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Shamsian BS, Momtazmanesh N, Saneifard H, Tabatabaei SMTH, Jafari M, Pour ZK, Al-Hussieni KJMR, Jamee M, Kamfar S. Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in an Iranian patient with osteopetrosis caused by carbonic anhydrase II deficiency: A case report. Pediatr Transplant 2024; 28:e14689. [PMID: 38655726 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopetrosis is a group of geneticall heterogeneous disorders resulting from impaired osteoclast function and bone resorption. The identification of specific genetic mutations can yield important prognostic and therapeutic implications. Herein, we present the diagnosis and successful application of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in a patient with osteopetrosis caused by carbonic anhydrase II deficiency (Intermediate osteopetrosis). CASE PRESENTATION Herein, we describe a 2.5-year-old male patient born to consanguineous parents who presented at 8-month-old with hydrocephaly, brain shunt, and developmental delay. Later at 9 months old, he was found to have eye disorder such as nystagmus, fracture of the elbow, abnormal skeletal survey, normal cell blood count (CBC), and severe hypocellularity in the bone marrow. Further evaluation showed renal tubular acidosis type 2. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a pathogenic homozygous variant in intron 2 of the carbonic anhydrase 2 gene (CA2) gene (c.232 + 1 G>T). The diagnosis of intermediate autosomal recessive osteopetrosis was established, and allogenic HSCT from his mother, a full-matched related donor (MRD), was planned. The conditioning regimen included Busulfan, Fludarabine, and Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin. Cyclosporine and Mycophenolate Mofetil were used for graft-versus-host-disease prophylaxis. He Engrafted on day +13, and 95% chimerism was achieved. He is currently doing well without immunosuppressive therapy, now 12 months post HSCT, with normal calcium level and improving visual quality and FISH analysis revealed complete donor chimerism. DISCUSSION HSCT could be a promising curative treatment for intermediate osteopetrosis and can provide long-term survival. Ongoing challenges in various aspects of HSCT remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Shahin Shamsian
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Momtazmanesh
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedyeh Saneifard
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Jafari
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zahra Khafaf Pour
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahnaz Jamee
- Pediatric Nephrology Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Kamfar
- Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yang Y, Tang N, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Cao X, Liu L, Xia W, Li P, Yang Y. A novel homozygous nonsense mutation in the CA2 gene (c.368G>A, p.W123X) linked to carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome in a Chinese family. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:589-599. [PMID: 33555497 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome is an autosomal recessive osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and cerebral calcifications. We tried to detect the causative mutation for carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome in a five-generation Chinese family. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of the proband, his grandmother, parents, aunt, uncle and sister. The exomes were sequenced by whole exon sequencing followed by genetic analysis and Sanger sequencing validation. Then, physical and chemical properties studies and structure analysis were performed on mutated protein. Finally, Minigene model of vector plasmids for wild type and mutant type was constructed and transfected into human embryonic kidney 293T cells to further explore the expression change of CA2 transcript and protein after mutation. RESULTS Sequencing and genetic analysis have revealed the homozygous nonsense mutation of CA2 gene (c.368G > A, p.W123X) in the exon 4 of chromosome 8 of the proband, while it was not found in his grandmother, parents, aunt, uncle and sister. Furthermore, Sanger sequencing in the proband and his parents validated the mutation. Properties and structure of mutated CA2 proteins changed after mutation, especially in change of protein modification and hindrance of zinc ions binding, which may lead to decreased protein expression level of CA2. CONCLUSIONS We found a new homozygous nonsense mutation in CA2 gene (c.368G > A, p.W123X), which may be valuable in the early diagnosis and therapy of carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Nie Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Limei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengqiu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32 the west second section of the first ring road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, 610072, Chengdu, China.
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Häussling V, Aspera-Werz RH, Rinderknecht H, Springer F, Arnscheidt C, Menger MM, Histing T, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. 3D Environment Is Required In Vitro to Demonstrate Altered Bone Metabolism Characteristic for Type 2 Diabetics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062925. [PMID: 33805833 PMCID: PMC8002142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A large British study, with almost 3000 patients, identified diabetes as main risk factor for delayed and nonunion fracture healing, the treatment of which causes large costs for the health system. In the past years, much progress has been made to treat common complications in diabetics. However, there is still a lack of advanced strategies to treat diabetic bone diseases. To develop such therapeutic strategies, mechanisms leading to massive bone alterations in diabetics have to be well understood. We herein describe an in vitro model displaying bone metabolism frequently observed in diabetics. The model is based on osteoblastic SaOS-2 cells, which in direct coculture, stimulate THP-1 cells to form osteoclasts. While in conventional 2D cocultures formation of mineralized matrix is decreased under pre-/diabetic conditions, formation of mineralized matrix is increased in 3D cocultures. Furthermore, we demonstrate a matrix stability of the 3D carrier that is decreased under pre-/diabetic conditions, resembling the in vivo situation in type 2 diabetics. In summary, our results show that a 3D environment is required in this in vitro model to mimic alterations in bone metabolism characteristic for pre-/diabetes. The ability to measure both osteoblast and osteoclast function, and their effect on mineralization and stability of the 3D carrier offers the possibility to use this model also for other purposes, e.g., drug screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Häussling
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Romina H. Aspera-Werz
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Helen Rinderknecht
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Fabian Springer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Radiology Department, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Arnscheidt
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Maximilian M. Menger
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Tina Histing
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-606-1065
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Trauma Center Tübingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; (V.H.); (R.H.A.-W.); (H.R.); (C.A.); (M.M.M.); (T.H.); (S.E.)
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Nemtseva EV, Gerasimova MA, Melnik TN, Melnik BS. Experimental approach to study the effect of mutations on the protein folding pathway. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210361. [PMID: 30640946 PMCID: PMC6331109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Is it possible to compare the physicochemical properties of a wild-type protein and its mutant form under the same conditions? Provided the mutation has destabilized the protein, it may be more correct to compare the mutant protein under native conditions to the wild-type protein destabilized with a small amount of the denaturant. In general, is it appropriate to compare the properties of proteins destabilized by different treatments: mutations, pH, temperature, and denaturants like urea? These issues have compelled us to search for methods and ways of presentation of experimental results that would allow a comparison of mutant forms of proteins under different conditions and lead to conclusions on the effect of mutations on the protein folding/unfolding pathway. We have studied equilibrium unfolding of wild-type bovine carbonic anhydrase II (BCA II) and its six mutant forms using different urea concentrations. BCA II has been already studied in detail and is a good model object for validating new techniques. In this case, time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy was chosen as the basic research method. The main features of this experimental method allowed us to compare different stages of unfolding of studied proteins and prove experimentally that a single substitution of the amino acid in three mutant forms of BCA II affected the native state of the protein but did not change its unfolding pathway. On the contrary, the inserted disulfide bridge in three other mutant forms of BCA II affected the protein unfolding pathway. An important result of this research is that we have validated the new approach allowing investigation of the effect of mutations on the folding of globular proteins, because in this way it is possible to compare proteins in the same structural states rather than under identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Nemtseva
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Tatiana N. Melnik
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Bogdan S. Melnik
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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5
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Suri BK, Verma NK, Schmidtchen A. Toll-like Receptor 3 Agonist, Polyinosinic-polycytidylic Acid, Upregulates Carbonic Anhydrase II in Human Keratinocytes. Acta Derm Venereol 2018; 98:762-765. [PMID: 29738048 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases are ubiquitously expressed enzymes that reversibly hydrate carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and protons. While the main function of carbonic anhydrases is to regulate pH and osmotic balance, their involvement in other physiological processes remains to be explored. This study analysed changes in mRNA and protein levels of carbonic anhydrase II in human primary keratinocytes treated with various toll-like receptor agonists and cytokines. A significant upregulation of carbonic anhydrase II at the mRNA and protein levels was observed upon treatment with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, a toll-like receptor 3 agonist. Furthermore, in agreement with the increased expression of carbonic anhydrase II in atopic dermatitis skin, carbonic anhydrase II was upregulated by the Th2 cytokines interleukins -4 and -13. In conclusion, these results suggest a potential role of carbonic anhydrase II in Th2-dependent and toll-like receptor 3-induced pathways in inflammatory skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bani Kaur Suri
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
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6
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Lomelino CL, Kim JK, Lee C, Lim SW, Andring JT, Mahon BP, Chung M, Kim CU, McKenna R. Carbonic anhydrase II microcrystals suitable for XFEL studies. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:327-330. [PMID: 29870015 PMCID: PMC5987739 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18006118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) sources have permitted the study of protein dynamics. Femtosecond X-ray pulses have allowed the visualization of intermediate states in enzyme catalysis. In this study, the growth of carbonic anhydrase II microcrystals (40-80 µm in length) suitable for the collection of XFEL diffraction data at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory is demonstrated. The crystals diffracted to 1.7 Å resolution and were indexed in space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 42.2, b = 41.2, c = 72.0 Å, β = 104.2°. These preliminary results provide the necessary framework for time-resolved experiments to study carbonic anhydrase catalysis at XFEL beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L. Lomelino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jin Kyun Kim
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Lee
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Woo Lim
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jacob T. Andring
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brian P. Mahon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Moses Chung
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Un Kim
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Mahmood SU, Saeed A, Bua S, Nocentini A, Gratteri P, Supuran CT. Synthesis, biological evaluation and computational studies of novel iminothiazolidinone benzenesulfonamides as potent carbonic anhydrase II and IX inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:381-386. [PMID: 29421714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of iminothiazolidinone-sulfonamide hybrids (2a-k) was synthesized by heterocyclization of sulfanilamide thioureas with methyl bromoacetate and characterized by spectroscopic techniques, mass and elemental analysis. The synthesized derivatives were screened against four relevant human (h) isoforms of carbonic anydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) I, II, IV and IX. These enzymes are involved in a variety of diseases, including glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, epilepsy, arthritis, and tumors. Derivatives 2a-2k exhibited the best inhibitory activity against the cytosolyc hCA II (KIs are reaching the sub-nanomolar range, 0.41-37.8 nM) and against the tumor-associated isoform hCA IX (KIs are spanning between 24.3 and 368.3 nM). The binding mode of the reported iminothiazolidinone benzenesulfonamides within hCA II and IX catalytic clefts was investigated by docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams-Ul Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Sivia Bua
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Ip YK, Koh CZY, Hiong KC, Choo CYL, Boo MV, Wong WP, Neo ML, Chew SF. Carbonic anhydrase 2-like in the giant clam, Tridacna squamosa: characterization, localization, response to light, and possible role in the transport of inorganic carbon from the host to its symbionts. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13494. [PMID: 29199178 PMCID: PMC5727267 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa, lives in symbiosis with zooxanthellae which reside extracellularly inside a tubular system. Zooxanthellae fix inorganic carbon (Ci) during insolation and donate photosynthate to the host. Carbonic anhydrases catalyze the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3-, of which carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2) is the most ubiquitous and involved in many biological processes. This study aimed to clone a CA2 homolog (CA2-like) from the fleshy and colorful outer mantle as well as the thin and whitish inner mantle of T. squamosa, to determine its cellular and subcellular localization, and to examine the effects of light exposure on its gene and protein expression levels. The cDNA coding sequence of CA2-like from T. squamosa comprised 789 bp, encoding 263 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 29.6 kDa. A phenogramic analysis of the deduced CA2-like sequence denoted an animal origin. CA2-like was not detectable in the shell-facing epithelium of the inner mantle adjacent to the extrapallial fluid. Hence, CA2-like is unlikely to participate directly in light-enhanced calcification. By contrast, the outer mantle, which contains the highest density of tertiary tubules and zooxanthellae, displayed high level of CA2-like expression, and CA2-like was localized to the tubule epithelial cells. More importantly, exposure to light induced significant increases in the protein abundance of CA2-like in the outer mantle. Hence, CA2-like could probably take part in the increased supply of inorganic carbon (Ci) from the host clam to the symbiotic zooxanthellae when the latter conduct photosynthesis to fix Ci during light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen K. Ip
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- The Tropical Marine Science InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Clarissa Z. Y. Koh
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Kum C. Hiong
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Celine Y. L. Choo
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Mel V. Boo
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Wai P. Wong
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Mei L. Neo
- St. John's Island National Marine LaboratoryNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Shit F. Chew
- Natural Sciences and Science EducationNational Institute of EducationNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
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Clayton H, Saladié M, Rolland V, Sharwood R, Macfarlane T, Ludwig M. Loss of the Chloroplast Transit Peptide from an Ancestral C 3 Carbonic Anhydrase Is Associated with C 4 Evolution in the Grass Genus Neurachne. Plant Physiol 2017; 173:1648-1658. [PMID: 28153918 PMCID: PMC5338660 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurachne is the only known grass lineage containing closely related C3, C3-C4 intermediate, and C4 species, making it an ideal taxon with which to study the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the grasses. To begin dissecting the molecular changes that led to the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in this group, the complementary DNAs encoding four distinct β-carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoforms were characterized from leaf tissue of Neurachne munroi (C4), Neurachne minor (C3-C4), and Neurachne alopecuroidea (C3). Two genes (CA1 and CA2) each encode two different isoforms: CA1a/CA1b and CA2a/CA2b. Transcript analyses found that CA1 messenger RNAs were significantly more abundant than transcripts from the CA2 gene in the leaves of each species examined, constituting ∼99% of all β-CA transcripts measured. Localization experiments using green fluorescent protein fusion constructs showed that, while CA1b is a cytosolic CA in all three species, the CA1a proteins are differentially localized. The N. alopecuroidea and N. minor CA1a isoforms were imported into chloroplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells, whereas N. munroi CA1a localized to the cytosol. Sequence analysis indicated an 11-amino acid deletion in the amino terminus of N. munroi CA1a relative to the C3 and C3-C4 proteins, suggesting that chloroplast targeting of CA1a is the ancestral state and that loss of a functional chloroplast transit peptide in N. munroi CA1a is associated with the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in Neurachne spp. Remarkably, this mechanism is homoplastic with the evolution of the C4-associated CA in the dicotyledonous genus Flaveria, although the actual mutations in the two lineages differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmony Clayton
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.C., M.S., M.L.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.R., R.S.); and
- Western Australian Herbarium, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia (T.M.)
| | - Montserrat Saladié
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.C., M.S., M.L.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.R., R.S.); and
- Western Australian Herbarium, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia (T.M.)
| | - Vivien Rolland
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.C., M.S., M.L.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.R., R.S.); and
- Western Australian Herbarium, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia (T.M.)
| | - Robert Sharwood
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.C., M.S., M.L.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.R., R.S.); and
- Western Australian Herbarium, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia (T.M.)
| | - Terry Macfarlane
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.C., M.S., M.L.)
- Australian Research Council Centre for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.R., R.S.); and
- Western Australian Herbarium, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia (T.M.)
| | - Martha Ludwig
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia (H.C., M.S., M.L.);
- Australian Research Council Centre for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia (V.R., R.S.); and
- Western Australian Herbarium, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia 6152, Australia (T.M.)
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10
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Taraphder S, Maupin CM, Swanson JJ, Voth GA. Coupling Protein Dynamics with Proton Transport in Human Carbonic Anhydrase II. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8389-404. [PMID: 27063577 PMCID: PMC5003118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of protein dynamics in enzyme catalysis is one of the most highly debated topics in enzymology. The main controversy centers around what may be defined as functionally significant conformational fluctuations and how, if at all, these fluctuations couple to enzyme catalyzed events. To shed light on this debate, the conformational dynamics along the transition path surmounting the highest free energy barrier have been herein investigated for the rate limiting proton transport event in human carbonic anhydrase (HCA) II. Special attention has been placed on whether the motion of an excess proton is correlated with fluctuations in the surrounding protein and solvent matrix, which may be rare on the picosecond and subpicosecond time scales of molecular motions. It is found that several active site residues, which do not directly participate in the proton transport event, have a significant impact on the dynamics of the excess proton. These secondary participants are shown to strongly influence the active site environment, resulting in the creation of water clusters that are conducive to fast, moderately slow, or slow proton transport events. The identification and characterization of these secondary participants illuminates the role of protein dynamics in the catalytic efficiency of HCA II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabani Taraphder
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - C. Mark Maupin
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
| | - Jessica
M. J. Swanson
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Frank Institute,
and Computation Institute, University of
Chicago, 5735 South Ellis
Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Gregory A. Voth
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Frank Institute,
and Computation Institute, University of
Chicago, 5735 South Ellis
Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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11
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Nishita T, Miyazaki R, Miyazaki T, Ochiai H, Orito K. Antibodies reacting to carbonic anhydrase isozymes (I and II) and albumin in sera from dogs. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:180-2. [PMID: 27234558 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IgGs to carbonic anhydrase isozymes (CA-I and CA-II) and albumin were identified in dog serum. IgG titers were determined in the sera of asymptomatic dogs, and in dogs with atopic dermatitis, diarrhea and/or vomiting, diabetes and/or pancreatitis, kidney disease, hepatic disease, and thyroid gland disease, using ELISA. Low titres of IgG-reactive CA-I, CA-II, BSA, and CSA were found in the sera of healthy beagles. Compared with healthy beagles, there was a significant difference in the titers of antibodies against CA-I in asymptomatic dogs, dogs with diabetes and/or pancreatitis, or thyroid gland disease, or hepatic disease. Compared with healthy beagles, there was a significant difference in the antibody titer of anti-CA-II IgG in asymptomatic dogs and in those with hepatic disease. There was a significant difference in the antibody titer of anti-BSA IgG between healthy beagles and dogs with hepatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiho Nishita
- Laboratory of Physiology I, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Rui Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Physiology I, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Takae Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Physiology I, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ochiai
- Research Institute of Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kensuke Orito
- Laboratory of Physiology II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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12
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Datz S, Argyo C, Gattner M, Weiss V, Brunner K, Bretzler J, von Schirnding C, Torrano AA, Spada F, Vrabel M, Engelke H, Bräuchle C, Carell T, Bein T. Genetically designed biomolecular capping system for mesoporous silica nanoparticles enables receptor-mediated cell uptake and controlled drug release. Nanoscale 2016; 8:8101-8110. [PMID: 27021414 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08163g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Effective and controlled drug delivery systems with on-demand release and targeting abilities have received enormous attention for biomedical applications. Here, we describe a novel enzyme-based cap system for mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) that is directly combined with a targeting ligand via bio-orthogonal click chemistry. The capping system is based on the pH-responsive binding of an aryl-sulfonamide-functionalized MSN and the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). An unnatural amino acid (UAA) containing a norbornene moiety was genetically incorporated into CA. This UAA allowed for the site-specific bio-orthogonal attachment of even very sensitive targeting ligands such as folic acid and anandamide. This leads to specific receptor-mediated cell and stem cell uptake. We demonstrate the successful delivery and release of the chemotherapeutic agent Actinomycin D to KB cells. This novel nanocarrier concept provides a promising platform for the development of precisely controllable and highly modular theranostic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Datz
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Argyo
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Gattner
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Veronika Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Korbinian Brunner
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Johanna Bretzler
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Constantin von Schirnding
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Adriano A Torrano
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Fabio Spada
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Milan Vrabel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - Hanna Engelke
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christoph Bräuchle
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry, Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Center for Nano Science (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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13
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Pang Q, Qi X, Jiang Y, Wang O, Li M, Xing X, Dong J, Xia W. Two novel CAII mutations causing carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome in two unrelated Chinese families. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:989-97. [PMID: 25720518 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) deficiency syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis (RTA) and cerebral calcifications (MIM259730). CAII deficiency syndrome is caused by mutations in the gene CAII, which encodes the enzyme carbonic anhydrase II. CAII mutations are rarely reported in the Asian population. Here, we described two unrelated CAII deficiency families of Chinese Han origin with clinical and genetic analysis. Altogether, 106 subjects, including 2 probands, 4 unaffected family members from two non-consanguineous Chinese families, and 100 healthy controls were recruited. All seven exons and the exon-intron boundaries of the CAII gene were amplified and directly sequenced. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was used to study the effect of splice site mutation. All clinical and biochemical parameters of the probands were collected. Two novel mutations of CAII gene were identified by mutational analysis: A nonsense mutation in exon 4 (c.T381C p.Y127X) in both families; a splice mutation at the splice donor site of intron 3 (c.350+2T>C, IVS3+2T>C) in one family. The splice-site mutation causes exon 3 skipping in patient's mRNA resulting in an in-frame deletion and a novel premature stop codon. These mutations were predicted to result in a loss of function of CAII. This is the first report of CAII deficiency syndrome in Chinese population. Our findings extent the spectrum of CAII mutations observed in patients with CAII deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Pang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, The Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
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14
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Brodkin HR, DeLateur NA, Somarowthu S, Mills CL, Novak WR, Beuning PJ, Ringe D, Ondrechen MJ. Prediction of distal residue participation in enzyme catalysis. Protein Sci 2015; 24:762-78. [PMID: 25627867 PMCID: PMC4420525 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A scoring method for the prediction of catalytically important residues in enzyme structures is presented and used to examine the participation of distal residues in enzyme catalysis. Scores are based on the Partial Order Optimum Likelihood (POOL) machine learning method, using computed electrostatic properties, surface geometric features, and information obtained from the phylogenetic tree as input features. Predictions of distal residue participation in catalysis are compared with experimental kinetics data from the literature on variants of the featured enzymes; some additional kinetics measurements are reported for variants of Pseudomonas putida nitrile hydratase (ppNH) and for Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (AP). The multilayer active sites of P. putida nitrile hydratase and of human phosphoglucose isomerase are predicted by the POOL log ZP scores, as is the single-layer active site of P. putida ketosteroid isomerase. The log ZP score cutoff utilized here results in over-prediction of distal residue involvement in E. coli alkaline phosphatase. While fewer experimental data points are available for P. putida mandelate racemase and for human carbonic anhydrase II, the POOL log ZP scores properly predict the previously reported participation of distal residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Brodkin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, 02115
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis UniversityWaltham, Massachusetts, 02454–9110
- Department of Chemistry, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis UniversityWaltham, Massachusetts, 02454–9110
| | - Nicholas A DeLateur
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Srinivas Somarowthu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Caitlyn L Mills
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Walter R Novak
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis UniversityWaltham, Massachusetts, 02454–9110
- Department of Chemistry, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis UniversityWaltham, Massachusetts, 02454–9110
| | - Penny J Beuning
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Dagmar Ringe
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis UniversityWaltham, Massachusetts, 02454–9110
- Department of Chemistry, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis UniversityWaltham, Massachusetts, 02454–9110
| | - Mary Jo Ondrechen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, 02115
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15
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Li Y, Zhou J. [The changes of carbonic anhydrase activity and its mRNA expression in rats cochlea after noise exposure]. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2014; 28:554-556. [PMID: 25007673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the changes of carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and its mRNA expression in rats cochlea after noise exposure. METHOD Twenty-four healthy Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups including 1 control group without contact of noise and 3 experimental groups exposed to a narrowband white noise of 4 kHz, 110 dB SPL 4h/d for 1 day, 1 week and 3 weeks, respectively. ABR thresholds were tested for each group at the time points described above. An immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of CA in the cochlea tissue. Differences in CAII mRNA expressions with and without noise exposure were examined using RT-PCR. RESULT The thresholds of ABR in noise exposed cochlea were increased compared with the control cochlea (P < 0.01). CA activity and the CAII mRNA expression in noise exposed cochlea were decreased compared with the control cochlea (P < 0.01). The increase of ABR thresholds and decreases of CA activity and the CAII mRNA expression showed a time dependent pattern as the extension of duration exposed to noise. CONCLUSION Noise exposure could downregulate the CA activity and CAII mRNA expression in the cochlea. CA was proably involved in the pathogenesis of noise-induced hearing loss.
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16
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Xu J, Barone S, Brooks MB, Soleimani M. Double knockout of carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) and Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) causes salt wasting and volume depletion. Cell Physiol Biochem 2013; 32:173-83. [PMID: 24429824 PMCID: PMC10947769 DOI: 10.1159/000356637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter NCC and the Cl(-)/HCO3(-)exchanger pendrin are expressed on apical membranes of distal cortical nephron segments and mediate salt absorption, with pendrin working in tandem with the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) and the Na(+)-dependent chloride/bicarbonate exchanger (NDCBE), whereas NCC is working by itself. A recent study showed that NCC and pendrin compensate for loss of each other under basal conditions, therefore masking the role that each plays in salt reabsorption. Carbonic anhydrase II (CAII, CA2 or CAR2) plays an important role in acid-base transport and salt reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule and acid-base transport in the collecting duct. Animals with CAII deletion show remodeling of intercalated cells along with the downregulation of pendrin. NCC KO mice on the other hand show significant upregulation of pendrin and ENaC. Neither model shows any significant salt wasting under baseline conditions. We hypothesized that the up-regulation of pendrin is essential for the prevention of salt wasting in NCC KO mice. METHODS AND RESULTS To test this hypothesis, we generated NCC/CAII double KO (dKO) mice by crossing mice with single deletion of NCC and CAII. The NCC/CAII dKO mice displayed significant downregulation of pendrin, along with polyuria and salt wasting. As a result, the dKO mice developed volume depletion, which was associated with the inability to concentrate urine. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the upregulation of pendrin is essential for the prevention of salt and water wasting in NCC deficient animals and its downregulation or inactivation will result in salt wasting, impaired water conservation and volume depletion in the setting of NCC inactivation or inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Cincinnati
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati
| | - Sharon Barone
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Cincinnati
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati
| | | | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Cincinnati
- Departments of Medicine, University of Cincinnati
- Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
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17
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Yamato E, Tashiro F, Miyazaki JI. Microarray analysis of novel candidate genes responsible for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mouse pancreatic β cell line MIN6. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61211. [PMID: 23560115 PMCID: PMC3616144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic islet β cells is important for understanding and treating diabetes. MIN6 cells, a transformed β-cell line derived from a mouse insulinoma, retain GSIS and are a popular in vitro model for insulin secretion. However, in long-term culture, MIN6 cells' GSIS capacity is lost. We previously isolated a subclone, MIN6 clone 4, from the parental MIN6 cells, that shows well-regulated insulin secretion in response to glucose, glybenclamide, and KCl, even after prolonged culture. To investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for preserving GSIS in this subclone, we compared four groups of MIN6 cells: Pr-LP (parental MIN6, low passage number), Pr-HP (parental MIN6, high passage number), C4-LP (MIN6 clone 4, low passage number), and C4-HP (MIN6 clone 4, high passage number). Based on their capacity for GSIS, we designated the Pr-LP, C4-LP, and C4-HP cells as “responder cells.” In a DNA microarray analysis, we identified a group of genes with high expression in responder cells (“responder genes”), but extremely low expression in the Pr-HP cells. Another group of genes (“non-responder genes”) was expressed at high levels in the Pr-HP cells, but at extremely low levels in the responder cells. Some of the responder genes were involved in secretory machinery or glucose metabolism, including Chrebp, Scgn, and Syt7. Among the non-responder genes were Car2, Maf, and Gcg, which are not normally expressed in islet β cells. Interestingly, we found a disproportionate number of known imprinted genes among the responder genes. Our findings suggest that the global expression profiling of GSIS-competent and GSIS-incompetent MIN6 cells will help delineate the gene regulatory networks for insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yamato
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (EY); (JM)
| | - Fumi Tashiro
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Miyazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (EY); (JM)
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18
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Abstract
The primary or hereditary forms of distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) have received increased attention because of advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanism, whereby mutations in the main proteins involved in acid-base transport result in impaired acid excretion. Dysfunction of intercalated cells in the collecting tubules accounts for all the known genetic causes of dRTA. These cells secrete protons into the tubular lumen through H(+)-ATPases functionally coupled to the basolateral anion exchanger 1 (AE1). The substrate for both transporters is provided by the catalytic activity of the cytosolic carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), an enzyme which is also present in the proximal tubular cells and osteoclasts. Mutations in ATP6V1B1, encoding the B-subtype unit of the apical H(+) ATPase, and ATP6V0A4, encoding the a-subtype unit, lead to the loss of function of the apical H(+) ATPase and are usually responsible for patients with autosomal recessive dRTA often associated with early or late sensorineural deafness. Mutations in the gene encoding the cytosolic CA II are associated with the autosomal recessive syndrome of osteopetrosis, mixed distal and proximal RTA and cerebral calcification. Mutations in the AE1, the gene that encodes the Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchanger, usually present as dominant dRTA, but a recessive pattern has been recently described. Several studies have shown trafficking defects in the mutant protein rather than the lack of function as the major mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of dRTA from AE1 mutations.
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19
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Alvarez BV, Quon AL, Mullen J, Casey JR. Quantification of carbonic anhydrase gene expression in ventricle of hypertrophic and failing human heart. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2013; 13:2. [PMID: 23297731 PMCID: PMC3570296 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase enzymes (CA) catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in mammalian cells. Trans-membrane transport of CA-produced bicarbonate contributes significantly to cellular pH regulation. A body of evidence implicates pH-regulatory processes in the hypertrophic growth pathway characteristic of hearts as they fail. In particular, Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) activation is pro-hypertrophic and CA activity activates NHE. Recently Cardrase (6-ethoxyzolamide), a CA inhibitor, was found to prevent and revert agonist-stimulated cardiac hypertrophy (CH) in cultured cardiomyocytes. Our goal thus was to determine whether hypertrophied human hearts have altered expression of CA isoforms. METHODS We measured CA expression in hypertrophied human hearts to begin to examine the role of carbonic anhydrase in progression of human heart failure. Ventricular biopsies were obtained from patients undergoing cardiac surgery (CS, n = 14), or heart transplantation (HT, n = 13). CS patients presented mild/moderate concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and normal right ventricles, with preserved ventricular function; ejection fractions were ~60%. Conversely, HT patients with failing hearts presented CH or ventricular dilation accompanied by ventricular dysfunction and EF values of 20%. Non-hypertrophic, non-dilated ventricular samples served as controls. RESULTS Expression of atrial and brain natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP) were markers of CH. Hypertrophic ventricles presented increased expression of CAII, CAIV, ANP, and BNP, mRNA levels, which increased in failing hearts, measured by quantitative real-time PCR. CAII, CAIV, and ANP protein expression also increased approximately two-fold in hypertrophic/dilated ventricles. CONCLUSIONS These results, combined with in vitro data that CA inhibition prevents and reverts CH, suggest that increased carbonic anhydrase expression is a prognostic molecular marker of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita L Quon
- Department of Biochemistry, and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - John Mullen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Joseph R Casey
- Department of Biochemistry, and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
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20
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Sheng WW, Zhou JP, Kong FM, Li YJ, Dong M. [Clinicopathological significance of the expression of carbonic anhydrase II in human pancreatic invasive ductal cancer]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2012; 50:728-731. [PMID: 23157907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinicopathological significance of the expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA)II protein and mRNA in primary invasive ductal cancer (IDC) of human pancreas. METHODS The expression of CAII protein in 33 paired paraffin embedded IDC specimens of the pancreas and paired adjacent non-cancerous pancreatic tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to examine the expression of CAII protein and mRNA level in 12 paired fresh IDC specimens of the pancreas and adjuvant non-cancerous pancreatic tissues. The relationship between the protein expression and clinicopathological features was analyzed. RESULTS Overexpression of CAII protein was shown in 11 cases of pancreatic IDC tissues (33.3%, 11/33), which was much lower than that in paired non-cancerous pancreatic tissues (72.7%, t = 6.275, P = 0.000). The expression of CAII protein had no correlation with tumor position (χ² = 0.992, P = 0.319), differentiation (χ² = 0.866, P = 0.352), TNM stage (χ² = 1.210, P = 0.271) and Lymph node metastasis (χ² = 0.798, P = 0.372), but had bordering statistic sig with the prognosis of the patients (χ² = 3.233, P = 0.072). The median survival time in the patients with high expression of CAII protein was 540 days, while that in the patients with low expression was 320 days. The expression of CAII protein and mRNA was lower in IDC than that in paired non-cancerous pancreatic tissues detected by Western blot and RT-PCR respectively (t = 3.399, P = 0.006; t = 2.281, P = 0.043). CONCLUSION CAII is down regulated in pancreatic IDC and might be relative with the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-wei Sheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Division of General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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Schueler C, Becker HM, McKenna R, Deitmer JW. Transport activity of the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1 is enhanced by different isoforms of carbonic anhydrase. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27167. [PMID: 22076132 PMCID: PMC3208603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport metabolons have been discussed between carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) and several membrane transporters. We have now studied different CA isoforms, expressed in Xenopus oocytes alone and together with the electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter 1 (NBCe1), to determine their catalytic activity and their ability to enhance NBCe1 transport activity. pH measurements in intact oocytes indicated similar activity of CAI, CAII and CAIII, while in vitro CAIII had no measurable activity and CAI only 30% of the activity of CAII. All three CA isoforms increased transport activity of NBCe1, as measured by the transport current and the rate of intracellular sodium rise in oocytes. Two CAII mutants, altered in their intramolecular proton pathway, CAII-H64A and CAII-Y7F, showed significant catalytic activity and also enhanced NBCe1 transport activity. The effect of CAI, CAII, and CAII mutants on NBCe1 activity could be reversed by blocking CA activity with ethoxyzolamide (EZA, 10 µM), while the effect of the less EZA-sensitive CAIII was not reversed. Our results indicate that different CA isoforms and mutants, even if they show little enzymatic activity in vitro, may display significant catalytic activity in intact cells, and that the ability of CA to enhance NBCe1 transport appears to depend primarily on its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schueler
- Abteilung für Allgemeine Zoologie, FB Biologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Chen J, Huang LQ, Xia QJ, He CQ. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the mRNA expression of CAII and RANK in ovariectomized rats. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:1527-32. [PMID: 21327437 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on the mRNA expression of the carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) and receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) in ovariectomized rats. A total of 48 SD rats were randomly divided into four groups [Sham, OVX, PEMFs, and E(2) (premarin)], 12 rats in each group. Rats in the Sham group received sham ovariectomy, while rats in OVX, PEMFs, and E(2) groups received ovariectomy. Twelve weeks following the surgery, rats (whole body) in the PEMFs group were exposed to PEMFs for 30 days with 3.8 mT, 8 Hz, and 40 min per day; rats in the E(2) group were administered premarin (0.0625 mg/kg/d; intragastric administration 1-2 ml/100 g). Rats in the Sham and OVX groups housed in the same conditions. At the end of intervention, the level of serum estradiol of rats was measured. The gene expression of CAII and RANK in the left ilium of rats was determined with real-time fluorescent-nested quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Compared with the Sham group, the level of serum estradiol in the ovariectomized group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05); compared with the OVX group, CAIImRNA expression was significantly decreased in the PEMFs group and E group (P < 0.05, 0.01, respectively). Compared with the E group, RANKmRNA expression was significantly higher in the PEMFs group (P < 0.05); although RANKmRNA expression decreased in PEMFs group, no statistically significant difference was found between PEMF group and OVX group (P = 0.82). These data suggest that PEMFs could regulate the expression of CAIImRNA in ovariectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhong Shang Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China
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Čapkauskaitė E, Baranauskienė L, Golovenko D, Manakova E, Gražulis S, Tumkevičius S, Matulis D. Indapamide-like benzenesulfonamides as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases I, II, VII, and XIII. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7357-64. [PMID: 20926301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 2-chloro-5-[(1-benzimidazolyl- and 2-benzimidazolylsulfanyl)acetyl]benzene-sulfonamides were designed and synthesized. Their binding to recombinant human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isozymes I, II, VII, and XIII was determined by isothermal titration calorimetry and thermal shift assay. The designed S-alkylated benzimidazole derivatives exhibited stronger binding than the indapamide-like N-alkylated benzimidazoles, with the K(d) reaching about 50-100 nM with drug-targeted hCAs VII and XIII. The cocrystal structures of selected compounds with hCA II were determined by X-ray crystallography, and structural features of the binding event were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Čapkauskaitė
- Laboratory of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Graičiūno 8, Vilnius LT-02241, Lithuania
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Sūdžius J, Baranauskienė L, Golovenko D, Matulienė J, Michailovienė V, Torresan J, Jachno J, Sukackaitė R, Manakova E, Gražulis S, Tumkevičius S, Matulis D. 4-[N-(substituted 4-pyrimidinyl)amino]benzenesulfonamides as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase isozymes I, II, VII, and XIII. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7413-21. [PMID: 20889345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-[N-(substituted 4-pyrimidinyl)amino]benzenesulfonamides were designed and synthesised. Their binding potencies as inhibitors of selected recombinant human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isozymes I, II, VII, and XIII were measured using isothermal titration calorimetry and the thermal shift assay. To determine the structural features of inhibitor binding, the crystal structures of several compounds in complex with hCA II were determined. Several compounds exhibited selectivity towards isozymes I, II, and XIII, and some were potent inhibitors of hCA VII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgis Sūdžius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Abstract
Lengthened circadian period of locomotor activity is a characteristic of a congenic strain of mice carrying a nonsense mutation in exon 5 of the carbonic anhydrase II gene, car2. The null mutation in car2 is located on a DBA/2J inbred strain insert on proximal chromosome 3, on an otherwise C57BL/6J genomic background. Since reducing the size of the congenic region would narrow the possible candidate genes for period, two recombinant congenic strains (R1 and R2) were developed from the original congenic strain. These new congenic strains were assessed for period, genetic composition, and the presence of immunoreactive carbonic anhydrase II. R1 mice were homozygous DBA/2J for the distal portion of the original DBA/2J insert, while R2 mice were homozygous DBA/2J for the proximal portion. R1 mice had a significantly lengthened period compared to R2 mice and wild-type C57BL/6J mice, indicating that the gene(s) affecting period is likely found within the reduced DBA/2J insert (approximately 1 cM) in the R1 mice. The R1 mice also possessed the null mutation in car2. This study confirmed the presence of a gene(s) affecting period on proximal chromosome 3 and significantly reduced the size of the congenic region and the number of candidate genes. Future studies will focus on identifying the gene influencing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari L Kernek
- Program in Medical Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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26
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Baranauskienė L, Petrikaitė V, Matulienė J, Matulis D. Titration calorimetry standards and the precision of isothermal titration calorimetry data. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:2752-2762. [PMID: 19582227 PMCID: PMC2705514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10062752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) data in the literature have relatively high errors in the measured enthalpies of protein-ligand binding reactions. There is a need for universal validation standards for titration calorimeters. Several inorganic salt co-precipitation and buffer protonation reactions have been suggested as possible enthalpy standards. The performances of several commercial calorimeters, including the VP-ITC, ITC200, and Nano ITC-III, were validated using these suggested standard reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daumantas Matulis
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel. +370-5-269-1884; Fax: +370-5-260-2116
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Mazumdar PA, Kumaran D, Swaminathan S, Das AK. A novel acetate-bound complex of human carbonic anhydrase II. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:163-6. [PMID: 18323598 PMCID: PMC2374158 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108002078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) crystallized in an acetate-bound complex belonging to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 42.3, b = 71.8, c = 74.0 A. The structure was solved by the molecular-replacement method and refined to an R value of 0.18 and an R(free) of 0.21. The acetate molecule replaced the zinc-bound water molecule in the structure, differing from previous reports regarding the site of acetate binding. This mode of binding disrupts the hydrogen-bonded solvent network required for activity of the enzyme. This mode of inhibitor binding is a novel one that has not been observed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Anjali Mazumdar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Desigan Kumaran
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | | | - Amit Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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28
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Höst GE, Jonsson BH. Converting human carbonic anhydrase II into a benzoate ester hydrolase through rational redesign. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1784:811-5. [PMID: 18346474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes capable of benzoate ester hydrolysis have several potential medical and industrial applications. A variant of human carbonic anhydrase II (HCAII) was constructed, by rational design, that is capable of hydrolysing para-nitrophenyl benzoate (pNPBenzo) with an efficiency comparable to some naturally occurring esterases. The design was based on a previously developed strategy [G. Höst, L.G. Mårtensson, B.H. Jonsson, Redesign of human carbonic anhydrase II for increased esterase activity and specificity towards esters with long acyl chains, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1764 (2006) 1601-1606.], in which docking of a transition state analogue (TSA) to the active site of HCAII was used to predict mutations that would allow the reaction. A triple mutant, V121A/V143A/T200A, was thus constructed and shown to hydrolyze pNPBenzo with k(cat)/K(M)=625 (+/- 38) M(-1) s(-1). It is highly active with other ester substrates as well, and hydrolyzes para-nitrophenyl acetate with k(cat)/K(M)=101,700 (+/- 4800) M(-1) s(-1), which is the highest esterase efficiency so far for any CA variant. A parent mutant (V121A/V143A) has measurable K(M) values for para-nitrophenyl butyrate (pNPB) and valerate (pNPV), but for V121A/V143A/T200A no K(M) could be determined, showing that the additional T200A mutation has caused a decreased substrate binding. However, k(cat)/K(M) is higher with both substrates for the triple mutant, indicating that binding energy has been diverted from substrate binding to transition state stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar E Höst
- Molecular Biotechnology/IFM Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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29
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Goto T, Shirakawa H, Furukawa Y, Komai M. Decreased expression of carbonic anhydrase isozyme II, rather than of isozyme VI, in submandibular glands in long-term zinc-deficient rats. Br J Nutr 2008; 99:248-53. [PMID: 17761013 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507801565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that in rats, long-term Zn deficiency significantly reduced taste sensitivity and total carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the submandibular gland. We therefore investigated the effects of Zn deficiency on salivary secretion and the expressions of CA isozymes (II and VI) in the rat submandibular gland, since those isozymes are thought to be related to taste sensation and salivary secretion. Male Sprague–Dawley rats, age 4 weeks, were divided into three groups (Zn-def, low-Zn and pair-fed, that were fed a diet containing 2·2, 4·1 or 33·7 mg Zn/kg, respectively, for 42 d). Northern blot analysis indicated that Zn deficiency reduced CA II mRNA expression in the submandibular gland without reducing CA VI mRNA expression. In Western blot analysis, Zn deficiency significantly reduced CA II (erythrocyte CA) protein expression in the submandibular gland without reducing CA VI protein expression. Salivary secretion was lower in the Zn-def group than in the pair-fed group. These results suggest that decreased CA isozyme II expression underlies the decreased CA activity previously reported in the submandibular gland in Zn-def rats, and this may reduce regular salivary secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Goto
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science and Engineering, Ishinomaki Senshu University, 1 Shinmito, Minamisakai, Ishinomaki 986-8580, Japan
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30
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Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase II (CAII)-deficient mice were created to study the syndrome of CAII deficiency in humans including osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis, and cerebral calcification. Although CAII mice have renal tubular acidosis, studies that analyzed only cortical bones found no changes characteristic of osteopetrosis. Consistent with previous studies, the tibiae of CAII-deficient mice were significantly smaller than those of wild-type (WT) mice (28.7 +/- 0.9 vs. 43.6 +/- 3.7 mg; p < 0.005), and the normalized cortical bone volume of CAII-deficient mice (79.3 +/- 2.2%) was within 5% of that of WT mice (82.7 +/- 2.3%; p < 0.05), however, metaphyseal widening of the tibial plateau was noted in CAII-deficient mice, consistent with osteopetrosis. In contrast to cortical bone, trabecular bone volume demonstrated a nearly 50% increase in CAII-deficient mice (22.9 +/- 3.5% in CAII, compared to 15.3 +/- 1.6% in WT; p < 0.001). In addition, histomorphometry demonstrated that bone formation rate was decreased by 68% in cortical bone (4.77 +/- 1.65 microm3/microm2/day in WT vs. 2.07 +/- 1.71 microm3/microm2/day in CAII mice; p < 0.05) and 55% in trabecular bone (0.617 +/- 0.230 microm3/microm2/day in WT vs. 0.272 +/- 0.114 microm3/microm2/day in CAII mice; p < 0.05) in CAII-deficient mice. The number of osteoclasts was significantly increased (67%) in CAII-deficient mice, while osteoblast number was not different from that in WT mice. The metaphyseal widening and changes in the trabecular bone are consistent with osteopetrosis, making the CAII-deficient mouse a valuable model of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Margolis
- Orthopaedic Research Lab, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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31
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Alves PC, Melo-Ferreira J, Branco M, Suchentrunk F, Ferrand N, Harris DJ. Evidence for genetic similarity of two allopatric European hares (Lepus corsicanus and L. castroviejoi) inferred from nuclear DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 46:1191-7. [PMID: 18178109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P C Alves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
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Waterman EA, Cross NA, Lippitt JM, Cross SS, Rehman I, Holen I, Hamdy FC, Eaton CL. The antibody MAB8051 directed against osteoprotegerin detects carbonic anhydrase II: implications for association studies with human cancers. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1958-1966. [PMID: 17631639 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A commonly used monoclonal antibody targeting osteoprotegerin (OPG), MAB8051, detects a truncated protein species in breast and prostate cancer cell lysates. OPG expression has been reported to contribute to cell survival of both of these cancers. We hypothesised that the truncated protein represented a unique tumour-associated OPG isoform. However, here we show that the truncated protein identified by MAB8051 in cancer cell lines is carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), also implicated in tumour biology. We clearly demonstrate cross-reactivity of this OPG antibody in western blots. OPG and CA II RNA-interference studies confirmed the identity of the bands. We show almost identical staining patterns between MAB8051 and CA II immunohistochemistry of different human tissue types and human tumour types using serial sections. We conclude that care should be exercised using this antibody for immunohistochemistry studies, without additional in situ hybridisation, or parallel use of other OPG-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Waterman
- Academic Unit of Urology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Cross
- Academic Unit of Urology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Jenifer M Lippitt
- Academic Unit of Urology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Simon S Cross
- Academic Unit of Pathology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ishtiaq Rehman
- Academic Unit of Urology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Academic Unit of Urology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Colby L Eaton
- Academic Unit of Urology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
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Abstract
In the search for genetic markers for assessing the role of duct cells in pancreas growth, we examined whether carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) has ductal cell specificity. We determined the distribution and timing of CAII expression in mouse pancreas from embryonic stage to adult. The pancreatic ducts only start expressing CAII at embryonic day (E) 18.5, with increases after birth. Around E15.5, glucagon-positive cells, but not insulin-positive cells, also express CAII, with further increases by adult. CAII expression was restricted to cells within ductal structures and glucagon-positive cells with no colocalization with any insulin-positive cells at any time. In the human pancreas, CAII expression is restricted to the ducts. Furthermore, the activity of a 1.6-kb fragment of the human promoter with Luciferase assays was moderately strong compared with the cytomegalovirus promoter in human pancreatic duct cell line (PANC-1). Thus, we believe that the CAII gene could serve as a useful pancreatic duct cell marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Inada
- Section of Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Höst GE, Razkin J, Baltzer L, Jonsson BH. Combined enzyme and substrate design: grafting of a cooperative two-histidine catalytic motif into a protein targeted at the scissile bond in a designed ester substrate. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1570-6. [PMID: 17665409 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A histidine-based, two-residue reactive site for the catalysis of hydrolysis of designed sulfonamide-containing para-nitrophenyl esters has been engineered into a scaffold protein. A matching substrate was designed to exploit the natural active site of human carbonic anhydrase II (HCAII) for well-defined binding. In this we took advantage of the high affinity between the active site zinc atom and sulfonamides. The ester substrate was designed to position the scissile bond in close proximity to the His64 residue in the scaffold protein. Three potential sites for grafting the catalytic His-His pair were identified, and the corresponding N62H/H64, F131H/V135H and L198H/P202H mutants were constructed. The most efficient variant, F131H/V135H, has a maximum k(cat)/K(M) value of approximately 14 000 M(-1) s(-1), with a k(cat) value that is increased by a factor of 3 relative to that of the wild-type HCAII, and by a factor of over 13 relative to the H64A mutant. The results show that an esterase can be designed in a stepwise way by a combination of substrate design and grafting of a designed catalytic motif into a well-defined substrate binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar E Höst
- Molecular Biotechnology/IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
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35
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Weise A, Becker HM, Deitmer JW. Enzymatic suppression of the membrane conductance associated with the glutamine transporter SNAT3 expressed in Xenopus oocytes by carbonic anhydrase II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 130:203-15. [PMID: 17664347 PMCID: PMC2151638 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200709809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The transport activity of the glutamine/neutral amino acid transporter SNAT3 (former SN1, SLC38A3), expressed in oocytes of the frog Xenopus laevis is associated with a non-stoichiometrical membrane conductance selective for Na+ and/or H+ (Schneider, H.P., S. Bröer, A. Bröer, and J.W. Deitmer. 2007. J. Biol. Chem. 282:3788–3798). When we expressed SNAT3 in frog oocytes, the glutamine-induced membrane conductance was suppressed, when carbonic anhydrase isoform II (CAII) had been injected into the oocytes. Transport of substrate, however, was not affected by CAII. The reduction of the membrane conductance by CAII was dependent on the presence of CO2/HCO3−, and could be reversed by blocking the catalytic activity of CAII by ethoxyzolamide (10 μM). Coexpression of wild-type CAII or a N-terminal CAII mutant with SNAT3 also reduced the SNAT3- associated membrane conductance. The catalytically inactive CAII mutant V143Y coexpressed in oocytes did not affect SNAT3-associated membrane conductance. Our results reveal a new type of interaction between CAII and a transporter-associated cation conductance, and support the hypothesis that the transport of substrate and the non-stoichiometrical ion conductance are independent of each other. This study also emphasizes the importance of carbonic anhydrase activity and the presence of CO2-bicarbonate buffers for membrane transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Weise
- Abteilung für Allgemeine Zoologie, FB Biologie, Universitaet Kaiserslautern, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Katzir Z, Dinour D, Reznik-Wolf H, Nissenkorn A, Holtzman E. Familial pure proximal renal tubular acidosis--a clinical and genetic study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 23:1211-5. [PMID: 17881426 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfm583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited proximal renal tubular acidosis (pRTA) is commonly associated with more generalized proximal tubular dysfunctions and occasionally with other organ system defects. Inherited combined pRTA and distal RTA with osteopetrosis and pure pRTA associated with ocular abnormalities, a rare disease which has been recently described. Only one family with pure isolated pRTA has been reported so far and the genetic cause for this disease is unknown. Objectives. We report a unique family with isolated pRTA. The aim of the project was to define the phenotype and to try to find the gene defect causing the disease. METHODS Clinical and metabolic evaluation of all family members was performed and a family pedigree was constructed. DNA was extracted from blood samples of affected and unaffected family members. We amplified by PCR and sequenced the coding areas and splice-sites of the genes that contribute to HCO(-)(3) reclamation in the proximal tubule. The genes studied were as follows: CA II, CA IV, CA XIV, NCB1, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE)-3, NHE-8, the regulatory proteins of NHE3, NHRF1 and NHRF2 and the Cl(-)/HCO(-)(3) exchanger, SLC26A6. RESULTS The father and all four children had RTA with blood HCO(-)(3) levels of 11-14 meq/l and urine pH of 5.3-5.4. Increased HCO(-)(3) fractional excretion after bicarbonate loading to 40-60% confirmed the diagnosis pRTA. No other tubular dysfunction was found, and no organ system dysfunction was detected, besides short stature. No mutation was found in all candidate genes studied. CONCLUSIONS We presented a second family in the literature with familial isolated pure pRTA. The mode of inheritance is compatible with an autosomal dominant disease. Because of the small size of the family, wide genome search was not applicable and the gene candidate approach was chosen. Nine important candidate genes were extensively studied but the molecular basis of the disease was not yet found and genotyping nine important gene candidates were negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze'ev Katzir
- Ze'ev Katzir, Pediatric Nephrology Services, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.
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Hu J, Zhong C, Ding C, Chi Q, Walz A, Mombaerts P, Matsunami H, Luo M. Detection of near-atmospheric concentrations of CO2 by an olfactory subsystem in the mouse. Science 2007; 317:953-7. [PMID: 17702944 DOI: 10.1126/science.1144233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important environmental cue for many organisms but is odorless to humans. It remains unclear whether the mammalian olfactory system can detect CO2 at concentrations around the average atmospheric level (0.038%). We demonstrated the expression of carbonic anhydrase type II (CAII), an enzyme that catabolizes CO2, in a subset of mouse olfactory neurons that express guanylyl cyclase D (GC-D+ neurons) and project axons to necklace glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Exposure to CO2 activated these GC-D+ neurons, and exposure of a mouse to CO2 activated bulbar neurons associated with necklace glomeruli. Behavioral tests revealed CO2 detection thresholds of approximately 0.066%, and this sensitive CO2 detection required CAII activity. We conclude that mice detect CO2 at near-atmospheric concentrations through the olfactory subsystem of GC-D+ neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
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Riccardi D, Cui Q. pKa analysis for the zinc-bound water in human carbonic anhydrase II: Benchmark for "multiscale" QM/MM simulations and mechanistic implications. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:5703-11. [PMID: 17506534 DOI: 10.1021/jp070699w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To quantitatively explore the applicability of the generalized solvent boundary potential (GSBP) based QM/MM approach as a "multiscale" framework for studying chemical reactions in biomolecules, the structural and energetic properties of the Human Carbonic Anhydrase II (CAII) are analyzed and compared to those from periodic boundary condition (PBC) simulations and available experimental data. Although the atomic fluctuations from GSBP based simulations are consistently lower compared to those from PBC simulations or crystallographic data, the fluctuations and internal coordinate distributions for residues in the proximity of the active site as well as diffusion constants of active-site water molecules are fairly well described by GSBP simulations. The pKa of the zinc-bound water, calculated with a SCC-DFTB/MM-GSBP based thermodynamic integration approach, agrees well with experiments for the wild type CAII. For the E106Q mutant, however, a 9 pKa unit downward shift relative to the wild type is found in contrast with previous experiments that found little change. This dramatic discrepancy signals a possible change in the mechanism for the interconversion between CO2/HCO3- in the E106Q mutant, which may be similar to the bicarbonate mediated mechanism proposed for the Co2+ substituted CAII (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5861).1 The study highlights pKa analyses as a valuable approach for quantitatively validating the computational model for complex biomolecules as well as for revealing energetic properties intimately related to the chemical process of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demian Riccardi
- Department of Chemistry and Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Abstract
Severe hypokalemia is a central feature of the classic type of distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA), both in hereditary and acquired forms. In the past decade, many of the genetic defects associated with the hereditary types of distal RTA have been identified and have been the subject of a number of reviews. These genetic advances have expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to distal RTA. In this article, we review data published in the literature on plasma potassium from patients with inherited forms of distal RTA. The degree of hypokalemia varies depending on whether the disease is autosomal autosomal-recessive or dominant, but, interestingly, it occurs in defects caused by mutations in genes encoding the AE-1 exchanger, the carbonic anhydrase II gene, and genes encoding different subunits of the H+ adenosine triphosphatase. This shows that a unique defect involving the H+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase leading to renal potassium wastage cannot explain the hypokalemia seen in virtually all types of classic distal RTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Batlle
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.
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Kamsteeg M, Zeeuwen PLJM, de Jongh GJ, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Zeeuwen-Franssen MEJ, van Erp PEJ, Schalkwijk J. Increased expression of carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) in lesional skin of atopic dermatitis: regulation by Th2 cytokines. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1786-9. [PMID: 17363915 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Several acid/base-coupled membrane transporters, such as the electrogenic sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCe1), have been shown to bind to different carbonic anhydrase isoforms to create a "transport metabolon." We have expressed NBCe1 derived from human kidney in oocytes of Xenopus leavis and determined its transport activity by recording the membrane current in voltage clamp, and the cytosolic H(+) and Na(+) concentrations using ion-selective microelectrodes. When carbonic anhydrase isoform II (CAII) had been injected into oocytes, the membrane current and the rate of cytosolic Na(+) rise, indicative for NBCe1 activity, increased significantly with the amount of injected CAII (2-200 ng). The CAII inhibitor ethoxyzolamide reversed the effects of CAII on the NBCe1 activity. Co-expressing wild-type CAII or NH(2)-terminal mutant CAII together with NBCe1 provided similar results, whereas co-expressing the catalytically inactive CAII mutant V143Y had no effect on NBCe1 activity. Mass spectrometric analysis and the rate of cytosolic H(+) change following addition of CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) confirmed the catalytic activity of injected and expressed CAII in oocytes. Our results show that the transport capacity of NBCe1 is enhanced by the catalytic activity of CAII, in line with the notion that CAII forms a transport metabolon with NBCe1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger M Becker
- Abteilung für Allgemeine Zoologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, P. O. Box 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Fisher SZ, Tu C, Bhatt D, Govindasamy L, Agbandje-McKenna M, McKenna R, Silverman DN. Speeding up proton transfer in a fast enzyme: kinetic and crystallographic studies on the effect of hydrophobic amino acid substitutions in the active site of human carbonic anhydrase II. Biochemistry 2007; 46:3803-13. [PMID: 17330962 DOI: 10.1021/bi602620k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catalysis of the hydration of CO2 by human carbonic anhydrase isozyme II (HCA II) is sustained at a maximal catalytic turnover of 1 mus-1 by proton transfer between a zinc-bound solvent and bulk solution. This mechanism of proton transfer is facilitated via the side chain of His64, which is located 7.5 A from the zinc, and mediated via intervening water molecules in the active-site cavity. Three hydrophilic residues that have previously been shown to contribute to the stabilization of these intervening waters were replaced with hydrophobic residues (Y7F, N62L, and N67L) to determine their effects on proton transfer. The structures of all three mutants were determined by X-ray crystallography, with crystals equilibrated from pH 6.0 to 10.0. A range of changes were observed in the ordered solvent and the conformation of the side chain of His64. Correlating these structural variants with kinetic studies suggests that the very efficient proton transfer (approximately 7 micros-1) observed for Y7F HCA II in the dehydration direction, compared with the wild type and other mutants of this study, is due to a combination of three features. First, in this mutant, the side chain of His64 showed an appreciable inward orientation pointing toward the active-site zinc. Second, in the structure of Y7F HCA II, there is an unbranched chain of hydrogen-bonded waters linking the proton donor His64 and acceptor zinc-bound hydroxide. Finally, the difference in pKa of the donor and acceptor appears favorable for proton transfer. The data suggest roles for residues 7, 62, and 67 in fine-tuning the properties of His64 for optimal proton transfer in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zoë Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, USA
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Fujisaki K, Tanabe N, Suzuki N, Kawato T, Takeichi O, Tsuzukibashi O, Makimura M, Ito K, Maeno M. Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand induces the expression of carbonic anhydrase II, cathepsin K, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in osteoclast precursor RAW264.7 cells. Life Sci 2007; 80:1311-8. [PMID: 17306833 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is a potent stimulator of bone resorption and an inhibitor of bone formation, whereas macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) ligand (RANKL) are essential and sufficient for osteoclast differentiation. Recently, we showed that IL-1alpha affects mineralized nodule formation in vitro and halts bone matrix turnover. We also showed that IL-1alpha stimulates osteoclast formation via the interaction of RANKL with RANK by increasing M-CSF and prostaglandin E(2) and decreasing osteoprotegerin. Here, we examined the effects of IL-1alpha or RANKL and/or M-CSF in the presence of IL-1alpha on the expression of carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), RANK, M-CSF receptor (c-fms), and c-fos transcription factor using RAW264.7 cells as osteoclast precursors. Cells were cultured for up to 14 days in 0 or 100 U/ml IL-1alpha and either 50 ng/ml RANKL, 10 ng/ml M-CSF, or 50 ng/ml RANKL+10 ng/ml M-CSF in the presence of 100 U/ml IL-1alpha. The formation of osteoclast-like cells was estimated using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. Expression of the genes coding for the six proteins of interest was determined using real-time PCR, and the expression of the three enzymes was examined using Western blotting or ELISA. In the presence of IL-1alpha, expression of CAII, cathepsin K, and MMP-9 was markedly increased in cells cultured with RANKL or M-CSF+RANKL, whereas expression was difficult to detect in cells cultured with IL-1alpha alone and M-CSF. RANK and c-fos expression was also increased in cells cultured with RANKL or M-CSF+RANKL in the presence of IL-1alpha, whereas c-fms expression did not change. These results indicate that the expression of CAII, cathepsin K, and MMP-9 in RAW264.7 cells is not induced by M-CSF, but by RANKL in the presence of IL-1alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Fujisaki
- Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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Riccardi D, König P, Prat-Resina X, Yu H, Elstner M, Frauenheim T, Cui Q. "Proton holes" in long-range proton transfer reactions in solution and enzymes: A theoretical analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:16302-11. [PMID: 17165785 PMCID: PMC2561195 DOI: 10.1021/ja065451j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Proton transfers are fundamental to chemical processes in solution and biological systems. Often, the well-known Grotthuss mechanism is assumed where a series of sequential "proton hops" initiates from the donor and combines to produce the net transfer of a positive charge over a long distance. Although direct experimental evidence for the sequential proton hopping has been obtained recently, alternative mechanisms may be possible in complex molecular systems. To understand these events, all accessible protonation states of the mediating groups should be considered. This is exemplified by transfers through water where the individual water molecules can exist in three protonation states (water, hydronium, and hydroxide); as a result, an alternative to the Grotthuss mechanism for a proton transfer through water is to generate a hydroxide by first protonating the acceptor and then transfer the hydroxide toward the donor through water. The latter mechanism can be most generally described as the transfer of a "proton hole" from the acceptor to the donor where the "hole" characterizes the deprotonated state of any mediating molecule. This pathway is distinct and is rarely considered in the discussion of proton-transfer processes. Using a calibrated quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) model and an effective sampling technique, we study proton transfers in two solution systems and in Carbonic Anhydrase II. Although the relative weight of the "proton hole" and Grotthuss mechanisms in a specific system is difficult to determine precisely using any computational approach, the current study establishes an energetics motivated framework that hinges on the donor/acceptor pKa values and electrostatics due to the environment to argue that the "proton hole" transfer is likely as important as the classical Grotthuss mechanism for proton transport in many complex molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demian Riccardi
- Department of Chemistry and Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Brinkman AB, Pennings SWC, Braliou GG, Rietveld LEG, Stunnenberg HG. DNA methylation immediately adjacent to active histone marking does not silence transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:801-11. [PMID: 17202157 PMCID: PMC1807972 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Active promoters generally contain histone H3/H4 hyperacetylation and tri-methylation at H3 lysine 4, whereas repressed promoters are associated with DNA methylation. Here we show that the repressed erythroid-specific carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) promoter has active histone modifications localized around the transcription start, while high levels of CpG methylation are present directly upstream from these active marks. Despite the presence of active histone modifications, the repressed promoter requires hormone-induced activation for efficient preinitiation complex assembly. Transient and positional changes in histone H3/H4 acetylation and local changes in nucleosome density are evident during activation, but the bipartite epigenetic code is stably maintained. Our results suggest that active histone modifications may prevent spreading of CpG methylation towards the promoter and show that repressive DNA methylation immediately adjacent to a promoter does not necessarily repress transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hendrik G. Stunnenberg
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences 191, PO Box 9191, Nijmegen 6500HB, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 24 3610524; Fax: +31 24 3610520;
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Piermarini PM, Kim EY, Boron WF. Evidence against a direct interaction between intracellular carbonic anhydrase II and pure C-terminal domains of SLC4 bicarbonate transporters. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:1409-21. [PMID: 17090540 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608261200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on solid-phase binding assays with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection, previous investigators suggested that intracellular carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) interacts at high affinity with the C-terminal (Ct) domains of SLC4 bicarbonate-transport proteins, expressed as glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins, to form functional HCO3- metabolons. Here we re-evaluated this protein-protein interaction using two solid-phase binding assays. We first compared the ability of the Ct domain of three SLC4 transporters, SLC4-A1 (AE1), SLC4-A4 (NBCe1), and SLC4-A8 (NDCBE), to bind immobilized CA II, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection. We found that when expressed as GST fusion proteins, all three bind to CA II (Kd 300-600 nM) better than does pure GST. However, we detected no binding of pure SLC4-Ct peptides to immobilized CA II. Second, we reversed assay orientation by immobilizing the SLC4-Ct fusion proteins or peptides. We found that more CA II binds to GST than to any of the three GST-SLC4-Ct fusion proteins. Furthermore, we detected no binding of CA II to any of the immobilized pure SLC4-Ct peptides. Finally, we used surface plasmon resonance to detect possible rapid interactions between CA II and the pure peptides. Although we detected acetazolamide binding to immobilized CA II and specific antibodies binding to immobilized SLC4-Ct peptides, we detected no binding of CA II to immobilized SLC4-Ct or vice versa. Thus, although an HCO3 metabolon may exist, CA II cannot bind directly to pure SLC4-Ct peptides and can bind to GST-SLC4-Ct fusion proteins only when the CA II is immobilized and the fusion protein is soluble, and not vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Piermarini
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Höst G, Mårtensson LG, Jonsson BH. Redesign of human carbonic anhydrase II for increased esterase activity and specificity towards esters with long acyl chains. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1764:1601-6. [PMID: 16996812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of modulating the shape and the size of the hydrophobic pocket on the esterase activity and specificity of human carbonic anhydrase II (HCAII) for esters with different acyl chain lengths was investigated. Following an initial screen of 7 HCAII variants with alanine substitutions in positions 121, 143 and 198, detailed kinetic measurements were performed on HCAII and the variants V121A, V143A and V121A/V143A. For some variants, an increased size of the hydrophobic pocket resulted in increased activities and specificities for longer substrates. For V121A/V143A, the rate of hydrolysis for paranitrophenyl valerate was increased by a factor of approximately 3000. The specificities also changed dramatically, for example V121A/V143A is 6.3 times more efficient with paranitrophenyl valerate than paranitrophenyl acetate, while HCAII is >500 times more efficient with paranitrophenyl acetate than paranitrophenyl valerate. An automated docking procedure was performed on these variants with transition state analogues (TSAs) for the hydrolysis reaction. It was possible to correlate the catalytic rate constants to the docking results, i.e. for each variant, efficient hydrolysis was generally correlated to successful TSA-docking. The observations in this paper show that the redesign increased the catalytic rates for substrates with long acyl chains by removal of steric hinders and addition of new favourable binding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Höst
- Molecular Biotechnology/IFM Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Abstract
Kidneys are essential for acid-base homeostasis, especially when organisms cope with changes in acid or base dietary intake. Because collecting ducts constitute the final site for regulating urine acid-base balance, we undertook to identify the gene network involved in acid-base transport and regulation in the mouse outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD). For this purpose, we combined kidney functional studies and quantitative analysis of gene expression in OMCDs, by transcriptome and candidate gene approaches, during metabolic acidosis. Furthermore, to better delineate the set of genes concerned with acid-base disturbance, the OMCD transcriptome of acidotic mice was compared with that of both normal mice and mice undergoing an adaptative response through potassium depletion. Metabolic acidosis, achieved through an NH4Cl-supplemented diet for 3 days, not only induced acid secretion but also stimulated the aldosterone and vasopressin systems and triggered cell proliferation. Accordingly, metabolic acidosis increased the expression of genes involved in acid-base transport, sodium transport, water transport, and cell proliferation. In particular, >25 transcripts encoding proteins involved in urine acidification (subunits of H-ATPase, kidney anion exchanger, chloride channel Clcka, carbonic anhydrase-2, aldolase) were co-regulated during acidosis. These transcripts, which cooperate to achieve a similar function and are co-regulated during acidosis, constitute a functional unit that we propose to call a "regulon".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Cheval
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique Rénales, Unité mixte de recherche 7134, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 58, Paris cedex 6, France
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Singh U, Sun T, Shi W, Schulz R, Nuber UA, Varanou A, Hemberger MC, Elliott RW, Ohta H, Wakayama T, Fundele R. Expression and functional analysis of genes deregulated in mouse placental overgrowth models: Car2 and Ncam1. Dev Dyn 2006; 234:1034-45. [PMID: 16247769 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Different causes, such as maternal diabetes, cloning by nuclear transfer, interspecific hybridization, and deletion of some genes such as Esx1, Ipl, or Cdkn1c, may underlie placental overgrowth. In a previous study, we carried out comparative gene expression analysis in three models of placental hyperplasias, cloning, interspecies hybridization (IHPD), and Esx1 deletion. This study identified a large number of genes that exhibited differential expression between normal and enlarged placentas; however, it remained unclear how altered expression of any specific gene was related to any specific placental phenotype. In the present study, we focused on two genes, Car2 and Ncam1, which both exhibited increased expression in interspecies and cloned hyperplastic placentas. Apart from a detailed expression analysis of both genes during normal murine placentation, we also assessed morphology of placentas that were null for Car2 or Ncam1. Finally, we attempted to rescue placental hyperplasia in a congenic model of IHPD by decreasing transcript levels of Car2 or Ncam1. In situ analysis showed that both genes are expressed mainly in the spongiotrophoblast, however, expression patterns exhibited significant variability during development. Contrary to expectations, homozygous deletion of either Car2 or Ncam1 did not result in placental phenotypes. However, expression analysis of Car3 and Ncam2, which can take over the function of Car2 and Ncam1, respectively, indicated a possible rescue mechanism, as Car3 and Ncam2 were expressed in spongiotrophoblast of Car2 and Ncam1 mutant placentas. On the other hand, downregulation of either Car2 or Ncam1 did not rescue any of the placental phenotypes of AT24 placentas, a congenic model for interspecies hybrid placentas. This strongly suggested that altered expression of Car2 and Ncam1 is a downstream event in placental hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umashankar Singh
- Department of Development and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Abstract
Carbon dioxide levels are used by two fungal pathogens as a key signal to choose between the expression of environmental or virulence traits. Studies now reveal that the atypical fungal adenylyl cyclases are implicated in this decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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