity, high oxygen consumption and metabolic rate of skeletal muscle cause it to continuously produce moderate levels of oxidant species, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Under normal physiological conditions, there is a dynamic balance between the production and elimination of ROS/RNS. However, when the oxidation products exceed the antioxidant defense capacity, the body enters a state of oxidative stress. Myogenesis is an important process to maintain muscle homeostasis and the physiological function of skeletal muscle. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a key role in myogenesis and skeletal muscle physiology and pathology. In this review, we summarize the sources of reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle and the causes of oxidative stress and analyze the key role of oxidative stress in myogenesis. Then, we discuss the relationship between oxidative stress and muscle homeostasis and physiopathology. This work systematically summarizes the role of oxidative stress in myogenesis and muscle diseases and provides targets for subsequent antioxidant therapy and repair of inflammatory damage in noninflammatory muscle diseases.
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7
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Anderson JE. Key concepts in muscle regeneration: muscle "cellular ecology" integrates a gestalt of cellular cross-talk, motility, and activity to remodel structure and restore function. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:273-300. [PMID: 34928395 PMCID: PMC8685813 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review identifies some key concepts of muscle regeneration, viewed from perspectives of classical and modern research. Early insights noted the pattern and sequence of regeneration across species was similar, regardless of the type of injury, and differed from epimorphic limb regeneration. While potential benefits of exercise for tissue repair was debated, regeneration was not presumed to deliver functional restoration, especially after ischemia-reperfusion injury; muscle could develop fibrosis and ectopic bone and fat. Standard protocols and tools were identified as necessary for tracking injury and outcomes. Current concepts vastly extend early insights. Myogenic regeneration occurs within the environment of muscle tissue. Intercellular cross-talk generates an interactive system of cellular networks that with the extracellular matrix and local, regional, and systemic influences, forms the larger gestalt of the satellite cell niche. Regenerative potential and adaptive plasticity are overlain by epigenetically regionalized responsiveness and contributions by myogenic, endothelial, and fibroadipogenic progenitors and inflammatory and metabolic processes. Muscle architecture is a living portrait of functional regulatory hierarchies, while cellular dynamics, physical activity, and muscle-tendon-bone biomechanics arbitrate regeneration. The scope of ongoing research-from molecules and exosomes to morphology and physiology-reveals compelling new concepts in muscle regeneration that will guide future discoveries for use in application to fitness, rehabilitation, and disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy E Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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8
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He X, An W, Liu J. Effects of hypoxia on stemness, survival and angiogenic capacity of muscle-derived stem/progenitor cells. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1977725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weizheng An
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Shengchen W, Jing L, Yujie Y, Yue W, Shiwen X. Polystyrene microplastics-induced ROS overproduction disrupts the skeletal muscle regeneration by converting myoblasts into adipocytes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:125962. [PMID: 33979708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The environmental problem of Microplastics (MPs) pollution poses a great threat to human and animal health, which has attracted global attention. The physiological integrity of skeletal muscle is extremely important for the survival of animals. Here, we investigated the effect of two size polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs, 1-10 µm and 50-100 µm) on the growth of anterior tibial (TA) muscle and repair after injury in mice. Results showed that the regeneration of skeletal muscle was delayed by PS-MPs exposure and was negatively correlated with particle size. H&E staining and Oil red O staining showed that PS-MPs exposure reduced the average cross-sectional area (CSA) and diameter of the muscle fibers, increased lipid deposition. Further mechanistic research displayed that though PS-MPs treatment did not affect cell viability of myoblast, it aggravated intracellular ROS generation and oxidative stress, inhibited myogenic differentiation by decreasing the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and promote adipogenic differentiation by increasing the expression of NF-κB, which could be alleviated by NAC. In brief, our data demonstrated that the ROS overproduction caused by PS-MPs disturbed the regeneration of skeletal muscle and directed the fate of satellite cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Shengchen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Liu Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yao Yujie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wang Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xu Shiwen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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10
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Zhang J, Li Q, Nogoy KMC, Sun J, Sun B, Wang Y, Tang L, Yu J, Jin X, Li X, Choi SH. Effect of palmitoleic acid on the differentiation of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:919-933. [PMID: 34447967 PMCID: PMC8367402 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the unsaturated fatty acid palmitoleic acid (POA) could promote the expression of adipogenic/lipogenic genes in bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells (BSCs). The BSCs were cultured in a growth medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. When the cells reached 80%-90% confluence, we used the differentiation medium with 5% horse serum for differentiation for 96 h. The differentiation medium contained 50 µM, 100 µM and 200 µM POA. Control BSC were cultured only in differentiation media. Compared with the control BSC, the POA BSC significantly up-regulated the expression of paired box 3 (Pax3) and paired box 7 (Pax7) and down-regulated myogenin gene expression (p < 0.01), which indicates a depression in muscle fiber development. However, all POA treatments up-regulated the expression of the adipocyte transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and beta (C/EBP α and C/EBP β), and other genes (p < 0.01) and increased the expression of PAT-family proteins and the concentration of adiponectin in the media. These results indicate that POA can convert part of BSCs into adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.,Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.,Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | | | - Jianfu Sun
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.,Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.,Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.,Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.,Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Xin Jin
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.,Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xiangzi Li
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.,Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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11
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Čater M, Majdič G. In Vitro Culturing of Adult Stem Cells: The Importance of Serum and Atmospheric Oxygen. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1376:101-118. [PMID: 34426961 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in many different tissues in the adult human and animal body and are thought to be important for replacing damaged and dead cells during life. Due to their differentiation abilities, they have significant potential for regeneration and consequently therapeutic potential in various medical conditions. Studies on in vitro cultivation of different types of adult stem cells have shown that they have specific requirements for optimal proliferation and stemness maintenance as well as induced differentiation. The main factors affecting the success of stem cell cultivation are the composition of the growth medium, including the presence of serum, temperature, humidity, and contact with other cells and the composition of the atmosphere in which the cells grow. In this chapter, we review the literature and describe our own experience regarding the influence of the presence of fetal bovine serum in the medium and the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere on the stemness maintenance and survival of adult stem cells from various tissue sources such as adipose tissue, muscle, brain, and testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Čater
- Laboratory for Animal Genomics, Institute for Preclinical Studies, Veterinary faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdič
- Laboratory for Animal Genomics, Institute for Preclinical Studies, Veterinary faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
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12
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Archacka K, Grabowska I, Mierzejewski B, Graffstein J, Górzyńska A, Krawczyk M, Różycka AM, Kalaszczyńska I, Muras G, Stremińska W, Jańczyk-Ilach K, Walczak P, Janowski M, Ciemerych MA, Brzoska E. Hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells enhance myoblast fusion and skeletal muscle regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:448. [PMID: 34372911 PMCID: PMC8351116 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The skeletal muscle reconstruction occurs thanks to unipotent stem cells, i.e., satellite cells. The satellite cells remain quiescent and localized between myofiber sarcolemma and basal lamina. They are activated in response to muscle injury, proliferate, differentiate into myoblasts, and recreate myofibers. The stem and progenitor cells support skeletal muscle regeneration, which could be disturbed by extensive damage, sarcopenia, cachexia, or genetic diseases like dystrophy. Many lines of evidence showed that the level of oxygen regulates the course of cell proliferation and differentiation. Methods In the present study, we analyzed hypoxia impact on human and pig bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) and mouse myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and fusion. Moreover, the influence of the transplantation of human bone marrow-derived MSCs cultured under hypoxic conditions on skeletal muscle regeneration was studied. Results We showed that bone marrow-derived MSCs increased VEGF expression and improved myogenesis under hypoxic conditions in vitro. Transplantation of hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow-derived MSCs into injured muscles resulted in the improved cell engraftment and formation of new vessels. Conclusions We suggested that SDF-1 and VEGF secreted by hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow-derived MSCs played an essential role in cell engraftment and angiogenesis. Importantly, hypoxia preconditioned bone marrow-derived MSCs more efficiently engrafted injured muscles; however, they did not undergo myogenic differentiation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02530-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Archacka
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Mierzejewski
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Graffstein
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Górzyńska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Różycka
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Kalaszczyńska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory for Cell Research and Application, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Muras
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Władysława Stremińska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jańczyk-Ilach
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Warszawska 30 St, 10-082, Olsztyn, Poland.,Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mirosław Janowski
- Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5 St, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Brzoska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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Bovine Satellite Cells Isolated after 2 and 5 Days of Tissue Storage Maintain the Proliferative and Myogenic Capacity Needed for Cultured Meat Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168376. [PMID: 34445082 PMCID: PMC8395070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured meat is an emerging alternative food technology which aims to deliver a more ethical, sustainable, and healthy muscle-tissue-derived food item compared to conventional meat. As start-up companies are rapidly forming and accelerating this technology, many aspects of this multi-faceted science have still not been investigated in academia. In this study, we investigated if bovine satellite cells with the ability to proliferate and undergo myogenic differentiation could be isolated after extended tissue storage, for the purpose of increasing the practicality for cultured meat production. Proliferation of bovine satellite cells isolated on the day of arrival or after 2 and 5 days of tissue storage were analyzed by metabolic and DNA-based assays, while their myogenic characteristics were investigated using RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence. Extended tissue storage up to 5 days did not negatively affect proliferation nor the ability to undergo fusion and create myosin heavy chain-positive myotubes. The expression patterns of myogenic and muscle-specific genes were also not affected after tissue storage. In fact, the data indicated a positive trend in terms of myogenic potential after tissue storage, although it was non-significant. These results suggest that the timeframe of which viable myogenic satellite cells can be isolated and used for cultured meat production can be greatly extended by proper tissue storage.
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14
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Yamanouchi K, Nakamura K, Takeuchi S, Hosoyama T, Matsuwaki T, Nishihara M. Suppression of MyoD induces spontaneous adipogenesis in skeletal muscle progenitor cell culture. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13573. [PMID: 34231933 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The degree of intramuscular adipose tissue accumulation is one of the factors affecting meat quality. Accumulation of adipocytes is also observed under the pathological condition of skeletal muscle such as muscular dystrophy and sarcopenia. The origin of adipocytes seen in skeletal muscle is mesenchymal progenitor cells that can give rise to both adipocytes and fibroblasts. In the present study, we demonstrated that siRNA-mediated suppression of MyoD expression in rat skeletal muscle progenitor cell culture, which comprises both myogenic satellite cells and mesenchymal progenitor cells, resulted in diminished myotube formation and an unexpected spontaneous appearance of white adipocytes. Suppressing myomaker expression also resulted in complete absence of myotube formation without reducing MyoD expression, but no adipogenesis was seen in this scenario, indicating that decline in MyoD expression rather than decreased myotube formation is necessary to induce adipogenesis. In addition, spontaneous adipogenesis induced by suppressing MyoD expression in culture was inhibited by the conditioned medium from control culture, indicating that anti-adipogenic factor(s) are secreted from MyoD-positive myogenic cells. These results indicate the presence of regulatory mechanism on adipogenesis by myogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Yamanouchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Hosoyama
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disease, The Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuwaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masugi Nishihara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Xu J, Strasburg GM, Reed KM, Velleman SG. Effect of Temperature and Selection for Growth on Intracellular Lipid Accumulation and Adipogenic Gene Expression in Turkey Pectoralis Major Muscle Satellite Cells. Front Physiol 2021; 12:667814. [PMID: 34140894 PMCID: PMC8204085 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.667814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As multipotential stem cells, satellite cells (SCs) have the potential to express adipogenic genes resulting in lipid synthesis with thermal stress. The present study determined the effect of temperature on intracellular lipid synthesis and adipogenic gene expression in SCs isolated from the pectoralis major (p. major) muscle of 7-day-old fast-growing modern commercial (NC) turkeys compared to SCs from unselected slower-growing turkeys [Randombred Control Line 2 (RBC2)]. Since proliferating and differentiating SCs have different responses to thermal stress, three incubation strategies were used: (1) SCs proliferated at the control temperature of 38°C and differentiated at 43° or 33°C; (2) SCs proliferated at 43° or 33°C and differentiated at 38°C; or (3) SCs both proliferated and differentiated at 43°, 38°, or 33°C. During proliferation, lipid accumulation increased at 43°C and decreased at 33°C with the NC line showing greater variation than the RBC2 line. During proliferation at 43°C, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and neuropeptide-Y (NPY) expression was reduced to a greater extent in the NC line than the RBC2 line. At 33°C, expression of PPARγ, NPY, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBPβ) was upregulated, but only in the RBC2 line. During differentiation, both lines showed greater changes in lipid accumulation and in C/EBPβ and NPY expression if the thermal challenge was initiated during proliferation. These data suggest that adipogenic gene expression is more responsive to thermal challenge in proliferating SCs than in differentiating SCs, and that growth-selection has increased temperature sensitivity of SCs, which may significantly affect breast muscle structure and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gale M Strasburg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Kent M Reed
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Sandra G Velleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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16
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Husseiny WA, Hassanin AAI, El Nabtiti AAS, Khalil K, Elaswad A. Silver Nanoparticles as Modulators of Myogenesis-Related Gene Expression in Chicken Embryos. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050629. [PMID: 33922304 PMCID: PMC8146831 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of colloidal nanoparticles of silver (Nano-Ag) on the expression of myogenesis-related genes in chicken embryos. The investigated genes included the members of the myogenic regulatory factors family (MRFs) and myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) genes. A total of 200 fertilized broiler eggs (Indian River) were randomly distributed into four groups; non-injected control, injected control with placebo, treatment I in ovo injected with 20 ppm Nano-Ag, and treatment II in ovo injected with 40 ppm Nano-Ag. The eggs were then incubated for 21 days at the optimum temperature and humidity conditions. Breast muscle tissues were collected at the 5th, 8th, and 18th days of the incubation period. The mRNA expression of myogenic determination factor 1 (MYOD1), myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), myogenic factor 6 (MYF6), myogenin (MYOG), and MEF2A was measured at the three sampling points using real-time quantitative PCR, while MYOD1 protein expression was evaluated on day 18 using western blot. Breast muscle tissues were histologically examined on day 18 to detect the changes at the cellular level. Our results indicate that myogenesis was enhanced with the low concentration (20 ppm) of Nano-Ag due to the higher expression of MYOD1, MYF5, and MYF6 at the transcriptional level and MYOD1 at the translational level. Moreover, histological analysis revealed the presence of hyperplasia (31.4% more muscle fibers) in treatment I (injected with 20 ppm). Our findings indicate that in ovo injection of 20 ppm Nano-Ag enhances the development of muscles in chicken embryos compared with the 40-ppm dosage and provide crucial information for the use of silver nanoparticles in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A. Husseiny
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (A.A.I.H.); (A.A.S.E.N.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1003731786
| | - Abeer A. I. Hassanin
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (A.A.I.H.); (A.A.S.E.N.); (A.E.)
| | - Adel A. S. El Nabtiti
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (A.A.I.H.); (A.A.S.E.N.); (A.E.)
| | - Karim Khalil
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Elaswad
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (A.A.I.H.); (A.A.S.E.N.); (A.E.)
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17
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Ramalingam V, Harshavardhan M, Hwang I. Titanium decorated iron oxide (Ti@Fe2O3) regulates the proliferation of bovine muscle satellite cells through oxidative stress. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Wang L, Shan T. Factors inducing transdifferentiation of myoblasts into adipocytes. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2276-2289. [PMID: 32989814 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fat infiltration in skeletal muscle is observed in several myopathies, is associated with muscular dysfunction, and is strongly correlated with insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, and aging. In animal production, skeletal muscle fat (also known as intermuscular and intramuscular fat) is positively related to meat quality including tenderness, flavor, and juiciness. Thus, understanding the cell origin and regulation mechanism of skeletal muscle fat infiltration is important for developing therapies against human myopathies as well as for improving meat quality. Notably, age, sarcopenia, oxidative stress, injury, and regeneration can activate adipogenic differentiation potential in myoblasts and affect fat accumulation in skeletal muscle. In addition, several transcriptional and nutritional factors can directly induce transdifferentiation of myoblasts into adipocytes. In this review, we focused on the recent progress in understanding the muscle-to-adipocyte differentiation and summarized and discussed the genetic, nutritional, and physiological factors that can induce transdifferentiation of myoblasts into adipocytes. Moreover, the regulatory roles and mechanisms of these factors during the transdifferentiation process were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Lee HY, Hong IS. Metabolic Regulation and Related Molecular Mechanisms in Various Stem Cell Functions. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:531-546. [PMID: 32394844 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200512105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on the mechanisms that link metabolic changes with stem cell fate have deepened our understanding of how specific metabolic pathways can regulate various stem cell functions during the development of an organism. Although it was originally thought to be merely a consequence of the specific cell state, metabolism is currently known to play a critical role in regulating the self-renewal capacity, differentiation potential, and quiescence of stem cells. Many studies in recent years have revealed that metabolic pathways regulate various stem cell behaviors (e.g., selfrenewal, migration, and differentiation) by modulating energy production through glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation and by regulating the generation of metabolites, which can modulate multiple signaling pathways. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of stem cell metabolism could allow us to establish optimal culture conditions and differentiation methods that would increase stem cell expansion and function for cell-based therapies. However, little is known about how metabolic pathways regulate various stem cell functions. In this context, we review the current advances in metabolic research that have revealed functional roles for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative stress during the self-renewal, differentiation and aging of various adult stem cell types. These approaches could provide novel strategies for the development of metabolic or pharmacological therapies to promote the regenerative potential of stem cells and subsequently promote their therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Yong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, 85 Goesan-eup, Munmu-ro, Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 367-700, Korea
| | - In-Sun Hong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
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20
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Sakushima K, Yoshikawa M, Osaki T, Miyamoto N, Hashimoto T. Moderate hypoxia promotes skeletal muscle cell growth and hypertrophy in C2C12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:921-927. [PMID: 32173524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have implied that a hypoxic environment may be a factor that influences muscle hypertrophy, scant attention has been paid to the effect of oxygen molecules on the morphological characteristics of muscle. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of semisevere (i.e., 5%) to moderate (i.e., 10% or 15%) hypoxic environments on the morphological characteristics of skeletal muscle and the associated mechanisms. C2C12 skeletal muscle cells were divided into various groups, namely, the normoxia group (20.9% O2) and hypoxia groups (5% O2, 10% O2, and 15% O2), and cell growth and the expression of associated proteins in the hypoxia groups were compared with those in the normoxia group. The myotube diameter and cell differentiation index were determined on day 6 by immunocytochemical analyses. The expression of proteins associated with muscle cell differentiation (MyoD and myogenin) and muscle hypertrophy (mTOR and p70s6K) were analyzed by Western blotting. We found that compared with normoxia, a 5% oxygen environment inhibited differentiation and caused muscle atrophy. However, compared with normoxia, a 10% oxygen environment promoted muscle differentiation, and 10% oxygen and 15% oxygen environments induced muscle hypertrophy. Compared with normoxia, a 10% oxygen environment promoted myogenin and the expression of mTOR, p70s6K, and the metabolic signal AMPK. We concluded that a hypoxic environment, if not too severe, may promote muscle differentiation and hypertrophy by increasing the expression of proteins associated with muscle cell differentiation and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Sakushima
- Faculty of Sport & Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Maki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Sport & Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Osaki
- Faculty of Sport & Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan; Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naokazu Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-Gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport & Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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21
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Teng S, Huang P. The effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity on muscle progenitor cell function. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:103. [PMID: 30898146 PMCID: PMC6427880 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its primary function to provide movement and maintain posture, the skeletal muscle plays important roles in energy and glucose metabolism. In healthy humans, skeletal muscle is the major site for postprandial glucose uptake and impairment of this process contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A key component to the maintenance of skeletal muscle integrity and plasticity is the presence of muscle progenitor cells, including satellite cells, fibroadipogenic progenitors, and some interstitial progenitor cells associated with vessels (myo-endothelial cells, pericytes, and mesoangioblasts). In this review, we aim to discuss the emerging concepts related to these progenitor cells, focusing on the identification and characterization of distinct progenitor cell populations, and the impact of obesity and T2DM on these cells. The recent advances in stem cell therapies by targeting diabetic and obese muscle are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhi Teng
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Relevance of Oxygen Concentration in Stem Cell Culture for Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051195. [PMID: 30857245 PMCID: PMC6429522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The key hallmark of stem cells is their ability to self-renew while keeping a differentiation potential. Intrinsic and extrinsic cell factors may contribute to a decline in these stem cell properties, and this is of the most importance when culturing them. One of these factors is oxygen concentration, which has been closely linked to the maintenance of stemness. The widely used environmental 21% O2 concentration represents a hyperoxic non-physiological condition, which can impair stem cell behaviour by many mechanisms. The goal of this review is to understand these mechanisms underlying the oxygen signalling pathways and their negatively-associated consequences. This may provide a rationale for culturing stem cells under physiological oxygen concentration for stem cell therapy success, in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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23
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Torday J, Miller WB. Terminal addition in a cellular world. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 135:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Huang Y, Lai X, Hu L, Lei C, Lan X, Zhang C, Ma Y, Zheng L, Bai Y, Lin F, Chen H. Over‐expression of DEC1 inhibits myogenic differentiation by modulating MyoG activity in bovine satellite cell. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9365-9374. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for AgricultureCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Xinsheng Lai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for AgricultureCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- The Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- School of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Linyong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesXiningQinghaiChina
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for AgricultureCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for AgricultureCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular BiologyJiangsu Normal UniversityXuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Yun Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityInstitute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro‐Bioresources in Dabie MountainsXinyangHenanChina
| | - Li Zheng
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and EconomyZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yue‐Yu Bai
- Animal Health Supervision in Henan ProvinceZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Fengpeng Lin
- Bureau of Animal Husbandry of Biyang CountyBiyangHenanChina
| | - Hong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for AgricultureCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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Peretti AL, Antunes JS, Lovison K, Kunz RI, Castor LRG, Brancalhão RMC, Bertolini GRF, Ribeiro LDFC. Action of vanillin (Vanilla planifolia) on the morphology of tibialis anterior and soleus muscles after nerve injury. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2017; 15:186-191. [PMID: 28767917 PMCID: PMC5609615 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082017ao3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the action of vanillin (Vanilla planifolia) on the morphology of tibialis anterior and soleus muscles after peripheral nerve injury. Methods Wistar rats were divided into four groups, with seven animals each: Control Group, Vanillin Group, Injury Group, and Injury + Vanillin Group. The Injury Group and the Injury + Vanillin Group animals were submitted to nerve injury by compression of the sciatic nerve; the Vanillin Group and Injury + Vanillin Group, were treated daily with oral doses of vanillin (150mg/kg) from the 3rd to the 21st day after induction of nerve injury. At the end of the experiment, the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles were dissected and processed for light microscopy and submitted to morphological analysis. Results The nerve compression promoted morphological changes, typical of denervation, and the treatment with vanillin was responsible for different responses in the studied muscles. For the tibialis anterior, there was an increase in the number of satellite cells, central nuclei and fiber atrophy, as well as fascicular disorganization. In the soleus, only increased vascularization was observed, with no exacerbation of the morphological alterations in the fibers. Conclusion The treatment with vanillin promoted increase in intramuscular vascularization for the muscles studied, with pro-inflammatory potential for tibialis anterior, but not for soleus muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keli Lovison
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
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26
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Cho DS, Doles JD. Single cell transcriptome analysis of muscle satellite cells reveals widespread transcriptional heterogeneity. Gene 2017; 636:54-63. [PMID: 28893664 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue specific stem cells are indispensable contributors to adult tissue maintenance, repair, and regeneration. In skeletal muscle, satellite cells (SCs) are the resident muscle stem cell population and are required to maintain skeletal muscle homeostasis throughout life. Increasing evidence suggests that SCs are a heterogeneous cell population with substantial biochemical and functional diversity. A major limitation in the field is an incomplete understanding of the nature and extent of this cellular heterogeneity. Single cell analyses are well suited to addressing this issue, especially when coupled to unbiased profiling paradigms such as high throughout RNA sequencing. We performed single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on freshly isolated muscle satellite cells and found a surprising degree of heterogeneity at multiple levels, from muscle-specific transcripts to the broader SC transcriptome. We leveraged several comparative bioinformatics techniques and found that individual SCs enrich for unique transcript clusters. We propose that these gene expression "fingerprints" may contribute to observed functional SC diversity. Overall, these studies underscore the importance of several established SC signaling pathways/processes on a single cell level, implicate novel regulators of SC heterogeneity, and lay the groundwork for further investigation into SC heterogeneity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Seong Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Jason D Doles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Morozzi G, Beccafico S, Bianchi R, Riuzzi F, Bellezza I, Giambanco I, Arcuri C, Minelli A, Donato R. Oxidative stress-induced S100B accumulation converts myoblasts into brown adipocytes via an NF-κB/YY1/miR-133 axis and NF-κB/YY1/BMP-7 axis. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:2077-2088. [PMID: 28885620 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscles of sarcopenic people show hypotrophic myofibers and infiltration with adipose and, at later stages, fibrotic tissue. The origin of infiltrating adipocytes resides in fibro-adipogenic precursors and nonmyogenic mesenchymal progenitor cells, and in satellite cells, the adult stem cells of skeletal muscles. Myoblasts and brown adipocytes share a common Myf5+ progenitor cell: the cell fate depends on levels of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7), a TGF-β family member. S100B, a Ca2+-binding protein of the EF-hand type, is expressed at relatively high levels in myoblasts from sarcopenic humans and exerts anti-myogenic effects via NF-κB-dependent inhibition of MyoD, a myogenic transcription factor acting upstream of the essential myogenic factor, myogenin. Adipogenesis requires high levels of ROS, and myoblasts of sarcopenic subjects show elevated ROS levels. Here we show that: (1) ROS overproduction in myoblasts results in upregulation of S100B levels via NF-κB activation; and (2) ROS/NF-κB-induced accumulation of S100B causes myoblast transition into brown adipocytes. S100B activates an NF-κB/Ying Yang 1 axis that negatively regulates the promyogenic and anti-adipogenic miR-133 with resultant accumulation of the brown adipogenic transcription regulator, PRDM-16. S100B also upregulates BMP-7 via NF-κB/Ying Yang 1 with resultant BMP-7 autocrine activity. Interestingly, myoblasts from sarcopenic humans show features of brown adipocytes. We also show that S100B levels and NF-κB activity are elevated in brown adipocytes obtained by culturing myoblasts in adipocyte differentiation medium and that S100B knockdown or NF-κB inhibition in myoblast-derived brown adipocytes reconverts them into fusion-competent myoblasts. At last, interstitial cells and, unexpectedly, a subpopulation of myofibers in muscles of geriatric but not young mice co-express S100B and the brown adipocyte marker, uncoupling protein-1. These results suggest that S100B is an important intracellular molecular signal regulating Myf5+ progenitor cell differentiation into fusion-competent myoblasts or brown adipocytes depending on its levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Morozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Beccafico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ileana Giambanco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cataldo Arcuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alba Minelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia, Perugia, Italy.,Centro Universitario per la Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, Perugia 06132, Italy
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Torday JS. From cholesterol to consciousness. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 132:52-56. [PMID: 28830682 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nature of consciousness has been debated for centuries. It can be understood as part and parcel of the natural progression of life from unicellular to multicellular, calcium fluxes mediating communication within and between cells. Consciousness is the vertical integration of calcium fluxes, mediated by the Target of Rapamycin gene integrated with the cytoskeleton. The premise of this paper is that there is a fundamental physiologic integration of the organism with the environment that constitutes consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Torday
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W.Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502-2006, United States.
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Strong AL, Neumeister MW, Levi B. Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering: Regeneration of the Skin and Its Contents. Clin Plast Surg 2017; 44:635-650. [PMID: 28576253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the authors discuss the stages of skin wound healing, the role of stem cells in accelerating skin wound healing, and the mechanism by which these stem cells may reconstitute the skin in the context of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Strong
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael W Neumeister
- Department of Surgery, Institute for Plastic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 747 North Rutledge Street, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Burn Wound and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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30
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Liu J, Xu Z, Wu W, Wang Y, Shan T. CreRecombinase Strains Used for the Study of Adipose Tissues and Adipocyte Progenitors. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2698-2703. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Ziye Xu
- College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Weiche Wu
- College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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31
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Chen CC, Hsia CW, Ho CW, Liang CM, Chen CM, Huang KL, Kang BH, Chen YH. Hypoxia and hyperoxia differentially control proliferation of rat neural crest stem cells via distinct regulatory pathways of the HIF1α-CXCR4 and TP53-TPM1 proteins. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:162-185. [PMID: 28002632 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are a population of adult multipotent stem cells. We are interested in studying whether oxygen tensions affect the capability of NCSCs to self-renew and repair damaged tissues. NCSCs extracted from the hair follicle bulge region of the rat whisker pad were cultured in vitro under different oxygen tensions. RESULTS We found significantly increased and decreased rates of cell proliferation in rat NCSCs (rNCSCs) cultured, respectively, at 0.5% and 80% oxygen levels. At 0.5% oxygen, the expression of both hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α and CXCR4 was greatly enhanced in the rNCSC nuclei and was suppressed by incubation with the CXCR4-specific antagonist AMD3100. In addition, the rate of cell apoptosis in the rNCSCs cultured at 80% oxygen was dramatically increased, associated with increased nuclear expression of TP53, decreased cytoplasmic expression of TPM1 (tropomyosin-1), and increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of S100A2. Incubation of rNCSCs with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) overcame the inhibitory effect of 80% oxygen on proliferation and survival of rNCSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our results show for the first time that extreme oxygen tensions directly control NCSC proliferation differentially via distinct regulatory pathways of proteins, with hypoxia via the HIF1α-CXCR4 pathway and hyperoxia via the TP53-TPM1 pathway. Developmental Dynamics 246:162-185, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wu Hsia
- Department of Finance, School of Management, Shih Hsin University, Wenshan District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Ho
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Longtan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Min Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Min Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Hwang Kang
- Division of Diving Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Inoue M, Iwai R, Tabata H, Konno D, Komabayashi-Suzuki M, Watanabe C, Iwanari H, Mochizuki Y, Hamakubo T, Matsuzaki F, Nagata KI, Mizutani KI. Prdm16 is crucial for progression of the multipolar phase during neural differentiation of the developing neocortex. Development 2016; 144:385-399. [PMID: 27993981 DOI: 10.1242/dev.136382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The precise control of neuronal migration and morphological changes during differentiation is essential for neocortical development. We hypothesized that the transition of progenitors through progressive stages of differentiation involves dynamic changes in levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), depending on cell requirements. We found that progenitors had higher levels of mtROS, but that these levels were significantly decreased with differentiation. The Prdm16 gene was identified as a candidate modulator of mtROS using microarray analysis, and was specifically expressed by progenitors in the ventricular zone. However, Prdm16 expression declined during the transition into NeuroD1-positive multipolar cells. Subsequently, repression of Prdm16 expression by NeuroD1 on the periphery of ventricular zone was crucial for appropriate progression of the multipolar phase and was required for normal cellular development. Furthermore, time-lapse imaging experiments revealed abnormal migration and morphological changes in Prdm16-overexpressing and -knockdown cells. Reporter assays and mtROS determinations demonstrated that PGC1α is a major downstream effector of Prdm16 and NeuroD1, and is required for regulation of the multipolar phase and characteristic modes of migration. Taken together, these data suggest that Prdm16 plays an important role in dynamic cellular redox changes in developing neocortex during neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Inoue
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 6190225, Japan
| | - Ryota Iwai
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 6190225, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tabata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Kasugai, Aichi 4800392, Japan
| | - Daijiro Konno
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe Institute, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mariko Komabayashi-Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 6190225, Japan
| | - Chisato Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 6190225, Japan
| | - Hiroko Iwanari
- Department of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1538904, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mochizuki
- Department of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1538904, Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Department of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1538904, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe Institute, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Kasugai, Aichi 4800392, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 6190225, Japan .,PRESTO "Development and Function of Neural Networks", Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 3320012, Japan
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Liu Y, Jiang B, Fu C, Hao R. Cloning and characterization of adipogenin and its overexpression enhances fat accumulation of bovine myosatellite cells. Gene 2016; 601:27-35. [PMID: 27914980 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenin (ADIG) is an adipocyte-specific membrane protein highly expressed in adipose tissues and is increased during the adipocyte differentiation. However, the roles and mechanisms of ADIG on fat accumulation and adipocyte differentiation in ex vivo still largely unknown. In this study, we isolated bovine myosatellite cells based on adhesion characteristics to investigate whether ADIG overexpression could promote trans-differentiation and increase fat accumulation in myosatellite cells. Immunofluorescence labeling was then used for the phenotypic characteristics of myosatellite. Our results showed that, after induction of differentiation, adenovirus mediated ADIG overexpression could upregulate expression level of PPARγ, and Oil Red O staining showed larger lipid drops compared to control groups. In consistent, key components of Hh signaling pathway were down regulated when infected with ADIG adenovirus, even though treated with inhibitor of Hh signaling pathway together could not induce further decrease. In addition, bioinformatics analysis of ADIG was also performed for its structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Henan Collaborative Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, China; Institute of Lung and Molecular Therapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, China
| | - Bijie Jiang
- Henan Collaborative Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, China; School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, China.
| | - Changzhen Fu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Ruijie Hao
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China
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Chaillou T, Lanner JT. Regulation of myogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration: effects of oxygen levels on satellite cell activity. FASEB J 2016; 30:3929-3941. [PMID: 27601440 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600757r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reduced oxygen (O2) levels (hypoxia) are present during embryogenesis and exposure to altitude and in pathologic conditions. During embryogenesis, myogenic progenitor cells reside in a hypoxic microenvironment, which may regulate their activity. Satellite cells are myogenic progenitor cells localized in a local environment, suggesting that the O2 level could affect their activity during muscle regeneration. In this review, we present the idea that O2 levels regulate myogenesis and muscle regeneration, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying myogenesis and muscle regeneration in hypoxia and depict therapeutic strategies using changes in O2 levels to promote muscle regeneration. Severe hypoxia (≤1% O2) appears detrimental for myogenic differentiation in vitro, whereas a 3-6% O2 level could promote myogenesis. Hypoxia impairs the regenerative capacity of injured muscles. Although it remains to be explored, hypoxia may contribute to the muscle damage observed in patients with pathologies associated with hypoxia (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and peripheral arterial disease). Hypoxia affects satellite cell activity and myogenesis through mechanisms dependent and independent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Finally, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and transplantation of hypoxia-conditioned myoblasts are beneficial procedures to enhance muscle regeneration in animals. These therapies may be clinically relevant to treatment of patients with severe muscle damage.-Chaillou, T. Lanner, J. T. Regulation of myogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration: effects of oxygen levels on satellite cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chaillou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Lanner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sellathurai J, Nielsen J, Hejbøl EK, Jørgensen LH, Dhawan J, Nielsen MFB, Schrøder HD. Low Oxygen Tension Enhances Expression of Myogenic Genes When Human Myoblasts Are Activated from G0 Arrest. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158860. [PMID: 27442119 PMCID: PMC4956100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Most cell culture studies have been performed at atmospheric oxygen tension of 21%, however the physiological oxygen tension is much lower and is a factor that may affect skeletal muscle myoblasts. In this study we have compared activation of G0 arrested myoblasts in 21% O2 and in 1% O2 in order to see how oxygen tension affects activation and proliferation of human myoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human myoblasts were isolated from skeletal muscle tissue and G0 arrested in vitro followed by reactivation at 21% O2 and 1% O2. The effect was assesses by Real-time RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found an increase in proliferation rate of myoblasts when activated at a low oxygen tension (1% O2) compared to 21% O2. In addition, the gene expression studies showed up regulation of the myogenesis related genes PAX3, PAX7, MYOD, MYOG (myogenin), MET, NCAM, DES (desmin), MEF2A, MEF2C and CDH15 (M-cadherin), however, the fraction of DES and MYOD positive cells was not increased by low oxygen tension, indicating that 1% O2 may not have a functional effect on the myogenic response. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in the TGFβ, Notch and Wnt signaling pathways were also up regulated in low oxygen tension. The differences in gene expression were most pronounced at day one after activation from G0-arrest, thus the initial activation of myoblasts seemed most sensitive to changes in oxygen tension. Protein expression of HES1 and β-catenin indicated that notch signaling may be induced in 21% O2, while the canonical Wnt signaling may be induced in 1% O2 during activation and proliferation of myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva Sellathurai
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail: (JS); (HDS)
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eva Kildall Hejbøl
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Louise Helskov Jørgensen
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Henrik Daa Schrøder
- Institute of Clinical Research, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail: (JS); (HDS)
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In situ characterization of the mTORC1 during adipogenesis of human adult stem cells on chip. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4143-50. [PMID: 27382182 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601207113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central kinase integrating nutrient, energy, and metabolite signals. The kinase forms two distinct complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 plays an essential but undefined regulatory function for regeneration of adipose tissue. Analysis of mTOR in general is hampered by the complexity of regulatory mechanisms, including protein interactions and/or phosphorylation, in an ever-changing cellular microenvironment. Here, we developed a microfluidic large-scale integration chip platform for culturing and differentiating human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) in 128 separated microchambers under standardized nutrient conditions over 3 wk. The progression of the stem cell differentiation was measured by determining the lipid accumulation rates in hASC cultures. For in situ protein analytics, we developed a multiplex in situ proximity ligation assay (mPLA) that can detect mTOR in its two complexes selectively in single cells and implemented it on the same chip. With this combined technology, it was possible to reveal that the mTORC1 is regulated in its abundance, phosphorylation state, and localization in coordination with lysosomes during adipogenesis. High-content image analysis and parameterization of the in situ PLA signals in over 1 million cells cultured on four individual chips showed that mTORC1 and lysosomes are temporally and spatially coordinated but not in its composition during adipogenesis.
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The Emergence of Physiology and Form: Natural Selection Revisited. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5020015. [PMID: 27534726 PMCID: PMC4929529 DOI: 10.3390/biology5020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural Selection describes how species have evolved differentially, but it is descriptive, non-mechanistic. What mechanisms does Nature use to accomplish this feat? One known way in which ancient natural forces affect development, phylogeny and physiology is through gravitational effects that have evolved as mechanotransduction, seen in the lung, kidney and bone, linking as molecular homologies to skin and brain. Tracing the ontogenetic and phylogenetic changes that have facilitated mechanotransduction identifies specific homologous cell-types and functional molecular markers for lung homeostasis that reveal how and why complex physiologic traits have evolved from the unicellular to the multicellular state. Such data are reinforced by their reverse-evolutionary patterns in chronic degenerative diseases. The physiologic responses of model organisms like Dictyostelium and yeast to gravity provide deep comparative molecular phenotypic homologies, revealing mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) as the final common pathway for vertical integration of vertebrate physiologic evolution; mTOR integrates calcium/lipid epistatic balance as both the proximate and ultimate positive selection pressure for vertebrate physiologic evolution. The commonality of all vertebrate structure-function relationships can be reduced to calcium/lipid homeostatic regulation as the fractal unit of vertebrate physiology, demonstrating the primacy of the unicellular state as the fundament of physiologic evolution.
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38
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Muscle Satellite Cells: Exploring the Basic Biology to Rule Them. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1078686. [PMID: 27042182 PMCID: PMC4794588 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1078686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle is a postmitotic tissue with an enormous capacity to regenerate upon injury. This is accomplished by resident stem cells, named satellite cells, which were identified more than 50 years ago. Since their discovery, many researchers have been concentrating efforts to answer questions about their origin and role in muscle development, the way they contribute to muscle regeneration, and their potential to cell-based therapies. Satellite cells are maintained in a quiescent state and upon requirement are activated, proliferating, and fusing with other cells to form or repair myofibers. In addition, they are able to self-renew and replenish the stem pool. Every phase of satellite cell activity is highly regulated and orchestrated by many molecules and signaling pathways; the elucidation of players and mechanisms involved in satellite cell biology is of extreme importance, being the first step to expose the crucial points that could be modulated to extract the optimal response from these cells in therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the basic aspects about satellite cells biology and briefly discuss recent findings about therapeutic attempts, trying to raise questions about how basic biology could provide a solid scaffold to more successful use of these cells in clinics.
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39
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Hardy D, Besnard A, Latil M, Jouvion G, Briand D, Thépenier C, Pascal Q, Guguin A, Gayraud-Morel B, Cavaillon JM, Tajbakhsh S, Rocheteau P, Chrétien F. Comparative Study of Injury Models for Studying Muscle Regeneration in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147198. [PMID: 26807982 PMCID: PMC4726569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A longstanding goal in regenerative medicine is to reconstitute functional tissus or organs after injury or disease. Attention has focused on the identification and relative contribution of tissue specific stem cells to the regeneration process. Relatively little is known about how the physiological process is regulated by other tissue constituents. Numerous injury models are used to investigate tissue regeneration, however, these models are often poorly understood. Specifically, for skeletal muscle regeneration several models are reported in the literature, yet the relative impact on muscle physiology and the distinct cells types have not been extensively characterised. Methods We have used transgenic Tg:Pax7nGFP and Flk1GFP/+ mouse models to respectively count the number of muscle stem (satellite) cells (SC) and number/shape of vessels by confocal microscopy. We performed histological and immunostainings to assess the differences in the key regeneration steps. Infiltration of immune cells, chemokines and cytokines production was assessed in vivo by Luminex®. Results We compared the 4 most commonly used injury models i.e. freeze injury (FI), barium chloride (BaCl2), notexin (NTX) and cardiotoxin (CTX). The FI was the most damaging. In this model, up to 96% of the SCs are destroyed with their surrounding environment (basal lamina and vasculature) leaving a “dead zone” devoid of viable cells. The regeneration process itself is fulfilled in all 4 models with virtually no fibrosis 28 days post-injury, except in the FI model. Inflammatory cells return to basal levels in the CTX, BaCl2 but still significantly high 1-month post-injury in the FI and NTX models. Interestingly the number of SC returned to normal only in the FI, 1-month post-injury, with SCs that are still cycling up to 3-months after the induction of the injury in the other models. Conclusions Our studies show that the nature of the injury model should be chosen carefully depending on the experimental design and desired outcome. Although in all models the muscle regenerates completely, the trajectories of the regenerative process vary considerably. Furthermore, we show that histological parameters are not wholly sufficient to declare that regeneration is complete as molecular alterations (e.g. cycling SCs, cytokines) could have a major persistent impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hardy
- Institut Pasteur, Human histopathology and animal models Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
- Paris Est University, Créteil, France
| | - Aurore Besnard
- Institut Pasteur, Human histopathology and animal models Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Latil
- Institut Pasteur, Human histopathology and animal models Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Institut Pasteur, Human histopathology and animal models Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris France
| | - David Briand
- Institut Pasteur, Human histopathology and animal models Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Thépenier
- Institut Pasteur, Human histopathology and animal models Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
- IRBA, Unité Interactions Hôte-Agents Pathogènes, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Quentin Pascal
- Institut Pasteur, Human histopathology and animal models Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Guguin
- Inserm, U955, Plateforme de Cytométrie en Flux, Créteil, France
| | - Barbara Gayraud-Morel
- Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells & Development Unit, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Cavaillon
- Institut Pasteur, Cytokines and Inflammation Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Shahragim Tajbakhsh
- Institut Pasteur, Stem Cells & Development Unit, Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Rocheteau
- Institut Pasteur, Human histopathology and animal models Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Chrétien
- Institut Pasteur, Human histopathology and animal models Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris France
- Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Laboratoire de Neuropathologie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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McCormick R, Pearson T, Vasilaki A. Manipulation of environmental oxygen modifies reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generation during myogenesis. Redox Biol 2016; 8:243-51. [PMID: 26827127 PMCID: PMC4753392 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated changes in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) activities are important in maintaining the normal sequence and development of myogenesis. Both excessive formation and reduction in RONS have been shown to affect muscle differentiation in a negative way. Cultured cells are typically grown in 20% O2 but this is not an appropriate physiological concentration for a number of cell types, including skeletal muscle. The aim was to examine the generation of RONS in cultured skeletal muscle cells under a physiological oxygen concentration condition (6% O2) and determine the effect on muscle myogenesis. Primary mouse satellite cells were grown in 20% or 6% O2 environments and RONS activity was measured at different stages of myogenesis by real-time fluorescent microscopy using fluorescent probes with different specificities i.e. dihydroethidium (DHE), 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM DA) and 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2′,7′ -dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (CM-DCFH-DA). Data demonstrate that satellite cell proliferation increased when cells were grown in 6% O2 compared with 20% O2. Myoblasts grown in 20% O2 showed an increase in DCF fluorescence and DHE oxidation compared with myoblasts grown at 6% O2. Myotubes grown in 20% O2 also showed an increase in DCF and DAF-FM fluorescence and DHE oxidation compared with myotubes grown in 6% O2. The catalase and MnSOD contents were also increased in myoblasts and myotubes that were maintained in 20% O2 compared with myoblasts and myotubes grown in 6% O2. These data indicate that intracellular RONS activities in myoblasts and myotubes at rest are influenced by changes in environmental oxygen concentration and that the increased ROS may influence myogenesis in a negative manner. Environmental O2 concentrations were found to influence myogenesis in vitro. Proliferation of primary muscle cells was increased when cells were grown in 6% O2. Cells grown in 20% O2 showed increased RONS formation compared with cells in 6% O2. Cells grown in 20% O2 had higher antioxidant defence enzyme contents. These data suggest that RONS generated at 20% O2 may limit myogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel McCormick
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Timothy Pearson
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK.
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Heterochrony as Diachronically Modified Cell-Cell Interactions. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5010004. [PMID: 26784244 PMCID: PMC4810161 DOI: 10.3390/biology5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heterochrony is an enabling concept in evolution theory that metaphorically captures the mechanism of biologic change due to mechanisms of growth and development. The spatio-temporal patterns of morphogenesis are determined by cell-to-cell signaling mediated by specific soluble growth factors and their cognate receptors on nearby cells of different germline origins. Subsequently, down-stream production of second messengers generates patterns of form and function. Environmental upheavals such as Romer’s hypothesized drying up of bodies of water globally caused the vertebrate water-land transition. That transition caused physiologic stress, modifying cell-cell signaling to generate terrestrial adaptations of the skeleton, lung, skin, kidney and brain. These tissue-specific remodeling events occurred as a result of the duplication of the Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein Receptor (PTHrPR) gene, expressed in mesodermal fibroblasts in close proximity to ubiquitously expressed endodermal PTHrP, amplifying this signaling pathway. Examples of how and why PTHrPR amplification affected the ontogeny, phylogeny, physiology and pathophysiology of the lung are used to substantiate and further our understanding through insights to the heterochronic mechanisms of evolution, such as the fish swim bladder evolving into the vertebrate lung, interrelated by such functional homologies as surfactant and mechanotransduction. Instead of the conventional description of this phenomenon, lung evolution can now be understood as adaptive changes in the cellular-molecular signaling mechanisms underlying its ontogeny and phylogeny.
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Torday JS, Rehan VK. On the evolution of the pulmonary alveolar lipofibroblast. Exp Cell Res 2015; 340:215-9. [PMID: 26706109 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary alveolar lipofibroblast was first reported in 1970. Since then its development, structure, function and molecular characteristics have been determined. Its capacity to actively absorb, store and 'traffic' neutral lipid for protection of the alveolus against oxidant injury, and for the active supply of substrate for lung surfactant phospholipid production have offered the opportunity to identify a number of specialized functions of these strategically placed cells. Namely, Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein (PTHrP) signaling, expression of Adipocyte Differentiation Related Protein, leptin, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma, and the prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2- which are all stretch-regulated, explaining how and why surfactant production is 'on-demand' in service to ventilation-perfusion matching. Because of the central role of the lipofibroblast in vertebrate lung physiologic evolution, it is a Rosetta Stone for understanding how and why the lung evolved in adaptation to terrestrial life, beginning with the duplication of the PTHrP Receptor some 300 mya. Moreover, such detailed knowledge of the workings of the lipofibroblast have provided insight to the etiology and effective treatment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia based on physiologic principles rather than on pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Torday
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502-2006, USA.
| | - Virender K Rehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502-2006, USA.
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Frechette DM, Krishnamoorthy D, Adler BJ, Chan ME, Rubin CT. Diminished satellite cells and elevated adipogenic gene expression in muscle as caused by ovariectomy are averted by low-magnitude mechanical signals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:27-36. [PMID: 25930028 PMCID: PMC4491530 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01020.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related degeneration of the musculoskeletal system, accelerated by menopause, is further complicated by increased systemic and muscular adiposity. The purpose of this study was to identify at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels the impact of ovariectomy on adiposity and satellite cell populations in mice and whether mechanical signals could influence any outcomes. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were ovariectomized, with one half subjected to low-intensity vibration (LIV; 0.3 g/90 Hz, 15 min/day, 5 day/wk; n = 10) for 6 wk and the others sham vibrated (OVX; n = 10). Data are compared with age-matched, intact controls (AC; n = 10). In vivo μCT analysis showed that OVX mice gained 43% total (P < 0.001) and 125% visceral adiposity (P < 0.001) compared with their baseline after 6 wk, whereas LIV gained only 21% total (P = 0.01) and 70% visceral adiposity (P < 0.01). Relative to AC, expression of adipogenic genes (PPARγ, FABP4, PPARδ, and FoxO1) was upregulated in OVX muscle (P < 0.05), whereas LIV reduced these levels (P < 0.05). Adipogenic gene expression was inversely related to the percentage of total and reserve satellite cell populations in the muscle, with both declining in OVX compared with AC (-21 and -28%, respectively, P < 0.01). LIV mitigated these declines (-11 and -17%, respectively). These results provide further evidence of the negative consequences of estrogen depletion and demonstrate that mechanical signals have the potential to interrupt subsequent adipogenic gene expression and satellite cell suppression, emphasizing the importance of physical signals in protecting musculoskeletal integrity and slowing the fat phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin J Adler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - M Ete Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Clinton T Rubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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44
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Torday JS. Pleiotropy as the Mechanism for Evolving Novelty: Same Signal, Different Result. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:443-59. [PMID: 26103090 PMCID: PMC4498309 DOI: 10.3390/biology4020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the probabilistic way of thinking about pleiotropy as the random expression of a single gene that generates two or more distinct phenotypic traits, it is actually a deterministic consequence of the evolution of complex physiology from the unicellular state. Pleiotropic novelties emerge through recombinations and permutations of cell-cell signaling exercised during reproduction based on both past and present physical and physiologic conditions, in service to the future needs of the organism for its continued survival. Functional homologies ranging from the lung to the kidney, skin, brain, thyroid and pituitary exemplify the evolutionary mechanistic strategy of pleiotropy. The power of this perspective is exemplified by the resolution of evolutionary gradualism and punctuated equilibrium in much the same way that Niels Bohr resolved the paradoxical duality of light as Complementarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Torday
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502-2006, USA.
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45
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Sciorati C, Clementi E, Manfredi AA, Rovere-Querini P. Fat deposition and accumulation in the damaged and inflamed skeletal muscle: cellular and molecular players. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2135-56. [PMID: 25854633 PMCID: PMC11113943 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The skeletal muscle has the capacity to repair damage by the activation and differentiation of fiber sub-laminar satellite cells. Regeneration impairment due to reduced satellite cells number and/or functional capacity leads to fiber substitution with ectopic tissues including fat and fibrous tissue and to the loss of muscle functions. Muscle mesenchymal cells that in physiological conditions sustain or directly contribute to regeneration differentiate in adipocytes in patients with persistent damage and inflammation of the skeletal muscle. These cells comprise the fibro-adipogenic precursors, the PW1-expressing cells and some interstitial cells associated with vessels (pericytes, mesoangioblasts and myoendothelial cells). Resident fibroblasts that are responsible for collagen deposition and extracellular matrix remodeling during regeneration yield fibrotic tissue and can differentiate into adipose cells. Some authors have also proposed that satellite cells themselves could transdifferentiate into adipocytes, although recent results by lineage tracing techniques seem to put this theory to discussion. This review summarizes findings about muscle resident mesenchymal cell differentiation in adipocytes and recapitulates the molecular mediators involved in intramuscular adipose tissue deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sciorati
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy,
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46
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A central theory of biology. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:49-57. [PMID: 25911556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The history of physiologic cellular-molecular interrelationships can be traced all the way back to the unicellular state by following the pathway formed by lipids ubiquitously accommodating calcium homeostasis, and its consequent adaptive effects on oxygen uptake by cells, tissues and organs. As a result, a cohesive, mechanistically integrated view of physiology can be formulated by recognizing the continuum comprising conception, development, physiologic homeostasis and death mediated by soluble growth factor signaling. Seeing such seemingly disparate processes as embryogenesis, chronic disease and dying as the gain and subsequent loss of cell-cell signaling provides a novel perspective for physiology and medicine. It is emblematic of the self-organizing, self-referential nature of life, starting from its origins. Such organizing principles obviate the pitfalls of teleologic evolution, conversely providing a way of resolving such seeming dichotomies as holism and reductionism, genotype and phenotype, emergence and contingence, proximate and ultimate causation in evolution, cells and organisms. The proposed approach is scale-free and predictive, offering a Central Theory of Biology.
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47
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Ryall JG, Dell'Orso S, Derfoul A, Juan A, Zare H, Feng X, Clermont D, Koulnis M, Gutierrez-Cruz G, Fulco M, Sartorelli V. The NAD(+)-dependent SIRT1 deacetylase translates a metabolic switch into regulatory epigenetics in skeletal muscle stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16:171-83. [PMID: 25600643 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells undergo a shift in metabolic substrate utilization during specification and/or differentiation, a process that has been termed metabolic reprogramming. Here, we report that during the transition from quiescence to proliferation, skeletal muscle stem cells experience a metabolic switch from fatty acid oxidation to glycolysis. This reprogramming of cellular metabolism decreases intracellular NAD(+) levels and the activity of the histone deacetylase SIRT1, leading to elevated H4K16 acetylation and activation of muscle gene transcription. Selective genetic ablation of the SIRT1 deacetylase domain in skeletal muscle results in increased H4K16 acetylation and deregulated activation of the myogenic program in SCs. Moreover, mice with muscle-specific inactivation of the SIRT1 deacetylase domain display reduced myofiber size, impaired muscle regeneration, and derepression of muscle developmental genes. Overall, these findings reveal how metabolic cues can be mechanistically translated into epigenetic modifications that regulate skeletal muscle stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Ryall
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20829, USA
| | - Stefania Dell'Orso
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20829, USA
| | - Assia Derfoul
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20829, USA
| | - Aster Juan
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20829, USA
| | - Hossein Zare
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20829, USA
| | - Xuesong Feng
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20829, USA
| | - Daphney Clermont
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20829, USA
| | - Miroslav Koulnis
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20829, USA
| | - Gustavo Gutierrez-Cruz
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20829, USA
| | - Marcella Fulco
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20829, USA
| | - Vittorio Sartorelli
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20829, USA.
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Rehan VK, Torday JS. The lung alveolar lipofibroblast: an evolutionary strategy against neonatal hyperoxic lung injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1893-904. [PMID: 24386954 PMCID: PMC4202930 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxygen, the main mode of support for premature infants with immature lungs, can cause toxicity by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that disrupt homeostasis; yet, these same molecules were entrained to promote vertebrate lung phylogeny. By providing a deeper understanding of this paradox, we propose physiologically rational strategies to prevent chronic lung disease (CLD) of prematurity. RECENT ADVANCES To prevent neonatal hyperoxic lung damage biologically, we have exploited the alveolar defense mechanism(s) that evolutionarily evolved to combat increased atmospheric oxygen during the vertebrate water to land transition. CRITICAL ISSUES Over the course of vertebrate lung evolution, ROS promoted the formation of lipofibroblasts, specialized adepithelial cells, which protect the alveoli against oxidant injury; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), the master switch for lipofibroblast differentiation, prevents such oxidant lung injury, both by directly promoting mesodermal differentiation and its antioxidant defenses, and indirectly by stimulating the developmental epithelial-mesenchymal paracrine interactions that have physiologically determined lung surfactant production in accord with the lung's phylogenetic adaptation to atmospheric oxygen, preventing Respiratory Distress Syndrome at birth. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The molecular strategy (PPARγ agonists) to prevent CLD of prematurity, proposed by us, although seems to be robust, effective, and safe under experimental conditions, it awaits detailed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies for its safe and effective clinical translation to human infants. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 21, 1893-1904. "I have procured air [oxygen]…between five and six times as good as the best common air that I have ever met with." -Joseph Priestley, 1775.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender K Rehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, California
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Cheng CS, Davis BNJ, Madden L, Bursac N, Truskey GA. Physiology and metabolism of tissue-engineered skeletal muscle. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1203-14. [PMID: 24912506 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214538589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a major target for tissue engineering, given its relative size in the body, fraction of cardiac output that passes through muscle beds, as well as its key role in energy metabolism and diabetes, and the need for therapies for muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophy and sarcopenia. To date, most studies with tissue-engineered skeletal muscle have utilized murine and rat cell sources. On the other hand, successful engineering of functional human muscle would enable different applications including improved methods for preclinical testing of drugs and therapies. Some of the requirements for engineering functional skeletal muscle include expression of adult forms of muscle proteins, comparable contractile forces to those produced by native muscle, and physiological force-length and force-frequency relations. This review discusses the various strategies and challenges associated with these requirements, specific applications with cultured human myoblasts, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Brittany N J Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lauran Madden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Flann KL, Rathbone CR, Cole LC, Liu X, Allen RE, Rhoads RP. Hypoxia simultaneously alters satellite cell-mediated angiogenesis and hepatocyte growth factor expression. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:572-9. [PMID: 24122166 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a multifaceted process requiring the spatial and temporal coordination of myogenesis as well as angiogenesis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays a pivotal role in myogenesis by activating satellite cells (SC) in regenerating muscle and likely plays a role as a contributor to revascularization. Moreover, repair of a functional blood supply is critical to ameliorate tissue ischemia and restore skeletal muscle function, however effects of hypoxia on satellite cell-mediated angiogenesis remain unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the role of HGF and effect of hypoxia on the capacity of satellite cells to promote angiogenesis. To characterize the role of HGF, a microvascular fragment (MVF) culture model coupled with satellite cell conditioned media (CM) was employed. The activity of HGF was specifically blocked in SC CM reducing sprout length compared to control CM. In contrast, MVF sprout number did not differ between control or HGF-deficient SC CM media. Next, we cultured MVF in the presence of CM from satellite cells exposed to normoxic (20% O2 ) or hypoxic (1% O2 ) conditions. Hypoxic CM recapitulated a MVF angiogenic response identical to HGF deficient satellite cell CM. Hypoxic conditions increased satellite cell HIF-1α protein abundance and VEGF mRNA abundance but decreased HGF mRNA abundance compared to normoxic satellite cells. Consistent with reduced HGF gene expression, HGF promoter activity decreased during hypoxia. Taken together, this data indicates that hypoxic modulation of satellite cell-mediated angiogenesis involves a reduction in satellite cell HGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Flann
- Physiological Sciences Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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