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Parenti M, Melough MM, Lapehn S, MacDonald J, Bammler T, Firsick EJ, Choi HY, Derefinko KJ, Enquobahrie DA, Carroll KN, LeWinn KZ, Bush NR, Zhao Q, Sathyanarayana S, Paquette AG. Associations Between Prenatal Vitamin D and Placental Gene Expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.593571. [PMID: 38765981 PMCID: PMC11100832 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.593571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Vitamin D is a hormone regulating gene transcription. Prenatal vitamin D has been linked to immune and vascular function in the placenta, a key organ of pregnancy. To date, studies of vitamin D and placental gene expression have focused on a limited number of candidate genes. Transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing can provide a more complete representation of the placental effects of vitamin D. Objective We investigated the association between prenatal vitamin D levels and placental gene expression in a large, prospective pregnancy cohort. Methods Participants were recruited in Shelby County, Tennessee in the Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early childhood (CANDLE) study. Vitamin D level (plasma total 25-hydroxyvitatmin D, [25(OH)D]) was measured at mid-pregnancy (16-28 weeks' gestation) and delivery. Placenta samples were collected at birth. RNA was isolated and sequenced. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using adjusted linear regression models. We also conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Results The median 25(OH)D of participants was 21.8 ng/mL at mid-pregnancy (N=774, IQR: 15.4-26.5 ng/mL) and 23.6 ng/mL at delivery (N=753, IQR: 16.8-29.1 ng/mL). Placental expression of 25 DEGs was associated with 25(OH)D at mid-pregnancy, but no DEG was associated with 25(OH)D at delivery. DEGs were related to energy metabolism, cytoskeletal function, and RNA transcription. Using WGCNA, we identified 2 gene modules whose expression was associated with 25(OH)D at mid-pregnancy and 1 module associated with 25(OH)D at delivery. These modules were enriched for genes related to mitochondrial and cytoskeletal function, and were regulated by transcription factors including ARNT2, BHLHE40, FOSL2, JUND, and NFKB1. Conclusions Our results indicate that 25(OH)D during mid-pregnancy, but not at delivery, is associated with placental gene expression at birth. Future research is needed to investigate a potential role of vitamin D in programming placental mitochondrial metabolism, intracellular transport, and transcriptional regulation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Parenti
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Melissa M. Melough
- Department of Health Behavior and Nutrition Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Samantha Lapehn
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - James MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Theo Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Evan J. Firsick
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hyo Young Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Karen J. Derefinko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | - Kecia N. Carroll
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kaja Z. LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nicole R. Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alison G. Paquette
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Lee S, Kim JH, Kim M, Hong S, Park H, Kim EJ, Kim EY, Lee C, Sohn Y, Jung HS. Exploring the Anti-Osteoporotic Potential of Daucosterol: Impact on Osteoclast and Osteoblast Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16465. [PMID: 38003654 PMCID: PMC10671633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a debilitating condition characterized by reduced bone mass and density, leading to compromised structural integrity of the bones. While conventional treatments, such as bisphosphonates and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), have been employed to mitigate bone loss, their effectiveness is often compromised by a spectrum of adverse side effects, ranging from gastrointestinal discomfort and musculoskeletal pain to more severe concerns like atypical fractures and hormonal imbalances. Daucosterol (DC), a natural compound derived from various plant sources, has recently garnered considerable attention in the field of pharmacology. In this study, we investigated the anti-osteoporosis potential of DC by characterizing its role in osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoporosis. The inhibitory effect of DC on osteoclast differentiation was determined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, F-actin ring formation by fluorescent staining, and bone resorption by pit formation assay. In addition, the calcification nodule deposition effect of osteoblasts was determined by Alizarin red S staining. The effective mechanisms of both cells were verified by Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). To confirm the effect of DC in vivo, DC was administered to a model of osteoporosis by intraperitoneal administration of LPS. The anti-osteoporosis effect was then characterized by micro-CT and serum analysis. The results showed that DC effectively inhibited osteoclast differentiation at an early stage, promoted osteoblast activity, and inhibited LPS-induced bone density loss. The results of this study suggest that DC can treat osteoporosis through osteoclast and osteoblast regulation, and therefore may be considered as a new therapeutic alternative for osteoporosis patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hyuk Sang Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyunghee dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02-447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (J.-H.K.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (H.P.); (E.J.K.); (E.-Y.K.); (C.L.); (Y.S.)
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Qiu H, Hosking C, Rothzerg E, Samantha A, Chen K, Kuek V, Jin H, Zhu S, Vrielink A, Lim K, Foley M, Xu J. ADR3, a next generation i-body to human RANKL, inhibits osteoclast formation and bone resorption. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102889. [PMID: 36634847 PMCID: PMC9929471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a chronic skeletal condition characterized by low bone mass and deteriorated microarchitecture of bone tissue and puts tens of millions of people at high risk of fractures. New therapeutic agents like i-bodies, a class of next-generation single-domain antibodies, are needed to overcome some limitations of conventional treatments. An i-body is a human immunoglobulin scaffold with two long binding loops that mimic the shape and position of those found in shark antibodies, the variable new antigen receptors of sharks. Its small size (∼12 kDa) and long binding loops provide access to drug targets, which are considered undruggable by traditional monoclonal antibodies. Here, we have successfully identified a human receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) i-body, ADR3, which demonstrates a high binding affinity to human RANKL (hRANKL) with no adverse effect on the survival or proliferation of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Differential scanning fluorimetry suggested that ADR3 is stable and able to tolerate a wide range of physical environments (including both temperature and pH). In addition, in vitro studies showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of ADR3 on osteoclast differentiation, podosome belt formation, and bone resorption activity. Further investigation on the mechanism of action of ADR3 revealed that it can inhibit hRANKL-mediated signaling pathways, supporting the in vitro functional observations. These clues collectively indicate that hRANKL antagonist ADR3 attenuates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, with the potential to serve as a novel therapeutic to protect against bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Qiu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Hosking
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia,AdAlta Pty. Ltd, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emel Rothzerg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ariela Samantha
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vincent Kuek
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia,Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Haiming Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia,AdAlta Pty. Ltd, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Foley
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia,AdAlta Pty. Ltd, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Lee S, Kim M, Hong S, Kim EJ, Kim JH, Sohn Y, Jung HS. Effects of Sparganii Rhizoma on Osteoclast Formation and Osteoblast Differentiation and on an OVX-Induced Bone Loss Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:797892. [PMID: 35058781 PMCID: PMC8764242 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts and causes severe bone loss. Osteoporotic medicines are classified into bone resorption inhibitors and bone formation promoters according to the mechanism of action. Long-term use of bisphosphonate and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) can cause severe side effects in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients. Therefore, it is important to find alternative natural products that reduce osteoclast activity and increase osteoblast formation. Sparganii Rhizoma (SR) is the dried tuberous rhizome of Sparganium stoloniferum Buchanan-Hamilton and is called “samreung” in Korea. However, to date, the effect of SR on osteoclast differentiation and the ovariectomized (OVX)-induced bone loss model has not been reported. In vitro, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, western blots, RT-PCR and other methods were used to examine the effect of SR on osteoclast differentiation and osteoblasts. In vivo, we confirmed the effect of SR in a model of OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis. SR inhibited osteoclast differentiation and decreased the expression of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) and c-Fos pathway. In addition, SR stimulates osteoblast differentiation and increased protein expression of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/SMAD signaling pathway. Moreover, SR protected against bone loss in OVX-induced rats. Our results appear to advance our knowledge of SR and successfully demonstrate its potential role as a osteoclastogenesis-inhibiting and osteogenesis-promoting herbal medicine for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyub Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minsun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyeon Hong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eom Ji Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngjoo Sohn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Exogenous adenosine activates A2A adenosine receptor to inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via AP-1 pathway to facilitate bone repair. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:2003-2014. [PMID: 34846650 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine is a purine nucleoside involved in regulating bone homeostasis through binding to A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R, respectively). However, the underlying mechanisms by which adenosine and receptor subtypes regulate osteoclast differentiation remain uncertain. This study aims to assess the role of exogenous adenosine and receptor subtypes in receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS The nanofibrous mats incorporated with adenosine exhibited robust ability to facilitate rat critical-size calvarial defect healing with decreased number of osteoclasts. Moreover, exogenous adenosine substantially enhanced the expression of A2AR and suppressed tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast formation and expression of osteoclast-related genes Ctsk, NFATc1, MMP9, and ACP5. This enhancement and suppression could be reversed by adding an A2AR antagonist, ZM241385, in RAW264.7 cells. Finally, RNA sequencing showed that the expression of Fos-related antigen 2 (Fra2) was distinctly downregulated through stimulation of adenosine in RAW264.7 cells treated with RANKL. This downregulation was reversed by ZM241385 according to real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that exogenous adenosine binding to A2AR attenuated osteoclast differentiation via the inhibition of activating protein-1 (AP-1, including Fra2 subunit) pathway both in vitro and in vivo.
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Kim JH, Shin H, Kim M, Kim S, Song K, Jung HS, Sohn Y. Solanum nigrum Line inhibits osteoclast differentiation and suppresses bone mineral density reduction in the ovariectomy‑induced osteoporosis model. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:607. [PMID: 34184079 PMCID: PMC8240179 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is maintained by osteoclasts that absorb bone and osteoblasts that form bone tissue. Menopausal osteoporosis is a disease associated with aging and hormonal changes due to menopause causing abnormal activation of osteoclasts, resulting in a decrease in bone density. Existing treatments for osteoporosis have been reported to have serious side effects, such as jawbone necrosis and breast and uterine cancer; therefore, their use by patients is decreasing, whilst studies focusing on alternative treatments are increasingly popular. Solanum nigrum Line (SL) has been used as a medicinal plant that possesses several pharmacological effects, such as anti‑inflammatory and hepatotoxic protective effects. To the best of our knowledge, however, its effects on osteoporosis and osteoclasts have not been demonstrated previously. In the present study, the anti‑osteoporotic effect of SL was investigated using a postmenopausal model of osteoporosis in which Sprague‑Dawley rat ovaries were extracted. In addition, the inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation and function of SL was confirmed using an osteoclast model treated with receptor activator of NF‑κB ligand (RANKL) on murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. In vivo experiments showed that SL reduced the decrease in bone mineral density and improved changes in the morphological index of bone microstructure, such as trabecular number and separation. In addition, the number of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase‑positive cells in the femur and the expression levels of nuclear factor of activated T‑cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and cathepsin K protein were inhibited. In vitro, SL suppressed RANKL‑induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption ability; this was mediated by NFATc1/c‑Fos, a key transcription factor involved in osteoclast differentiation, ultimately inhibiting expression of various osteoclast‑associated genes. These experimental results show that SL may be an alternative treatment for osteoporosis caused by abnormal activation of osteoclasts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02-447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajeong Shin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02-447, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02-447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02-447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangchan Song
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02-447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02-447, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Sohn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02-447, Republic of Korea
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Kim M, Kim JH, Hong S, Kwon B, Kim EY, Jung HS, Sohn Y. Effects of Melandrium firmum Rohrbach on RANKL‑induced osteoclast differentiation and OVX rats. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:610. [PMID: 34184080 PMCID: PMC8258467 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD), which results in an increased risk of fracture. Melandrium firmum (Siebold & Zucc.) Rohrbach (MFR), 'Wangbulryuhaeng' in Korean, is the dried aerial portion of Melandrii Herba Rohrbach, which is a member of the Caryophyllaceae family and has been used to treat several gynecological conditions as a traditional medicine. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of MFR on osteoclast differentiation and osteoporosis has not been assessed. To evaluate the effects of MFR on osteoclast differentiation, tartrate‑resistant acid phosphatase staining, actin ring formation and bone resorption assays were used. Additionally, receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB ligand‑induced expression of nuclear factor of activated T cell, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and c‑Fos were measured using western blotting and reverse transcription‑PCR. The expression levels of osteoclast‑related genes were also examined. To further investigate the anti‑osteoporotic effects of MFR in vivo, an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of menopausal osteoporosis was established. Subsequently, the femoral head was scanned using micro‑computed tomography. The results revealed that MFR suppressed osteoclast differentiation, formation and function. Specifically, MFR reduced the expression levels of osteoclast‑related genes by downregulating transcription factors, such as NFATc1 and c‑Fos. Consistent with the in vitro results, administration of MFR water extract to OVX rats reduced BMD loss, and reduced the expression levels of NFATc1 and cathepsin K in the femoral head. In conclusion, MFR may contribute to alleviate osteoporosis‑like symptoms. These results suggested that MFR may exhibit potential for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeon Hong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Boguen Kwon
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Sohn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Yang Y, Tang N, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Cao X, Liu L, Xia W, Li P, Yang Y. A novel homozygous nonsense mutation in the CA2 gene (c.368G>A, p.W123X) linked to carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome in a Chinese family. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:589-599. [PMID: 33555497 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome is an autosomal recessive osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcifications. We tried to detect the causative mutation for carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome in a five-generation Chinese family. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of the proband, his grandmother, parents, aunt, uncle and sister. The exomes were sequenced by whole exon sequencing followed by genetic analysis and Sanger sequencing validation. Then, physical and chemical properties studies and structure analysis were performed on mutated protein. Finally, Minigene model of vector plasmids for wild type and mutant type was constructed and transfected into human embryonic kidney 293T cells to further explore the expression change of CA2 transcript and protein after mutation. RESULTS Sequencing and genetic analysis have revealed the homozygous nonsense mutation of CA2 gene (c.368G > A, p.W123X) in the exon 4 of chromosome 8 of the proband, while it was not found in his grandmother, parents, aunt, uncle and sister. Furthermore, Sanger sequencing in the proband and his parents validated the mutation. Properties and structure of mutated CA2 proteins changed after mutation, especially in change of protein modification and hindrance of zinc ions binding, which may lead to decreased protein expression level of CA2. CONCLUSIONS We found a new homozygous nonsense mutation in CA2 gene (c.368G > A, p.W123X), which may be valuable in the early diagnosis and therapy of carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Nie Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Limei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengqiu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China.
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The Role of Ca 2+-NFATc1 Signaling and Its Modulation on Osteoclastogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103646. [PMID: 32455661 PMCID: PMC7279283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing of intracellular calcium concentration is a fundamental process for mediating osteoclastogenesis, which is involved in osteoclastic bone resorption. Cytosolic calcium binds to calmodulin and subsequently activates calcineurin, leading to NFATc1 activation, a master transcription factor required for osteoclast differentiation. Targeting the various activation processes in osteoclastogenesis provides various therapeutic strategies for bone loss. Diverse compounds that modulate calcium signaling have been applied to regulate osteoclast differentiation and, subsequently, attenuate bone loss. Thus, in this review, we summarized the modulation of the NFATc1 pathway through various compounds that regulate calcium signaling and the calcium influx machinery. Furthermore, we addressed the involvement of transient receptor potential channels in osteoclastogenesis.
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Kim M, Kim HS, Kim JH, Kim EY, Lee B, Lee SY, Jun JY, Kim MB, Sohn Y, Jung HS. Chaenomelis fructus inhibits osteoclast differentiation by suppressing NFATc1 expression and prevents ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:35. [PMID: 32024503 PMCID: PMC7076887 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis is related to the number and activity of osteoclasts. The goal of the present study was to demonstrate the effect of Chaenomelis Fructus (CF) on osteoclastogenesis and its mechanism of bone loss prevention in an OVX-induced osteoporosis model. Methods Osteoclasts were induced by RANKL in RAW 264.7 cells. TRAP assay was performed to measure the inhibitory effect of CF on osteoclast differentiation. Then, Expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc1), c-Fos which are essential transcription factors in osteoclastogenesis were detected using western blot and RT-PCR. The osteoclast-related markers were measured by RT-PCR. Moreover, the ability of CF to inhibit bone loss was researched by ovariectomized (OVX)-induced osteoporosis. Results Cell experiments showed that CF inhibited osteoclast differentiation and its function. Immunoblot analyses demonstrated that CF suppressed osteoclastogenesis through the NFATc1 and c-Fos signaling pathways. RT-PCR determined that CF inhibited osteoclast-related markers, such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K (CTK), osteoclast-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor (OSCAR), ATPase H+ Transporting V0 Subunit D2 (ATP6v0d2) and carbonic anhydrase II (CA2). In animal experiments, CF showed an inhibitory effect on bone density reduction through OVX. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining analysis data showed that CF inhibited OVX-induced trabecular area loss. TRAP staining and immunohistochemical staining analysis data showed that CF displayed an inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation through NFATc1 inhibition in femoral tissue. Conclusion Based on the results of in vivo and in vitro experiments, CF inhibited the RANKL-induced osteoclasts differentiation and its function and effectively ameliorated OVX-induced osteoporosis rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seok Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bina Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yub Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yun Jun
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Sohn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Kim HN, Baek JK, Park SB, Kim JD, Son HJ, Park GH, Eo HJ, Park JH, Jung HS, Jeong JB. Anti-inflammatory effect of Vaccinium oldhamii stems through inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK/ATF2 signaling activation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:291. [PMID: 31684931 PMCID: PMC6827179 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Vaccinium oldhamii (V. oldhamii) has been reported to exert a variety of the pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidant activity, anti-cancer activity, and inhibitory activity of α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase. However, the anti-inflammatory activity of V. oldhamii has not been studied. In this study, we aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory activity of the stem extracts from V. oldhamii, and to elucidate the potential mechanisms in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methods Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. The determination of NO and PGE2 production was performed using Griess reagent and Prostaglandin E2 ELISA Kit, respectively. The change of mRNA or protein level was evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blot. Results Among VOS, VOL and VOF, the inhibitory effect of NO and PGE2 production induced by LPS was highest in VOS treatment. Thus, VOS was selected for the further study. VOS dose-dependently blocked LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 expression, respectively. VOS inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, VOS suppressed TRAP activity and attenuated the expression of the osteoclast-specific genes such as NFATc1, c-FOS, TRAP, MMP-9, cathepsin K, CA2, OSCAR and ATPv06d2. VOS inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB signaling activation through blocking IκB-α degradation and p65 nuclear accumulation. VOS inhibited MAPK signaling activation by attenuating the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Furthermore, VOS inhibited ATF2 phosphorylation and blocked ATF2 nuclear accumulation. Conclusions These results indicate that VOS may exert anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK/ATF2 signaling. From these findings, VOS has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemopreventive or therapeutic agents for the inflammatory diseases.
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Lee KY, Kim JH, Kim EY, Yeom M, Jung HS, Sohn Y. Water extract of Cnidii Rhizoma suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 cell by inhibiting NFATc1/c-Fos signaling and prevents ovariectomized bone loss in SD-rat. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:207. [PMID: 31399090 PMCID: PMC6688344 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Cnidii Rhizoma is the dried root stem of Cnidium officinale Makino. Cnidii Rhizoma (CR) has been used to treat menstrual irregularity, menstrual pain, and menopause in Korea. However, the effects and mechanisms of CR on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis pathway remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of CR on the inhibition of bone resorption of osteoclast and its mechanism RANK signaling pathway. Methods The anti-osteoclastogenesis of water extract of CR was measured using RAW 264.7 cell. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay, pit assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot were performed. Moreover, the effects of CR were determined with an in vivo model using ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Results CR extract suppressed osteoclastogenesis, its activity and bone resorption activity through decreasing gene of osteoclast-related such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), c-Fos, etc. Moreover, CR extract prevented the bone loss in OVX rats. Conclusion These results show that CR has a positive effect on menopausal osteoporosis by suppressing osteoclastogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2611-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wu Z, Wu H, Li C, Fu F, Ding J, Shao S, Li K, Yu X, Su Y, Liang J, Lin X, Yuan G, Zhou J, Song F, Zhao J, Xu J, Liu Q, Xu F. Daphnetin attenuates LPS-induced osteolysis and RANKL mediated osteoclastogenesis through suppression of ERK and NFATc1 pathways. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17812-17823. [PMID: 30815894 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aseptic prosthetic loosening and periprosthetic infection resulting in inflammatory osteolysis is a leading complication of total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Excessive bone destruction around the bone and prosthesis interface plays a key role in the loosening prostheses leading to revision surgery. The bacterial endotoxins or implant-derived wear particles-induced inflammatory response is the major cause of the elevated osteoclast formation and activity. Thus, agents or compounds that can attenuate the inflammatory response and/or inhibit the elevated osteoclastogenesis and excessive bone resorption would provide a promising therapeutic avenue to prevent aseptic prosthetic loosening in TJA. Daphnetin (DAP), a natural coumarin derivative, is clinically used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis due to its anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we report for the first time that DAP could protect against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory bone destruction in a murine calvarial osteolysis model in vivo. This protective effect of DAP can in part be attributed to its direct inhibitory effect on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, fusion, and bone resorption in vitro. Biochemical analysis found that DAP inhibited the activation of the ERK and NFATc1 signaling cascades. Collectively, our findings suggest that DAP as a natural compound has potential for the treatment of inflammatory osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoxing Wu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hailun Wu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chen Li
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fangsheng Fu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Ding
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Siyuan Shao
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kai Li
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuangang Su
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiamin Liang
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xixi Lin
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fangming Song
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of Subject Planning Shanghai, Ninth People's Hospital Shanghai, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang L, Guo X, Zhou W, Ding Y, Shi J, Wu X, Liu Y, Xu Y, Yang H, Geng D. Protein phosphatase 2A as a new target for downregulating osteoclastogenesis and alleviating titanium particle-induced bone resorption. Acta Biomater 2018; 73:488-499. [PMID: 29656074 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor-кB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis is believed to play a critical role in osteolytic diseases including peri-prosthetic osteolysis (PPO), the primary reason for implant failure and revision surgery. In this study, we observed that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a major serine-threonine phosphatase, was highly expressed in human periprosthetic interface membranes with aseptic loosening and in a murine osteolysis model induced by titanium particle irritation. PP2A inhibition effectively alleviated titanium particle-induced bone destruction at osteolytic sites. In addition, PP2A downregulation significantly decreased osteoclast numbers and RANKL expression, compared with in animals treated with only titanium. Mechanistically, a PP2A selective inhibitor or PP2A siRNA suppressed osteoclastogenesis and alleviated osteoclastic resorption by inhibiting the RANKL-induced nuclear factor-кB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. Downstream NFATc1 and c-Fos expression were also substantially suppressed by PP2A inhibition or knockdown. Our findings support the importance of PP2A during osteoclastogenesis, identifying PP2A as a novel target for treating particle-induced or other osteoclast-mediated bone resorption diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Excessive osteoclast activation disrupts bone homeostasis and leads to osteoclast-mediated bone resorption diseases, such as peri-prosthetic osteolysis, regarded as the primary reason for implant failure and revision surgery. Here, we firstly demonstrated protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a major serine-threonine phosphatase, was highly expressed in human periprosthetic interface membranes with aseptic loosening and murine osteolysis model. Moreover, PP2A inhibition effectively alleviated titanium particle-induced bone destruction and decreased osteoclast numbers. Meanwhile, a PP2A selective inhibitor or PP2A siRNA suppressed osteoclastogenesis and alleviated osteoclastic resorption by inhibiting the nuclear factor-кB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. Thus, PP2A is involved in osteoclastogenesis and could be a promising target for regulating bone homeostasis and osteolytic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaobin Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yayun Ding
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiexing Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yaozeng Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
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Molecular effect of an OPTN common variant associated to Paget's disease of bone. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197543. [PMID: 29782529 PMCID: PMC5962077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) is a chronic bone disorder and although genetic factors appear to play an important role in its pathogenesis, to date PDB causing mutations were identified only in the Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) gene at the PDB3 locus. PDB6 locus, also previously linked to PDB, contains several candidate genes for metabolic bone diseases. We focused our analysis in the most significantly associated variant with PDB, within the Optineurin (OPTN) gene, i.e. the common variant rs1561570. Although it was previously shown to be strongly associated with PDB in several populations, its contribution to PDB pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study we have shown that rs1561570 may contribute to PDB since its T allele results in the loss of a methylation site in patients’ DNA, leading to higher levels of OPTN gene expression and a corresponding increase in protein levels in patients’ osteoclasts. This increase in OPTN expression leads to higher levels of NF-κB translocation into the nucleus and increasing expression of its target genes, which may contribute to the overactivity of osteoclasts observed in PDB. We also reported a tendency for a more severe clinical phenotype in the presence of a haplotype containing the rs1561570 T allele, which appear to be re-enforced with the presence of the SQSTM1/P392L mutation. In conclusion, our work provides novel insight towards understanding the functional effects of this variant, located in OPTN intron 7, and its implication in the contribution to PDB pathogenesis.
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Deepak V, Wang B, Koot D, Kasonga A, Stander XX, Coetzee M, Stander A. In silico design and bioevaluation of selective benzotriazepine BRD4 inhibitors with potent antiosteoclastogenic activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:97-111. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishwa Deepak
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | | | - Dwayne Koot
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Abe Kasonga
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Xiao Xing Stander
- Department of General Surgery; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Magdalena Coetzee
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
- Institute for Food; Nutrition and Well-being; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
| | - Andre Stander
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Pretoria; Pretoria South Africa
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Kim JH, Kim EY, Lee B, Min JH, Song DU, Lim JM, Eom JW, Yeom M, Jung HS, Sohn Y. The effects of Lycii Radicis Cortex on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and activation in RAW 264.7 cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:649-58. [PMID: 26848104 PMCID: PMC4771095 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-menopausal osteoporosis is a serious age-related disease. After the menopause, estrogen deficiency is common, and excessive osteoclast activity causes osteoporosis. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells generated from the differentiation of monocyte/macrophage precursor cells such as RAW 264.7 cells. The water extract of Lycii Radicis Cortex (LRC) is made from the dried root bark of Lycium chinense Mill. and is termed 'Jigolpi' in Korea. Its effects on osteoclastogenesis and post‑menopausal osteoporosis had not previously been tested. In the present study, the effect of LRC on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation was demonstrated using a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay and pit formation assay. Moreover, in order to analyze molecular mechanisms, we studied osteoclastogenesis-related markers such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), c-Fos, receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), TRAP, cathepsin K (CTK), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), calcitonin receptor (CTR) and carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ (CAII) using RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. Additionally, we also determined the effect of LRC on an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. We noted that LRC inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation via suppressing osteoclastogenesis-related markers. It also inhibited osteoporosis in the OVX rat model by decreasing loss of bone density and trabecular area. These results suggest that LRC exerts a positive effect on menopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bina Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Min
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dea-Uk Song
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Lim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Whan Eom
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Yeom
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sang Jung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Sohn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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FU YINGXIAO, GU JIANHONG, WANG YI, YUAN YAN, LIU XUEZHONG, BIAN JIANCHUN, LIU ZONGPING. Involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in osteoprotegerin-induced inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and maturation. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6939-45. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Saunders-Blades J, Korver D. The effect of maternal vitamin D source on broiler hatching egg quality, hatchability, and progeny bone mineral density and performance. J APPL POULTRY RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2014-01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Nakagawa T, Ohta K, Kubozono K, Ishida Y, Naruse T, Takechi M, Kamata N. Zoledronate inhibits receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation via suppression of expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cell c1 and carbonic anhydrase 2. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 60:557-65. [PMID: 25601046 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are widely used in the prevention of skeletal-related events (SRE), including osteoporosis, skeletal metastases of malignant tumours, and multiple myeloma. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is frequently reported as a major adverse effect induced by BP treatment. The receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) inhibitor, denosumab, has recently been used to prevent SRE, but the frequency of ONJ induced by denosumab is similar to that by BPs. This finding suggests that the inhibition of RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis may have a close relationship with the occurrence of ONJ. We therefore investigated the expression status of RANKL-inducible genes in zoledronate-treated mouse osteoclast precursor cells. The molecular targets of zoledronate in the RANKL signal pathway and additional factors associated with osteoclastogenesis were analysed by genome-wide screening. Microarray analysis identified that among 31 genes on 44 entities of RANKL-inducible genes, the mRNA expression level of two genes, i.e., nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 (NFATc1) and carbonic anhydrase 2 (CAII), was decreased in zoledronate-treated cells. Subsequent analyses verified that these two genes were significantly silenced by zoledronate treatment and that their expression was restored following inhibition of zoledronate action by geranylgeraniol. Zoledronate inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by suppression of NFATc1 and CAII gene expression. Our results suggest that these genes might be common targets for zoledronate and denosumab in the mechanism underlying RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. A clear understanding of the common molecular mechanisms of bone-remodelling agents is thus essential for prevention of ONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Kouji Ohta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kubozono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takako Naruse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takechi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kamata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Russo R, Pinsino A, Costa C, Bonaventura R, Matranga V, Zito F. The newly characterizedPl-jun is specifically expressed in skeletogenic cells of theParacentrotus lividussea urchin embryo. FEBS J 2014; 281:3828-43. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Russo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology ‘A. Monroy’; National Research Council; Palermo Italy
| | - Annalisa Pinsino
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology ‘A. Monroy’; National Research Council; Palermo Italy
| | - Caterina Costa
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology ‘A. Monroy’; National Research Council; Palermo Italy
| | - Rosa Bonaventura
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology ‘A. Monroy’; National Research Council; Palermo Italy
| | - Valeria Matranga
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology ‘A. Monroy’; National Research Council; Palermo Italy
| | - Francesca Zito
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology ‘A. Monroy’; National Research Council; Palermo Italy
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Mardones P, Chang JC, Oude Elferink RPJ. Cyclic AMP and alkaline pH downregulate carbonic anhydrase 2 in mouse fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1765-70. [PMID: 24361611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hydration of CO2 catalyzed by the ubiquitous carbonic anhydrase 2 (Ca2) is central for bicarbonate transport, bone metabolism and acid-base homeostasis in metazoans. There is evidence that in some tissues Ca2 expression can be acutely induced by cAMP, whereas in other cell types it is unresponsive to cAMP-mediated transcriptional activation. METHODS We isolated fibroblasts from wild type and mice lacking the ubiquitous chloride/bicarbonate exchanger (Ae2a,b(-/-) mice). In these cells the regulation of carbonic anhydrase 2 by cAMP was studied. RESULTS We show that Ca2 expression is strongly inhibited by chronic incubation with dibutyryl-cAMP, forskolin or alkaline pH in cultured mouse fibroblasts. Furthermore, fibroblasts obtained from anion exchanger 2 deficient (Ae2a,b(-/-)) mice, which display intracellular alkalosis and increased cAMP production, express less than 10% of control Ca2 mRNA and protein. Surprisingly, inhibition of the bicarbonate-sensitive soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) was found to reduce CA2 expression instead of increasing it. CONCLUSIONS CA2 expression is strongly regulated by intracellular pH and by cAMP, suggesting a role for soluble adenylyl cyclase. Regulation occurs in opposite directions which may be explained by an incoherent feedforward loop consisting of activation by pCREB and repression by ICER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mardones
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jung Chin Chang
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kwekel JC, Forgacs AL, Williams KJ, Zacharewski TR. o-p′-DDT-mediated uterotrophy and gene expression in immature C57BL/6 mice and Sprague–Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:532-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Tanaka H, Tanabe N, Kawato T, Nakai K, Kariya T, Matsumoto S, Zhao N, Motohashi M, Maeno M. Nicotine affects bone resorption and suppresses the expression of cathepsin K, MMP-9 and vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase d2 and actin organization in osteoclasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59402. [PMID: 23555029 PMCID: PMC3598738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an important risk factor for the development of several cancers, osteoporosis, and inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis. Nicotine is one of the major components of tobacco. In previous study, we showed that nicotine inhibits mineralized nodule formation by osteoblasts, and the culture medium from osteoblasts containing nicotine and lipopolysaccharide increases osteoclast differentiation. However, the direct effect of nicotine on the differentiation and function of osteoclasts is poorly understood. Thus, we examined the direct effects of nicotine on the expression of nicotine receptors and bone resorption-related enzymes, mineral resorption, actin organization, and bone resorption using RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow cells as osteoclast precursors. Cells were cultured with 10(-5), 10(-4), or 10(-3) M nicotine and/or 50 µM α-bungarotoxin (btx), an 7 nicotine receptor antagonist, in differentiation medium containing the soluble RANKL for up 7 days. 1-5, 7, 9, and 10 nicotine receptors were expressed on RAW264.7 cells. The expression of 7 nicotine receptor was increased by the addition of nicotine. Nicotine suppressed the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive multinuclear osteoclasts with large nuclei(≥10 nuclei), and decreased the planar area of each cell. Nicotine decreased expression of cathepsin K, MMP-9, and V-ATPase d2. Btx inhibited nicotine effects. Nicotine increased CA II expression although decreased the expression of V-ATPase d2 and the distribution of F-actin. Nicotine suppressed the planar area of resorption pit by osteoclasts, but did not affect mineral resorption. These results suggest that nicotine increased the number of osteoclasts with small nuclei, but suppressed the number of osteoclasts with large nuclei. Moreover, nicotine reduced the planar area of resorption pit by suppressing the number of osteoclasts with large nuclei, V-ATPase d2, cathepsin K and MMP-9 expression and actin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tanaka
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Tanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawato
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Nakai
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Kariya
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Masafumi Motohashi
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Maeno
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Mouline CC, Beranger GE, Schmid-Antomarchi H, Quincey D, Momier D, Boukhechba F, Carle GF, Rochet N, Scimeca JC. Monocytes differentiation upon treatment with a peptide corresponding to the C-terminus of activated T cell-expressed Tirc7 protein. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3088-98. [PMID: 22015593 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Atp6v0a3 gene encodes for two alternative products, Tirc7 and a3 proteins, which are differentially expressed in activated T cells and resorbing osteoclasts, respectively. Tirc7 plays a central role in T cell activation, while a3 protein is critical for osteoclast-mediated bone matrix resorption. Based on the large body of evidences documenting the relationships between T cells and osteoclasts, we hypothesized that the extracellular C-terminus of Tirc7 protein could directly interact with osteoclast precursor cells. To address this issue, we performed the molecular cloning of a mouse Atp6v0a3 cDNA segment encoding the last 40 amino acids of Tirc7 protein, and we used this peptide as a ligand added to mouse osteoclast precursor cells. We evidenced that Tirc7-Cter peptide induced the differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into osteoclast-like cells, stimulated an autocrine/paracrine regulatory loop potentially involved in osteoclastic differentiation control, and strongly up-regulated F4/80 protein expression within multinucleated osteoclast-like cells. Using a mouse bone marrow-derived CD11b(+) cell line, or total bone marrow primary cells, we observed that similarly to Rankl, Tirc7-Cter peptide induced the formation of TRACP-positive large multinucleated cells. At last, using mouse primary monocytes purified from total bone marrow, we determined that Tirc7-Cter peptide induced the appearance of small multinucleated cells (3-4 nuclei), devoid of resorbing activity, and which displayed modulations of dendritic cell marker genes expression. In conclusion, we report for the first time on biological effects mediated by a peptide corresponding to the C-terminus of Tirc7 protein, which interfere with monocytic differentiation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Mouline
- GéPITOs, Université de Nice, CNRS, UMR 6235, UFR Médecine, NICE, Cedex 2, France
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Molecular cloning and characterization of the 5'-flanking regulatory region of the carbonic anhydrase nacrein gene of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata and its expression. Biochem Genet 2012; 50:673-83. [PMID: 22573138 PMCID: PMC3439604 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-012-9510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrase nacrein participates in the formation of the nacreous or prismatic layer of Pinctada fucata. We isolated a genomic clone containing the nacrein gene and cloned the 5'-flanking region. Within the 1336 bp 5' flanking region, we identified putative cis-acting elements, including the TATA box (TATAAAA) at -82 bp, and AP1 (-819 bp) and Oct-1 (-1244 bp) binding sites. In addition to the mantle, the nacrein gene is also expressed in the adductor muscle, liver, and foot. These results showed that nacrein not only takes part in the formation of the hard tissue but also might be involved in acid-base balance, ion transport, and maintenance of ionic concentration. In vitro transcription experiments showed that the addition of human c-jun activates transcription from the nacrein promoter. This is the first report of a promoter from a gene that controls the formation of the hard tissue of mollusk shells.
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He W, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A1 receptor regulates osteoclast formation by altering TRAF6/TAK1 signaling. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:327-37. [PMID: 22311477 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that modulates many physiological processes through four receptor subtypes (A(1), A(2a), A(2b), A(3)). Previous work from our laboratory has uncovered a critical role for adenosine A(1) receptor (A(1) R) in osteoclastogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. Our current work focuses on understanding the details of how A(1) R modulates the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced signaling in osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclasts were generated from mouse bone marrow precursors in the presence of RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor. A pharmacological antagonist of A(1) R (DPCPX) inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, including osteoclast-specific genes (Acp5, MMP9, β(3) Integrin, α(v) Integrin, and CTSK) and osteoclast-specific transcription factors such as c-fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) expression in a dose-dependent manner. DPCPX also inhibited RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB and JNK/c-Jun but had little effect on other mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 and Erk). Finally, immunoprecipitation analysis showed that blockade of A(1)R resulted in disruption of the association of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a signaling event that is important for activation of NF-κB and JNK, suggesting the participation of adenosine/A(1)R in early signaling of RANKL. Collectively, these data demonstrated an important role of adenosine, through A(1)R in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W He
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Growth/differentiation factor-15 inhibits differentiation into osteoclasts—A novel factor involved in control of osteoclast differentiation. Differentiation 2009; 78:213-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kawamata A, Izu Y, Yokoyama H, Amagasa T, Wagner EF, Nakashima K, Ezura Y, Hayata T, Noda M. JunD suppresses bone formation and contributes to low bone mass induced by estrogen depletion. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1037-45. [PMID: 18240141 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
JunD is an activator protein-1 (AP-1) component though its function in skeletal system is still not fully understood. To elucidate the role of JunD in the regulation of bone metabolism, we analyzed JunD-deficient mice. JunD deficiency significantly increased bone mass and trabecular number. This bone mass enhancement was due to JunD deficiency-induced increase in bone formation activities in vivo. Such augmentation of bone formation was associated with simultaneous increase in bone resorption while the former was dominant over the latter as accumulation of bone mass occurred in JunD-deficient mice. In a pathological condition relevant to postmenopausal osteoporosis, ovariectomy reduced bone mass in wild type (WT) mice as known before. Interestingly, JunD deficiency suppressed ovariectomy-induced increase in bone resorption and kept high bone mass. In addition, JunD deficiency also enhanced new bone formation after bone marrow ablation. Examination of molecular bases for these observations revealed that JunD deficiency enhanced expression levels of c-jun, fra-1, and fra-2 in bone in conjunction with elevated expression levels of runx2, type I collagen, and osteocalcin. Thus, JunD is involved in estrogen depletion-induced osteopenia via its action to suppress bone formation and to enhance bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kawamata
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, 101-0062, Tokyo, Japan
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Inada A, Nienaber C, Fonseca S, Bonner-Weir S. Timing and expression pattern of carbonic anhydrase II in pancreas. Dev Dyn 2007; 235:1571-7. [PMID: 16586439 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for genetic markers for assessing the role of duct cells in pancreas growth, we examined whether carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) has ductal cell specificity. We determined the distribution and timing of CAII expression in mouse pancreas from embryonic stage to adult. The pancreatic ducts only start expressing CAII at embryonic day (E) 18.5, with increases after birth. Around E15.5, glucagon-positive cells, but not insulin-positive cells, also express CAII, with further increases by adult. CAII expression was restricted to cells within ductal structures and glucagon-positive cells with no colocalization with any insulin-positive cells at any time. In the human pancreas, CAII expression is restricted to the ducts. Furthermore, the activity of a 1.6-kb fragment of the human promoter with Luciferase assays was moderately strong compared with the cytomegalovirus promoter in human pancreatic duct cell line (PANC-1). Thus, we believe that the CAII gene could serve as a useful pancreatic duct cell marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Section of Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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31
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Beranger GE, Momier D, Guigonis JM, Samson M, Carle GF, Scimeca JC. Differential binding of poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase-1 and JunD/Fra2 accounts for RANKL-induced Tcirg1 gene expression during osteoclastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:975-83. [PMID: 17419679 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We studied Tcirg1 gene expression on RANKL-induced osteoclastic differentiation of the mouse model RAW264.7 cells. We identified a mechanism involving PARP-1 inhibition release and JunD/Fra-2 binding, which is responsible for Tcirg1 gene upregulation. INTRODUCTION The Tcirg1 gene encodes the a3 isoform of the V-ATPase a subunit, which plays a critical role in the resorption activity of the osteoclast. Using serial deletion constructs of the Tcirg1 gene promoter, we performed a transcriptional study to identify factor(s) involved in the regulation of the RANKL-induced gene expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS The promoter activity of serial-deletion fragments of the Tcirg1 gene promoter was monitored throughout the RAW264.7 cells differentiation process. We next performed sequence analysis, EMSA, UV cross-linking, qPCR, and gel supershift experiments to identify the factor(s) interacting with the promoter. RESULTS A deletion of the -1297-1244 region led to the disappearance of the RANKL-induced promoter activity. EMSA experiments showed the binding of two factors that undergo differential binding on RANKL treatment. Supershift experiments led us to identify the dimer JunD/Fra-2 as the binding activity associated with the -1297/-1268 Tcirg1 gene promoter sequence in response to RANKL. Moreover, we observed poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) binding to an adjacent site (-1270/-1256), and this interaction was disrupted after RANKL treatment. CONCLUSIONS We provide data that identify junD proto-oncogene (JunD) and Fos-related antigen 2 (Fra-2) as the activator protein-1 (AP-1) factors responsible for the RANKL-induced upregulation of the mouse Tcirg1 gene expression. Moreover, we identified another binding site for PARP-1 that might account for the repression of Tcirg1 gene expression in pre-osteoclastic cells.
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Yao GQ, Itokawa T, Paliwal I, Insogna K. CSF-1 induces fos gene transcription and activates the transcription factor Elk-1 in mature osteoclasts. Calcif Tissue Int 2005; 76:371-8. [PMID: 15812575 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-004-0099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mice with targeted deletion of the fos gene fail to develop mature osteoclasts, reflecting an absolute requirement for the c-Fos proto-oncogene in osteoclast precursors. C-Fos is also expressed in mature osteoclasts; however, the regulation of fos in these cells has not been studied. By using cultured murine osteoclast-like cells (OCLs) we found that treatment with colony-stimulation factor 1 (CSF-1) induced a 3.9-fold increase in c-Fos rnRNA at 30 minutes and a 2.6-fold increase at 60 minutes. With use of mature osteoclasts isolated from transgenic mice expressing the bacterial Lac-Z gene under the control of the murine fos promoter, we were able to directly demonstrate transcriptional activation of fos by CSF-1 in these cells. Transcriptional activation was 2.6-fold greater at 5 minutes and 2.8-fold greater at 15 minutes in CSF-1-treated cells than in vehicle-treated cells. CSF-1 induced nuclear protein binding to the fos serum response element that was significantly attenuated by antibodies to the transcription factor Elk-1 but not by Sap-1a. Treatment of mature osteoclasts with CSF-1 for 2 hours resulted in a significant increase in the levels of nuclear c-Fos protein. These data demonstrate that CSF-1 upregulates c-fos expression in mature osteoclasts at least in part via transcriptional activation of fos. CSF-1 induced binding of Elk-1 to the fos gene serum response element appears to be part of the molecular mechanism by which this occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-Q Yao
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8020, USA.
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Komarova SV, Pereverzev A, Shum JW, Sims SM, Dixon SJ. Convergent signaling by acidosis and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) on the calcium/calcineurin/NFAT pathway in osteoclasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2643-8. [PMID: 15695591 PMCID: PMC548977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406874102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic acidosis has detrimental effects on the skeleton, and local acidosis coincides with bone destruction in inflammatory and metastatic diseases. Acidification dramatically enhances osteoclastic resorption, although the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. We investigated the effect of acidosis on the osteoclastogenic transcription factor NFATc1, which upon dephosphorylation translocates from the cytoplasm to nuclei. Lowering extracellular pH dramatically increased accumulation of NFATc1 in nuclei of rat and rabbit osteoclasts to levels comparable with those induced by the proresorptive cytokine receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL). Activation of NFATc1 by RANKL was mediated by means of prolonged stimulation of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin. In contrast, NFATc1 activation by acidosis involved stimulation of calcineurin and suppression of NFATc1 inactivation. Acidosis, like RANKL, induced transient elevation of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), which persisted in Ca2+-free media and was abolished by inhibition of phospholipase C or depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Real-time-PCR of osteoclast-like cells generated from RAW 264.7 cells revealed high levels of expression of ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1, which links extracellular acidification to elevation of [Ca2+]i. In addition, the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A suppressed the stimulatory effect of acidification on resorption, implicating NFAT in mediating the actions of acidosis on osteoclast activity. In summary, acidification and RANKL induce signals in osteoclasts that converge on the Ca2+/calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Acidosis acts directly on osteoclasts to activate NFATc1 and stimulate resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Komarova
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
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Niles RM. Signaling pathways in retinoid chemoprevention and treatment of cancer. Mutat Res 2004; 555:81-96. [PMID: 15476854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, has been shown to have chemopreventive and therapeutic activity for certain cancers such as head and neck, cervical, neuroblastoma and promyelocytic leukemia. Retinoic acid achieves these activities by inducing differentiation and/or growth arrest. A large number of studies have investigated the mechanism(s) by which retinoic acid alters the behavior of premalignant and tumor cells. Although much important data has been obtained, the exact signaling pathways required for retinoic acid to exert its biological effects remains elusive. In this review, we outline the role and function of retinoid nuclear receptors, followed by a discussion of how major signaling pathways are affected in different tumor types by retinoids. We conclude by examining the effect of retinoic acid on G1 cell cycle regulatory proteins in various tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Niles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, 1542 Spring Valley Drive, Huntington, WV 25704, USA.
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Nishikawa S. Transient increase in anti-p-ATF2 immunoreactivity in the late secretion ameloblasts apical to the transition zone of rat incisors. Anat Sci Int 2004; 79:87-94. [PMID: 15218628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-073x.2004.00073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) was localized in the ameloblasts of rat incisors by immunohistochemistry. A specific antibody against phosphorylated ATF2 (p-ATF2), which is an activated form of ATF2, was detected from the proliferation zone to maturation ameloblasts just after the transition. In the secretion zone, a transient increase in p-ATF2 was observed in the late secretion ameloblast nuclei, where a stronger reactivity of p-ATF2 extended from 1 mm apical to the transition to the transition zone, whereas ameloblast nuclei in most of the maturation zone exhibited either weak or no reactivity. A similar pattern was also observed in the case of c-Jun immunohistochemistry, except for in most of the maturation zone, where strong c-Jun reactivity was detected. Thus, ATF-2 and c-Jun are deeply involved in amelogenesis and, in particular, ATF2 is related to the proliferation, differentiation, secretion and transition zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Nishikawa
- Department of Biology, Tsururmi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
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Bitomsky N, Böhm M, Klempnauer KH. Transformation suppressor protein Pdcd4 interferes with JNK-mediated phosphorylation of c-Jun and recruitment of the coactivator p300 by c-Jun. Oncogene 2004; 23:7484-93. [PMID: 15334056 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The transformation suppressor gene Pdcd4 (programmed cell death gene 4) inhibits the tumor-promoter mediated transformation of mouse keratinocytes and has recently been implicated as a potential tumor suppressor gene in the development of human lung cancer. Biochemical analysis has suggested that the Pdcd4 protein is involved in protein translation as well as in nuclear events. Recent work has shown that Pdcd4 suppresses the transactivation of AP-1 responsive promoters by c-Jun, suggesting that the transformation-suppressor activity of Pdcd4 might be due, at least in part, to the inhibition of c-Jun activity. Here, we have addressed how Pdcd4 inhibits c-Jun. We show that Pdcd4 interferes with the phosphorylation of c-Jun by Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The inhibition of c-Jun phosphorylation by Pdcd4 appears not to be due to a general suppression of JNK activity, our data rather suggest that Pdcd4 interacts with c-Jun and thereby blocks phosphorylation of c-Jun. In addition to affecting c-Jun phosphorylation, Pdcd4 blocks the recruitment of the coactivator p300 by c-Jun. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Pdcd4 is directly involved in the regulation of c-Jun activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Bitomsky
- Institut für Biochemie, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, D-48149, Germany
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Kenner L, Hoebertz A, Beil FT, Beil T, Keon N, Karreth F, Eferl R, Scheuch H, Szremska A, Amling M, Schorpp-Kistner M, Angel P, Wagner EF. Mice lacking JunB are osteopenic due to cell-autonomous osteoblast and osteoclast defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 164:613-23. [PMID: 14769860 PMCID: PMC2171977 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200308155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Because JunB is an essential gene for placentation, it was conditionally deleted in the embryo proper. JunBΔ/Δ mice are born viable, but develop severe low turnover osteopenia caused by apparent cell-autonomous osteoblast and osteoclast defects before a chronic myeloid leukemia-like disease. Although JunB was reported to be a negative regulator of cell proliferation, junBΔ/Δ osteoclast precursors and osteoblasts show reduced proliferation along with a differentiation defect in vivo and in vitro. Mutant osteoblasts express elevated p16INK4a levels, but exhibit decreased cyclin D1 and cyclin A expression. Runx2 is transiently increased during osteoblast differentiation in vitro, whereas mature osteoblast markers such as osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein are strongly reduced. To support a cell-autonomous function of JunB in osteoclasts, junB was inactivated specifically in the macrophage–osteoclast lineage. Mutant mice develop an osteopetrosis-like phenotype with increased bone mass and reduced numbers of osteoclasts. Thus, these data reveal a novel function of JunB as a positive regulator controlling primarily osteoblast as well as osteoclast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kenner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Tohse H, Ando H, Mugiya Y. Biochemical properties and immunohistochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase in the sacculus of the inner ear in the salmon Oncorhynchus masou. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 137:87-94. [PMID: 14720594 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(03)00272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the inner ear sacculus was examined by activity assay, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry to determine its role in otolith calcification. An immunoreactive protein with a molecular mass of approximately 28 kDa was detected by Western blotting. The CO2 hydration activity in the cytosol fraction of the sacculus was 5.4 units/mg protein, while little or no activity was detected in the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions. The enzyme activity was highly inhibited by acetazolamide. The concentration of 50% inhibition was 8.16 nM and the inhibition constant of the activity was 8.25 nM. Transitional and squamous epithelial cells of the sacculus were immunopositive with an anti-CA II antibody, but sensory epithelial cells and mitochondria-rich cells in the transitional epithelium were not. These results suggest that transitional epithelial cells other than mitochondria-rich cells and squamous epithelial cells play an important role in otolith calcification by supplying bicarbonate to otoliths and/or by eliminating protons from endolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Tohse
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan.
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Takayanagi H, Kim S, Koga T, Nishina H, Isshiki M, Yoshida H, Saiura A, Isobe M, Yokochi T, Inoue JI, Wagner EF, Mak TW, Kodama T, Taniguchi T. Induction and activation of the transcription factor NFATc1 (NFAT2) integrate RANKL signaling in terminal differentiation of osteoclasts. Dev Cell 2002; 3:889-901. [PMID: 12479813 DOI: 10.1016/s1534-5807(02)00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1938] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by RANKL is essential for terminal differentiation of monocytes/macrophages into osteoclasts. The TRAF6 and c-Fos signaling pathways both play important roles downstream of RANKL. We show here that RANKL selectively induces NFATc1 expression via these two pathways. RANKL also evokes Ca(2+) oscillations that lead to calcineurin-mediated activation of NFATc1, and therefore triggers a sustained NFATc1-dependent transcriptional program during osteoclast differentiation. We also show that NFATc1-deficient embryonic stem cells fail to differentiate into osteoclasts in response to RANKL stimulation, and that ectopic expression of NFATc1 causes precursor cells to undergo efficient differentiation without RANKL signaling. Thus, NFATc1 may represent a master switch for regulating terminal differentiation of osteoclasts, functioning downstream of RANKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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David JP, Sabapathy K, Hoffmann O, Idarraga MH, Wagner EF. JNK1 modulates osteoclastogenesis through both c-Jun phosphorylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:4317-25. [PMID: 12376563 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain of Jun by the Jun kinases (JNKs) modulates the transcriptional activity of AP-1, a dimeric transcription factor typically composed of c-Jun and c-Fos, the latter being essential for osteoclast differentiation. Using mice lacking JNK1 or JNK2, we demonstrate that JNK1, but not JNK2, is specifically activated by the osteoclast-differentiating factor RANKL. Activation of JNK1, but not JNK2, is required for efficient osteoclastogenesis from bone marrow monocytes (BMMs). JNK1 protects BMMs from RANKL-induced apoptosis during differentiation. In addition, BMMs from mice carrying a mutant of c-Jun phosphorylation sites (JunAA/JunAA), as well as cells lacking either c-Jun or JunD, which is another JNK substrate, revealed that c-Jun phosphorylation and c-Jun itself, but not JunD, are essential for efficient osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, JNK1-dependent c-Jun phosphorylation in response to RANKL is not involved in the anti-apoptotic function of JNK1. Thus, these data provide genetic evidence that JNK1 activation modulates osteoclastogenesis through both c-Jun-phosphorylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre David
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
In the last ten years, we have made considerable progress in our genetic and molecular understanding of all aspects of skeletal development, chondrogenesis, joint formation, and osteogenesis. This review addresses the role of the principal growth factors and transcription factors affecting these different processes and presents, in several cases, the genetic cascade leading to cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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