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Naidu AS, Wang CK, Rao P, Mancini F, Clemens RA, Wirakartakusumah A, Chiu HF, Yen CH, Porretta S, Mathai I, Naidu SAG. Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:19. [PMID: 38555403 PMCID: PMC10981760 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is devoid of any metabolic capacity; therefore, it is critical for the viral pathogen to hijack host cellular metabolic machinery for its replication and propagation. This single-stranded RNA virus with a 29.9 kb genome encodes 14 open reading frames (ORFs) and initiates a plethora of virus-host protein-protein interactions in the human body. These extensive viral protein interactions with host-specific cellular targets could trigger severe human metabolic reprogramming/dysregulation (HMRD), a rewiring of sugar-, amino acid-, lipid-, and nucleotide-metabolism(s), as well as altered or impaired bioenergetics, immune dysfunction, and redox imbalance in the body. In the infectious process, the viral pathogen hijacks two major human receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and/or neuropilin (NRP)-1, for initial adhesion to cell surface; then utilizes two major host proteases, TMPRSS2 and/or furin, to gain cellular entry; and finally employs an endosomal enzyme, cathepsin L (CTSL) for fusogenic release of its viral genome. The virus-induced HMRD results in 5 possible infectious outcomes: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe to fatal episodes; while the symptomatic acute COVID-19 condition could manifest into 3 clinical phases: (i) hypoxia and hypoxemia (Warburg effect), (ii) hyperferritinemia ('cytokine storm'), and (iii) thrombocytosis (coagulopathy). The mean incubation period for COVID-19 onset was estimated to be 5.1 days, and most cases develop symptoms after 14 days. The mean viral clearance times were 24, 30, and 39 days for acute, severe, and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients, respectively. However, about 25-70% of virus-free COVID-19 survivors continue to sustain virus-induced HMRD and exhibit a wide range of symptoms that are persistent, exacerbated, or new 'onset' clinical incidents, collectively termed as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. PASC patients experience several debilitating clinical condition(s) with >200 different and overlapping symptoms that may last for weeks to months. Chronic PASC is a cumulative outcome of at least 10 different HMRD-related pathophysiological mechanisms involving both virus-derived virulence factors and a multitude of innate host responses. Based on HMRD and virus-free clinical impairments of different human organs/systems, PASC patients can be categorized into 4 different clusters or sub-phenotypes: sub-phenotype-1 (33.8%) with cardiac and renal manifestations; sub-phenotype-2 (32.8%) with respiratory, sleep and anxiety disorders; sub-phenotype-3 (23.4%) with skeleto-muscular and nervous disorders; and sub-phenotype-4 (10.1%) with digestive and pulmonary dysfunctions. This narrative review elucidates the effects of viral hijack on host cellular machinery during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ensuing detrimental effect(s) of virus-induced HMRD on human metabolism, consequential symptomatic clinical implications, and damage to multiple organ systems; as well as chronic pathophysiological sequelae in virus-free PASC patients. We have also provided a few evidence-based, human randomized controlled trial (RCT)-tested, precision nutrients to reset HMRD for health recovery of PASC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Satyanarayan Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA.
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA.
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No.1, Campus New Village, Longjiang Street, Fuqing City, Fujian, China
| | - Fabrizio Mancini
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President-Emeritus, Parker University, 2540 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, TX, 75229, USA
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- University of Southern California, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy/D. K. Kim International Center for Regulatory & Quality Sciences, 1540 Alcazar St., CHP 140, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Aman Wirakartakusumah
- International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST), Guelph, ON, Canada
- IPMI International Business School Jakarta; South East Asian Food and Agriculture Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health & Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hua Yen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sebastiano Porretta
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President, Italian Association of Food Technology (AITA), Milan, Italy
- Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry, Department of Consumer Science, Viale Tanara 31/a, I-43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Issac Mathai
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- Soukya International Holistic Health Center, Whitefield, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sreus A G Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA
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Cui YX, Du JB, Jin HF. Insights into postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome after COVID-19 in pediatric patients. World J Pediatr 2024; 20:201-207. [PMID: 38363488 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-024-00796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xi Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi-an Men Street, West District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jun-Bao Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi-an Men Street, West District, Beijing 100034, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hong-Fang Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi-an Men Street, West District, Beijing 100034, China.
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Krishna BA, Lim EY, Metaxaki M, Jackson S, Mactavous L, Lyons PA, Doffinger R, Bradley JR, Smith KGC, Sinclair J, Matheson NJ, Lehner PJ, Sithole N, Wills MR. Spontaneous, persistent, T cell-dependent IFN-γ release in patients who progress to Long Covid. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi9379. [PMID: 38381822 PMCID: PMC10881041 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi9379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
After acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a proportion of patients experience persistent symptoms beyond 12 weeks, termed Long Covid. Understanding the mechanisms that cause this debilitating disease and identifying biomarkers for diagnostic, therapeutic, and monitoring purposes are urgently required. We detected persistently high levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with Long Covid using highly sensitive FluoroSpot assays. This IFN-γ release was seen in the absence of ex vivo peptide stimulation and remains persistently elevated in patients with Long Covid, unlike the resolution seen in patients recovering from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. The IFN-γ release was CD8+ T cell-mediated and dependent on antigen presentation by CD14+ cells. Longitudinal follow-up of our study cohort showed that symptom improvement and resolution correlated with a decrease in IFN-γ production to baseline levels. Our study highlights a potential mechanism underlying Long Covid, enabling the search for biomarkers and therapeutics in patients with Long Covid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Krishna
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Y. Lim
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marina Metaxaki
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sarah Jackson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lenette Mactavous
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - NIHR BioResource
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paul A. Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John R. Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Renal Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kenneth G. C. Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nyaradzai Sithole
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Mark R. Wills
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Weis N, Bollerup S, Sund JD, Glamann JB, Vinten C, Jensen LR, Sejling C, Kledal TN, Rosenkilde MM. Amantadine for COVID-19 treatment (ACT) study: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:1313-1319. [PMID: 37353078 PMCID: PMC10284620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a severe need for effective antiviral treatment. The objectives of this study were to assess if pre-emptive treatment with amantadine for COVID-19 in non-hospitalized persons ≥40 years or adults with comorbidities was able to prevent disease progression and hospitalization. Primary outcomes were clinical status on day 14. METHODS Between 9 June 2021 and 27 January 2022, this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, single-centre clinical trial included 242 subjects with a follow-up period of 90 days. Subjects were randomly assigned 1:1 to either amantadine 100 mg or placebo twice daily for 5 days. The inclusion criteria were confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and at least one of (a) age ≥40 years, age ≥18 years and (b) at least one comorbidity, or (c) body mass index ≥30. The study protocol was published at www. CLINICALTRIALS gov (unique protocol #02032021) and at www.clinicaltrialregister.eu (EudraCT-number 2021-001177-22). RESULTS With 121 participants in each arm, we found no difference in the primary endpoint with 82 participants in the amantadine arm, and 92 participants in the placebo arm with no limitations to activities, respectively, and 25 and 37 with limitations to activities in the amantadine arm and the placebo arm, respectively. No participants in either group were admitted to hospital or died. The OR of having state severity increased by 1 in the amantadine group versus placebo was 1.8 (CI 1.0-3.3, [p 0.051]). On day 7, one participant was hospitalized in each group; throughout the study, this increased to five and three participants for amantadine versus placebo treatment (p 0.72). Similarly, on day 7, there was no difference in the status of oropharyngeal swabs. Most participants (108 in each group) were SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive (p 0.84). CONCLUSION We found no effect of amantadine on disease progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Weis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Bollerup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Dissing Sund
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Borg Glamann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Vinten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Riger Jensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Sejling
- Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kaboré NF, Ouédraogo S, Mamguem AK, Traoré IT, Kania D, Badolo H, Sanou G, Koné A, Yara M, Kagoné T, Ouédraogo E, Konaté B, Médah R, de Rekeneire N, Poda A, Diendéré AE, Ouédraogo B, Billa O, Paradis G, Dabakuyo-Yonli TS, Tinto H. Incidence rate and predictors of COVID-19 in the two largest cities of Burkina Faso - prospective cohort study in 2021 (ANRS-COV13). BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:394. [PMID: 37308819 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early data on COVID-19 (based primarily on PCR testing) indicated a low burden in Sub-Saharan Africa. To better understand this, this study aimed to estimate the incidence rate and identify predictors of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in the two largest cities of Burkina Faso. This study is part of the EmulCOVID-19 project (ANRS-COV13). METHODS Our study utilized the WHO Unity protocol for cohort sero-epidemiological studies of COVID-19 in general population. We conducted random sampling stratified by age group and sex. Individuals aged 10 years and older in the cities of Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso were included and surveyed at 4 time points, each 21 days apart, from March 3 to May 15, 2021. WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA serological tests were used to detect total antibodies (IgM, IgG) in serum. Predictors were investigated using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS We analyzed the data from 1399 participants (1051 in Ouagadougou, 348 in Bobo-Dioulasso) who were SARS-CoV-2 seronegative at baseline and had at least one follow-up visit. The incidence rate of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion was 14.3 cases [95%CI 13.3-15.4] per 100 person-weeks. The incidence rate was almost three times higher in Ouagadougou than in Bobo-Dioulasso (Incidence rate ratio: IRR = 2.7 [2.2-3.2], p < 0.001). The highest incidence rate was reported among women aged 19-59 years in Ouagadougou (22.8 cases [19.6-26.4] per 100 person-weeks) and the lowest among participants aged 60 years and over in Bobo-Dioulasso, 6.3 cases [4.6-8.6] per 100 person-weeks. Multivariable analysis showed that participants aged 19 years and older were almost twice as likely to seroconvert during the study period compared with those aged 10 to 18 years (Hazard ratio: HR = 1.7 [1.3-2.3], p < 0.001). Those aged 10-18 years exhibited more asymptomatic forms than those aged 19 years and older, among those who achieved seroconversion (72.9% vs. 40.4%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The spread of COVID-19 is more rapid in adults and in large cities. Strategies to control this pandemic in Burkina Faso, must take this into account. Adults living in large cities should be the priority targets for vaccination efforts against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongodo Firmin Kaboré
- Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), BP 390, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Samiratou Ouédraogo
- Observatoire national de la santé de la population (ONSP), Institut National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- The Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ariane Kamga Mamguem
- Epidemiology and Quality of Life Research Unit, INSERM U1231, Georges Francois Leclerc Centre - UNICANCER, Dijon, France
| | - Isidore Tiandiogo Traoré
- Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), BP 390, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé (INSSA), Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dramane Kania
- Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), BP 390, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hermann Badolo
- Observatoire national de la santé de la population (ONSP), Institut National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Guillaume Sanou
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Institut National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amariane Koné
- Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), BP 390, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mimbouré Yara
- Observatoire national de la santé de la population (ONSP), Institut National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Thérèse Kagoné
- Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), BP 390, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Esperance Ouédraogo
- Département de médicine, pharmacopée traditionnelle et pharmacie, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Blahima Konaté
- Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), BP 390, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Département de Socio-Économie et d'Anthropologie du Développement (DSEAD), Institut des Sciences des Sociétés (INSS) - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Rachel Médah
- Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), BP 390, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Armel Poda
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Santé (INSSA), Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Service des maladies infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sourô Sanou, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Boukary Ouédraogo
- Direction des systèmes d'information en santé (DSIS), ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Oumar Billa
- Epidemiology and Quality of Life Research Unit, INSERM U1231, Georges Francois Leclerc Centre - UNICANCER, Dijon, France
| | - Gilles Paradis
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- The Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Halidou Tinto
- Centre MURAZ, Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), BP 390, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) - Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Malesevic S, Sievi NA, Baumgartner P, Roser K, Sommer G, Schmidt D, Vallelian F, Jelcic I, Clarenbach CF, Kohler M. Impaired health-related quality of life in long-COVID syndrome after mild to moderate COVID-19. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7717. [PMID: 37173355 PMCID: PMC10175927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections experience long-lasting symptoms. Even patients who suffered from a mild acute infection show a variety of persisting and debilitating neurocognitive, respiratory, or cardiac symptoms (Long-Covid syndrome), consequently leading to limitations in everyday life. Because data on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is scarce, we aimed to characterize the impact of Long-Covid symptoms after a mild or moderate acute infection on HRQoL. In this observational study, outpatients seeking counseling in the interdisciplinary Post-Covid consultation of the University Hospital Zurich with symptoms persisting for more than 4 weeks were included. Patients who received an alternative diagnosis or suffered from a severe acute Covid-19 infection were excluded. St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), Euroquol-5D-5L (EQ-5D-5L), and the Short form 36 (SF-36) were distributed to assess HRQoL. 112 patients were included, 86 (76.8%) were female, median (IQR) age was 43 (32.0, 52.5) years with 126 (91, 180) days of symptoms. Patients suffered frequently from fatigue (81%), concentration difficulties (60%), and dyspnea (60%). Patients mostly stated impairment in performing usual activities and having pain/discomfort or anxiety out of the EQ-5D-5L. EQ index value and SGRQ activity score component were significantly lower in females. SF-36 scores showed remarkably lower scores in the physical health domain compared to the Swiss general population before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Long-Covid syndrome has a substantial impact on HRQoL. Long-term surveillance of patients must provide clarity on the duration of impairments in physical and mental health.Trial registration: The study is registered on www.ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT04793269.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Malesevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Noriane A Sievi
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Baumgartner
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Roser
- Department of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Grit Sommer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dörthe Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florence Vallelian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilijas Jelcic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian F Clarenbach
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Seifart U. Post-COVID-More than chronic fatigue? Herz 2023:10.1007/s00059-023-05170-w. [PMID: 37106076 PMCID: PMC10136381 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-023-05170-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
After the first COVID-19 survivors were medically treated in Germany from spring 2020 onwards, various courses of the disease emerged that, in addition to the acute infection, led to prolonged symptoms (long COVID), but also to a symptomatic course beyond 12 weeks, which is referred to as "post-COVID syndrome" (PCS). Currently, the incidence of PCS is estimated to be approximately 15% of all symptomatically infected patients, although over- or underestimations may occur due to the soft definition and lack of control groups. The etiology of PCS is currently unknown. The following pathogenetic processes are discussed in particular: an endothelial dysfunction with microcirculatory disturbances and subsequent organ damage, a residual virus or virus particles, and/or an excessive autoimmune process. Due to the large number of organs that may be affected, PCS presents as a very complex clinical picture with up to 200 described symptoms. An evidence-based causal therapy for PCS has not yet been established. The guideline-based inpatient rehabilitation measures adapted to the individual patient resources have proven to be an effective therapy and should therefore be involved in the therapeutic concept at an early stage. Post-COVID syndrome is a multicomplex disease that can have a considerable impact on the quality of life, but also on the professional performance of the affected patients. Thus, it is clearly more than just a chronic fatigue syndrome. In the interest of our patients, treating physicians should take this disease seriously, clarify the differential diagnoses, and provide sensitive therapeutic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Seifart
- Klinik Sonnenblick Marburg, Amöneburgerstr. 1-6, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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8
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Laref S, Harrou F, Wang B, Sun Y, Laref A, Laleg-Kirati TM, Gojobori T, Gao X. Synergy of Small Antiviral Molecules on a Black-Phosphorus Nanocarrier: Machine Learning and Quantum Chemical Simulation Insights. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083521. [PMID: 37110754 PMCID: PMC10142408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir (FP) and Ebselen (EB) belong to a broad range of antiviral drugs that have shown active potential as medications against many viruses. Employing molecular dynamics simulations and machine learning (ML) combined with van der Waals density functional theory, we have uncovered the binding characteristics of these two antiviral drugs on a phosphorene nanocarrier. Herein, by using four different machine learning models (i.e., Bagged Trees, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Regression Trees (RT)), the Hamiltonian and the interaction energy of antiviral molecules in a phosphorene monolayer are trained in an appropriate way. However, training efficient and accurate models for approximating the density functional theory (DFT) is the final step in using ML to aid in the design of new drugs. To improve the prediction accuracy, the Bayesian optimization approach has been employed to optimize the GPR, SVR, RT, and BT models. Results revealed that the GPR model obtained superior prediction performance with an R2 of 0.9649, indicating that it can explain 96.49% of the data's variability. Then, by means of DFT calculations, we examine the interaction characteristics and thermodynamic properties in a vacuum and a continuum solvent interface. These results illustrate that the hybrid drug is an enabled, functionalized 2D complex with vigorous thermostability. The change in Gibbs free energy at different surface charges and temperatures implies that the FP and EB molecules are allowed to adsorb from the gas phase onto the 2D monolayer at different pH conditions and high temperatures. The results reveal a valuable antiviral drug therapy loaded by 2D biomaterials that may possibly open a new way of auto-treating different diseases, such as SARS-CoV, in primary terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slimane Laref
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouzi Harrou
- A Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Interfacial Reaction Engineering (CIRE), School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- A Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amel Laref
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taous-Meriem Laleg-Kirati
- A Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Gao
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Costa dos Santos J, Ximenes Rabelo M, Mattana Sebben L, de Souza Carneiro MV, Bosco Lopes Botelho J, Cardoso Neto J, Nogueira Barbosa A, Monteiro de Carvalho D, Pontes GS. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in the Nasal Mucosa of Eight Patients with Inflammatory Rhinopathy for over 80 Days following Mild COVID-19 Diagnosis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040899. [PMID: 37112879 PMCID: PMC10143909 DOI: 10.3390/v15040899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nasal mucosa is the main gateway for entry, replication and elimination of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the pathogen that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19). The presence of the virus in the epithelium causes damage to the nasal mucosa and compromises mucociliary clearance. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral antigens in the nasal mucociliary mucosa of patients with a history of mild COVID-19 and persistent inflammatory rhinopathy. We evaluated eight adults without previous nasal diseases and with a history of COVID-19 and persistent olfactory dysfunction for more than 80 days after diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Samples of the nasal mucosa were collected via brushing of the middle nasal concha. The detection of viral antigens was performed using immunofluorescence through confocal microscopy. Viral antigens were detected in the nasal mucosa of all patients. Persistent anosmia was observed in four patients. Our findings suggest that persistent SARS-CoV-2 antigens in the nasal mucosa of mild COVID-19 patients may lead to inflammatory rhinopathy and prolonged or relapsing anosmia. This study sheds light on the potential mechanisms underlying persistent symptoms of COVID-19 and highlights the importance of monitoring patients with persistent anosmia and nasal-related symptoms.
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10
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Wang D, Lu H, Li Y, Shen J, Jiang G, Xiang J, Qin H, Guan M. Application of ultrasensitive assay for SARS-CoV-2 antigen in nasopharynx in the management of COVID-19 patients with comorbidities during the peak of 2022 Shanghai epidemics in a tertiary hospital. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:510-520. [PMID: 36480433 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Various comorbidities associated with COVID-19 add up in severity of the disease and obviously prolonged the time for viral clearance. This study investigated a novel ultrasensitive MAGLUMI® SARS-CoV-2 Ag chemiluminescent immunoassay assay (MAG-CLIA) for diagnosis and monitoring the infectivity of COVID-19 patients with comorbid conditions during the pandemic of 2022 Shanghai. METHODS Analytical performances of the MAG-CLIA were evaluated, including precision, limit of quantitation, linearity and specificity. Nasopharyngeal specimens from 232 hospitalized patients who were SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive and from 477 healthy donors were included. The longitudinal studies were performed by monitoring antigen concentrations alongside with RT-qPCR results in 14 COVID-19 comorbid participants for up to 22 days. The critical antigen concentration in determining virus infectivity was evaluated at the reference cycle threshold (Ct) of 35. RESULTS COVID-19 patients were well-identified using an optimal threshold of 0.64 ng/L antigen concentration, with sensitivity and specificity of 95.7% (95% CI: 92.2-97.9%) and 98.3% (95% CI: 96.7-99.3%), respectively, while the Wondfo LFT exhibited those of 34.9% (95% CI: 28.8-41.4%) and 100% (95% CI: 99.23-100%), respectively. The sensitivity of MAG-CLIA remained 91.46% (95% CI: 83.14-95.8%) for the samples with Ct values between 35 and 40. Close dynamic consistence was observed between MAG-CLIA and viral load time series in the longitudinal studies. The critical value of 8.82 ng/L antigen showed adequate sensitivity and specificity in evaluating the infectivity of hospitalized convalescent patients with comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS The MAG-CLIA SARS-CoV-2 Ag detection is an effective and alternative approach for rapid diagnosis and enables us to evaluate the infectivity of hospitalized convalescent patients with comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yaju Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiazhen Shen
- Research & Development Department, Shenzhen New Industries Biomedical Engineering Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Guangjie Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jin Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai, P.R. China
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11
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Laref S, Wang B, Gao X, Gojobori T. Computational Studies of Auto-Active van der Waals Interaction Molecules on Ultra-Thin Black-Phosphorus Film. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020681. [PMID: 36677738 PMCID: PMC9864666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the van der Waals density functional theory, we studied the binding peculiarities of favipiravir (FP) and ebselen (EB) molecules on a monolayer of black phosphorene (BP). We systematically examined the interaction characteristics and thermodynamic properties in a vacuum and a continuum, solvent interface for active drug therapy. These results illustrate that the hybrid molecules are enabled functionalized two-dimensional (2D) complex systems with a vigorous thermostability. We demonstrate in this study that these molecules remain flat on the monolayer BP system and phosphorus atoms are intact. It is inferred that the hybrid FP+EB molecules show larger adsorption energy due to the van der Waals forces and planar electrostatic interactions. The changes in Gibbs free energy at different surface charge fluctuations and temperatures imply that the FP and EB are allowed to adsorb from the gas phase onto the 2D film at high temperatures. Thereby, the results unveiled beneficial inhibitor molecules on two dimensional BP nanocarriers, potentially introducing a modern strategy to enhance the development of advanced materials, biotechnology, and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slimane Laref
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, Center for Interfacial Reaction Engineering (CIRE), University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Corsi Decenti E, Salvatore MA, Mancon A, Portella G, Rocca A, Vocale C, Donati S. A large series of molecular and serological specimens to evaluate mother-to-child SARS-CoV-2 transmission: a prospective study from the Italian Obstetric Surveillance System. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 126:1-9. [PMID: 36368605 PMCID: PMC9640374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assay the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in vaginal, rectal, and placental swabs among pregnant women and in newborn nasopharyngeal swabs and to investigate the immunological response and maternal antibody transfer through the umbilical cord blood and milk of unvaccinated mothers. METHODS Vaginal, rectal, and placental specimens, maternal and neonatal serum, and milk were collected from a wide cohort of pregnant Italian women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to the hospital between February 25, 2020 and June 30, 2021. Samples were tested in selected reference laboratories according to a shared interlaboratory protocol. RESULTS Among 1086 enrolled women, the SARS-CoV-2 positive rate detected in all specimens ranged from 0.7% to 8.4%. Respectively, 45.2% of maternal sera collected during pregnancy and 39.7% of those collected at birth tested positive for immunoglobulin G, whereas 50.5% tested positive among neonates. Nasopharyngeal swabs were positive in 0.8% of the newborns, and immunoglobulin G was detected in 3.0% of the milk samples. The highest immunological response was recorded within 30 days during pregnancy and within 60 days of birth and in the neonatal population. CONCLUSION Vertical transmission should be considered a rare event; although, a good maternal immunological response and antibodies transfer throughout the umbilical cord blood was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Corsi Decenti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Italian National Institute of Health, National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 00161 Rome, Italy,University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Antonio Salvatore
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Italian National Institute of Health, National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 00161 Rome, Italy,Corresponding author at: Michele Antonio Salvatore, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Italian National Institute of Health, National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy. Tel: +39-0649904310
| | | | - Giuseppe Portella
- Federico II University of Naples, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Arianna Rocca
- Careggi University Hospital, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Vocale
- Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS) - University Hospital of Bologna, Microbiology Unit, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Donati
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Italian National Institute of Health, National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Italian Obstetric Surveillance System COVID-19 Working GroupAlberiIrene7AnelliGaia Maria8BaltaroFederica9BisulliMaria10BrusaStefano11CataneoIlaria12CetinIrene13CuomoMarianna14RìPietro Dal15CerboLidia Di16FerrettiAlice17GismondoMaria Rita1819GrisoliaGianpaolo20LivioStefania21LocciMariavittoria22MalentacchiFrancesca23MecacciFederico24PaccaloniBarbara25PednaMaria Federica26PerroneEnrica27PignattiLucrezia28PirasMartina29PrimaveraAlessandra30SavasiValeria31SimeoneSerena32TaddeiFabrizio33TironiRoberta34TorriArianna35Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Santa Chiara Hospital, 38122 Trento, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences - University of Milan, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, ItalyUnit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano di Niguarda, 20162, Milan, ItalyObstetric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Federico II University of Naples, 80138, Naples, ItalyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ospedale Maggiore, 40133, Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20154, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences - University of Milan, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, ItalyUnit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Santa Maria del Carmine Hospital, 38068, Rovereto, ItalyOspedale Infermi, 47923, Rimini, ItalyUnit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS, 42123, Reggio Emilia, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences - University of Milan, 20157, Milan, ItalyASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco - University Hospital L. Sacco, 20157, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Carlo Poma Hospital, 46100, Mantua, ItalyUnit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital V. Buzzi, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20154, Milan, ItalyFederico II University of Naples, 80138, Naples, ItalySOD Microbiologia e Virologia, AOU Careggi, 50139, Florence, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, ItalyUnit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Santa Maria della Scaletta Hospital, 40026, Imola, ItalyUnit of Microbiology, Greater Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522, Pievesestina, Cesena, ItalyServizio Assistenza Territoriale, Direzione Generale Cura Della Persona, Salute e Welfare, Emilia‐Romagna Region, 40127, Bologna, ItalyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, 47521, Cesena, ItalyClinical Immunology, Allergy and Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, 42122, Reggio Emilia, ItalyMicrobiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, ItalyUnit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Woman and Child's Health, Careggi University Hospital, 50141, Florence, ItalyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Santa Chiara Hospital, 38122, Trento, ItalyOspedale Manzoni, 23900, Lecco, ItalyUnit of Microbiology, Greater Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522, Pievesestina, Cesena, Italy.
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13
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Irungu JK, Munyua P, Ochieng C, Juma B, Amoth P, Kuria F, Kiiru J, Makayotto L, Abade A, Bulterys M, Hunsperger E, Emukule GO, Onyango C, Samandari T, Barr BAT, Akelo V, Weyenga H, Munywoki PK, Bigogo G, Otieno NA, Kisivuli JA, Ochieng E, Nyaga R, Hull N, Herman-Roloff A, Aman R. Diagnostic accuracy of the Panbio COVID-19 antigen rapid test device for SARS-CoV-2 detection in Kenya, 2021: A field evaluation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277657. [PMID: 36696882 PMCID: PMC9876661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate and timely diagnosis is essential in limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The reference standard, rRT-PCR, requires specialized laboratories, costly reagents, and a long turnaround time. Antigen RDTs provide a feasible alternative to rRT-PCR since they are quick, relatively inexpensive, and do not require a laboratory. The WHO requires that Ag RDTs have a sensitivity ≥80% and specificity ≥97%. METHODS This evaluation was conducted at 11 health facilities in Kenya between March and July 2021. We enrolled persons of any age with respiratory symptoms and asymptomatic contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases. We collected demographic and clinical information and two nasopharyngeal specimens from each participant for Ag RDT testing and rRT-PCR. We calculated the diagnostic performance of the Panbio™ Ag RDT against the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) rRT-PCR test. RESULTS We evaluated the Ag RDT in 2,245 individuals where 551 (24.5%, 95% CI: 22.8-26.3%) tested positive by rRT-PCR. Overall sensitivity of the Ag RDT was 46.6% (95% CI: 42.4-50.9%), specificity 98.5% (95% CI: 97.8-99.0%), PPV 90.8% (95% CI: 86.8-93.9%) and NPV 85.0% (95% CI: 83.4-86.6%). Among symptomatic individuals, sensitivity was 60.6% (95% CI: 54.3-66.7%) and specificity was 98.1% (95% CI: 96.7-99.0%). Among asymptomatic individuals, sensitivity was 34.7% (95% CI 29.3-40.4%) and specificity was 98.7% (95% CI: 97.8-99.3%). In persons with onset of symptoms <5 days (594/876, 67.8%), sensitivity was 67.1% (95% CI: 59.2-74.3%), and 53.3% (95% CI: 40.0-66.3%) among those with onset of symptoms >7 days (157/876, 17.9%). The highest sensitivity was 87.0% (95% CI: 80.9-91.8%) in symptomatic individuals with cycle threshold (Ct) values ≤30. CONCLUSION The overall sensitivity and NPV of the Panbio™ Ag RDT were much lower than expected. The specificity of the Ag RDT was high and satisfactory; therefore, a positive result may not require confirmation by rRT-PCR. The kit may be useful as a rapid screening tool only for symptomatic patients in high-risk settings with limited access to rRT-PCR. A negative result should be interpreted based on clinical and epidemiological information and may require retesting by rRT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Karuga Irungu
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Peninah Munyua
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Caroline Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bonventure Juma
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | - Ahmed Abade
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marc Bulterys
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Clayton Onyango
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Taraz Samandari
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Victor Akelo
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Herman Weyenga
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nancy A. Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Edwin Ochieng
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rufus Nyaga
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Noah Hull
- Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL), Nairobi, Kenya
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14
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Chandiwana N, Kruger C, Johnstone H, Chughlay MF, Ju C, Kim B, Dineka Y, Arbe-Barnes S, Miller R, Owen A, Hill A, Windgassen D, Abla N, Marrast AC, Duparc S, Francois Venter WD. Safety and efficacy of four drug regimens versus standard-of-care for the treatment of symptomatic outpatients with COVID-19: A randomised, open-label, multi-arm, phase 2 clinical trial. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104322. [PMID: 36332361 PMCID: PMC9624152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This exploratory study investigated four repurposed anti-infective drug regimens in outpatients with COVID-19. Methods This phase 2, single centre, randomised, open-label, clinical trial was conducted in South Africa between 3rd September 2020 and 23rd August 2021. Symptomatic outpatients aged 18–65 years, with RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were computer randomised (1:1:1:1:1) to standard-of-care (SOC) with paracetamol, or SOC plus artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ), pyronaridine-artesunate (PA), favipiravir plus nitazoxanide (FPV + NTZ), or sofosbuvir-daclatasvir (SOF-DCV). The primary endpoint was the incidence of viral clearance, i.e., the proportion of patients with a negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR on day 7, compared to SOC using a log-binomial model in the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population. Findings The mITT population included 186 patients: mean age (SD) 34.9 (10.3) years, body weight 78.2 (17.1) kg. Day 7 SARS-CoV-2 clearance rates (n/N; risk ratio [95% CI]) were: SOC 34.2% (13/38), ASAQ 38.5% (15/39; 0.80 [0.44, 1.47]), PA 30.3% (10/33; 0.69 [0.37, 1.29]), FPV + NTZ 27.0% (10/37; 0.60 [0.31, 1.18]) and SOF-DCV 23.5% (8/34; 0.47 [0.22, 1.00]). Three lower respiratory tract infections occurred (PA 6.1% [2/33]; SOF-DCV 2.9% [1/34]); two required hospitalisation (PA, SOF-DCV). There were no deaths. Adverse events occurred in 55.3% (105/190) of patients, including one serious adverse event (pancytopenia; FPV + NTZ). Interpretation There was no statistical difference in viral clearance for any regimen compared to SOC. All treatments were well tolerated. Funding 10.13039/501100004167Medicines for Malaria Venture, with funding from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, within the Covid-19 Therapeutics Accelerator in partnership with 10.13039/100004440Wellcome, the 10.13039/100000865Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and Mastercard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomathemba Chandiwana
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,Corresponding author. Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Building C, Sunnyside Office Park, 32 Princess of Wales Terrace, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chelsea Kruger
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Chung Ju
- Shin Poong Pharm. Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea,Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungsu Kim
- Shin Poong Pharm. Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yengiwe Dineka
- Ezintsha, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hill
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nada Abla
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Abstract
The German Society of Pneumology initiated 2021 the AWMF S1 guideline Long COVID/Post-COVID. In a broad interdisciplinary approach, this S1 guideline was designed based on the current state of knowledge.The clinical recommendations describe current Long COVID/Post-COVID symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and therapies.In addition to the general and consensus introduction, a subject-specific approach was taken to summarize the current state of knowledge.The guideline has an explicit practical claim and will be developed and adapted by the author team based on the current increase in knowledge.
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16
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Acuña-Castillo C, Maisey K, Vidal M, Barrera-Avalos C, Inostroza-Molina A, Luraschi R, Vallejos-Vidal E, Valdés D, Imarai M, Reyes-López FE, Sandino AM. Genomic Evidence Suggests Viral Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 for 386 Days in Health Worker: A Case Report from Santiago of Chile. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:971-978. [PMID: 36547242 PMCID: PMC9778366 DOI: 10.3390/idr14060096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect several countries. One of the best ways to control its spread is the timely identification of infected patients for isolation and quarantine. While an episode of infection lasts an average of 8-10 days from the onset of symptoms, there is literature describing long-lasting viral persistence events. Here, we report a case of persistence of SARS-CoV-2 for 386 days in a health worker from Santiago de Chile. Our study could be one of the longest reported viral persistence events. RNA sequencing analyses indicated that the first positive diagnosis (8 June 2020) corresponded to a SARS-CoV-2 variant belonging to Clade Nextstrain 20A. Three hundred eighty-six days later (23 September 2021), the second positive result reached the same viral variant (Clade 20A) but without presence or circulation in Chile since May 2021. Both sequencing coverages showed an identity of 99.21%, with some mutations related to the severity of the disease (ORF1b:P314L) and more infectivity (S:D614G). This work reinforces the idea of implementing an RT-qPCR or rapid antigen test once the quarantine is fulfilled to ensure viral absence, identify potential persistence, and, consequently, minimize the risk of local outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Departamento de Biolgía, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Mabel Vidal
- Department of Computer Science, University of Concepcion, Concepción 4070409, Chile
| | - Carlos Barrera-Avalos
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Ailen Inostroza-Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Roberto Luraschi
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
| | - Daniel Valdés
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Departamento de Biolgía, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Departamento de Biolgía, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-López
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.E.R.-L.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Departamento de Biolgía, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.E.R.-L.); (A.M.S.)
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17
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Dogan L, Allahverdiyeva A, Önel M, Meşe S, Saka Ersin E, Anaklı İ, Sarıkaya ZT, Zengin R, Gucyetmez B, Yurtturan Uyar N, Özcan PE, Kocagöz AS, Uysal HK, Akinci İO, Ağaçfidan A. Is SARS-CoV-2 viral load a predictor of mortality in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome patients? J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221137443. [DOI: 10.1177/03000605221137443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Viral load varies during infection and is higher during the initial stages of disease. Given the importance of the intensive care unit (ICU) in the late stages of COVID-19 infection, analyzing cycle threshold values to detect viral load upon ICU admission can be a clinically valuable tool for identifying patients with the highest mortality risk. Methods This was a retrospectively designed study. Patients older than 18 years who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 PCR and had a PaO2/FiO2 ratio <200 were included in the study. The patient population was divided into two groups: survivors and non-survivors. Results Two hundred patients were included in the study. In non-survivors, age, relevant ICU admission scores, and procalcitonin levels were significantly higher whereas PaO2/FiO2 ratios and cycle threshold levels were significantly lower than in survivors. Conclusion Viral load at ICU admission has significant prognostic value. In combination with age, comorbidities, and severity scores, viral load may assist clinicians in identifying individuals who need more intensive monitoring. Increased awareness may improve outcomes by allowing the more effective monitoring and treatment of patients. More prospective studies are needed to determine how a high viral load worsens disease and how to avoid irreversible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerzan Dogan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Intensive Care Unit, Acibadem Altunizade Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Önel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevim Meşe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Saka Ersin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İlkay Anaklı
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Tuğçe Sarıkaya
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rehile Zengin
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Acibadem Altunizade Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bulent Gucyetmez
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neval Yurtturan Uyar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Perihan Ergin Özcan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Sesin Kocagöz
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Acibadem Altunizade Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Ali Ağaçfidan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Zhang W, Zhou S, Wang G, Cao M, Sun D, Lu W, Shi L, Guo Y, Xu X, Pu Y, Chen C, Yang H, Sun Y, Hu H, Fang B. Clinical predictors and RT-PCR profile of prolonged viral shedding in patients with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Shanghai: A retrospective observational study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1015811. [PMID: 36353283 PMCID: PMC9638094 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1015811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate determinants of prolonged viral RNA shedding in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant infection. Materials and methods Hospitalized patients tested SARS-CoV-2 positive by nasopharyngeal real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were included in the single-center, retrospective study. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the timing of viral clearance (≤ 8 days, "early clearance" and ≥15 days, "late clearance"). Results 4,084 patients were included in the study (1,023 late clearance, 3,061 early clearance), with median age of 50 years and a higher proportion (61.4%) of male. Univariate analyses showed that comorbidities (including hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease), receiving vaccine, the number of vaccinations, cycle threshold (Ct) open reading frame 1ab (ORF 1ab), and nucleocapsid protein (N) gene values on admission were associated with late viral clearance. In the multivariable analysis, the number of vaccinations (P = 0.010) and Ct ORF 1ab gene (P < 0.001) values on admission were significantly associated with late viral clearance. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis showed that the Ct value of ORF 1ab gene and N gene remained unchanged within 3 days, and showed progressively higher values with increasing days during late viral RNA clearance. Conclusion The number of vaccinations and Ct values of ORF 1ab gene were independently associated with a prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Nursing, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangru Xu
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Pu
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongqiang Yang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyi Hu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Hongyi Hu
| | - Bangjiang Fang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Bangjiang Fang
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19
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Kosnik IG, Dermota U, Golle A, Cretnik TZ. Rapid antigen test for SARS-CoV-2: results of validation and use in real life. Future Virol 2022. [PMID: 36186521 PMCID: PMC9514382 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To verify a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test (RAT) compared with PCR. Materials & methods: Validation of RAT included 2295 subjects. Next matching of RAT with the PCR was checked in 13,852 subjects referred to PCR after being positive in RAT. Results: Sensitivity and specificity of RAT were 77.38 and 99.10%, respectively. A 74.60% of RAT positive results were confirmed with PCR. Conclusion: The test met WHO susceptibility criteria in a group of symptomatic subjects. In terms of specificity, it met requirements in all subjects. The concordance of RAT with PCR in real life was in line with our verification data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Grmek Kosnik
- National Laboratory for Health, Environment & Food, Prvomajska 2, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Urska Dermota
- National Laboratory for Health, Environment & Food, Prvomajska 2, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Golle
- National Laboratory for Health, Environment & Food, Prvomajska 2, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tjasa Zohar Cretnik
- National Laboratory for Health, Environment & Food, Prvomajska 2, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
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20
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Association between chemosensory dysfunctions and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:2079-2087. [PMID: 36097300 PMCID: PMC9467422 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that chemosensory dysfunctions, including smell and taste disorders, are common findings in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the underlying biological mechanisms and the role of inflammatory markers are still poorly understood. AIM To investigate the inflammatory biomarkers levels in patients with COVID-19 presenting chemosensory dysfunctions. METHODS This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. A systematic literature search was performed from January 1, 2020, to May 12, 2022. Observational studies that provided data on hematological, biochemical, infection-related indices and cellular immunity, and coagulation function in patients with COVID-19 experiencing smell and/or taste disorders were considered eligible. Effect sizes were reported as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A negative effect size indicated that the inflammatory biomarker levels were lower among patients with chemosensory dysfunctions. RESULTS Eleven studies were included. Patients with chemosensory disturbances had lower levels of leukocytes (SMD - 0.18, 95% CI - 0.35 to - 0.01, p = 0.04), lactate dehydrogenase (SMD - 0.45, 95% CI - 0.82 to - 0.09, p = 0.01), IL-6 (SMD - 0.25, 95% CI - 0.44 to - 0.06, p < 0.01), and C-reactive protein (SMD - 0.33, 95% CI - 0.58 to - 0.08, p < 0.01) than patients without chemosensory disturbances. CONCLUSION Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who have olfactory and gustatory disorders have a lower inflammatory response than patients who do not have chemosensory alterations. The presence of these symptoms may indicate a more favorable clinical course for COVID-19.
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21
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Benoni R, Campagna I, Moretti F, Tardivo S. Comparing swab- and different symptoms-based strategies to ascertain COVID-19 recovery in healthcare workers: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost Eff Resour Alloc 2022; 20:50. [PMID: 36096794 PMCID: PMC9465662 DOI: 10.1186/s12962-022-00385-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Given the human and economic cost of the COVID-19 pandemic, protecting healthcare workers (HCW) and ensuring continuity of care is critical. The aim of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different strategies to ascertain COVID-19 recovery in HCWs. Methods Data were collected from the hospital health surveillance program on HCWs at the University Hospital of Verona between 29/02/2020 and 14/04/2021. The diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the assessment of the recovery were made through RT-PCR on oro-nasopharyngeal swab-sample. Recovery time and probability were estimated through Kaplan–Meier estimate. For each recovery assessment strategy costs (laboratory diagnostics and human resources), expressed in local currency (euro—€), and working days saved (WDS—effectiveness) were estimated. A decision-tree was created where each knot was a time point scheduled by the different recovery assessment strategies. A Monte Carlo simulation method was used, and probabilistic sensitivity analysis assessed the effect of input uncertainty. Results In the study period 916 (9.9%) HCWs tested positive. Recovery time through symptom-based strategy (21 days 0.95 CI 16–24) was significantly lower compared to swab-based one (25 days 0.95 CI 23–28, p < 0.001). The swab-based strategy was dominated by all symptoms-based ones. Symptoms-based with a swab on days 14 and 17 had an ICER of 2 €/WDS and 27 €/WDS compared to the one scheduled on days 10 and 17 and with only one swab on the 17th day. Conclusions Scheduling swabs on days 14 and 17 in a symptom-based strategy was the most cost-effective, saving 7.5 more working days than the standard one with swabs on days 10 and 17. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12962-022-00385-w.
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22
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Silverberg JI, Zyskind I, Naiditch H, Zimmerman J, Glatt AE, Pinter A, Theel ES, Joyner MJ, Hill DA, Lieberman MR, Bigajer E, Stok D, Frank E, Rosenberg AZ. Predictors of chronic COVID-19 symptoms in a community-based cohort of adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271310. [PMID: 35925904 PMCID: PMC9352033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 can cause some individuals to experience chronic symptoms. Rates and predictors of chronic COVID-19 symptoms are not fully elucidated. Objective To examine occurrence and patterns of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV2 infection (PASC) symptomatology and their relationship with demographics, acute COVID-19 symptoms and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody responses. Methods A multi-stage observational study was performed of adults (≥18 years) from 5 US states. Participants completed two rounds of electronic surveys (May-July 2020; April-May 2021) and underwent testing to anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein IgG antibody testing. Latent Class Analysis was used to identify clusters of chronic COVID-19 symptoms. Results Overall, 390 adults (median [25%ile, 75%ile] age: 42 [31, 54] years) with positive SARS-CoV-2 antibodies completed the follow-up survey; 92 (24.7%) had ≥1 chronic COVID-19 symptom, with 11-month median duration of persistent symptoms (range: 1–12 months). The most common chronic COVID-19 symptoms were fatigue (11.3%), change in smell (9.5%) or taste (5.6%), muscle or joint aches (5.4%) and weakness (4.6%). There were significantly higher proportions of ≥1 persistent COVID-19 symptom (31.5% vs. 18.6%; Chi-square, P = 0.004), and particularly fatigue (15.8% vs. 7.3%, P = 0.008) and headaches (5.4% vs. 1.0%, P = 0.011) in females compared to males. Chronic COVID-19 symptoms were also increased in individuals with ≥6 acute COVID-19 symptoms, Latent class analysis revealed 4 classes of symptoms. Latent class-1 (change of smell and taste) was associated with lower anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels; class-2 and 3 (multiple chronic symptoms) were associated with higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and more severe acute COVID-19 infection. Limitations Ambulatory cohort with less severe acute disease. Conclusion Individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection commonly experience chronic symptoms, most commonly fatigue, changes in smell or taste and muscle/joint aches. Female sex, severity of acute COVID-19 infection, and higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were associated with the highest risk of having chronic COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Israel Zyskind
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
- Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Hiam Naiditch
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Jason Zimmerman
- Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Aaron E Glatt
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai South Nassau and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Elitza S Theel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - D Ashley Hill
- ResourcePath, Sterling, VA, United States of America
| | - Miriam R Lieberman
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Elliot Bigajer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Daniel Stok
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Elliot Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, United States of America
- The Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Clifton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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23
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Hakki S, Zhou J, Jonnerby J, Singanayagam A, Barnett JL, Madon KJ, Koycheva A, Kelly C, Houston H, Nevin S, Fenn J, Kundu R, Crone MA, Pillay TD, Ahmad S, Derqui-Fernandez N, Conibear E, Freemont PS, Taylor GP, Ferguson N, Zambon M, Barclay WS, Dunning J, Lalvani A, Badhan A, Varro R, Luca C, Quinn V, Cutajar J, Nichols N, Russell J, Grey H, Ketkar A, Miserocchi G, Tejpal C, Catchpole H, Nixon K, Di Biase B, Hopewell T, Narean JS, Samuel J, Timcang K, McDermott E, Bremang S, Hammett S, Evetts S, Kondratiuk A. Onset and window of SARS-CoV-2 infectiousness and temporal correlation with symptom onset: a prospective, longitudinal, community cohort study. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2022; 10:1061-1073. [PMID: 35988572 PMCID: PMC9388060 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Knowledge of the window of SARS-CoV-2 infectiousness is crucial in developing policies to curb transmission. Mathematical modelling based on scarce empirical evidence and key assumptions has driven isolation and testing policy, but real-world data are needed. We aimed to characterise infectiousness across the full course of infection in a real-world community setting. Methods The Assessment of Transmission and Contagiousness of COVID-19 in Contacts (ATACCC) study was a UK prospective, longitudinal, community cohort of contacts of newly diagnosed, PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 index cases. Household and non-household exposed contacts aged 5 years or older were eligible for recruitment if they could provide informed consent and agree to self-swabbing of the upper respiratory tract. The primary objective was to define the window of SARS-CoV-2 infectiousness and its temporal correlation with symptom onset. We quantified viral RNA load by RT-PCR and infectious viral shedding by enumerating cultivable virus daily across the course of infection. Participants completed a daily diary to track the emergence of symptoms. Outcomes were assessed with empirical data and a phenomenological Bayesian hierarchical model. Findings Between Sept 13, 2020, and March 31, 2021, we enrolled 393 contacts from 327 households (the SARS-CoV-2 pre-alpha and alpha variant waves); and between May 24, 2021, and Oct 28, 2021, we enrolled 345 contacts from 215 households (the delta variant wave). 173 of these 738 contacts were PCR positive for more than one timepoint, 57 of which were at the start of infection and comprised the final study population. The onset and end of infectious viral shedding were captured in 42 cases and the median duration of infectiousness was 5 (IQR 3–7) days. Although 24 (63%) of 38 cases had PCR-detectable virus before symptom onset, only seven (20%) of 35 shed infectious virus presymptomatically. Symptom onset was a median of 3 days before both peak viral RNA and peak infectious viral load (viral RNA IQR 3–5 days, n=38; plaque-forming units IQR 3–6 days, n=35). Notably, 22 (65%) of 34 cases and eight (24%) of 34 cases continued to shed infectious virus 5 days and 7 days post-symptom onset, respectively (survival probabilities 67% and 35%). Correlation of lateral flow device (LFD) results with infectious viral shedding was poor during the viral growth phase (sensitivity 67% [95% CI 59–75]), but high during the decline phase (92% [86–96]). Infectious virus kinetic modelling suggested that the initial rate of viral replication determines the course of infection and infectiousness. Interpretation Less than a quarter of COVID-19 cases shed infectious virus before symptom onset; under a crude 5-day self-isolation period from symptom onset, two-thirds of cases released into the community would still be infectious, but with reduced infectious viral shedding. Our findings support a role for LFDs to safely accelerate deisolation but not for early diagnosis, unless used daily. These high-resolution, community-based data provide evidence to inform infection control guidance. Funding National Institute for Health and Care Research.
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Haslbauer JD, Bratic-Hench I, Cima K, Luger AK, Schmitz K, Augustin F, Krapf C, Hoefer D, Tancevski I, Tzankov A, Löffler-Ragg J. Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis and Extensive Dendriform Ossification with Persistent Viral Load: A Rare Presentation of Post-COVID-19 Condition in Need of Lung Transplantation. Pathobiology 2022; 90:138-146. [PMID: 35835004 PMCID: PMC10129030 DOI: 10.1159/000525457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence, presentation, and predisposing factors of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) are currently poorly understood. Lung explants may provide a rare insight into terminal SARS-CoV-2-associated lung damage and its pathophysiology. A 62-year-old man presented with progressively worsening respiratory symptoms after recovering from mild COVID-19 3 months earlier. No underlying pulmonary comorbidities were reported. A chest CT revealed bilateral extensive ground-glass and reticular opacities, suspicious of pulmonary fibrosis. Despite initial high-dose glucocorticoid therapy, the interstitial lung disease progressed, and after exhausting all viable therapeutic options, bilateral lung transplantation was successfully conducted. Histological analysis revealed extensive end-stage interstitial fibrosis with diffuse dendriform ossification and bronchiolar and transitional cell metaplasia. Signs of interstitial remodeling such as an increased interstitial collagen deposition, a pathological accumulation of CD163+/CD206+ M2-polarized macrophages with an increased expression of phosphorylated ERK, and an increased density of CD105+ newly formed capillaries were observed. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry for SARS-CoV-2 N-protein in the endothelium of medium-sized vessels confirmed a persistence of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings highlight a highly unusual presentation of SARS-CoV-2-associated lung fibrosis, implying that incomplete viral clearance in the vascular compartment may play a vital pathophysiological role in the development of PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Dionne Haslbauer
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Ivana Bratic-Hench
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Cima
- Department of Internal Medicine II (Infectiology, Rheumatology, Pneumology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Pathology, Innpath, Tyrolean State Clinics, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Augustin
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Krapf
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Hoefer
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II (Infectiology, Rheumatology, Pneumology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Judith Löffler-Ragg
- Department of Internal Medicine II (Infectiology, Rheumatology, Pneumology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Yang CP, Chang CM, Yang CC, Pariante CM, Su KP. Long COVID and long chain fatty acids (LCFAs): Psychoneuroimmunity implication of omega-3 LCFAs in delayed consequences of COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 103:19-27. [PMID: 35390469 PMCID: PMC8977215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the lasting pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the post-acute phase sequelae of heterogeneous negative impacts in multiple systems known as the "long COVID." The mechanisms of neuropsychiatric complications of long COVID are multifactorial, including long-term tissue damages from direct CNS viral involvement, unresolved systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, maladaptation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and coagulation system, dysregulated immunity, the dysfunction of neurotransmitters and hypothalamus-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, and the psychosocial stress imposed by societal changes in response to this pandemic. The strength of safety, well-acceptance, and accumulating scientific evidence has now afforded nutritional medicine a place in the mainstream of neuropsychiatric intervention and prophylaxis. Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 or n-3 PUFAs) might have favorable effects on immunity, inflammation, oxidative stress and psychoneuroimmunity at different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Omega-3 PUFAs, particularly EPA, have shown effects in treating mood and neurocognitive disorders by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, altering the HPA axis, and modulating neurotransmission via lipid rafts. In addition, omega-3 PUFAs and their metabolites, including specialized pro-resolvin mediators, accelerate the process of cleansing chronic inflammation and restoring tissue homeostasis, and therefore offer a promising strategy for Long COVID. In this article, we explore in a systematic review the putative molecular mechanisms by which omega-3 PUFAs and their metabolites counteract the negative effects of long COVID on the brain, behavior, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Pai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, HungKuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mao Chang
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Kuan-Pin Su
- King's College London, London, UK; Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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26
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Patel R, Withers C, Bamford A, Marks SD. Early data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in paediatric kidney transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2022; 26:e14336. [PMID: 35726832 PMCID: PMC9350210 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishil Patel
- Department of Paediatric NephrologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Charlotte Withers
- Department of Paediatric NephrologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Alasdair Bamford
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreUniversity College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Stephen D. Marks
- Department of Paediatric NephrologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreUniversity College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
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27
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Cazzaniga M, Testa S, Brambilla M, Vergori A, Viganoni M, Montini G. Incidence and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a pediatric kidney transplant recipient cohort from a single center in Northern Italy. Pediatr Transplant 2022; 26:e14335. [PMID: 35726833 PMCID: PMC9350330 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern about SARS-CoV-2 infection has increased over the possible effects on immunocompromised patients. Among them, recipients of solid organ transplantation deserve special attention. Data from the adult population suggest they may be at high risk for developing severe COVID-19, but little data are available for pediatric solid organ transplantation recipients. METHODS From March 2020 to April 2021, KT recipients aged <21 years, routinely managed at our center, who underwent RT-PCR testing with nasopharyngeal swabs to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection, were studied. Tests were performed according to clinical and/or epidemiological criteria. RESULTS One hundred one transplanted patients were managed at our center during the observation period. Among this population, 57 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection with a RT-PCR test and were subsequently enrolled. A total of 111 swabs were performed. Twelve out of the 57 patients tested (21.1%) had a positive RT-PCR test result. Among the positive patients, eight were symptomatic (66.7%). Median duration of symptoms and RT-PCR positivity was two days (IQR 1-2.25) and 17 days (IQR 11-27.25), respectively. No patients required specific treatment or IS therapy reduction; no one was admitted to hospital. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that pediatric renal transplant recipients are at low risk of clinically relevant COVID-19, as is the healthy age-related population. On the contrary, our results differed substantially from those seen in adult SOT recipient populations that have a high incidence and an even earlier and higher mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Testa
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant UnitFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - Marta Brambilla
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant UnitFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | | | | | - Giovanni Montini
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant UnitFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community HealthUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
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28
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Hutto SK, Venna N. Response to Letter to the Editor: Spinomedullary Weston Hurst Syndrome After COVID-19 and Influenza Co-Infection. Neurohospitalist 2022; 12:711-712. [PMID: 36147769 PMCID: PMC9204127 DOI: 10.1177/19418744221109218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer K. Hutto
- Division of Hospital Neurology, Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nagagopal Venna
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Factors Associated with Prolonged RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 Positive Testing in Patients with Mild and Moderate Forms of COVID-19: A Retrospective Study. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58060707. [PMID: 35743970 PMCID: PMC9230767 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: This article aims to evaluate the number of days necessary for patients with mild and moderate forms of COVID-19 to reach undetectable levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the upper respiratory tract specimens. As a secondary objective, we sought to establish a correlation between different conditions associated with longer viral load as this could result in a longer period of contagion and infectivity. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective study. A total of 70 patients with confirmed mild and moderate forms of COVID-19 were enrolled in our study. Results: Number of days with traceable viral load was 25.93 (±6.02) days in patients with mild COVID-19 and 26.97 (±8.30) in moderate form (p = 0.72). Age, male gender, and obesity, along with several chronic conditions (cardiac, liver, renal, and neurological disease), were associated with prolonged positive RT-PCR test from the nasal swab (therefore prolonged viral load). These are in general, risk factors for severe forms of COVID-19. Conclusions: There are several conditions associated with prolonged positive RT-PCR in mild and moderate forms of COVID-19. As to why and what is the significance of it remains to be studied.
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30
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Aljunaid MA, Albeshry AM, Alshahrani NZ, Barabie SS. Estimate and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance time among non-severe COVID-19 patients. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:1890-1897. [PMID: 35800556 PMCID: PMC9254785 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1841_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To estimate SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance time among non-severe COVID-19 patients and explore factors associated with delayed negative conversion. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the COVID-19 unit of a tertiary care center in the Western region of Saudi Arabia. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed COVID-19 patients diagnosed between April 1 and June 30, 2020, were considered. The primary outcome was the time (days) from disease onset to first negative RT-PCR, which was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression survival methods. Demographic data, clinical history, baseline clinical, radiological and laboratory findings and management, and outcome data were collected and analyzed as factors associated with the viral RNA clearance time. Results: One hundred and forty-four patients were included. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 36.93 (14.41) years, 50.7% were females, and 45.1% were healthcare workers. COVID19 was asymptomatic, mild and moderate in 11.1%, 71.5% and 17.4% of the participants, respectively. Fever (59.4%) and cough (58.0%) were the dominant onset symptoms. The mean viral RNA clearance time was 22.9 days (SD = 8.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 21.5–24.3 days). Extended clearance time was associated with older age (mean = 24.0 vs. 22.0 days; log-rank = 0.037), married status (23.2 vs. 22.6 days; log-rank = 0.021), working in health sector (24.2 vs. 21.8 days; log-rank = 0.006), and having a chronic disease (24.8 vs. 21.9 days; log-rank = 0.028), compared to their counterparts, respectively. In the adjusted model, the job sector was the only factor that was independently associated with clearance time. Non-healthcare sector showed hazard ratio 1.8 (95% CI = 1.3–2.7; log-rank = 0.002) with reference to healthcare sector. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance time is likely to be longer in non-severe COVID-19 patients, representing an additional risk for the virus dissemination among the community and calling for higher caution among the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Aljunaid
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M Albeshry
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najim Z Alshahrani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Nair S, Chen X. Biology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the humoral immunoresponse: a systematic review of evidence to support global policy-level actions and research. GLOBAL HEALTH JOURNAL 2022; 6:38-43. [PMID: 34840854 PMCID: PMC8603838 DOI: 10.1016/j.glohj.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both population-level epidemiological data and individual-level biological data are needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Population-level data are widely available and efforts to combat COVID-19 have generated proliferate data on the biology and immunoresponse to the causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, there remains a paucity of systemized data on this subject. OBJECTIVE In this review, we attempt to extract systemized data on the biology and immuno-response to SARS-CoV-2 from the most up-to-date peer-reviewed studies. We will focus on the biology of the virus and immunological variations that are key for determining long-term immunity, transmission potential, and prognosis. DATA SOURCES AND METHODS Peer-reviewed articles were sourced from the PubMed database and by snowballing search of selected publications. Search terms included: "Novel Coronavirus" OR "COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "2019-nCoV" AND "Immunity" OR "Immune Response" OR "Antibody Response" OR "Immunologic Response". Studies published from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020 were included. To ensure validity, papers in pre-print were excluded. RESULTS Of 2 889 identified papers, 36 were included. Evidence from these studies suggests early seroconversion in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Antibody titers appear to markedly increase two weeks after infection, followed by a plateau. A more robust immune response is seen in patients with severe COVID-19 as opposed to mild or asymptomatic presentations. This trend persists with regard to the length of antibody maintenance. However, overall immunity appears to wane within two to three months post-infection. CONCLUSION Findings of this study indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 follow the general pattern of viral infection. Immunity generated through natural infection appears to be short, suggesting a need for long-term efforts to control the pandemic. Antibody testing will be essential to gauge the epidemic and inform decision-making on effective strategies for treatment and prevention. Further research is needed to illustrate immunoglobulin-specific roles and neutralizing antibody activity.
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32
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Yavarian J, Javaherian M, Malekshahi SS, Ahmadinejad Z, Ghiasvand F, Ahmadi E, Abbasian L, Malihe Hasannezhad MH, Dabaghipour N, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ, Mokhtari-Azad T, Hajiabdolbaghi M. The Persistence Time of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A prospective Study. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:56-61. [PMID: 35209824 DOI: 10.2174/1871526522666220223162445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the late December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), spreads to almost all countries worldwide. The outbreak of this virus has also been confirmed since 19 February 2020 in Iran. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the time of viral RNA clearance in swab and serum samples of COVID-19 patients who received different medications. We also evaluated different factors that may be affected viral RNA persistence in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. METHODS In March 2020, twenty-one hospitalized COVID-19 patients were participated in this prospective study. All patients received antiviral agents in their routine care. Throat swabs and blood samples were obtained from all patients in different intervals including day 3 or 5, day 7, day 10 and finally 14 days after the first positive real time RT-PCR (rRT-PCT) test Results: The median time from the SO to first negative rRT-PCR results for throat swabs and serum samples of COVID-19 patients were 18 and 14 days, respectively. These times were more significant in patients with lymphopenia, oxygen saturation ≤ 90% and comorbidity. CONCLUSION This preliminary study highlights that SASR-CoV-2 RNA was not detectable in the upper respiratory tract longer than three weeks. In addition, SARS-CoV may persist for a long period of time in the respiratory than the serum samples. This study support the idea that in the settings of limited resources the patients should cease to be tested earlier than three weeks for discharge management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jila Yavarian
- Virology department Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran
| | - Mohammad Javaherian
- Liver Transplantation Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran
| | | | - Zahra Ahmadinejad
- Department of infectious diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghiasvand
- Department of infectious diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences iran
| | | | - Ladan Abbasian
- Department of infectious diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran
| | | | - Narges Dabaghipour
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences Liver Transplantation Research Center Iran
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33
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Mihaescu G, Chifiriuc MC, Vrancianu CO, Constantin M, Filip R, Popescu MR, Burlibasa L, Nicoara AC, Bolocan A, Iliescu C, Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G. Antiviral Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From Protective to Deleterious Responses. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2578. [PMID: 34946179 PMCID: PMC8703918 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After two previous episodes, in 2002 and 2012, when two highly pathogenic coronaviruses (SARS, MERS) with a zoonotic origin emerged in humans and caused fatal respiratory illness, we are today experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic produced by SARS-CoV-2. The main question of the year 2021 is if naturally- or artificially-acquired active immunity will be effective against the evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review starts with the presentation of the two compartments of antiviral immunity-humoral and cellular, innate and adaptive-underlining how the involved cellular and molecular actors are intrinsically connected in the development of the immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Then, the SARS-CoV-2 immunopathology, as well as the derived diagnosis and therapeutic approaches, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigore Mihaescu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.); (C.O.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.); (C.O.V.); (L.B.)
- Life, Environmental and Earth Sciences Division, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- The Romanian Academy, 25 Calea Victoriei, Sector 1, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Roxana Filip
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
- Regional County Emergency Hospital, 720284 Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihaela Roxana Popescu
- Department of Cardiology, Elias Emergency University Hospital “Carol Davila”, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Liliana Burlibasa
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (G.M.); (C.O.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Anca Cecilia Nicoara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Bolocan
- General Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies—IMT, 077190 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
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Rabady S, Altenberger J, Brose M, Denk-Linnert DM, Fertl E, Götzinger F, de la Cruz Gomez Pellin M, Hofbaur B, Hoffmann K, Hoffmann-Dorninger R, Koczulla R, Lammel O, Lamprecht B, Löffler-Ragg J, Müller CA, Poggenburg S, Rittmannsberger H, Sator P, Strenger V, Vonbank K, Wancata J, Weber T, Weber J, Weiss G, Wendler M, Zwick RH. [Guideline S1: Long COVID: Diagnostics and treatment strategies]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2021; 133:237-278. [PMID: 34851455 PMCID: PMC8633909 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-021-01974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This guideline comprises the state of science at the time of the editorial deadline. In view of the high turnover of knowledge the guideline is designed as a living guideline. The main objective was to provide a tool for the use in primary care, being considered well suited as a first point of entry and for the provision of care. The guideline gives recommendations on the differential diagnosis of symptoms following SARS-CoV‑2 infection, on their therapeutic options, as well as for guidance and care of the patients concerned. It also offers advice concerning return to daily life and rehabilitation. Long COVID being a very variable condition, we chose an interdisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rabady
- Department Allgemeine Gesundheitsstudien, Kompetenzzentrum für Allgemein- und Familienmedizin, Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversität für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500, Krems, Österreich.
| | - Johann Altenberger
- Pensionsversicherungsanstalt, Rehabilitationszentrum Großgmain, Großgmain, Österreich
| | - Markus Brose
- Department Allgemeine Gesundheitsstudien, Kompetenzzentrum für Allgemein- und Familienmedizin, Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversität für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500, Krems, Österreich
| | - Doris-Maria Denk-Linnert
- Klinische Abteilung Phoniatrie-Logopädie, Universitätsklinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
| | - Elisabeth Fertl
- Neurologische Abteilung, Klinik Landstraße, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, Wien, Österreich
| | - Florian Götzinger
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Klinik Ottakring, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, Wien, Österreich
| | - Maria de la Cruz Gomez Pellin
- Unit Versorgungsforschung in der Primärversorgung, Zentrum für Public Health, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
| | | | - Kathryn Hoffmann
- Unit Health Services Research and Telemedicine in Primary Care, Department of Preventive- and Social Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Österreich
| | | | - Rembert Koczulla
- Abteilung für Pneumologische Rehabilitation, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - Oliver Lammel
- Praxis Dr Oliver Lammel, Ramsau am Dachstein, Österreich
| | - Bernd Lamprecht
- Klinik für Lungenheilkunde, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Linz, Österreich
| | | | - Christian A Müller
- Universitätsklinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
| | | | - Hans Rittmannsberger
- Abteilung Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Pyhrn-Eisenwurzen-Klinikum, Steyr, Österreich
| | - Paul Sator
- Dermatologische Abteilung, Klinik Hietzing, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, Wien, Österreich
| | - Volker Strenger
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Österreich
| | - Karin Vonbank
- Klinische Abteilung für Pulmologie, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin II, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
| | - Johannes Wancata
- Klinische Abteilung für Sozialpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
| | - Thomas Weber
- Abteilung für Innere Medizin 2 (Kardiologie, Intensivmedizin), Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Österreich
| | - Jörg Weber
- Klinikum Klagenfurt, Feschnigstraße 11, 9020, Klagenfurt, Österreich
| | - Günter Weiss
- Univ.-Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - Maria Wendler
- Department Allgemeine Gesundheitsstudien, Kompetenzzentrum für Allgemein- und Familienmedizin, Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversität für Gesundheitswissenschaften, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500, Krems, Österreich
| | - Ralf-Harun Zwick
- Ambulante internistische Rehabilitation, Therme Wien Med, Wien, Österreich
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Guo J, Li L, Wu Q, Li H, Li Y, Hou X, Yang F, Qin Z. Detection and predictors of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in COVID-19 patients at 8 months after symptom onset. Future Virol 2021; 0. [PMID: 34804188 PMCID: PMC8596336 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To determine SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG levels of patients with COVID-19 at 8 months after symptom onset and to explore the predictors of antibody levels. Materials & methods: The magnetic chemiluminescence method was used to measure the antibody levels. Clinical data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 54 patients were enrolled in this study, of whom 59.3% were IgM positive and 96.4% were IgG positive. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the duration of RNA shedding, C-reactive protein level and disease severity were independent predictors of IgG levels. Conclusion: COVID-19 patients retained long-term viral-specific protective immunity. Disease severity, C-reactive protein level and duration of RNA shedding were related to antibody levels 8 months after symptom onset. This study aimed to detect the levels of antibodies made by the body in response to COVID-19, 8 months after infection. We reviewed the characteristics of 54 patients with a history COVID-19 to find factors that may influence antibody levels. The results showed that 8 months after infection, almost all the patients had sufficient antibody levels to protect them from another episode of COVID-19 and that antibody levels were especially well maintained in those with a history of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinwei Hou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fangfei Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhonghua Qin
- Department of Laboratory, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Maharjan N, Thapa N, Magar BP, Maharjan M, Tu J. Persistent Positivity of Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Test among Patients with COVID-19 in Rural Teaching Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2021; 59:1136-1140. [PMID: 35199749 PMCID: PMC9124342 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.7077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The persistence positivity detected for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ribonucleic acid by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test in asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients has attracted a lot of attention. There is limited data on the duration of viral shedding. We aimed to determine the proportion of coronavirus disease patients with persistent positivity of real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test in a teaching hospital of Nepal. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using medical records from May to September 2020 in a teaching hospital of Nepal. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Committee of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences (Reference no 077/078/03). Convenient sampling method was used. Data was analysed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Point estimate at 90% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. RESULTS Of the total 95 cases, 9 (9.5%) cases (4.6-14.4 at 90% Confidence Interval), were repeat positive after achieving the first negative. The mean day required of achieving the last negative for the repeat positive group was 62.11±3.95, range (60-70 days). The mean time duration for the virus shedding was found to be 20.43±12.19 days (range 7-60 days) after the first positive test result. CONCLUSIONS This study concludes that there might be a persistent positivity of the polymerase chain reaction test among patients with COVID-19. The majority of the patients were test positive for 8-14 days, and some were positive till 60-70 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayani Maharjan
- Program & Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China and Department of Molecular Laboratory, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal
| | - Niresh Thapa
- Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal
| | - Bibek Pun Magar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal
| | - Muna Maharjan
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal
| | - Jiancheng Tu
- Program & Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Serra AM, Ventura AMC, Xavier LF, Simões AB, Duarte-Neto AN. SARS-CoV-2 identification in an acute appendicitis case: Acute abdomen as manifestation of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in a child with COVID-19. Braz J Infect Dis 2021; 25:101651. [PMID: 34774470 PMCID: PMC8580246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health emergency. The clinical course of COVID-19 in children is mild in most of the cases, but multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is recognized as a potential life-threatening complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Acute abdomen as a presentation of COVID-19 is rare, and its correlation to COVID-19 features and prognosis remains undetermined. Herein, we describe a case of appendicitis in a child with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 and subsequent SARS-CoV-2 identification in appendix tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Munhoz Serra
- Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andréa Maria Cordeiro Ventura
- Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Freitas Xavier
- Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angélica Braz Simões
- Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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38
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Gaspar-Rodríguez A, Padilla-González A, Rivera-Toledo E. Coronavirus persistence in human respiratory tract and cell culture: An overview. Braz J Infect Dis 2021; 25:101632. [PMID: 34627782 PMCID: PMC8486621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging human coronaviruses, including the recently identified SARS-CoV-2, are relevant respiratory pathogens due to their potential to cause epidemics with high case fatality rates, although endemic coronaviruses are also important for immunocompromised patients. Long-term coronavirus infections had been described mainly in experimental models, but it is currently evident that SARS-CoV-2 genomic-RNA can persist for many weeks in the respiratory tract of some individuals clinically recovered from coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19), despite a lack of isolation of infectious virus. It is still not clear whether persistence of such viral RNA may be pathogenic for the host and related to long-term sequelae. In this review, we summarize evidence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA persistence in respiratory samples besides results obtained from cell culture and histopathology describing long-term coronavirus infection. We also comment on potential mechanisms of coronavirus persistence and relevance for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gaspar-Rodríguez
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Ana Padilla-González
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Coyoacan, Mexico.
| | - Evelyn Rivera-Toledo
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Coyoacan, Mexico.
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39
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Yong SJ. Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 53:737-754. [PMID: 34024217 PMCID: PMC8146298 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1924397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome first gained widespread recognition among social support groups and later in scientific and medical communities. This illness is poorly understood as it affects COVID-19 survivors at all levels of disease severity, even younger adults, children, and those not hospitalized. While the precise definition of long COVID may be lacking, the most common symptoms reported in many studies are fatigue and dyspnoea that last for months after acute COVID-19. Other persistent symptoms may include cognitive and mental impairments, chest and joint pains, palpitations, myalgia, smell and taste dysfunctions, cough, headache, and gastrointestinal and cardiac issues. Presently, there is limited literature discussing the possible pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments in long COVID, which the current review aims to address. In brief, long COVID may be driven by long-term tissue damage (e.g. lung, brain, and heart) and pathological inflammation (e.g. from viral persistence, immune dysregulation, and autoimmunity). The associated risk factors may include female sex, more than five early symptoms, early dyspnoea, prior psychiatric disorders, and specific biomarkers (e.g. D-dimer, CRP, and lymphocyte count), although more research is required to substantiate such risk factors. While preliminary evidence suggests that personalized rehabilitation training may help certain long COVID cases, therapeutic drugs repurposed from other similar conditions, such as myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, and mast cell activation syndrome, also hold potential. In sum, this review hopes to provide the current understanding of what is known about long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jie Yong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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40
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Cattaneo C, Cancelli V, Imberti L, Dobbs K, Sottini A, Pagani C, Belotti A, Re A, Anastasia A, Quaresima V, Tucci A, Chiorini JA, Su HC, Cohen JI, Burbelo PD, Rossi G, Notarangelo LD. Production and persistence of specific antibodies in COVID-19 patients with hematologic malignancies: role of rituximab. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:151. [PMID: 34521813 PMCID: PMC8438656 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of patients with hematologic malignancies (HM) to develop an effective humoral immune response after COVID-19 is unknown. A prospective study was performed to monitor the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 of patients with follicular lymphoma (FL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLD), multiple myeloma (MM), or myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative syndromes (MDS/MPN). Antibody (Ab) levels to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein were measured at +1, +3, +6 months after nasal swabs became PCR-negative. Forty-five patients (9 FL, 8 DLBCL, 8 CLD, 10 MM, 10 MDS/MPS) and 18 controls were studied. Mean anti-N and anti-S-Ab levels were similar between HM patients and controls, and shared the same behavior, with anti-N Ab levels declining at +6 months and anti-S-Ab remaining stable. Seroconversion rates were lower in HM patients than in controls. In lymphoma patients mean Ab levels and seroconversion rates were lower than in other HM patients, primarily because all nine patients who had received rituximab within 6 months before COVID-19 failed to produce anti-N and anti-S-Ab. Only one patient requiring hematological treatment after COVID-19 lost seropositivity after 6 months. No reinfections were observed. These results may inform vaccination policies and clinical management of HM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cattaneo
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
| | - V Cancelli
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - L Imberti
- CREA (AIL Center for Hemato-Oncologic Research), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - K Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Sottini
- CREA (AIL Center for Hemato-Oncologic Research), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - C Pagani
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Belotti
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Re
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Anastasia
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - V Quaresima
- CREA (AIL Center for Hemato-Oncologic Research), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Tucci
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - J A Chiorini
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P D Burbelo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G Rossi
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - L D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Koczulla AR, Ankermann T, Behrends U, Berlit P, Böing S, Brinkmann F, Franke C, Glöckl R, Gogoll C, Hummel T, Kronsbein J, Maibaum T, Peters EMJ, Pfeifer M, Platz T, Pletz M, Pongratz G, Powitz F, Rabe KF, Scheibenbogen C, Stallmach A, Stegbauer M, Wagner HO, Waller C, Wirtz H, Zeiher A, Zwick RH. [S1 Guideline Post-COVID/Long-COVID]. Pneumologie 2021; 75:869-900. [PMID: 34474488 DOI: 10.1055/a-1551-9734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The German Society of Pneumology initiated the AWMFS1 guideline Post-COVID/Long-COVID. In a broad interdisciplinary approach, this S1 guideline was designed based on the current state of knowledge.The clinical recommendation describes current post-COVID/long-COVID symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and therapies.In addition to the general and consensus introduction, a subject-specific approach was taken to summarize the current state of knowledge.The guideline has an expilcit practical claim and will be continuously developed and adapted by the author team based on the current increase in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Uta Behrends
- Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Chronisches Fatigue Centrum
| | | | | | | | | | - Rainer Glöckl
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP)
| | - Christian Gogoll
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP)
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e. V
| | | | - Thomas Maibaum
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin (DEGAM)
| | - Eva M J Peters
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychosomatische Medizin und Ärztliche Psychotherapie (DGPM)
| | - Michael Pfeifer
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP)
| | - Thomas Platz
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurorehabilitation (DGNR) und Redaktionskomitee S2k-LL SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 und (Früh-) Rehabilitation
| | - Matthias Pletz
- Paul Ehrlich Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e. V. (PEG)/Sektion Infektiologie
| | - Georg Pongratz
- Deutsche Schmerzgesellschaft, Deutsche Migräne- und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft und Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rheumatologie
| | | | - Klaus F Rabe
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP)
| | | | - Andreas Stallmach
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen (DGVS), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Infektiologie (DGI)
| | | | - Hans Otto Wagner
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin (DEGAM)
| | | | - Hubert Wirtz
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP)
| | - Andreas Zeiher
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie- Herz- und Kreislaufforschung (DGK)
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Madan T, Biswas B, Varghese PM, Subedi R, Pandit H, Idicula-Thomas S, Kundu I, Rooge S, Agarwal R, Tripathi DM, Kaur S, Gupta E, Gupta SK, Kishore U. A Recombinant Fragment of Human Surfactant Protein D Binds Spike Protein and Inhibits Infectivity and Replication of SARS-CoV-2 in Clinical Samples. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:41-53. [PMID: 33784482 PMCID: PMC8320127 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0005oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an acute infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Human SP-D (surfactant protein D) is known to interact with the spike protein of SARS-CoV, but its immune surveillance against SARS-CoV-2 is not known. The current study aimed to examine the potential of a recombinant fragment of human SP-D (rfhSP-D) as an inhibitor of replication and infection of SARS-CoV-2. The interaction of rfhSP-D with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and human ACE-2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptor was predicted via docking analysis. The inhibition of interaction between the spike protein and ACE-2 by rfhSP-D was confirmed using direct and indirect ELISA. The effect of rfhSP-D on replication and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 from clinical samples was assessed by measuring the expression of RdRp gene of the virus using quantitative PCR. In silico interaction studies indicated that three amino acid residues in the receptor-binding domain of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 were commonly involved in interacting with rfhSP-D and ACE-2. Studies using clinical samples of SARS-CoV-2–positive cases (asymptomatic, n = 7; symptomatic, n = 8) and negative control samples (n = 15) demonstrated that treatment with 1.67 μM rfhSP-D inhibited viral replication by ∼5.5-fold and was more efficient than remdesivir (100 μM) in Vero cells. An approximately two-fold reduction in viral infectivity was also observed after treatment with 1.67 μM rfhSP-D. These results conclusively demonstrate that the rfhSP-D mediated calcium independent interaction between the receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and human ACE-2, its host cell receptor, and significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Praveen M Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Susan Idicula-Thomas
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Indra Kundu
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Sheetalnath Rooge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Reshu Agarwal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh M Tripathi
- Department of Virology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Delhi, India; and
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Department of Virology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Delhi, India; and
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Delhi, India
| | | | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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Joukar F, Yaghubi Kalurazi T, Khoshsorour M, Taramian S, Mahfoozi L, Balou HA, Jafarinezhad A, Pourkazemi A, Hesni E, Asgharnezhad M, Shenagari M, Jahanzad I, Naghipour M, Maroufizadeh S, Mansour-Ghanaei F. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharyngeal, blood, urine, and stool samples of patients with COVID-19: a hospital-based longitudinal study. Virol J 2021; 18:134. [PMID: 34210325 PMCID: PMC8248752 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in the body fluids of patients with the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may increase the potential risk of viral transmission. There is still uncertainty on whether the recommended quarantine duration is sufficient to reduce the risk of transmission. This study aimed to investigate the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharyngeal, blood, urine, and stool samples of patients with COVID-19. METHODS In this hospital-based longitudinal study, 100 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were recruited between March 2020 and August 2020 in Guilan Province, north of Iran. Nasopharyngeal, blood, urine, and stool samples were obtained from each participant at the time of hospital admission, upon discharge, 1 week after discharge, and every 2 weeks until all samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. A survival analysis was also performed to identify the duration of viral persistence. RESULTS The median duration of viral RNA persistence in the nasopharyngeal samples was 8 days from the first positive RT-PCR result upon admission (95% CI 6.91-9.09); the maximum duration of viral shedding was 25 days from admission. Positive blood, urine, and stool RT-PCR results were detected in 24%, 7%, and 6% of the patients, respectively. The median duration of viral persistence in the blood, urine, and stool samples was 7 days (95% CI 6.07-7.93), 6 days (95% CI 4.16-8.41), and 13 days (95% CI 6.96-19.4), respectively. Also, the maximum duration of viral persistence in the blood, urine, and stool samples was 17, 11, and 42 days from admission, respectively. CONCLUSION According to the present results, immediately after the hospitalized patients were discharged, no evidence of viral genetic materials was found. Therefore, appropriate treatments were selected for the patients at this hospital. However, we recommend further investigations on a larger sample size in multi-center and prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effects of different drugs on the shedding of the virus through body secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center and Caspian Digestive Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Razi Hospital, Sardar-Jangle Ave, 41448-95655 Rasht, Iran
| | - Tofigh Yaghubi Kalurazi
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Khoshsorour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sonbol Taramian
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Lida Mahfoozi
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Heydar Ali Balou
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Jafarinezhad
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Aydin Pourkazemi
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ezat Hesni
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Asgharnezhad
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shenagari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Naghipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Saman Maroufizadeh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center and Caspian Digestive Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Razi Hospital, Sardar-Jangle Ave, 41448-95655 Rasht, Iran
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44
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Joukar F, Yaghubi Kalurazi T, Khoshsorour M, Taramian S, Mahfoozi L, Balou HA, Jafarinezhad A, Pourkazemi A, Hesni E, Asgharnezhad M, Shenagari M, Jahanzad I, Naghipour M, Maroufizadeh S, Mansour-Ghanaei F. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharyngeal, blood, urine, and stool samples of patients with COVID-19: a hospital-based longitudinal study. Virol J 2021. [PMID: 34210325 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01599-9.pmid:34210325;pmcid:pmc8248752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in the body fluids of patients with the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may increase the potential risk of viral transmission. There is still uncertainty on whether the recommended quarantine duration is sufficient to reduce the risk of transmission. This study aimed to investigate the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharyngeal, blood, urine, and stool samples of patients with COVID-19. METHODS In this hospital-based longitudinal study, 100 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were recruited between March 2020 and August 2020 in Guilan Province, north of Iran. Nasopharyngeal, blood, urine, and stool samples were obtained from each participant at the time of hospital admission, upon discharge, 1 week after discharge, and every 2 weeks until all samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. A survival analysis was also performed to identify the duration of viral persistence. RESULTS The median duration of viral RNA persistence in the nasopharyngeal samples was 8 days from the first positive RT-PCR result upon admission (95% CI 6.91-9.09); the maximum duration of viral shedding was 25 days from admission. Positive blood, urine, and stool RT-PCR results were detected in 24%, 7%, and 6% of the patients, respectively. The median duration of viral persistence in the blood, urine, and stool samples was 7 days (95% CI 6.07-7.93), 6 days (95% CI 4.16-8.41), and 13 days (95% CI 6.96-19.4), respectively. Also, the maximum duration of viral persistence in the blood, urine, and stool samples was 17, 11, and 42 days from admission, respectively. CONCLUSION According to the present results, immediately after the hospitalized patients were discharged, no evidence of viral genetic materials was found. Therefore, appropriate treatments were selected for the patients at this hospital. However, we recommend further investigations on a larger sample size in multi-center and prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effects of different drugs on the shedding of the virus through body secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center and Caspian Digestive Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Razi Hospital, Sardar-Jangle Ave, 41448-95655, Rasht, Iran
| | - Tofigh Yaghubi Kalurazi
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Khoshsorour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sonbol Taramian
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Lida Mahfoozi
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Heydar Ali Balou
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Jafarinezhad
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Aydin Pourkazemi
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ezat Hesni
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Asgharnezhad
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shenagari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Naghipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Saman Maroufizadeh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center and Caspian Digestive Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Razi Hospital, Sardar-Jangle Ave, 41448-95655, Rasht, Iran.
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Rodríguez-Serrano DA, Roy-Vallejo E, Zurita Cruz ND, Martín Ramírez A, Rodríguez-García SC, Arevalillo-Fernández N, Galván-Román JM, Fontán García-Rodrigo L, Vega-Piris L, Chicot Llano M, Arribas Méndez D, González de Marcos B, Hernando Santos J, Sánchez Azofra A, Ávalos Pérez-Urria E, Rodriguez-Cortes P, Esparcia L, Marcos-Jimenez A, Sánchez-Alonso S, Llorente I, Soriano J, Suárez Fernández C, García-Vicuña R, Ancochea J, Sanz J, Muñoz-Calleja C, de la Cámara R, Canabal Berlanga A, González-Álvaro I, Cardeñoso L. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in serum is associated with increased mortality risk in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13134. [PMID: 34162948 PMCID: PMC8222315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has overloaded national health services worldwide. Thus, early identification of patients at risk of poor outcomes is critical. Our objective was to analyse SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in serum as a severity biomarker in COVID-19. Retrospective observational study including 193 patients admitted for COVID-19. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in serum (viremia) was performed with samples collected at 48-72 h of admission by two techniques from Roche and Thermo Fischer Scientific (TFS). Main outcome variables were mortality and need for ICU admission during hospitalization for COVID-19. Viremia was detected in 50-60% of patients depending on technique. The correlation of Ct in serum between both techniques was good (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.612; p < 0.001). Patients with viremia were older (p = 0.006), had poorer baseline oxygenation (PaO2/FiO2; p < 0.001), more severe lymphopenia (p < 0.001) and higher LDH (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p = 0.021), C-reactive protein (CRP; p = 0.022) and procalcitonin (p = 0.002) serum levels. We defined "relevant viremia" when detection Ct was < 34 with Roche and < 31 for TFS. These thresholds had 95% sensitivity and 35% specificity. Relevant viremia predicted death during hospitalization (OR 9.2 [3.8-22.6] for Roche, OR 10.3 [3.6-29.3] for TFS; p < 0.001). Cox regression models, adjusted by age, sex and Charlson index, identified increased LDH serum levels and relevant viremia (HR = 9.87 [4.13-23.57] for TFS viremia and HR = 7.09 [3.3-14.82] for Roche viremia) as the best markers to predict mortality. Viremia assessment at admission is the most useful biomarker for predicting mortality in COVID-19 patients. Viremia is highly reproducible with two different techniques (TFS and Roche), has a good consistency with other severity biomarkers for COVID-19 and better predictive accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilia Roy-Vallejo
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nelly D Zurita Cruz
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lorena Vega-Piris
- Methodology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - David Arribas Méndez
- Anaesthesiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Julia Hernando Santos
- Anaesthesiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez Azofra
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Esparcia
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marcos-Jimenez
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irene Llorente
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Soriano
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Suárez Fernández
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Julio Ancochea
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Sanz
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Cámara
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Cardeñoso
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
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Rabaan AA, Tirupathi R, Sule AA, Aldali J, Mutair AA, Alhumaid S, Muzaheed, Gupta N, Koritala T, Adhikari R, Bilal M, Dhawan M, Tiwari R, Mitra S, Emran TB, Dhama K. Viral Dynamics and Real-Time RT-PCR Ct Values Correlation with Disease Severity in COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1091. [PMID: 34203738 PMCID: PMC8232180 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-time RT-PCR is considered the gold standard confirmatory test for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, many scientists disagree, and it is essential to understand that several factors and variables can cause a false-negative test. In this context, cycle threshold (Ct) values are being utilized to diagnose or predict SARS-CoV-2 infection. This practice has a significant clinical utility as Ct values can be correlated with the viral load. In addition, Ct values have a strong correlation with multiple haematological and biochemical markers. However, it is essential to consider that Ct values might be affected by pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytical variables such as collection technique, specimen type, sampling time, viral kinetics, transport and storage conditions, nucleic acid extraction, viral RNA load, primer designing, real-time PCR efficiency, and Ct value determination method. Therefore, understanding the interpretation of Ct values and other influential factors could play a crucial role in interpreting viral load and disease severity. In several clinical studies consisting of small or large sample sizes, several discrepancies exist regarding a significant positive correlation between the Ct value and disease severity in COVID-19. In this context, a revised review of the literature has been conducted to fill the knowledge gaps regarding the correlations between Ct values and severity/fatality rates of patients with COVID-19. Various databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched up to April 2021 by using keywords including "RT-PCR or viral load", "SARS-CoV-2 and RT-PCR", "Ct value and viral load", "Ct value or COVID-19". Research articles were extracted and selected independently by the authors and included in the present review based on their relevance to the study. The current narrative review explores the correlation of Ct values with mortality, disease progression, severity, and infectivity. We also discuss the factors that can affect these values, such as collection technique, type of swab, sampling method, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Raghavendra Tirupathi
- Department of Medicine Keystone Health, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA 16801, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Wellspan Chambersburg and Waynesboro Hospitals, Chambersburg, PA 17201, USA
| | - Anupam A Sule
- Department of Informatics and Outcomes, St Joseph Mercy Oakland, Pontiac, MI 48341, USA;
| | - Jehad Aldali
- Pathology Organization, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 13317, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muzaheed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India;
| | - Thoyaja Koritala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System Mankato, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mankato, MN 56001, USA;
| | - Ramesh Adhikari
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Franciscan Health Lafayette, Lafayette, IN 47905, USA;
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India;
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Prade Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandha Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India;
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
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Huang CG, Dutta A, Huang CT, Chang PY, Hsiao MJ, Hsieh YC, Lin SM, Shih SR, Tsao KC, Yang CT. Relative COVID-19 Viral Persistence and Antibody Kinetics. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060752. [PMID: 34199240 PMCID: PMC8231980 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 15 RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients were admitted to our hospital during the in-itial outbreak in Taiwan. The average time of virus clearance was delayed in seven patients, 24.14 ± 4.33 days compared to 10.25 ± 0.56 days post-symptom onset (PSO) in the other eight pa-tients. There was strong antibody response in patients with viral persistence at the pharynx, with peak values of serum antibody 677.2 ± 217.8 vs. 76.70 ± 32.11 in patients with delayed versus rapid virus clearance. The patients with delayed viral clearance had excessive antibodies of compromised quality in an early stage with the delay in peak virus neutralization efficacy, 34.14 ± 7.15 versus 12.50 ± 2.35 days PSO in patients with rapid virus clearance. Weak antibody re-sponse of patients with rapid viral clearance was also effective, with substantial and comparable neutralization efficacy, 35.70 ± 8.78 versus 41.37 ± 11.49 of patients with delayed virus clearance. Human Cytokine 48-Plex Screening of the serial sera samples revealed elevated concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in a deceased patient with delayed virus clear-ance and severe disease. The levels were comparatively less in the other two patients who suf-fered from severe disease but eventually survived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Guei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33333, Taiwan; (C.-G.H.); (P.-Y.C.); (M.-J.H.); (S.-R.S.); (K.-C.T.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Avijit Dutta
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33333, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Tai Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33333, Taiwan;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Yueh Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33333, Taiwan; (C.-G.H.); (P.-Y.C.); (M.-J.H.); (S.-R.S.); (K.-C.T.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jen Hsiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33333, Taiwan; (C.-G.H.); (P.-Y.C.); (M.-J.H.); (S.-R.S.); (K.-C.T.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Hsieh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33333, Taiwan;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Min Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33333, Taiwan;
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33333, Taiwan; (C.-G.H.); (P.-Y.C.); (M.-J.H.); (S.-R.S.); (K.-C.T.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Chien Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33333, Taiwan; (C.-G.H.); (P.-Y.C.); (M.-J.H.); (S.-R.S.); (K.-C.T.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33333, Taiwan;
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-3281200
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48
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de Melo GD, Lazarini F, Levallois S, Hautefort C, Michel V, Larrous F, Verillaud B, Aparicio C, Wagner S, Gheusi G, Kergoat L, Kornobis E, Donati F, Cokelaer T, Hervochon R, Madec Y, Roze E, Salmon D, Bourhy H, Lecuit M, Lledo PM. COVID-19-related anosmia is associated with viral persistence and inflammation in human olfactory epithelium and brain infection in hamsters. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabf8396. [PMID: 33941622 PMCID: PMC8158965 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf8396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Whereas recent investigations have revealed viral, inflammatory, and vascular factors involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lung pathogenesis, the pathophysiology of neurological disorders in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains poorly understood. Olfactory and taste dysfunction are common in COVID-19, especially in mildly symptomatic patients. Here, we conducted a virologic, molecular, and cellular study of the olfactory neuroepithelium of seven patients with COVID-19 presenting with acute loss of smell. We report evidence that the olfactory neuroepithelium is a major site of SARS-CoV2 infection with multiple cell types, including olfactory sensory neurons, support cells, and immune cells, becoming infected. SARS-CoV-2 replication in the olfactory neuroepithelium was associated with local inflammation. Furthermore, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 induced acute anosmia and ageusia in golden Syrian hamsters, lasting as long as the virus remained in the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb. Last, olfactory mucosa sampling from patients showing long-term persistence of COVID-19-associated anosmia revealed the presence of virus transcripts and of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, together with protracted inflammation. SARS-CoV-2 persistence and associated inflammation in the olfactory neuroepithelium may account for prolonged or relapsing symptoms of COVID-19, such as loss of smell, which should be considered for optimal medical management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Françoise Lazarini
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Levallois
- Biology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Hautefort
- Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery Department, Hopital Lariboisiere, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Michel
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Inserm U1120, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Florence Larrous
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Verillaud
- Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery Department, Hopital Lariboisiere, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Aparicio
- Emergency Department, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Wagner
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gheusi
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Ethology, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Kornobis
- Plateforme Technologique Biomics – Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique – Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Flora Donati
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, CNRS UMR3569, University of Paris, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Cokelaer
- Plateforme Technologique Biomics – Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique – Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rémi Hervochon
- Otolaryngology-head and Neck Surgery Department, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Yoann Madec
- Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Salmon
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, Cochin Hotel Dieu Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Biology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Perception and Memory Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, 75015 Paris, France
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49
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Peto T. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: A national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 36:100924. [PMID: 34101770 PMCID: PMC8164528 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lateral flow device (LFD) viral antigen immunoassays have been developed around the world as diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection. They have been proposed to deliver an infrastructure-light, cost-economical solution giving results within half an hour. METHODS LFDs were initially reviewed by a Department of Health and Social Care team, part of the UK government, from which 64 were selected for further evaluation from 1st August to 15th December 2020. Standardised laboratory evaluations, and for those that met the published criteria, field testing in the Falcon-C19 research study and UK pilots were performed (UK COVID-19 testing centres, hospital, schools, armed forces). FINDINGS 4/64 LFDs so far have desirable performance characteristics (orient Gene, Deepblue, Abbott and Innova SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Qualitative Test). All these LFDs have a viral antigen detection of >90% at 100,000 RNA copies/ml. 8951 Innova LFD tests were performed with a kit failure rate of 5.6% (502/8951, 95% CI: 5.1-6.1), false positive rate of 0.32% (22/6954, 95% CI: 0.20-0.48). Viral antigen detection/sensitivity across the sampling cohort when performed by laboratory scientists was 78.8% (156/198, 95% CI 72.4-84.3). INTERPRETATION Our results suggest LFDs have promising performance characteristics for mass population testing and can be used to identify infectious positive individuals. The Innova LFD shows good viral antigen detection/sensitivity with excellent specificity, although kit failure rates and the impact of training are potential issues. These results support the expanded evaluation of LFDs, and assessment of greater access to testing on COVID-19 transmission. FUNDING Department of Health and Social Care. University of Oxford. Public Health England Porton Down, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, National Institute of Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Peto
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, England
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50
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Benoni R, Campagna I, Panunzi S, Varalta MS, Salandini G, De Mattia G, Turrina G, Moretti F, Lo Cascio G, Spiteri G, Porru S, Tardivo S, Poli A, Bovo C. Estimating COVID-19 recovery time in a cohort of Italian healthcare workers who underwent surveillance swab testing. Public Health 2021; 196:52-58. [PMID: 34144335 PMCID: PMC8133387 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic is putting a huge strain on the provision and continuity of care. The length of sickness absence of the healthcare workers as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection plays a pivotal role in hospital staff management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the timing of COVID-19 recovery and viral clearance, and its predictive factors, in a large sample of healthcare workers. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study. METHODS The analysis was conducted on data collected during the hospital health surveillance programme for healthcare staff at the University Hospital of Verona; healthcare workers were tested for SARS-CoV-2 through RT-PCR with oronasopharyngeal swab samples. The health surveillance programme targeted healthcare workers who either had close contact with SARS-CoV-2-infected patients or were tested as part of the screening-based strategy implemented according to national and regional requirements. Recovery time was estimated from the first positive swab to two consecutive negative swabs, collected 24 h apart, using survival analysis for both right-censored and interval-censored data. Cox proportional hazard was used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS During the health surveillance programme, 6455 healthcare workers were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and 248 (3.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.4-4.3) reported positive results; among those who tested positive, 49% were asymptomatic, with a median age of 39.8 years, which is significantly younger than symptomatic healthcare workers (48.2 years, P < 0.001). Screening tests as part of the health surveillance programme identified 31 (12.5%) of the positive cases. Median recovery time was 24 days (95% CI: 23-26) and 21.5 days (95% CI: 15.5-30.5) in right- and interval-censoring analysis, respectively, with no association with age, sex or presence of symptoms. Overall, 63% of participants required >20 days to test negative on two consecutive swabs. Hospitalised healthcare workers (4.8%) were older and had a significantly longer recovery time compared with non-hospitalised healthcare workers in both analyses (33.5 vs 24 days, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Recovery from COVID-19 and viral clearance may take a long time, especially in individuals who are hospitalised. To detect asymptomatic cases, screening programmes for healthcare workers is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Benoni
- Postgraduate School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - I Campagna
- Postgraduate School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Panunzi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - M S Varalta
- Postgraduate School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G Salandini
- Postgraduate School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G De Mattia
- Postgraduate School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G Turrina
- Postgraduate School of Occupational Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - F Moretti
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G Lo Cascio
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G Spiteri
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Porru
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Tardivo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Medical Direction, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A Poli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - C Bovo
- Medical Direction, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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