1
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Mi W, Zhang X, Wang B, Sun R, Ma S, Hu Z, Dai X. Absolute protein quantification based on calibrated particle counting using electrospray-differential mobility analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1304:342534. [PMID: 38637035 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The traceability of in vitro diagnostics or drug products is based on the accurate quantification of proteins. In this study, we developed an absolute quantification approach for proteins. This method is based on calibrated particle counting using electrospray-differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA) coupled with a condensation particle counter (CPC). The absolute concentration of proteins was quantified with the observed protein particle number measured with ES-DMA-CPC, and the detection efficiency was determined by calibrators. The measurement performance and quantitative level were verified using two certificated reference materials, BSA and NIMCmAb. The linear regression fit for the detection efficiency values of three reference materials and one highly purified protein (myoglobin, BSA, NIMCmAb and fibrinogen) indicated that the detection efficiency and the particle size distribution of these proteins exhibited a linear relationship. Moreover, to explore the suitability of the detection efficiency-particle size curve for protein quantification, the concentrations of three typical proteinaceous particles, including two high molecular weight proteins (NIST reference material 8671 and D-dimer) and one protein complex (glutathione S-transferase dimer), were determined. This work suggests that this calibrated particle counting method is an efficient approach for nondestructive, rapid and accurate quantification of proteins, especially for measuring proteinaceous particles with tremendous size and without reference standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mi
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruixue Sun
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street 258, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shangying Ma
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street 258, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhishang Hu
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xinhua Dai
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China.
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2
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Hua Y, Strauss M, Fisher S, Mauser MFX, Manchet P, Smacchia M, Geyer P, Shayeghi A, Pfeffer M, Eggenweiler TH, Daly S, Commandeur J, Mayor M, Arndt M, Šolomek T, Köhler V. Giving the Green Light to Photochemical Uncaging of Large Biomolecules in High Vacuum. JACS AU 2023; 3:2790-2799. [PMID: 37885583 PMCID: PMC10598566 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of biomolecules in a high vacuum enables experiments on fragile species in the absence of a perturbing environment. Since many molecular properties are influenced by local electric fields, here we seek to gain control over the number of charges on a biopolymer by photochemical uncaging. We present the design, modeling, and synthesis of photoactive molecular tags, their labeling to peptides and proteins as well as their photochemical validation in solution and in the gas phase. The tailored tags can be selectively cleaved off at a well-defined time and without the need for any external charge-transferring agents. The energy of a single or two green photons can already trigger the process, and it is soft enough to ensure the integrity of the released biomolecular cargo. We exploit differences in the cleavage pathways in solution and in vacuum and observe a surprising robustness in upscaling the approach from a model system to genuine proteins. The interaction wavelength of 532 nm is compatible with various biomolecular entities, such as oligonucleotides or oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hua
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Strauss
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergey Fisher
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin F. X. Mauser
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pierre Manchet
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Smacchia
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Geyer
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Shayeghi
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pfeffer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Henri Eggenweiler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven Daly
- MS
Vision, Televisieweg
40, 1322 AM Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Commandeur
- MS
Vision, Televisieweg
40, 1322 AM Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute
for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, DE-76021 Karlsruhe Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Lehn Institute
of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510274, P. R. China
| | - Markus Arndt
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomáš Šolomek
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valentin Köhler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Panda M, Kalita E, Singh S, Rao A, Prajapati VK. Application of functional proteomics in understanding RNA virus-mediated infection. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 138:301-325. [PMID: 38220429 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Together with the expansion of genome sequencing research, the number of protein sequences whose function is yet unknown is increasing dramatically. The primary goals of functional proteomics, a developing area of study in the realm of proteomic science, are the elucidation of the biological function of unidentified proteins and the molecular description of cellular systems at the molecular level. RNA viruses have emerged as the cause of several human infectious diseases with large morbidity and fatality rates. The introduction of high-throughput sequencing tools and genetic-based screening approaches over the last few decades has enabled researchers to find previously unknown and perplexing elements of RNA virus replication and pathogenesis on a scale never feasible before. Viruses, on the other hand, frequently disrupt cellular proteostasis, macromolecular complex architecture or stoichiometry, and post-translational changes to take over essential host activities. Because of these consequences, structural and global protein and proteoform monitoring is highly necessiated. Mass spectrometry (MS) has the potential to elucidate key details of virus-host interactions and speed up the identification of antiviral targets, giving precise data on the stoichiometry of cellular and viral protein complexes as well as mechanistic insights, has lately emerged as a key part of the RNA virus biology toolbox as a functional proteomics approach. Affinity-based techniques are primarily employed to identify interacting proteins in stable complexes in living organisms. A protein's biological role is strongly suggested by its relationship with other members of a certain protein complex that is involved in a particular process. With a particular emphasis on the most recent advancements in defining host responses and their translational implications to uncover novel tractable antiviral targets, this chapter provides insight on several functional proteomics techniques in RNA virus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India; Department of Neurology. Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI),University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistraße Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elora Kalita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Satyendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India.
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4
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Cajahuaringa S, Caetano DLZ, Zanotto LN, Araujo G, Skaf MS. MassCCS: A High-Performance Collision Cross-Section Software for Large Macromolecular Assemblies. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:3557-3566. [PMID: 37184925 PMCID: PMC10269586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) techniques have become highly valued as a tool for structural characterization of biomolecular systems since they yield accurate measurements of the rotationally averaged collision cross-section (CCS) against a buffer gas. Despite its enormous potential, IM-MS data interpretation is often challenging due to the conformational isomerism of metabolites, lipids, proteins, and other biomolecules in the gas phase. Therefore, reliable and fast CCS calculations are needed to help interpret IM-MS data. In this work, we present MassCCS, a parallelized open-source code for computing CCS of molecules ranging from small organic compounds to massive protein assemblies at the trajectory method level of description using atomic and molecular buffer gas particles. The performance of the code is comparable to other available software for small molecules and proteins but is significantly faster for larger macromolecular assemblies. We performed extensive tests regarding accuracy, performance, and scalability with system size and number of CPU cores. MassCCS has proven highly accurate and efficient, with execution times under a few minutes, even for large (84.87 MDa) virus capsid assemblies with very modest computational resources. MassCCS is freely available at https://github.com/cces-cepid/massccs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cajahuaringa
- Institute
of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-852, Brazil
- Center
for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-861, Brazil
| | - Daniel L. Z. Caetano
- Center
for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-861, Brazil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro N. Zanotto
- Institute
of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-852, Brazil
- Center
for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-861, Brazil
| | - Guido Araujo
- Institute
of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-852, Brazil
- Center
for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-861, Brazil
| | - Munir S. Skaf
- Center
for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-861, Brazil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
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5
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Steinberger S, Karuthedom George S, Lauková L, Weiss R, Tripisciano C, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Weber V, Allmaier G, Weiss VU. Targeting the Structural Integrity of Extracellular Vesicles via Nano Electrospray Gas-Phase Electrophoretic Mobility Molecular Analysis (nES GEMMA). MEMBRANES 2022; 12:872. [PMID: 36135891 PMCID: PMC9501092 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are in the scientific spotlight due to their potential application in the medical field, ranging from medical diagnosis to therapy. These applications rely on EV stability during isolation and purification-ideally, these steps should not impact vesicle integrity. In this context, we investigated EV stability and particle numbers via nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (nES GEMMA) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). In nES GEMMA, native, surface-dry analytes are separated in the gas-phase according to the particle size. Besides information on size and particle heterogeneity, particle number concentrations are obtained in accordance with recommendations of the European Commission for nanoparticle characterization (2011/696/EU, 18 October 2011). Likewise, and in contrast to NTA, nES GEMMA enables detection of co-purified proteins. On the other hand, NTA, yielding data on hydrodynamic size distributions, is able to relate particle concentrations, omitting electrolyte exchange (and resulting EV loss), which is prerequisite for nES GEMMA. Focusing on EVs of different origin, we compared vesicles concentrations and stability, especially after electrolyte exchange and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Co-isolated proteins were detected in most samples, and the vesicle amount varied in dependence on the EV source. We found that depletion of co-purified proteins was achievable via SEC, but was associated with a loss of EVs and-most importantly-with decreased vesicle stability, as detected via a reduced nES GEMMA measurement repeatability. Ultimately, we propose the repeatability of nES GEMMA to yield information on EV stability, and, as a result, we propose that nES GEMMA can yield additional valuable information in EV research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sobha Karuthedom George
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Lucia Lauková
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - René Weiss
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Carla Tripisciano
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | | | - Viktoria Weber
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor U. Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Lee J, Clowers BH, Hogan CJ. Condensable Vapor Sorption by Low Charge State Protein Ions. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7050-7059. [PMID: 35500255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of the gas-phase ion mobility of proteins provides a means to quantitatively assess the relative sizes of charged proteins. However, protein ion mobility measurements are typically singular values. Here, we apply tandem mobility analysis to low charge state protein ions (+1 and +2 ions) introduced into the gas phase by nanodroplet nebulization. We first determine protein ion mobilities in dry air and subsequently examine shifts in mobilities brought about by the clustering of vapor molecules. Tandem mobility analysis yields mobility-vapor concentration curves for each protein ion, expanding the information obtained from mobility analysis. This experimental procedure and analysis is extended to bovine serum albumin, transferrin, immunoglobulin G, and apoferritin with water, 1-butanol, and nonane. All protein ions appear to adsorb vapor molecules, with mobility "diameter" shifts of up to 6-7% at conditions just below vapor saturation. We parametrize results using κ-Köhler theory, where the term κ quantifies the extent of uptake beyond Köhler model expectations. For 1-butanol and nonane, κ decreases with increasing protein ion size, while it increases with increasing protein ion size for water. For the systems probed, the extent of mobility shift for the organic vapors is unaffected by the nebulized solution pH, while shifts with water are sensitive to pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Christopher J Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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A possible role of gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (nES GEMMA) in extracellular vesicle research. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7341-7352. [PMID: 34622320 PMCID: PMC8626398 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The emerging role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biomarkers and their envisioned therapeutic use require advanced techniques for their detailed characterization. In this context, we investigated gas-phase electrophoresis on a nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (nES GEMMA, aka nES differential mobility analyzer, nES DMA) as an alternative to standard analytical techniques. In gas-phase electrophoresis, single-charged, surface-dry, native, polydisperse, and aerosolized analytes, e.g., proteins or bio-nanoparticles, are separated according to their electrophoretic mobility diameter, i.e., globular size. Subsequently, monodisperse particles are counted after a nucleation step in a supersaturated atmosphere as they pass a focused laser beam. Hence, particle number concentrations are obtained in accordance with recommendations of the European Commission for nanoparticle characterization (2011/696/EU from October 18th, 2011). Smaller sample constituents (e.g., co-purified proteins) can be detected next to larger ones (e.g., vesicles). Focusing on platelet-derived EVs, we compared different vesicle isolation techniques. In all cases, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) confirmed the presence of vesicles. However, nES GEMMA often revealed a significant co-purification of proteins from the sample matrix, precluding gas-phase electrophoresis of less-diluted samples containing higher vesicle concentrations. Therefore, mainly peaks in the protein size range were detected. Mass spectrometry revealed that these main contaminants belonged to the group of globulins and coagulation-related components. An additional size exclusion chromatography (SEC) step enabled the depletion of co-purified, proteinaceous matrix components, while a label-free quantitative proteomics approach revealed no significant differences in the detected EV core proteome. Hence, the future in-depth analysis of EVs via gas-phase electrophoresis appears feasible.
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8
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nES-DMA with Charge-reduction based on Soft X-ray Radiation: Analysis of a Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1182:122925. [PMID: 34543886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the fast growing importance of monoclonal antibodies in biomedical research, bioanalytics and human therapy, sensitive, fast and reliable methods are needed to monitor their production, target their characteristics, and for their final quality control. Application of a nano electrospray (nES) with soft X-ray radiation (SXR) based charge reduction and differential mobility analysis (DMA, aka nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis, nES GEMMA) allows the size-separation and detection of macromolecules and (bio-)nanoparticles from a few nm up to several hundreds of nm in diameter in a native-like environment. The current study focuses on the analysis of a 148 kDa recombinant monoclonal antibody (rmAb) with the above mentioned instrumental setup and applying an universal detector, i.e. a water-based condensation particle detector (CPC). Next to the intact rmAb, its aggregates and fragment products after digestion with IdeS protease were analyzed. Additionally, influence of temperature treatment and pH variation on the stability of the rmAb was monitored. In this context, changes in electrophoretic mobility diameter (EMD) values, peak shape, and signal intensity based on particle numbers were of interest. Molecular weights calculated by application of a correlation derived from respective standard protein compounds were compared to mass spectrometric values and were found to be in good accordance. To conclude, we demonstrate that nES-DMA is a valuable tool in the characterization and quality control of rmABs.
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9
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Zoratto S, Weiss VU, van der Horst J, Commandeur J, Buengener C, Foettinger‐Vacha A, Pletzenauer R, Graninger M, Allmaier G. Molecular weight determination of adeno-associate virus serotype 8 virus-like particle either carrying or lacking genome via native nES gas-phase electrophoretic molecular mobility analysis and nESI QRTOF mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4786. [PMID: 34608711 PMCID: PMC9285973 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are proteinaceous shells derived from viruses lacking any viral genomic material. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a non-enveloped icosahedral virus used as VLP delivery system in gene therapy (GT). Its success as vehicle for GT is due to its selective tropism, high level of transduction, and low immunogenicity. In this study, two preparations of AAV serotype 8 (AAV8) VLPs either carrying or lacking completely genomic cargo (i.e., non-viral ssDNA) have been investigated by means of a native nano-electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (GEMMA) (native nES GEMMA) and native nano-electrospray ionization quadrupole reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS) (native nESI QRTOF MS). nES GEMMA is based on electrophoretic mobility principles: single-charge nanoparticles (NPs), that is, AAV8 particle, are separated in a laminar sheath flow of dry, particle-free air and a tunable orthogonal electric field. Thus, the electrophoretic mobility diameter (EMD) of a bio-NP (i.e., diameter of globular nano-objects) is obtained at atmospheric pressure, which can be converted into its MW based on a correlation. First is the native nESI QRTOF. MS's goal is to keep the native biological conformation of an analyte during the passage into the vacuum. Subsequently, highly accurate MW values are obtained from multiple-charged species after deconvolution. However, once applied to the analysis of megadalton species, native MS is challenging and requires customized instrumental modifications not readily available on standard devices. Hence, the analysis of AAV8 VLPs via native MS in our hands did not produce a defined charge state assignment, that is, charge deconvolution for exact MW determination was not possible. Nonetheless, the method we present is capable to estimate the MW of VLPs by combining the results from native nES GEMMA and native ESI QRTOF MS. In detail, our findings show a MW of 3.7 and 5.0 MDa for AAV8 VLPs either lacking or carrying an engineered genome, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Zoratto
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
| | - Victor U. Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Carsten Buengener
- Pharmaceutical SciencesBaxalta Innovations (part of Takeda)ViennaAustria
| | | | - Robert Pletzenauer
- Pharmaceutical SciencesBaxalta Innovations (part of Takeda)ViennaAustria
| | - Michael Graninger
- Pharmaceutical SciencesBaxalta Innovations (part of Takeda)ViennaAustria
| | - Guenter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
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10
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Zoratto S, Weiss VU, Friedbacher G, Buengener C, Pletzenauer R, Foettinger-Vacha A, Graninger M, Allmaier G. Adeno-associated Virus Virus-like Particle Characterization via Orthogonal Methods: Nanoelectrospray Differential Mobility Analysis, Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation, and Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16428-16437. [PMID: 34235314 PMCID: PMC8246466 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based virus-like particles (VLPs) are thriving vectors of choice in the biopharmaceutical field of gene therapy. Here, a method to investigate purified AAV serotype 8 (AAV8) batches via a nanoelectrospray gas-phase mobility molecular analyzer (nES GEMMA), also known as an nES differential mobility analyzer, is presented. Indeed, due to AAV's double-digit nanometer scale, nES GEMMA is an excellently suited technique to determine the surface-dry particle size termed electrophoretic mobility diameter of such VLPs in their native state at atmospheric pressure and with particle-number-based detection. Moreover, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4, also known as AFFFF) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were employed as orthogonal techniques for VLP characterization. In addition, AF4 was implemented to size-separate as well as to enrich and collect fractions of AAV8 VLPs after inducing analyte aggregation in the liquid phase. Bionanoparticle aggregation was achieved by a combination of heat and shear stress. These fractions were later analyzed with nES GEMMA (in the gas phase) and AFM (on a solid surface). Both techniques confirm the presence of dimers, trimers, and putative VLP oligomers. Last, AFM reveals even larger AAV8 VLP aggregates, which were not detectable by nES GEMMA because their heterogeneity combined with low abundance was below the limit of detection of the instrument. Hence, the combination of the employed orthogonal sizing methods with the separation technique AF4 allow a comprehensive characterization of AAV8 VLPs applied as vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Zoratto
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Victor U. Weiss
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Gernot Friedbacher
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Carsten Buengener
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Baxalta Innovations (part of Takeda), Vienna A-1221, Austria
| | - Robert Pletzenauer
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Baxalta Innovations (part of Takeda), Vienna A-1221, Austria
| | - Alexandra Foettinger-Vacha
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Michael Graninger
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Baxalta Innovations (part of Takeda), Vienna A-1221, Austria
| | - Guenter Allmaier
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna A-1060, Austria
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11
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Weiss VU, Denderz N, Allmaier G, Marchetti‐Deschmann M. Online hyphenation of size-exclusion chromatography and gas-phase electrophoresis facilitates the characterization of protein aggregates. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1202-1208. [PMID: 33651392 PMCID: PMC8252587 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase electrophoresis yields size distributions of polydisperse, aerosolized analytes based on electrophoretic principles. Nanometer-sized, surface-dry, single-charged particles are separated in a high laminar sheath flow of particle-free air and an orthogonal tunable electric field. Additionally, nano Electrospray Gas-Phase Electrophoretic Mobility Molecular Analyzer (nES GEMMA) data are particle-number based. Therefore, small particles can be detected next to larger ones without a bias, for example, native proteins next to their aggregates. Analyte transition from the liquid to the gas phase is a method inherent prerequisite. In this context, nonvolatile sample buffers influence results. In the worst case, the (bio-)nanoparticle signal is lost due to an increased baseline and unspecific clustering of nonvolatile components. We present a novel online hyphenation of liquid chromatography and gas-phase electrophoresis, coupling a size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) column to an advanced nES GEMMA. Via this novel approach, it is possible to (i) separate analyte multimers already present in liquid phase from aggregates formed during the nES process, (ii) differentiate liquid phase and spray-induced multimers, and (iii) to remove nonvolatile buffer components online before SEC-nES GEMMA analysis. Due to these findings, SEC-nES GEMMA has the high potential to help to understand aggregation processes in biological buffers adding the benefit of actual size determination for noncovalent assemblies formed in solution. As detection and characterization of protein aggregation in large-scale pharmaceutical production or sizing of noncovalently bound proteins are findings directly related to technologically and biologically relevant situations, we proposed the presented method to be a valuable addition to LC-MS approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U. Weiss
- Institute for Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
| | - Natalia Denderz
- Institute for Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute for Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
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12
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Blake RC, Shively JE, Timkovich R, White RA. Homogeneous Cytochrome 579 Is an Octamer That Reacts Too Slowly With Soluble Iron to Be the Initial Iron Oxidase in the Respiratory Chain of Leptospirillum ferriphilum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673066. [PMID: 34012429 PMCID: PMC8126622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact role that cytochrome 579 plays in the aerobic iron respiratory chain of Leptospirillum ferriphilum is unclear. This paper presents genomic, structural, and kinetic data on the cytochrome 579 purified from cell-free extracts of L. ferriphilum cultured on soluble iron. Electrospray mass spectrometry of electrophoretically homogeneous cytochrome 579 yielded two principal peaks at 16,015 and 16,141 Daltons. N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the purified protein yielded data that were used to determine the following: there are seven homologs of cytochrome 579; each homolog possesses the CXXCH heme-binding motif found in c-type cytochromes; each of the seven sequenced strains of L. ferriphilum expresses only two of the seven homologs of the cytochrome; and each homolog contains an N-terminal signal peptide that directs the mature protein to an extra-cytoplasmic location. Static light scattering and macroion mobility measurements on native cytochrome 579 yielded masses of 125 and 135 kDaltons, respectively. The reduced alkaline pyridine hemochromogen spectrum of the purified cytochrome had an alpha absorbance maximum at 567 nm, a property not exhibited by any known heme group. The iron-dependent reduction and oxidation of the octameric cytochrome exhibited positively cooperative kinetic behavior with apparent Hill coefficients of 5.0 and 3.7, respectively, when the purified protein was mixed with mM concentrations of soluble iron. Consequently, the extrapolated rates of reduction at sub-mM iron concentrations were far too slow for cytochrome 579 to be the initial iron oxidase in the aerobic respiratory chain of L. ferriphilum. Rather, these observations support the hypothesis that the acid-stable cytochrome 579 is a periplasmic conduit of electrons from initial iron oxidation in the outer membrane of this Gram-negative bacterium to a terminal oxidase in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Blake
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - John E Shively
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Russell Timkovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Richard Allen White
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, United States.,Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC, United States.,Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Simanjuntak Y, Schamoni-Kast K, Grün A, Uetrecht C, Scaturro P. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Proteomics Methods to Study RNA Virus Biology. Viruses 2021; 13:668. [PMID: 33924391 PMCID: PMC8070632 DOI: 10.3390/v13040668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses cause a wide range of human diseases that are associated with high mortality and morbidity. In the past decades, the rise of genetic-based screening methods and high-throughput sequencing approaches allowed the uncovering of unique and elusive aspects of RNA virus replication and pathogenesis at an unprecedented scale. However, viruses often hijack critical host functions or trigger pathological dysfunctions, perturbing cellular proteostasis, macromolecular complex organization or stoichiometry, and post-translational modifications. Such effects require the monitoring of proteins and proteoforms both on a global scale and at the structural level. Mass spectrometry (MS) has recently emerged as an important component of the RNA virus biology toolbox, with its potential to shed light on critical aspects of virus-host perturbations and streamline the identification of antiviral targets. Moreover, multiple novel MS tools are available to study the structure of large protein complexes, providing detailed information on the exact stoichiometry of cellular and viral protein complexes and critical mechanistic insights into their functions. Here, we review top-down and bottom-up mass spectrometry-based approaches in RNA virus biology with a special focus on the most recent developments in characterizing host responses, and their translational implications to identify novel tractable antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogy Simanjuntak
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.S.); (K.S.-K.); (A.G.)
| | - Kira Schamoni-Kast
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.S.); (K.S.-K.); (A.G.)
| | - Alice Grün
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.S.); (K.S.-K.); (A.G.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.S.); (K.S.-K.); (A.G.)
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Pietro Scaturro
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.S.); (K.S.-K.); (A.G.)
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14
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N-terminal VP1 Truncations Favor T = 1 Norovirus-Like Particles. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:vaccines9010008. [PMID: 33374273 PMCID: PMC7824077 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses cause immense sporadic gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Emerging genotypes, which are divided based on the sequence of the major capsid protein VP1, further enhance this public threat. Self-assembling properties of the human norovirus major capsid protein VP1 are crucial for using virus-like particles (VLPs) for vaccine development. However, there is no vaccine available yet. Here, VLPs from different variants produced in insect cells were characterized in detail using a set of biophysical and structural tools. We used native mass spectrometry, gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis, and proteomics to get clear insights into particle size, structure, and composition, as well as stability. Generally, noroviruses have been known to form mainly T = 3 particles. Importantly, we identified a major truncation in the capsid proteins as a likely cause for the formation of T = 1 particles. For vaccine development, particle production needs to be a reproducible, reliable process. Understanding the underlying processes in capsid size variation will help to produce particles of a defined capsid size presenting antigens consistent with intact virions. Next to vaccine production itself, this would be immensely beneficial for bio-/nano-technological approaches using viral particles as carriers or triggers for immunological reactions.
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15
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Chiang MT, Wang HL, Han TY, Hsieh YK, Wang J, Tsai DH. Assembly and Detachment of Hyaluronic Acid on a Protein-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticle. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:14782-14792. [PMID: 33236916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The assembly-disassembly of hyaluronic acid (HA) with a bovine serum albumin-conjugated gold nanoparticle (BSA-AuNP) was demonstrated using a gas-phase electrophoresis approach, electrospray-differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA). Physical sizes, number and mass concentrations, and degrees of aggregation of HA, BSA, and AuNP were successfully quantified using ES-DMA hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was employed complementarily for an orthogonal characterization of the assembly of HA with BSA-AuNP and the subsequent HA detachment. The results show that the surface packing density of HA on BSA-AuNP was proportional to the concentration of HA (CHA) when CHA ≤ 5 × 10-3 μmol/L, and the equilibrium binding constant of HA on BSA-AuNP was identified as ≈ 4 × 105 L/mol at pH 3. The pH-sensitive and enzyme-induced detachments of HA from BSA-AuNP were both successfully characterized using ES-DMA and ATR-FTIR. In the absence of enzymatic catalysis, the rate constant of HA detachment (k) was shown to increase by at least 3.7 times on adjusting the environmental acidity from pH 3 to pH 7. A significant enzyme-induced HA detachment was identified at pH 7, showing a remarkable increase of k by at least two times in the presence of an enzyme. This work provides a proof of concept for assembly of HA-based hybrid colloidal nanomaterials through the tuning of surface chemistry in the aqueous phase with the ability of in situ quantitative characterization, which has shown promise for the development of a variety of HA-derivative biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Li Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzung-You Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Kong Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jane Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
| | - De-Hao Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
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16
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Tamadate T, Higashi H, Hogan CJ, Seto T. The charge reduction rate for multiply charged polymer ions via ion-ion recombination at atmospheric pressure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25215-25226. [PMID: 33125012 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03989f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The charge reduction of multiply charged macromolecular ions via recombination with small ions in the gas phase is commonly employed to modulate the charge on macromolecules prior to mass spectrometric and mobility analyses. We employ a recently developed continuum-Molecular Dynamics (MD) calculation approach to determine the recombination rate coefficient of multiply charged (1 to 7 excess positive charged) polyethylene glycol ions (mass of 4600 Da) with smaller singly charged anions, modeled as NO2- ions. The continuum-MD approach accounts explicitly for the influence of the background gas on the recombination process, accounts explicitly for ion translational, vibrational, and rotational motion, and enables recombination rate coefficient calculation in nitrogen near atmospheric pressure, wherein neither low pressure nor high pressure recombination theories are strictly applicable. Continuum-MD simulations yield recombination rate coefficients near 3.9 × 10-14 m3 s-1 for singly charged ions, increasing to 3.0 × 10-11 m3 s-1 for the +7 ion. Pre-existing collision rate coefficient expressions for rigid ions are found to be within a factor of 2-5 of calculations for all charge states, but their use requires knowledge of an appropriate collision distance, which is not well-defined for flexible polymer ions. Continuum-MD-inferred rate coefficients are incorporated into a model of charge reduction, and the charge state distribution versus anion concentration determined with it is compared to charge reduction measurements made via atmospheric pressure differential mobility analysis. Good agreement is observed between simulations and experiments; although results are extremely sensitive to the recombination rate coefficients, experimental results are bound by models utilizing rates within a factor of 2 (0.5-2.0×) of the continuum-MD rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Tamadate
- Faculty of Natural System, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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17
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Milewska A, Ner‐Kluza J, Dabrowska A, Bodzon‐Kulakowska A, Pyrc K, Suder P. MASS SPECTROMETRY IN VIROLOGICAL SCIENCES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:499-522. [PMID: 31876329 PMCID: PMC7228374 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Virology, as a branch of the life sciences, discovered mass spectrometry (MS) to be the pivotal tool around two decades ago. The technique unveiled the complex network of interactions between the living world of pro- and eukaryotes and viruses, which delivered "a piece of bad news wrapped in protein" as defined by Peter Medawar, Nobel Prize Laureate, in 1960. However, MS is constantly evolving, and novel approaches allow for a better understanding of interactions in this micro- and nanoworld. Currently, we can investigate the interplay between the virus and the cell by analyzing proteomes, interactomes, virus-cell interactions, and search for the compounds that build viral structures. In addition, by using MS, it is possible to look at the cell from the broader perspective and determine the role of viral infection on the scale of the organism, for example, monitoring the crosstalk between infected tissues and the immune system. In such a way, MS became one of the major tools for the modern virology, allowing us to see the infection in the context of the whole cell or the organism. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Milewska
- Malopolska Centre of BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa 7A30‐387KrakowPoland
| | - Joanna Ner‐Kluza
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Sciences and CeramicsAGH University of Science and TechnologyMickiewicza 30 Ave.30‐059KrakowPoland
| | - Agnieszka Dabrowska
- Malopolska Centre of BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa 7A30‐387KrakowPoland
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa 730‐387KrakowPoland
| | - Anna Bodzon‐Kulakowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Sciences and CeramicsAGH University of Science and TechnologyMickiewicza 30 Ave.30‐059KrakowPoland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Malopolska Centre of BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa 7A30‐387KrakowPoland
| | - Piotr Suder
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Sciences and CeramicsAGH University of Science and TechnologyMickiewicza 30 Ave.30‐059KrakowPoland
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18
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Weiss VU, Frank J, Piplits K, Szymanski WW, Allmaier G. Bipolar Corona Discharge-Based Charge Equilibration for Nano Electrospray Gas-Phase Electrophoretic Mobility Molecular Analysis of Bio- and Polymer Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8665-8669. [PMID: 32519840 PMCID: PMC7467421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Separation
of polydisperse, single-charged analytes in the nanometer
size range in a high laminar sheath flow of particle-free ambient
air and a tunable electric field based on the respective particle
electrophoretic mobility diameter (EMD) can be achieved via gas-phase
electrophoresis. In order to transfer analytes from a volatile electrolyte
solution to the gas-phase as a single-charged species, a nano electrospray
(nES) process followed by drying of nanodroplets and charge conditioning
reaching Boltzmann charge equilibrium is a necessary prerequisite.
In the case of a so-called nES gas-phase electrophoretic mobility
molecular analyzer (nES GEMMA, also known as nES differential mobility
analyzer, nES DMA), charge equilibration is based on bionanoparticle
interaction with a bipolar atmosphere induced, e.g., by a radioactive
α-particle emitter like 210Po. It was the aim of
our investigation to examine whether such a radioactive source can
be easily replaced in the same nES housing by a nonradioactive one,
i.e., by an AC corona discharge unit. The latter would be significantly
easier to handle when compared to radioactive material in laboratory
day-to-day business, waste disposal, as well as regulatory confinements.
Indeed, we were able to combine a standard nES unit of our nES GEMMA
instrument with a commercially available AC corona discharge device
in a novel setup via an adapter. Our results show that this replacement
yields very good results for a number of chemically different nanoparticles,
an exemplary protein, a noncovalent protein complex, a virus-like
particle, a polymer, and a liposome sample, when compared to a 210Po based bipolar charge equilibration device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Frank
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Piplits
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Nano electrospray differential mobility analysis based size-selection of liposomes and very-low density lipoprotein particles for offline hyphenation to MALDI mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112998. [PMID: 31780280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase electrophoresis of single-charged analytes (nanoparticles) enables their separation according to the surface-dry particle size (Electrophoretic Mobility Diameter, EMD), which corresponds to the diameter of spherical shaped particles. Employing a nano Electrospray Differential Mobility Analyzer (nES DMA), also known as nES Gas-phase Electrophoretic Mobility Molecular Analyzer (nES GEMMA), allows sizing/size-separation and determination of particle-number concentrations. Separations are based on a constant high laminar sheath flow and a tunable, orthogonal electric field enabling scanning of EMDs in the nanometer size range. Additionally, keeping the voltage constant, only nanoparticles of a given EMD pass the instrument and can be collected on corresponding supporting materials for subsequent nanoparticle analyses applying e.g. microscopic, immunologic or spectroscopic techniques. In our proof-of-concept study we now focus for the first time on mass spectrometric (MS) characterization of DMA size-selected material. We carried out size-selection of liposomes, vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer and an aqueous lumen employed as carriers in e.g. pharmaceutic, cosmetic or nutritional applications. Particles of 85 nm EMD were collected on gold-coated silicon wafers. Subsequently, matrix was applied and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption / Ionization (MALDI) MS carried out. However, we not only focused on plain liposomes but also demonstrated the applicability of our approach for very heterogeneous low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, a transporter of lipid metabolism. Our novel offline hyphenation of gas-phase electrophoresis (termed nES DMA or nES GEMMA) and MALDI-MS opens the avenue to the molecular characterization of size-select nanoparticles of complex nature.
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20
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Weiss VU, Pogan R, Zoratto S, Bond KM, Boulanger P, Jarrold MF, Lyktey N, Pahl D, Puffler N, Schelhaas M, Selivanovitch E, Uetrecht C, Allmaier G. Virus-like particle size and molecular weight/mass determination applying gas-phase electrophoresis (native nES GEMMA). Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5951-5962. [PMID: 31280479 PMCID: PMC6706367 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
(Bio-)nanoparticle analysis employing a nano-electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (native nES GEMMA) also known as nES differential mobility analyzer (nES DMA) is based on surface-dry analyte separation at ambient pressure. Based on electrophoretic principles, single-charged nanoparticles are separated according to their electrophoretic mobility diameter (EMD) corresponding to the particle size for spherical analytes. Subsequently, it is possible to correlate the (bio-)nanoparticle EMDs to their molecular weight (MW) yielding a corresponding fitted curve for an investigated analyte class. Based on such a correlation, (bio-)nanoparticle MW determination via its EMD within one analyte class is possible. Turning our attention to icosahedral, non-enveloped virus-like particles (VLPs), proteinaceous shells, we set up an EMD/MW correlation. We employed native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (native ESI MS) to obtain MW values of investigated analytes, where possible, after extensive purification. We experienced difficulties in native ESI MS with time-of-flight (ToF) detection to determine MW due to sample inherent characteristics, which was not the case for charge detection (CDMS). nES GEMMA exceeds CDMS in speed of analysis and is likewise less dependent on sample purity and homogeneity. Hence, gas-phase electrophoresis yields calculated MW values in good approximation even when charge resolution was not obtained in native ESI ToF MS. Therefore, both methods-native nES GEMMA-based MW determination via an analyte class inherent EMD/MW correlation and native ESI MS-in the end relate (bio-)nanoparticle MW values. However, they differ significantly in, e.g., ease of instrument operation, sample and analyte handling, or costs of instrumentation. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ronja Pogan
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.,European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Samuele Zoratto
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin M Bond
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Pascale Boulanger
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Nicholas Lyktey
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Dominik Pahl
- Institute of Cellular Virology, WWU Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Puffler
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Schelhaas
- Institute of Cellular Virology, WWU Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Selivanovitch
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.,European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Ashcroft AE. Mass spectrometry-based studies of virus assembly. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 36:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Rehman S, Li YG, Schmitt A, Lassinantti L, Christie PJ, Berntsson RPA. Enterococcal PcfF Is a Ribbon-Helix-Helix Protein That Recruits the Relaxase PcfG Through Binding and Bending of the oriT Sequence. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:958. [PMID: 31134011 PMCID: PMC6514445 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conjugative plasmid pCF10 from Enterococcus faecalis encodes a Type 4 Secretion System required for plasmid transfer. The accessory factor PcfF and relaxase PcfG initiate pCF10 transfer by forming the catalytically active relaxosome at the plasmid’s origin-of-transfer (oriT) sequence. Here, we report the crystal structure of the homo-dimeric PcfF, composed of an N-terminal DNA binding Ribbon-Helix-Helix (RHH) domain and a C-terminal stalk domain. We identified key residues in the RHH domain that are responsible for binding pCF10’s oriT sequence in vitro, and further showed that PcfF bends the DNA upon oriT binding. By mutational analysis and pull-down experiments, we identified residues in the stalk domain that contribute to interaction with PcfG. PcfF variant proteins defective in oriT or PcfG binding attenuated plasmid transfer in vivo, but also suggested that intrinsic or extrinsic factors might modulate relaxosome assembly. We propose that PcfF initiates relaxosome assembly by binding oriT and inducing DNA bending, which serves to recruit PcfG as well as extrinsic factors necessary for optimal plasmid processing and engagement with the pCF10 transfer machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Rehman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yang Grace Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andreas Schmitt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lena Lassinantti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter J Christie
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ronnie P-A Berntsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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23
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Weiss VU, Wieland K, Schwaighofer A, Lendl B, Allmaier G. Native Nano-electrospray Differential Mobility Analyzer (nES GEMMA) Enables Size Selection of Liposomal Nanocarriers Combined with Subsequent Direct Spectroscopic Analysis. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3860-3868. [PMID: 30735037 PMCID: PMC6427476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
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Gas-phase
electrophoresis employing a nano-electrospray differential
mobility analyzer (nES DMA), aka gas-phase electrophoretic mobility
molecular analyzer (nES GEMMA), enables nanoparticle separation in
the gas-phase according to their surface-dry diameter with number-based
concentration detection. Moreover, particles in the nanometer
size range can be collected after size selection on supporting materials.
It has been shown by subsequent analyses employing orthogonal methods,
for instance, microscopic or antibody-based techniques, that the surface
integrity of collected analytes remains intact. Additionally, native
nES GEMMA demonstrated its applicability for liposome characterization.
Liposomes are nanometer-sized, biodegradable, and rather labile carriers
(nanoobjects) consisting of a lipid bilayer encapsulating an aqueous
lumen. In nutritional and pharmaceutical applications, these vesicles
allow shielded, targeted transport and sustained release of bioactive
cargo material. To date, cargo quantification is based on bulk measurements
after bilayer rupture. In this context, we now compare capillary electrophoresis
and spectroscopic characterization of vesicles in solution (bulk measurements)
to the possibility of spectroscopic investigation of individual, size-separated/collected
liposomes after nES GEMMA. Surface-dried, size-selected vesicles were
collected intact on calcium fluoride (CaF2) substrates
and zinc selenide (ZnSe) prisms, respectively, for subsequent spectroscopic
investigation. Our proof-of-principle study demonstrates that the
off-line hyphenation of gas-phase electrophoresis and confocal Raman
spectroscopy allows detection of isolated, nanometer-sized soft material/objects.
Additionally, atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR)
as an advanced spectroscopic system was employed to access molecule-specific
information with nanoscale lateral resolution. The off-line hyphenation
of nES GEMMA and AFM-IR is introduced to enable chemical imaging of
single, i.e., individual, liposome particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics , Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) , A-1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Karin Wieland
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics , Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) , A-1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Andreas Schwaighofer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics , Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) , A-1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics , Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) , A-1060 Vienna , Austria
| | - Guenter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics , Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) , A-1060 Vienna , Austria
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24
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Wang HL, Huang CP, Su CH, Tsai DH. A facile quantification of hyaluronic acid and its crosslinking using gas-phase electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1443-1451. [PMID: 30659324 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile, high-resolution approach to quantitatively characterize hyaluronic acid (HA) and study its crosslinking reaction using electrospray-differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA). Mobility size distributions, number concentrations, molecular mass distributions, and polydispersity index of HAs were obtained successfully via a rapid analysis by ES-DMA (< 30 min). The limit of detection, the limit of quantification, and the precision of the mobility size measurement achieve 2.5 nm, 4.0 nm, and 0.3 nm, respectively. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was employed as an orthogonal approach, showing that the averaged molecular mass and polydispersity index of HA measured by ES-DMA were close to the results of SEC on a semi-quantitative basis. The 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE)-induced crosslinking of HA was also able to be successfully characterized through a time-dependent study using ES-DMA, which has shown the promise of direct analysis of solution-based reactions. Both the extent and the rate of HA crosslinking (induced by BDDE) were proportional to reaction temperature and concentration ratio of HA to BDDE. The activation energy of the reaction-limited BDDE-induced crosslinking of HA was found to be ≈ 21 kJ/mol. The prototype study demonstrates ES-DMA as a new method for a rapid quantitative characterization of HA and its derivative product and providing a capability of real-time monitoring of the HA crosslinking during formulation process. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Li Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Ping Huang
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 31040, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chiu-Hun Su
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, 31040, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - De-Hao Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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25
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Schmitt A, Jiang K, Camacho MI, Jonna VR, Hofer A, Westerlund F, Christie PJ, Berntsson RPA. PrgB promotes aggregation, biofilm formation, and conjugation through DNA binding and compaction. Mol Microbiol 2018; 109:291-305. [PMID: 29723434 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria deploy type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) to facilitate horizontal gene transfer. The T4SSs of Gram-positive bacteria rely on surface adhesins as opposed to conjugative pili to facilitate mating. Enterococcus faecalis PrgB is a surface adhesin that promotes mating pair formation and robust biofilm development in an extracellular DNA (eDNA) dependent manner. Here, we report the structure of the adhesin domain of PrgB. The adhesin domain binds and compacts DNA in vitro. In vivo PrgB deleted of its adhesin domain does not support cellular aggregation, biofilm development and conjugative DNA transfer. PrgB also binds lipoteichoic acid (LTA), which competes with DNA binding. We propose that PrgB binding and compaction of eDNA facilitates cell aggregation and plays an important role in establishment of early biofilms in mono- or polyspecies settings. Within these biofilms, PrgB mediates formation and stabilization of direct cell-cell contacts through alternative binding of cell-bound LTA, which in turn promotes establishment of productive mating junctions and efficient intra- or inter-species T4SS-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmitt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martha I Camacho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Venkateswara Rao Jonna
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Hofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter J Christie
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronnie P-A Berntsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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26
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Rajan A, Persson BD, Frängsmyr L, Olofsson A, Sandblad L, Heino J, Takada Y, Mould AP, Schnapp LM, Gall J, Arnberg N. Enteric Species F Human Adenoviruses use Laminin-Binding Integrins as Co-Receptors for Infection of Ht-29 Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10019. [PMID: 29968781 PMCID: PMC6030200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric species F human adenovirus types 40 and 41 (HAdV-40 and -41) are the third most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis in the world. Knowledge about HAdV-40 and -41 cellular infection is assumed to be fundamentally different from that of other HAdVs since HAdV-40 and -41 penton bases lack the αV-integrin-interacting RGD motif. This motif is used by other HAdVs mainly for internalization and endosomal escape. We hypothesised that the penton bases of HAdV-40 and -41 interact with integrins independently of the RGD motif. HAdV-41 transduction of a library of rodent cells expressing specific human integrin subunits pointed to the use of laminin-binding α2-, α3- and α6-containing integrins as well as other integrins as candidate co-receptors. Specific laminins prevented internalisation and infection, and recombinant, soluble HAdV-41 penton base proteins prevented infection of human intestinal HT-29 cells. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated that HAdV-40 and -41 penton base proteins bind to α6-containing integrins with an affinity similar to that of previously characterised penton base:integrin interactions. With these results, we propose that laminin-binding integrins are co-receptors for HAdV-40 and -41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandi Rajan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, and, the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - B David Persson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, and, the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Frängsmyr
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, and, the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Linda Sandblad
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jyrki Heino
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Yoshikazu Takada
- Department of Dermatology, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - A Paul Mould
- Biomolecular Analysis Core Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn M Schnapp
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Jason Gall
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Niklas Arnberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, and, the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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27
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Weiss VU, Golesne M, Friedbacher G, Alban S, Szymanski WW, Marchetti‐Deschmann M, Allmaier G. Size and molecular weight determination of polysaccharides by means of nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (nES GEMMA). Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1142-1150. [PMID: 29465753 PMCID: PMC6001696 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Size, size distribution and molecular weight (MW) determination of nanoparticles and that are for example large polymers, are of great interest and pose an analytical challenge. In this context, nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (nES GEMMA) is a valuable tool with growing impact. Separation of single-charged analytes according to their electrophoretic mobility diameter (EMD) starting from single-digit EMDs up to several hundred nm diameters is possible. In case of spherical analytes, the EMD corresponds to the dry nanoparticle size. Additionally, the instrument is capable of number-based, single-particle detection following the recommendation of the European Commission for nanoparticle characterization (2011/696/EU). In case an EMD/MW correlation for a particular compound class (based on availability of well-defined standards) exists, a nanoparticle's MW can be determined from its EMD. In the present study, we focused on nES GEMMA of linear and branched, water-soluble polysaccharides forming nanoparticles and were able to obtain spectra for both analyte classes regarding single-charged species. Based on EMDs for corresponding analytes, an excellent EMD/MW correlation could be obtained in case of the branched natural polymer (dextran). This enables the determination of dextran MWs from nES GEMMA spectra despite high analyte polydispersity and in a size/MW range, where classical mass spectrometry is limited. EMD/MW correlations based on linear (pullulans, oat-ß-glucans) polymers were significantly different, possibly indicating challenges in the exact MW determination of these compounds by, for example, chromatographic and light scattering means. Despite these observations, nES GEMMA of linear, monosaccharide-based polymers enabled the determination of size and size-distribution of such dry bionanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U. Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
| | - Monika Golesne
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
- Department of Mechanical and Process EngineeringUniversity of KaiserslauternKaiserslauternGermany
| | - Gernot Friedbacher
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
| | | | | | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and AnalyticsTU Wien (Vienna University of Technology)ViennaAustria
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28
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Reppin F, Cochet S, El Nemer W, Fritz G, Schmidt G. High Affinity Binding of Escherichia coli Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 (CNF1) to Lu/BCAM Adhesion Glycoprotein. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 10:toxins10010003. [PMID: 29267242 PMCID: PMC5793090 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein toxin Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 (CNF1) is a major virulence factor of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. It belongs to a family of single chain AB-toxins, which enter mammalian cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Recently, we identified the Lutheran (Lu) adhesion glycoprotein/basal cell adhesion molecule (BCAM) as a cellular receptor for CNF1. Here, we identified the Ig-like domain 2 of Lu/BCAM as main interaction site of the toxin by direct protein-protein interaction and competition studies. Using surface plasmon resonance, we showed a high affinity CNF-Lu/BCAM interaction with a KD of 2.8 nM. Furthermore, we performed small-angle X-ray scattering to define the molecular envelope of the Lu/BCAM-CNF1 complex, suggesting a 6:1 ratio of Lu/BCAM to CNF1 in the receptor-toxin complex. This study leads to a deeper understanding of the interaction between CNF1 and Lu/BCAM, and presents novel opportunities for the development of future anti-toxin strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Reppin
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albert-Street 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Biological Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albert-Street 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sylvie Cochet
- Universite Sorbonne Paris Cite, Universite Paris Diderot, Inserm, INTS, Unite Biologie Integree du Globule Rouge, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Wassim El Nemer
- Universite Sorbonne Paris Cite, Universite Paris Diderot, Inserm, INTS, Unite Biologie Integree du Globule Rouge, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Günter Fritz
- Department of Neuropathology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Gudula Schmidt
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albert-Street 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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29
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Allmaier G, Blaas D, Bliem C, Dechat T, Fedosyuk S, Gösler I, Kowalski H, Weiss VU. Monolithic anion-exchange chromatography yields rhinovirus of high purity. J Virol Methods 2017; 251:15-21. [PMID: 28966037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For vaccine development, 3D-structure determination, direct fluorescent labelling, and numerous other studies, homogeneous virus preparations of high purity are essential. Working with human rhinoviruses (RVs), members of the picornavirus family and the main cause of generally mild respiratory infections, we noticed that our routine preparations appeared highly pure on analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), exclusively showing the four viral capsid proteins (VPs). However, the preparations turned out to contain substantial amounts of contaminating material when analyzed by orthogonal analytical methods including capillary zone electrophoresis, nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (nES GEMMA), and negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Because these latter analyses are not routine to many laboratories, the above contaminations might remain unnoticed and skew experimental results. By using human rhinovirus serotype A2 (RV-A2) as example we report monolithic anion-exchange chromatography (AEX) as a last polishing step in the purification and demonstrate that it yields infective, highly pure, virus (RV-A2 in the respective fractions was confirmed by peptide mass fingerprinting) devoid of foreign material as judged by the above criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Bliem
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Dechat
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofiya Fedosyuk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Gösler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kowalski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna, Austria.
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30
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Brinet D, Gaie-Levrel F, Delatour V, Kaffy J, Ongeri S, Taverna M. In vitro monitoring of amyloid β-peptide oligomerization by Electrospray differential mobility analysis: An alternative tool to evaluate Alzheimer's disease drug candidates. Talanta 2017; 165:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Clouet-Foraison N, Gaie-Levrel F, Coquelin L, Ebrard G, Gillery P, Delatour V. Absolute Quantification of Bionanoparticles by Electrospray Differential Mobility Analysis: An Application to Lipoprotein Particle Concentration Measurements. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2242-2249. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Clouet-Foraison
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais, LNE, Chemistry and Biology Division, 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Francois Gaie-Levrel
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais, LNE, Chemistry and Biology Division, 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Loic Coquelin
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais, LNE, Chemistry and Biology Division, 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Géraldine Ebrard
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais, LNE, Chemistry and Biology Division, 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Philippe Gillery
- University
of
Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculty of Medicine, UMR CNRS/URCA n°7369
and University Hospital of Reims, Laboratory of Pediatric Biology
and Research, 45 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Delatour
- Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais, LNE, Chemistry and Biology Division, 1 rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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32
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Forsberg E, Fang M, Siuzdak G. Staying Alive: Measuring Intact Viable Microbes with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:14-20. [PMID: 27456857 PMCID: PMC5177535 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has traditionally been the technology of choice for small molecule analysis, making significant inroads into metabolism, clinical diagnostics, and pharmacodynamics since the 1960s. In the mid-1980s, with the discovery of electrospray ionization (ESI) for biomolecule analysis, a new door opened for applications beyond small molecules. Initially, proteins were widely examined, followed by oligonucleotides and other nonvolatile molecules. Then in 1991, three intriguing studies reported using mass spectrometry to examine noncovalent protein complexes, results that have been expanded on for the last 25 years. Those experiments also raised the questions: How soft is ESI, and can it be used to examine even more complex interactions? Our lab addressed these questions with the analyses of viruses, which were initially tested for viability following electrospray ionization and their passage through a quadrupole mass analyzer by placing them on an active medium that would allow them to propagate. This observation has been replicated on multiple different systems, including experiments on an even bigger microbe, a spore. The question of analysis was also addressed in the early 2000s with charge detection mass spectrometry. This unique technology could simultaneously measure mass-to-charge and charge, allowing for the direct determination of the mass of a virus. More recent experiments on spores and enveloped viruses have given us insight into the range of mass spectrometry's capabilities (reaching 100 trillion Da), beginning to answer fundamental questions regarding the complexity of these organisms beyond proteins and genes, and how small molecules are integral to these supramolecular living structures. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Forsberg
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mingliang Fang
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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33
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Engel NY, Weiss VU, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Allmaier G. nES GEMMA Analysis of Lectins and Their Interactions with Glycoproteins - Separation, Detection, and Sampling of Noncovalent Biospecific Complexes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:77-86. [PMID: 27644941 PMCID: PMC5174143 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to better understand biological events, lectin-glycoprotein interactions are of interest. The possibility to gather more information than the mere positive or negative response for interactions brought mass spectrometry into the center of many research fields. The presented work shows the potential of a nano-electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (nES GEMMA) to detect weak, noncovalent, biospecific interactions besides still unbound glycoproteins and unreacted lectins without prior liquid phase separation. First results for Sambucus nigra agglutinin, concanavalin A, and wheat germ agglutinin and their retained noncovalent interactions with glycoproteins in the gas phase are presented. Electrophoretic mobility diameters (EMDs) were obtained by nES GEMMA for all interaction partners correlating very well with molecular masses determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) of the individual molecules. Moreover, EMDs measured for the lectin-glycoprotein complexes were in good accordance with theoretically calculated mass values. Special focus was laid on complex formation for different lectin concentrations and binding specificities to evaluate the method with respect to results obtained in the liquid phase. The latter was addressed by capillary electrophoresis on-a-chip (CE-on-a-chip). Of exceptional interest was the fact that the formed complexes could be sampled according to their size onto nitrocellulose membranes after gas-phase separation. Subsequent immunological investigation further proved that the collected complex actually retained its native structure throughout nES GEMMA analysis and sampling. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y Engel
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, A-1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, A-1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Marchetti-Deschmann
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, A-1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, A-1060, Vienna, Austria.
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34
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Weiss VU, Urey C, Gondikas A, Golesne M, Friedbacher G, von der Kammer F, Hofmann T, Andersson R, Marko-Varga G, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Allmaier G. Nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (nES GEMMA) of liposomes: applicability of the technique for nano vesicle batch control. Analyst 2016; 141:6042-6050. [PMID: 27549027 PMCID: PMC5066478 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00687f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are biodegradable nanoparticle vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer encapsulating an aqueous core. Entrapped cargo material is shielded from the extra-vesicular medium and sustained release of encapsulated material can be achieved. However, application of liposomes as nano-carriers demands their characterization concerning size and size distribution, particle-number concentration, occurrence of vesicle building blocks in solution and determination of the resulting vesicle encapsulation capacity. These questions can be targeted via gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA) based on a nano electrospray (nES) charge-reduction source. This instrument separates single-charged nanoparticles in the gas-phase according to size in a high-laminar sheath-flow by means of an orthogonal, tunable electric field. nES GEMMA analysis enables to confirm liposome integrity after passage through the instrument (in combination with atomic force microscopy) as well as to exclude vesicle aggregation. Additionally, nanoparticle diameters at peak apexes and size distribution data are obtained. Differences of hydrodynamic and dry particle diameter values, as well as the effect of number- and mass-based concentration data analysis on obtained liposome diameters are shown. Furthermore, the repeatability of liposome preparation is studied, especially upon incorporation of PEGylated lipids in the bilayer. Finally, the instruments applicability to monitor mechanical stress applied to vesicles is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Carlos Urey
- Department of Surgery, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Gondikas
- Department of Environmental Geosciences and Environmental Science Research Network, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Golesne
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gernot Friedbacher
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Frank von der Kammer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences and Environmental Science Research Network, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences and Environmental Science Research Network, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
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35
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Urey C, Weiss VU, Gondikas A, von der Kammer F, Hofmann T, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Allmaier G, Marko-Varga G, Andersson R. Combining gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA), light scattering, field flow fractionation and cryo electron microscopy in a multidimensional approach to characterize liposomal carrier vesicles. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:309-318. [PMID: 27639623 PMCID: PMC5396807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For drug delivery, characterization of liposomes regarding size, particle number concentrations, occurrence of low-sized liposome artefacts and drug encapsulation are of importance to understand their pharmacodynamic properties. In our study, we aimed to demonstrate the applicability of nano Electrospray Gas-Phase Electrophoretic Mobility Molecular Analyser (nES GEMMA) as a suitable technique for analyzing these parameters. We measured number-based particle concentrations, identified differences in size between nominally identical liposomal samples, and detected the presence of low-diameter material which yielded bimodal particle size distributions. Subsequently, we compared these findings to dynamic light scattering (DLS) data and results from light scattering experiments coupled to Asymmetric Flow-Field Flow Fractionation (AF4), the latter improving the detectability of smaller particles in polydisperse samples due to a size separation step prior detection. However, the bimodal size distribution could not be detected due to method inherent limitations. In contrast, cryo transmission electron microscopy corroborated nES GEMMA results. Hence, gas-phase electrophoresis proved to be a versatile tool for liposome characterization as it could analyze both vesicle size and size distribution. Finally, a correlation of nES GEMMA results with cell viability experiments was carried out to demonstrate the importance of liposome batch-to-batch control as low-sized sample components possibly impact cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Urey
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gondikas
- Department of Environmental Geosciences and Environmental Science Research Network, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank von der Kammer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences and Environmental Science Research Network, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences and Environmental Science Research Network, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roland Andersson
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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36
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Jeon S, Oberreit DR, Van Schooneveld G, Hogan CJ. Liquid Nebulization–Ion Mobility Spectrometry Based Quantification of Nanoparticle–Protein Conjugate Formation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7667-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | | | - Christopher J. Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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van de Waterbeemd M, Snijder J, Tsvetkova IB, Dragnea BG, Cornelissen JJ, Heck AJR. Examining the Heterogeneous Genome Content of Multipartite Viruses BMV and CCMV by Native Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1000-9. [PMID: 26926442 PMCID: PMC4869746 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the concept was first introduced by Brian Chait and co-workers in 1991, mass spectrometry of proteins and protein complexes under non-denaturing conditions (native MS) has strongly developed, through parallel advances in instrumentation, sample preparation, and data analysis tools. However, the success rate of native MS analysis, particularly in heterogeneous mega-Dalton (MDa) protein complexes, still strongly depends on careful instrument modification. Here, we further explore these boundaries in native mass spectrometry, analyzing two related endogenous multipartite viruses: the Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV) and the Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV). Both CCMV and BMV are approximately 4.6 megadalton (MDa) in mass, of which approximately 1 MDA originates from the genomic content of the virion. Both viruses are produced as mixtures of three particles carrying different segments of the genome, varying by approximately 0.1 MDA in mass (~2%). This mixture of particles poses a challenging analytical problem for high-resolution native MS analysis, given the large mass scales involved. We attempt to unravel the particle heterogeneity using both Q-TOF and Orbitrap mass spectrometers extensively modified for analysis of very large assemblies. We show that manipulation of the charging behavior can provide assistance in assigning the correct charge states. Despite their challenging size and heterogeneity, we obtained native mass spectra with resolved series of charge states for both BMV and CCMV, demonstrating that native MS of endogenous multipartite virions is feasible. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van de Waterbeemd
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Irina B Tsvetkova
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Bogdan G Dragnea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jeroen J Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
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38
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Weiss VU, Bliem C, Gösler I, Fedosyuk S, Kratzmeier M, Blaas D, Allmaier G. In vitro RNA release from a human rhinovirus monitored by means of a molecular beacon and chip electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4209-17. [PMID: 27020928 PMCID: PMC4875947 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase electrophoresis either in the classical capillary format or miniaturized (chip CE) is a valuable tool for quality control of virus preparations and for targeting questions related to conformational changes of viruses during infection. We present an in vitro assay to follow the release of the RNA genome from a human rhinovirus (common cold virus) by using a molecular beacon (MB) and chip CE. The MB, a probe that becomes fluorescent upon hybridization to a complementary sequence, was designed to bind close to the 3′ end of the viral genome. Addition of Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), a well-known additive for reduction of bleaching and blinking of fluorophores in fluorescence microscopy, to the background electrolyte increased the sensitivity of our chip CE set-up. Hence, a fast, sensitive and straightforward method for the detection of viral RNA is introduced. Additionally, challenges of our assay will be discussed. In particular, we found that (i) desalting of virus preparations prior to analysis increased the recorded signal and (ii) the MB–RNA complex signal decreased with the time of virus storage at −70 °C. This suggests that 3′-proximal sequences of the viral RNA, if not the whole genome, underwent degradation during storage and/or freezing and thawing. In summary, we demonstrate, for two independent virus batches, that chip electrophoresis can be used to monitor MB hybridization to RNA released upon incubation of the native virus at 56 °C. Schematic of the study strategy: RNA released from HRV-A2 is detected by chip electrophoresis through the increase in fluorescence after genom complexation to a cognate molecular beacon ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Bliem
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Gösler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofiya Fedosyuk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Kratzmeier
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Straße 8, 76337, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Dextran is widely exploited in medical products and as a component of drug-delivering nanoparticles (NPs). Here, we tested whether dextran can serve as the main substrate of NPs and form a stable backbone. We tested dextrans with several molecular masses under several synthesis conditions to optimize NP stability. The analysis of the obtained nanoparticles showed that dextran NPs that were synthesized from 70 kDa dextran with a 5% degree of oxidation of the polysaccharide chain and 50% substitution with dodecylamine formed a NP backbone composed of modified dextran subunits, the mean diameter of which in an aqueous environment was around 100 nm. Dextran NPs could be stored in a dry state and reassembled in water. Moreover, we found that different chemical moieties (e.g., drugs such as doxorubicin) can be attached to the dextran NPs via a pH-dependent bond that allows release of the drug with lowering pH. We conclude that dextran NPs are a promising nano drug carrier.
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40
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Jeon S, Oberreit DR, Van Schooneveld G, Hogan CJ. Nanomaterial size distribution analysis via liquid nebulization coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (LN-IMS). Analyst 2016; 141:1363-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry is used for nanomaterial size distribution measurement without the need of electrospray based aerosolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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41
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High Sensitivity Method to Estimate Distribution of Hyaluronan Molecular Sizes in Small Biological Samples Using Gas-Phase Electrophoretic Mobility Molecular Analysis. Int J Cell Biol 2015; 2015:938013. [PMID: 26448761 PMCID: PMC4581557 DOI: 10.1155/2015/938013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a negatively charged polydisperse polysaccharide where both its size and tissue concentration play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. The various functions of hyaluronan depend on its molecular size. Up to now, it has been difficult to study the role of hyaluronan in diseases with pathological changes in the extracellular matrix where availability is low or tissue samples are small. Difficulty to obtain large enough biopsies from human diseased tissue or tissue from animal models has also restricted the study of hyaluronan. In this paper, we demonstrate that gas-phase electrophoretic molecular mobility analyzer (GEMMA) can be used to estimate the distribution of hyaluronan molecular sizes in biological samples with a limited amount of hyaluronan. The low detection level of the GEMMA method allows for estimation of hyaluronan molecular sizes from different parts of small organs. Hence, the GEMMA method opens opportunity to attain a profile over the distribution of hyaluronan molecular sizes and estimate changes caused by disease or experimental conditions that has not been possible to obtain before.
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42
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Havlik M, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Friedbacher G, Winkler W, Messner P, Perez-Burgos L, Tauer C, Allmaier G. Comprehensive size-determination of whole virus vaccine particles using gas-phase electrophoretic mobility macromolecular analyzer, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8657-64. [PMID: 26266988 PMCID: PMC4563941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical properties including particle size distribution, integrity, and shape of whole virus vaccine particles at different stages in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines formulation were analyzed by a new set of methods. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used as a conservative sample preparation for vaccine particle fractionation and gas-phase electrophoretic mobility macromolecular analyzer (GEMMA) for analyzing electrophoretic mobility diameters of isolated TBE virions. The derived particle diameter was then correlated with molecular weight. The diameter of the TBE virions determined after SEC by GEMMA instrumentation was 46.8 ± 1.1 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were implemented for comparison purposes and to gain morphological information on the virion particle. Western blotting (Dot Blot) as an immunological method confirmed biological activity of the particles at various stages of the developed analytical strategy. AFM and TEM measurements revealed higher diameters with much higher SD for a limited number of virions, 60.4 ± 8.5 and 53.5 ± 5.3 nm, respectively. GEMMA instrumentation was also used for fractionation of virions with specifically selected diameters in the gas-phase, which were finally collected by means of an electrostatic sampler. At that point (i.e., after particle collection), AFM and TEM showed that the sampled virions were still intact, exhibiting a narrow size distribution (i.e., 59.8 ± 7.8 nm for AFM and 47.5 ± 5.2 nm for TEM images), and most importantly, dot blotting confirmed immunological activity of the collected samples. Furthermore dimers and virion artifacts were detected, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Havlik
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gernot Friedbacher
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Winkler
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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43
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Weiss V, Bereszcazk JZ, Havlik M, Kallinger P, Gösler I, Kumar M, Blaas D, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Heck AJR, Szymanski WW, Allmaier G. Analysis of a common cold virus and its subviral particles by gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis and native mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8709-17. [PMID: 26221912 PMCID: PMC4558612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA) separates nanometer-sized, single-charged particles according to their electrophoretic mobility (EM) diameter after transition to the gas-phase via a nano electrospray process. Electrospraying as a soft desorption/ionization technique preserves noncovalent biospecific interactions. GEMMA is therefore well suited for the analysis of intact viruses and subviral particles targeting questions related to particle size, bioaffinity, and purity of preparations. By correlating the EM diameter to the molecular mass (Mr) of standards, the Mr of analytes can be determined. Here, we demonstrate (i) the use of GEMMA in purity assessment of a preparation of a common cold virus (human rhinovirus serotype 2, HRV-A2) and (ii) the analysis of subviral HRV-A2 particles derived from such a preparation. (iii) Likewise, native mass spectrometry was employed to obtain spectra of intact HRV-A2 virions and empty viral capsids (B-particles). Charge state resolution for the latter allowed its Mr determination. (iv) Cumulatively, the data measured and published earlier were used to establish a correlation between the Mr and EM diameter for a range of globular proteins and the intact virions. Although a good correlation resulted from this analysis, we noticed a discrepancy especially for the empty and subviral particles. This demonstrates the influence of genome encapsulation (preventing analytes from shrinking upon transition into the gas-phase) on the measured analyte EM diameter. To conclude, GEMMA is useful for the determination of the Mr of intact viruses but needs to be employed with caution when subviral particles or even empty viral capsids are targeted. The latter could be analyzed by native MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor
U. Weiss
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessica Z. Bereszcazk
- Bijvoet
Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlene Havlik
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Kallinger
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Gösler
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Bijvoet
Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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44
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Havlik M, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Friedbacher G, Messner P, Winkler W, Perez-Burgos L, Tauer C, Allmaier G. Development of a bio-analytical strategy for characterization of vaccine particles combining SEC and nanoES GEMMA. Analyst 2015; 139:1412-9. [PMID: 24473104 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01962d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Commonly used methods for size and shape analysis of bionanoparticles found in vaccines like X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy are very time-consuming and cost-intensive. The nano-electrospray (nanoES) gas-phase electrophoretic mobility macromolecular analyzer (GEMMA), belonging to the group of ion mobility spectrometers, was used for size determination of vaccine virus particles because it requires less analysis time and investment (no vacuum system). Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of viral vaccines and production intermediates turned out to be a good purification/isolation method prior to GEMMA, TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and AFM (atomic force microscopy) investigations, as well as providing a GEMMA analysis-compatible buffer. Column materials and different elution buffers were tested for optimal vaccine particle yield. We used a Superdex 200 column with a 50 mM ammonium acetate buffer. In addition, SEC allowed the removal of process-related impurities from the virions of interest. A sample concentrating step or a detergent addition step was also investigated. As a final step of our strategy SEC-purified or untreated vaccine-nanoparticles were further analyzed: (a) by immunological detection with a specific polyclonal antibody (dot blot) to verify the biological functionality, (b) by GEMMA to provide the size of the particles at atmospheric pressure and (c) by AFM and (d) TEM to obtain both size and shape information. The mean diameter of inactivated tick-borne encephalitis virions (i.e. vaccine particles) determined by GEMMA measurement was 46.6 ± 0.5 nm, in contrast to AFM and TEM images providing diameters of about 58 ± 4 and 52 ± 5 nm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Havlik
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
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45
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Size and shape characterization of hydrated and desiccated exosomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3285-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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46
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Fernandez de la Mora J. High-Resolution Mobility Analysis of Charge-Reduced Electrosprayed Protein Ions. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3729-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504445n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernandez de la Mora
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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47
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Offman E, Edginton AN. A PBPK workflow for first-in-human dose selection of a subcutaneously administered pegylated peptide. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:135-50. [PMID: 25650156 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the pharmacokinetic (PK) time course of a subcutaneously (SC) administered novel therapeutic protein using in silico approaches offers an opportunity to streamline the drug development process by facilitating selection of starting and target doses in initial human trials. Herein, we propose a workflow for predicting the human exposure time course following SC administration. Leveraging knowledge obtained following both intravenous and SC administration in monkeys, this workflow employs the development of a whole body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating vascular circulation, lymphatic uptake and both renal and non-specific clearance mechanisms to predict the PK of a novel pegylated peptide. Optimization of the model was initially performed in monkeys, after which the model was scaled up to human proportion. Inclusion of a SC depot compartment allowed for precise simulation of the SC time course in monkeys. Simulated human exposure after SC administration was within approximately 20 % of the observed values and successfully predicted the time course of two subsequent dosing levels. This workflow represents one of the first publications of a PBPK workflow to predict the time course of a SC administered therapeutic protein based off of a single, non-human primate species and shows promise in facilitating the dose selection in first-in-human dose escalation studies for novel protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Offman
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada,
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48
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Dudkiewicz A, Wagner S, Lehner A, Chaudhry Q, Pietravalle S, Tiede K, Boxall ABA, Allmaier G, Tiede D, Grombe R, von der Kammer F, Hofmann T, Mølhave K. A uniform measurement expression for cross method comparison of nanoparticle aggregate size distributions. Analyst 2015; 140:5257-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00561b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Measurement methods produce incomparable results when applied to aggregated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dudkiewicz
- The Food and Environment Research Agency
- York Y041 1LZ
- UK
- The University of York
- York
| | - Stephan Wagner
- Department of Environmental Geosciences
- University of Vienna
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Angela Lehner
- Reasearch group Bio- and Polymer Analysis
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics
- Vienna University of Technology
- A-1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | | | | | - Karen Tiede
- The Food and Environment Research Agency
- York Y041 1LZ
- UK
| | | | - Guenter Allmaier
- Reasearch group Bio- and Polymer Analysis
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics
- Vienna University of Technology
- A-1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Dirk Tiede
- Department of Geoinformatics - Z_GIS
- University of Salzburg
- A-5020 Salzburg
- Austria
| | - Ringo Grombe
- Joint Research Centre
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements
- Geel 2440
- Belgium
| | | | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences
- University of Vienna
- A-1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Kristian Mølhave
- Deptartment of Micro and Nanotechnology
- Technical University of Denmark
- Denmark
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Weiss VU, Subirats X, Kumar M, Harutyunyan S, Gösler I, Kowalski H, Blaas D. Capillary electrophoresis, gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis, and electron microscopy: effective tools for quality assessment and basic rhinovirus research. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1221:101-128. [PMID: 25261310 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1571-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe standard methods for propagation, purification, quality control, and physicochemical characterization of human rhinoviruses, using HRV-A2 as an example. Virus is propagated in HeLa-OHIO cells grown in suspension culture and purified via sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Purity and homogeneity of the preparations are assessed with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), capillary electrophoresis (CE), gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (GEMMA), and electron microscopy (EM). We also briefly describe usage of these methods for the characterization of subviral particles as well as for the analysis of their complexes with antibodies and soluble recombinant receptor mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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50
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You R, Li M, Guha S, Mulholland GW, Zachariah MR. Bionanoparticles as Candidate Reference Materials for Mobility Analysis of Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6836-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403503q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. You
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - M. Li
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - S. Guha
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - G. W. Mulholland
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - M. R. Zachariah
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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