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Gavrilova OP, Gagkaeva TY, Orina AS, Gogina NN. Diversity of Fusarium Species and Their Mycotoxins in Cereal Crops from the Asian Territory of Russia. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2023; 508:9-19. [PMID: 37186044 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496622700156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Up-to-date information on the occurrence of Fusarium fungi and their mycotoxins in the grain of wheat, barley and oats grown in the Urals and West Siberia in 2018‒2019 is presented. Mycological analysis of grain revealed at least 16 species of Fusarium fungi. The F. sporotrichioides, F. avenaceum, F. poae, and F. anguioides were predominant, and the proportions of these species among all Fusarium fungi found in the grain were 31, 20, 19, and 13%, respectively. Fusarium graminearum and its mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) are often occurred in grain mycobiota of cereal crops on the territory of both the Urals and West Siberia. New records of fungal species that are rare in the Asian territory of Russia were detected: F. langsethiae and F. sibiricum, which are mainly producers of type A trichothecene mycotoxins, were found in the Kurgan and Kemerovo regions, respectively. In addition, F. globosum that is able to produce fumonisins was detected in Altai Krai and Omsk region. The diversity of Fusarium species was higher in wheat and barley grain samples than in oats. The HPLC-MS/MS method was used to analyse the content of 19 mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi. The highest diversity of mycotoxins was found in wheat grain (maximum 12), compared with oats (9) and barley (8). The T-2 and HT-2 toxins, DON, nivalenol, moniliformin (MON) and beauvericin (BEA) occurred more often in the grain samples, compared with other mycotoxins, but their amounts varied significantly, depending on the weather conditions in sampling year and the plant species. The average content of DON (maximum amount was 375 µg/kg) in wheat grain was 5 times higher than its average content in barley grain, and this mycotoxin was not detected in oat grain. The contamination with T-2 and HT-toxins (maximum amounts were 2652 μg/kg and 481 μg/kg, respectively), as well as with BEA (maximum amount was 49 μg/kg) was typical for barley and oat grain samples. The content of MON (maximum amount was 50 μg/kg) in the grain of three different small grain cereals was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Gavrilova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - T Yu Gagkaeva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A S Orina
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N N Gogina
- All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute, Sergiev Posad, Moscow oblast, Russia
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Munkvold GP, Proctor RH, Moretti A. Mycotoxin Production in Fusarium According to Contemporary Species Concepts. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:373-402. [PMID: 34077240 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium is one of the most important genera of plant-pathogenic fungi in the world and arguably the world's most important mycotoxin-producing genus. Fusarium species produce a staggering array of toxic metabolites that contribute to plant disease and mycotoxicoses in humans and other animals. A thorough understanding of the mycotoxin potential of individual species is crucial for assessing the toxicological risks associated with Fusarium diseases. There are thousands of reports of mycotoxin production by various species, and there have been numerous attempts to summarize them. These efforts have been complicated by competing classification systems based on morphology, sexual compatibility, and phylogenetic relationships. The current depth of knowledge of Fusarium genomes and mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways provides insights into how mycotoxin production is distributedamong species and multispecies lineages (species complexes) in the genus as well as opportunities to clarify and predict mycotoxin risks connected with known and newly described species. Here, we summarize mycotoxin production in the genus Fusarium and how mycotoxin risk aligns with current phylogenetic species concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Munkvold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Seed Science Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA;
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA;
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), 70126 Bari, Italy;
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Mutiga SK, Mutuku JM, Koskei V, Gitau JK, Ng’ang’a F, Musyoka J, Chemining’wa GN, Murori R. Multiple Mycotoxins in Kenyan Rice. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030203. [PMID: 33799626 PMCID: PMC7998506 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mycotoxins were tested in milled rice samples (n = 200) from traders at different milling points within the Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya. Traders provided the names of the cultivar, village where paddy was cultivated, sampling locality, miller, and month of paddy harvest between 2018 and 2019. Aflatoxin, citrinin, fumonisin, ochratoxin A, diacetoxyscirpenol, T2, HT2, and sterigmatocystin were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Deoxynivalenol was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mycotoxins occurred in ranges and frequencies in the following order: sterigmatocystin (0–7 ppb; 74.5%), aflatoxin (0–993 ppb; 55.5%), citrinin (0–9 ppb; 55.5%), ochratoxin A (0–110 ppb; 30%), fumonisin (0–76 ppb; 26%), diacetoxyscirpenol (0–24 ppb; 20.5%), and combined HT2 + T2 (0–62 ppb; 14.5%), and deoxynivalenol was detected in only one sample at 510 ppb. Overall, low amounts of toxins were observed in rice with a low frequency of samples above the regulatory limits for aflatoxin, 13.5%; ochratoxin A, 6%; and HT2 + T2, 0.5%. The maximum co-contamination was for 3.5% samples with six toxins in different combinations. The rice cultivar, paddy environment, time of harvest, and millers influenced the occurrence of different mycotoxins. There is a need to establish integrated approaches for the mitigation of mycotoxin accumulation in the Kenyan rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K. Mutiga
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; (J.M.M.); (F.N.); (J.M.)
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Correspondence: (S.K.M.); (R.M.)
| | - J. Musembi Mutuku
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; (J.M.M.); (F.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Vincent Koskei
- National Irrigation Authority (NIA), P.O. Box 210, 10303 Wang’uru, Kenya;
| | - James Kamau Gitau
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya; (J.K.G.); (G.N.C.)
| | - Fredrick Ng’ang’a
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; (J.M.M.); (F.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Joyce Musyoka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; (J.M.M.); (F.N.); (J.M.)
| | - George N. Chemining’wa
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya; (J.K.G.); (G.N.C.)
| | - Rosemary Murori
- International Rice Research Institute, Eastern and Southern African Region Office, P.O. BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
- Correspondence: (S.K.M.); (R.M.)
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Lu Q, Qin JA, Fu YW, Luo JY, Lu JH, Logrieco AF, Yang MH. Modified mycotoxins in foodstuffs, animal feed, and herbal medicine: A systematic review on global occurrence, transformation mechanism and analysis methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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An update on T-2 toxin and its modified forms: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism, and human exposure assessment. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3645-3669. [PMID: 32910237 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is the most toxic trichothecene mycotoxin, and it exerts potent toxic effects, including immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Recently, several novel metabolites, including 3',4'-dihydroxy-T-2 toxin and 4',4'-dihydroxy-T-2 toxin, have been uncovered. The enzymes CYP3A4 and carboxylesterase contribute to T-2 toxin metabolism, with 3'-hydroxy-T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin as the corresponding primary products. Modified forms of T-2 toxin, including T-2-3-glucoside, exert their immunotoxic effects by signaling through JAK/STAT but not MAPK. T-2-3-glucoside results from hydrolyzation of the corresponding parent mycotoxin and other metabolites by the intestinal microbiota, which leads to enhanced toxicity. Increasing evidence has shown that autophagy, hypoxia-inducible factors, and exosomes are involved in T-2 toxin-induced immunotoxicity. Autophagy promotes the immunosuppression induced by T-2 toxin, and a complex crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy exists. Very recently, "immune evasion" activity was reported to be associated with this toxin; this activity is initiated inside cells and allows pathogens to escape the host immune response. Moreover, T-2 toxin has the potential to trigger hypoxia in cells, which is related to activation of hypoxia-inducible factor and the release of exosomes, leading to immunotoxicity. Based on the data from a series of human exposure studies, free T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and HT-2-4-glucuronide should be considered human T-2 toxin biomarkers in the urine. The present review focuses on novel findings related to the metabolism, immunotoxicity, and human exposure assessment of T-2 toxin and its modified forms. In particular, the immunotoxicity mechanisms of T-2 toxin and the toxicity mechanism of its modified form, as well as human T-2 toxin biomarkers, are discussed. This work will contribute to an improved understanding of the immunotoxicity mechanism of T-2 toxin and its modified forms.
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Steinkellner H, Binaglia M, Dall'Asta C, Gutleb AC, Metzler M, Oswald IP, Parent-Massin D, Alexander J. Combined hazard assessment of mycotoxins and their modified forms applying relative potency factors: Zearalenone and T2/HT2 toxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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7
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Parroni A, Bellabarba A, Beccaccioli M, Scarpari M, Reverberi M, Infantino A. Use of the Secreted Proteome of Trametes versicolor for Controlling the Cereal Pathogen Fusarium langsethiae. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174167. [PMID: 31454912 PMCID: PMC6747115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium langsethiae is amongst the most recently discovered pathogens of small grains cereals. F. langsethiae is the main producer, in Europe, of T2 and HT-toxins in small grain cereals, albeit often asymptomatic; this makes its control challenging. The European Union (EU) is pushing hard on the use of biocontrol agents to minimize the use of fungicides and pesticides, which are detrimental to the environment and responsible for serious pollution of the soil and superficial water. In line with EU directives (e.g., 128/2009), here we report the use of protein fractions, purified from the culture filtrate of the basidiomycete Trametes versicolor, for controlling F. langsethiae. T. versicolor, a so-called medicinal mushroom which is applied as a co-adjuvant in oncology and other pathologies as a producer of biological response modifiers. In this study, the exo-proteome of T. versicolor proved highly efficient in inhibiting the growth of F. langsethiae and the biosynthesis of the T2 toxin. Results are promising for its future use as a sustainable product to control F. langsethiae infection in cereals under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Parroni
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Bellabarba
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Beccaccioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Reverberi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Zhu W, Liu L, Dong Y, Meng G, Tang L, Li Y, Cai J, Wang H. Identification and characterization of a T-2 toxin-producingFusarium poaestrain and the anti-tumor effect of the T-2 toxin on human hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9281-9288. [PMID: 35517673 PMCID: PMC9062006 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09967g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin, produced by Fusarium moulds, is a type A trichothecene mycotoxin which is known to inhibit protein synthesis and also reported to induce DNA lesions, potentially causing DNA fragmentation. T-2 toxin is a very potent cytotoxic toxin, which displays anti-tumor properties. Nevertheless, more studies are still needed to explore its antitumor mechanisms as well as its clinical application in cancer treatment. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a T-2 toxin produced by a Fusarium poae isolated from Jilin, Northeast China. 17 strains of Fusarium poae were screened for T-2 toxin-production and one strain with the highest yield was selected further studies. T-2 toxin produced by the selected Fusarium poae was isolated and purified by HPLC. Anticancer properties of the purified T-2 toxin were evaluated with human hepatoma cell SMMC-7721. The purified T-2 toxin inhibits the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells and induces cell apoptosis. The mitochondrial membrane potential decreased and the intracellular ROS was up-regulated after T-2 treatment of the cells. Further studies revealed that T-2 treatment activates the intrinsic mitochondrial and MAPKs pathway. Our data provide insight into the promising application of the T-2 toxin in cancer treatment. T-2 toxin produced by Fusarium poae strain can induces apoptosis in SMMC-7721 cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Liu
- Jilin Medical University
- China
| | | | | | - Lu Tang
- Jilin Medical University
- China
| | - Yan Li
- Jilin Medical University
- China
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9
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Monoclonal antibody production and the development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening T-2 toxin in milk. Toxicon 2018; 156:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Shanakhat H, Sorrentino A, Raiola A, Romano A, Masi P, Cavella S. Current methods for mycotoxins analysis and innovative strategies for their reduction in cereals: an overview. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:4003-4013. [PMID: 29412472 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by moulds in food that are considered a substantial issue in the context of food safety, due to their acute and chronic toxic effects on animals and humans. Therefore, new accurate methods for their identification and quantification are constantly developed in order to increase the performance of extraction, improve the accuracy of identification and reduce the limit of detection. At the same time, several industrial practices have shown the ability to reduce the level of mycotoxin contamination in food. In particular, a decrease in the amount of mycotoxins could result from standard processes naturally used for food processing or by procedures strategically introduced during processing, with the specific aim of reducing the amount of mycotoxins. In this review, the current methods adopted for accurate analyses of mycotoxins in cereals (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisins) are discussed. In addition, both conventional and innovative strategies adopted to obtain safer finished products from common cereals intended for human consumption will be explored and analysed. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Shanakhat
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Sorrentino
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development in the Food Industry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Assunta Raiola
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development in the Food Industry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Romano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development in the Food Industry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Masi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development in the Food Industry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvana Cavella
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development in the Food Industry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Schmidt HS, Schulz M, Focke C, Becker S, Cramer B, Humpf HU. Glucosylation of T-2 and HT-2 toxins using biotransformation and chemical synthesis: Preparation, stereochemistry, and stability. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:159-172. [PMID: 29511991 PMCID: PMC6061246 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived phase II metabolites of T-2 toxin (T2) and HT-2 toxin (HT2) were first described in 2011 and further characterized in the following years. Since then, some efforts have been made to understand their biosynthesis, occurrence, toxicity, toxicokinetics, and finally relevance for consumers. Thus, the probably most important question is whether and how these metabolites contribute to toxicity upon hydrolysis either during food processing or the gastrointestinal passage. To answer this question, firstly, knowledge on the correct stereochemistry of T2 and HT2 glucosides is important as this affects hydrolysis and chemical behavior. So far, contradictory results have been published concerning the number and anomericity of occurring glucosides. For this reason, we set up different strategies for the synthesis of mg-amounts of T2, HT2, and T2 triol glucosides in both α and ß configuration. All synthesized glucosides were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry and used as references for the analysis of naturally contaminated food samples to validate or invalidate their natural occurrence. Generally, 3-O-glucosylation was observed with two anomers of HT2 glucoside being present in contaminated oats. In contrast, only one anomer of T2 glucoside was found. The second aspect of this study addresses the stability of the glucosides during thermal food processing. Oat flour was artificially contaminated with T2 and HT2 glucosides individually and extruded at varying initial moisture content and temperature. All four glucosides appear to be more stable during food extrusion than the parent compounds with the glucosidic bond not being hydrolyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Sören Schmidt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mareike Schulz
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Focke
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Becker
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Beccari G, Senatore MT, Tini F, Sulyok M, Covarelli L. Fungal community, Fusarium head blight complex and secondary metabolites associated with malting barley grains harvested in Umbria, central Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 273:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bryła M, Waśkiewicz A, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R. Modified Fusarium Mycotoxins in Cereals and Their Products-Metabolism, Occurrence, and Toxicity: An Updated Review. Molecules 2018; 23:E963. [PMID: 29677133 PMCID: PMC6017960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, toxic to humans, animals and plants. Under the influence of various factors, mycotoxins may undergo modifications of their chemical structure. One of the methods of mycotoxin modification is a transformation occurring in plant cells or under the influence of fungal enzymes. This paper reviews the current knowledge on the natural occurrence of the most important trichothecenes and zearalenone in cereals/cereal products, their metabolism, and the potential toxicity of the metabolites. Only very limited data are available for the majority of the identified mycotoxins. Most studies concern biologically modified trichothecenes, mainly deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, which is less toxic than its parent compound (deoxynivalenol). It is resistant to the digestion processes within the gastrointestinal tract and is not absorbed by the intestinal epithelium; however, it may be hydrolysed to free deoxynivalenol or deepoxy-deoxynivalenol by the intestinal microflora. Only one zearalenone derivative, zearalenone-14-glucoside, has been extensively studied. It appears to be more reactive than deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside. It may be readily hydrolysed to free zearalenone, and the carbonyl group in its molecule may be easily reduced to α/β-zearalenol and/or other unspecified metabolites. Other derivatives of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are poorly characterised. Moreover, other derivatives such as glycosides of T-2 and HT-2 toxins have only recently been investigated; thus, the data related to their toxicological profile and occurrence are sporadic. The topics described in this study are crucial to ensure food and feed safety, which will be assisted by the provision of widespread access to such studies and obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
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González-Jartín JM, Alfonso A, Sainz MJ, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Detection of new emerging type-A trichothecenes by untargeted mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 178:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yang S, Van Poucke C, Wang Z, Zhang S, De Saeger S, De Boevre M. Metabolic profile of the masked mycotoxin T-2 toxin-3-glucoside in rats (in vitro and in vivo) and humans (in vitro). WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic profile of T-2 toxin-3-glucoside (T2-Glc) in humans and rats was investigated using ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF). When rat and human liver microsomes were incubated with T2-Glc, a total of five metabolites were detected. T2-Glc exposed a higher metabolic stability in rats and human than T-2 toxin (T-2). The metabolism of T2-Glc by the intestinal microbiota of human and rats was also investigated, and three metabolites were observed. T2-Glc was reconverted to T-2 during incubation with fresh faeces. Furthermore, in vivo metabolism of T2-Glc in rats after oral administration was carried out, and three metabolites were detected in rat urine and faeces (T-2, HT-2 toxin and 3'-OH-T2-Glc). In vivo metabolism results indicated that T2-Glc was mainly metabolised in the gastro-intestinal tract with a low absorption level in rats. The results demonstrated that hydroxylation (C-3' and C-4'), hydrolysis (C-4 and C-8) and deconjugation are the main metabolic pathways of T2-Glc in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beigou Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China P.R
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, China P.R
| | - C. Van Poucke
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Z. Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, China P.R
| | - S. Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing 100193, China P.R
| | - S. De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M. De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Vogelgsang S, Musa T, Bänziger I, Kägi A, Bucheli TD, Wettstein FE, Pasquali M, Forrer HR. Fusarium Mycotoxins in Swiss Wheat: A Survey of Growers' Samples between 2007 and 2014 Shows Strong Year and Minor Geographic Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E246. [PMID: 28792467 PMCID: PMC5577580 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9080246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the occurrence of Fusarium toxins in wheat in Switzerland, an eight-year survey was conducted by analysing a total of 686 harvest samples from growers using LC-MS/MS. Between 2007 and 2010, 527 samples were obtained from 17 cantons. Between 2011 and 2014, 159 samples were collected from the canton Berne. The most frequent toxins detected were deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and nivalenol (NIV). The overall mean DON content in all samples was 607 µg/kg, and 11% exceeded the European limit for unprocessed cereals for foodstuffs (1250 µg/kg). For ZEA (mean 39 µg/kg), 7% exceeded the respective limit (100 µg/kg), and the mean content of NIV (no limit established) was 15 µg/kg. Between the years, the ratio of mycotoxin-contaminated samples ranged between 52% and 98% for DON, 9% and 43% for ZEA and 0% and 49% for NIV. The yearly mean contents varied substantially between 68 and 1310 µg/kg for DON, 5 and 56 µg/kg for ZEA and 6 and 29 µg/kg for NIV. The geographic origin showed a significant effect on DON and ZEA contamination, but was inconsistent between the years. This study has shown that the majority of Swiss-produced wheat is, in terms of Fusarium toxins, fit for human consumption and feed purposes. Nevertheless, depending on the year, high toxin contents can be expected, an issue that growers, cereal collection centres and the food industry have to deal with to ensure food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomke Musa
- Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Irene Bänziger
- Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas Kägi
- Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Broekaert N, Devreese M, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Croubels S. T-2 Toxin-3α-glucoside in Broiler Chickens: Toxicokinetics, Absolute Oral Bioavailability, and in Vivo Hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4797-4803. [PMID: 28520442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lack of information on bioavailability and toxicity of modified mycotoxins, current risk assessment on these modified forms assumes an identical toxicity of the modified form to their respective unmodified counterparts. Crossover animal trials were performed with intravenous and oral administration of T-2 toxin (T-2) and T-2 toxin-3α-glucoside (T2-G) to broiler chickens. Plasma concentrations of T2-G, T-2, and main phase I metabolites were quantified using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with a limit of quantitation for all compounds of 0.1 ng/mL. Resulting plasma concentration-time profiles were processed via two-compartmental toxicokinetic models. No T-2 triol and only traces of HT-2 were detected in the plasma samples after both intravenous and oral administration. The results indicate that T-2 has a low absolute oral bioavailability of 2.17 ± 1.80%. For T2-G, an absorbed fraction of the dose and absolute oral bioavailability of 10.4 ± 8.7% and 10.1 ± 8.5% were observed, respectively. This slight difference is caused by a minimal (and neglectable) presystemic hydrolysis of T2-G to T-2, that is, 3.49 ± 1.19%. Although low, the absorbed fraction of T2-G is 5 times higher than that of T-2. These differences in toxicokinetics parameters between T-2 and T2-G clearly indicate the flaw in assuming equal bioavailability and/or toxicity of modified and free mycotoxins in current risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Broekaert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Gavrilova O, Skritnika A, Gagkaeva T. Identification and Characterization of Spontaneous Auxotrophic Mutants in Fusarium langsethiae. Microorganisms 2017; 5:E14. [PMID: 28362313 PMCID: PMC5488085 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of 49 strains of Fusarium langsethiae originating from northern Europe (Russia, Finland, Sweden, UK, Norway, and Latvia) revealed the presence of spontaneous auxotrophic mutants that reflect natural intraspecific diversity. Our investigations detected that 49.0% of F. langsethiae strains were auxotrophic mutants for biotin, and 8.2% of the strains required thiamine as a growth factor. They failed to grow on vitamin-free media. For both prototrophic and auxotrophic strains, no growth defect was observed in rich organic media. Without essential vitamins, a significant reduction in the growth of the auxotrophic strains results in a decrease of the formation of T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol. In addition, all analysed F. langsethiae strains were distinguished into two subgroups based on PCR product sizes. According to our results, 26 and 23 strains of F. langsethiae belong to subgroups I and II respectively. We determined that the deletion in the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the rDNA of F. langsethiae belonging to subgroup II is linked with temperature sensitivity and causes a decrease in strain growth at 30 °C. Four thiamine auxotrophic strains were found in subgroup I, while 21 biotin auxotrophic strains were detected in subgroups II. To the best of our knowledge, the spontaneous mutations in F. langsethiae observed in the present work have not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gavrilova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), St.-Petersburg, Pushkin 196608, Russia.
| | - Anna Skritnika
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), St.-Petersburg, Pushkin 196608, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Gagkaeva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), St.-Petersburg, Pushkin 196608, Russia.
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19
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Beccari G, Prodi A, Tini F, Bonciarelli U, Onofri A, Oueslati S, Limayma M, Covarelli L. Changes in the Fusarium Head Blight Complex of Malting Barley in a Three-Year Field Experiment in Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E120. [PMID: 28353653 PMCID: PMC5408194 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, conducted for three years on eleven malting barley varieties cultivated in central Italy, the incidence of different mycotoxigenic fungal genera, the identification of the Fusarium species associated with the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) complex, and kernels contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 mycotoxins were determined. The influence of climatic conditions on Fusarium infections and FHB complex composition was also investigated. Fusarium species were always present in the three years and the high average and maximum temperatures during anthesis mainly favored their occurrence. The FHB complex was subject to changes during the three years and the main causal agents were F. poae, F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum and F. graminearum, which, even if constantly present, never represented the principal FHB agent. The relative incidence of Fusarium species changed because of climatic conditions occurring during the seasons. The FHB complex was composed of many different Fusarium species and some of them were associated with a specific variety and/or with specific weather parameters, indicating that the interaction between a certain plant genotype and climatic conditions may influence the presence of Fusarium spp. causing infections. With regard to mycotoxin contamination, T-2 toxin, in some cases, was found in kernels at levels that exceeded EU recommended values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Prodi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Umberto Bonciarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Souheib Oueslati
- Bioengineering Department, Université Libre de Tunis, 30 Av. Kheireddine Pacha, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Marwa Limayma
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
- Bioengineering Department, Université Libre de Tunis, 30 Av. Kheireddine Pacha, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
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20
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Knutsen HK, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald I, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Gutleb A, Metzler M, Oswald I, Parent-Massin D, Binaglia M, Steinkellner H, Alexander J. Appropriateness to set a group health based guidance value for T2 and HT2 toxin and its modified forms. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04655. [PMID: 32625252 PMCID: PMC7010130 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for T2 and HT2 of 0.02 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day based on a new in vivo subchronic toxicity study in rats that confirmed that immune‐ and haematotoxicity are the critical effects of T2 and using a reduction in total leucocyte count as the critical endpoint. An acute reference dose (ARfD) of 0.3 μg for T2 and HT2/kg bw was established based on acute emetic events in mink. Modified forms of T2 and HT2 identified are phase I metabolites mainly formed through hydrolytic cleavage of one or more of the three ester groups of T2. Less prominent hydroxylation reactions occur predominantly at the side chain. Phase II metabolism involves conjugation with glucose, modified glucose, sulfate, feruloyl and acetyl groups. The few data on occurrence of modified forms indicate that grain products are their main source. The CONTAM Panel found it appropriate to establish a group TDI and a group ARfD for T2 and HT2 and its modified forms. Potency factors relative to T2 for the modified forms were used to account for differences in acute and chronic toxic potencies. It was assumed that conjugates (phase II metabolites of T2, HT2 and their phase I metabolites), which are not toxic per se, would be cleaved releasing their aglycones. These metabolites were assigned the relative potency factors (RPFs) of their respective aglycones. The RPFs assigned to the modified forms were all either 1 or less than 1. The uncertainties associated with the present assessment are considered as high. Using the established group, ARfD and TDI would overestimate any risk of modified T2 and HT2.
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21
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D'Antuono I, Garbetta A, Ciasca B, Linsalata V, Minervini F, Lattanzio VMT, Logrieco AF, Cardinali A. Biophenols from Table Olive cv Bella di Cerignola: Chemical Characterization, Bioaccessibility, and Intestinal Absorption. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5671-5678. [PMID: 27355793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the naturally debittered table olives cv Bella di Cerignola were studied in order to (i) characterize their phenolic composition; (ii) evaluate the polyphenols bioaccessibility; (iii) assess their absorption and transport, across Caco2/TC7. LC-MS/MS analysis has confirmed the presence of hydroxytyrosol acetate, caffeoyl-6'-secologanoside, and comselogoside. In vitro bioaccessibility ranged from 7% of luteolin to 100% of tyrosol, highlighting the flavonoids sensitivity to the digestive conditions. The Caco2/TC7 polyphenols accumulation was rapid (60 min) with an efficiency of 0.89%; the overall bioavailability was 1.86% (120 min), with hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol the highest bioavailables, followed by verbascoside and luteolin. In the cells and basolateral side, caffeic and coumaric acids metabolites, probably derived from esterase activities, were detected. In conclusion, the naturally debittered table olives cv Bella di Cerignola can be considered as a source of bioaccessible, absorbable, and bioavailable polyphenols that, for their potential health promoting effect, permit inclusion of table olives as a functional food suitable for a balanced diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella D'Antuono
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Garbetta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Linsalata
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Minervini
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Veronica M T Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Cardinali
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), CNR , Via G. Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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22
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Beccari G, Caproni L, Tini F, Uhlig S, Covarelli L. Presence of Fusarium Species and Other Toxigenic Fungi in Malting Barley and Multi-Mycotoxin Analysis by Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4390-4399. [PMID: 27127848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out on 43 malting barley samples collected in 2013 across the Umbria region (central Italy) to determine the incidence of the principal mycotoxigenic fungal genera, to identify the Fusarium species isolated from the grains, and to detect the presence of 34 fungal secondary metabolites by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The multimycotoxin-method development involved the evaluation of both a two-step solvent and QuEChERS protocol for metabolite extraction. The former protocol was selected because of better accuracy, which was evaluated on the basis of spike-recovery experiments. The most frequently isolated fungal species belonged to the genera Alternaria and Fusarium. The predominant Fusarium species was F. avenaceum, followed by F. graminearum. HT-2 toxin was the most frequently detected mycotoxin, followed by enniatin B, enniatin B1, T-2 toxin, and nivalenol. As a consequence of the observed mixed fungal infections, mycotoxin co-occurrence was also detected. A combination of mycological and mycotoxin analyses allowed the ability to obtain comprehensive information about the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi and their contaminants in malting barley cultivated in a specific geographic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia , Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Caproni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia , Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Ullevålsveien, 68, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia , Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Ullevålsveien, 68, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia , Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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23
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Ferrigo D, Raiola A, Causin R. Fusarium Toxins in Cereals: Occurrence, Legislation, Factors Promoting the Appearance and Their Management. Molecules 2016; 21:E627. [PMID: 27187340 PMCID: PMC6274039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium diseases of small grain cereals and maize cause significant yield losses worldwide. Fusarium infections result in reduced grain yield and contamination with mycotoxins, some of which have a notable impact on human and animal health. Regulations on maximum limits have been established in various countries to protect consumers from the harmful effects of these mycotoxins. Several factors are involved in Fusarium disease and mycotoxin occurrence and among them environmental factors and the agronomic practices have been shown to deeply affect mycotoxin contamination in the field. In the present review particular emphasis will be placed on how environmental conditions and stress factors for the crops can affect Fusarium infection and mycotoxin production, with the aim to provide useful knowledge to develop strategies to prevent mycotoxin accumulation in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrigo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Roberto Causin
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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24
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Wambacq E, Vanhoutte I, Audenaert K, De Gelder L, Haesaert G. Occurrence, prevention and remediation of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in silage: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2284-2302. [PMID: 26676761 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants are considered to be less sensitive towards mycotoxins than monogastric animals because rumen microbiota have mycotoxin-detoxifying capacities. Therefore the effect of mycotoxins towards ruminants has been studied to a lesser extent compared with monogastric animals. Worldwide, a high proportion of the ruminant diet consists of silages made of forage crops (i.e. all parts of the crop above the stubble are harvested). In practice, silages are often contaminated with multiple mycotoxins. Exposure to a cocktail of mycotoxins can hamper animal production and have severe health consequences. In this article the different aspects associated with mycotoxin contamination of silage are reviewed 'from seed to feed'. An overview is given on the occurrence of toxigenic fungal species and their concomitant mycotoxins in forage crops before and after ensiling. The mycotoxin load of visually non-mouldy samples and mouldy hot spots within the same silo is also compared. Subsequently, this review delves into different problem-solving strategies. A logical first step is prevention of mould growth and mycotoxin production in the field, during harvest and during ensiling. If prevention should fail, several remediation strategies are available. These are listed, mainly focusing on the possibilities of microbial degradation of mycotoxins in vivo in silage. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wambacq
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, V. Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Vanhoutte
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, V. Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, V. Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen De Gelder
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, V. Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, V. Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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25
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Lysøe E, Frandsen RJN, Divon HH, Terzi V, Orrù L, Lamontanara A, Kolseth AK, Nielsen KF, Thrane U. Draft genome sequence and chemical profiling of Fusarium langsethiae, an emerging producer of type A trichothecenes. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 221:29-36. [PMID: 26803271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium langsethiae is a widespread pathogen of small grain cereals, causing problems with T-2 and HT-2 toxin contamination in grains every year. In an effort to better understand the biology of this fungus, we present a draft genome sequence of F. langsethiae Fl201059 isolated from oats in Norway. The assembly was fragmented, but reveals a genome of approximately 37.5 Mb, with a GC content around 48%, and 12,232 predicted protein-coding genes. Focusing on secondary metabolism we identified candidate genes for 12 polyketide synthases, 13 non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, and 22 genes for terpene/isoprenoid biosynthesis. Some of these were found to be unique compared to sequence databases. The identified putative Tri5 cluster was highly syntenic to the cluster reported in F. sporotrichioides. Fusarium langsethiae Fl201059 produces a high number of secondary metabolites on Yeast Extract Sucrose (YES) agar medium, dominated by type A trichothecenes. Interestingly we found production of glucosylated HT-2 toxin (Glu-HT-2), previously suggested to be formed by the host plant and not by the fungus itself. In greenhouse inoculations of F. langsethiae Fl201059 on barley and oats, we detected the type A trichothecenes: neosolaniol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, Glu-HT-2 and numerous derivatives of these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lysøe
- Department of Plant Health and Biotechnology, NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien 7, 1430 Ås, Norway.
| | - Rasmus J N Frandsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hege H Divon
- Section of Mycology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750, Sentrum 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valeria Terzi
- Genomics Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, via S. Protaso, 302, I-29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda PC, Italy
| | - Luigi Orrù
- Genomics Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, via S. Protaso, 302, I-29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda PC, Italy
| | - Antonella Lamontanara
- Genomics Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, via S. Protaso, 302, I-29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda PC, Italy
| | - Anna-Karin Kolseth
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7043, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristian F Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulf Thrane
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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26
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Modified Fusarium mycotoxins unmasked: From occurrence in cereals to animal and human excretion. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 80:17-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lattanzio VMT, Ciasca B, Terzi V, Ghizzoni R, McCormick SP, Pascale M. Study of the natural occurrence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucosyl derivatives from field barley to malt by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1647-55. [PMID: 25952699 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1048750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a new method for the determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucosylated derivatives in cereals, and some survey data aimed at obtaining more comprehensive information on the co-occurrence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucosylated derivatives in naturally contaminated cereal samples. For these purposes, barley samples originating from a Northern Italian area were analysed by LC-HRMS for the presence of T-2, HT-2 and relevant glucosyl derivatives. Quantitative analysis of T-2 and HT-2 glucosides was performed for the first time using a recently made available standard of T-2 glucoside. The glucosyl derivative of HT-2 was detected at levels up to 163 µg kg(-1) in 17 of the 18 analysed unprocessed barley grains, whereas the monoglucosyl derivative of T-2 toxin was detected in only a few samples and at low µg kg(-1) levels. The ratio between glucosylated toxins (sum of T-2 and HT-2 glucosides) and native toxins (sum of T-2 and HT-2) ranged from 2% to 283%. Moreover, taking advantage of the possibility of retrospective analysis of full-scan HRMS chromatograms, samples were also screened for the presence of other type-A trichothecenes, namely neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol and their monoglucosyl derivatives, which were detected at trace levels. A subset of nine different samples was subjected to micro-maltation in order to carry out a preliminary investigation on the fate of T-2, HT-2 and relevant glucosides along the malting process. Mycotoxin reduction from cleaned barley to malt was observed at rates ranging from 4% to 87%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M T Lattanzio
- a National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , Bari , Italy
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- a National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , Bari , Italy
| | - Valeria Terzi
- b Council for Agricultural Research and Economics , Genomics Research Centre, CRA-GPG , Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC) , Italy
| | - Roberta Ghizzoni
- b Council for Agricultural Research and Economics , Genomics Research Centre, CRA-GPG , Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC) , Italy
| | - Susan P McCormick
- c US Department of Agriculture , Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens & Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Utilization Research Laboratory , Peoria , IL , USA
| | - Michelangelo Pascale
- a National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) , Bari , Italy
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Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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