1
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Kokornaczyk MO, Acuña C, Mier Y Terán A, Castelán M, Baumgartner S. Vortex-like vs. turbulent mixing of a Viscum album preparation affects crystalline structures formed in dried droplets. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12965. [PMID: 38839929 PMCID: PMC11153723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Various types of motion introduced into a solution can affect, among other factors, the alignment and positioning of molecules, the agglomeration of large molecules, oxidation processes, and the production of microparticles and microbubbles. We employed turbulent mixing vs. laminar flow induced by a vortex vs. diffusion-based mixing during the production of Viscum album Quercus L. 10-3 following the guidelines for manufacturing homeopathic preparations. The differently mixed preparation variants were analyzed using the droplet evaporation method. The crystalline structures formed in dried droplets were photographed and analyzed using computer-supported image analysis and deep learning. Computer-supported evaluation and deep learning revealed that the patterns of the variant succussed under turbulence are characterized by lower complexity, whereas those obtained from the vortex-mixed variant are characterized by greater complexity compared to the diffusion-based mixed control variant. The droplet evaporation method could provide a relatively inexpensive means of testing the effects of liquid flow and serve as an alternative to currently used methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olga Kokornaczyk
- Society for Cancer Research, 4144, Arlesheim, Switzerland.
- Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 40, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Carlos Acuña
- Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, 25900, Ramos Arizpe, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Mier Y Terán
- Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, 25900, Ramos Arizpe, Mexico
| | - Mario Castelán
- Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, 25900, Ramos Arizpe, Mexico
| | - Stephan Baumgartner
- Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 40, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, University of Witten-Herdecke, 58313, Herdecke, Germany
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2
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Ruppl A, Kiesewetter D, Strütt F, Köll-Weber M, Süss R, Allmendinger A. Don't shake it! Mechanical stress testing of mRNA-lipid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 198:114265. [PMID: 38492867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Shaking stress studies are typically performed during formulation development to test the liability of a drug product towards interfacial stress occurring during transport, especially if a liquid formulation is desired. We evaluated various shaking procedures using a polyA-surrogate solution and verified our findings by eGFP-LNP cell-expression experiments. Shaking on an orbital shaker in vertical and horizontal orientations at increasing speeds from 300 to 600 rpm resulted in decreasing levels of encapsulated nucleic acid content, larger LNP sizes, and decreasing PDI. We report that vertical and horizontal shaking of both polyA- and eGFP-LNPs led to white deposits on the inner glass vial surface, depending on time, rpm, and temperature. Increasing the fill volume/smaller headspace (0.3 versus 0.9 mL fill) did not mitigate this phenomenon in the studied configuration, and the use of hydrophobic primary packaging even accelerated the formation of white deposits. In contrast, we demonstrated that a lyophilized polyA-LNP dosage form was less susceptible to shaking and maintained cake integrity and product properties. Multiple vortexing steps resulted in an increase in LNP size, PDI, and a decrease in encapsulated polyA content. We conclude that shaking experiments of nucleic acid-loaded LNPs in their final configuration at intended transport conditions need to be considered during technical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ruppl
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Denis Kiesewetter
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Franziska Strütt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Monika Köll-Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Regine Süss
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Andrea Allmendinger
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Sonnenstr. 5 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany; ten23 health AG, Mattenstr. 22 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Greenblott DN, Wood CV, Zhang J, Viza N, Chintala R, Calderon CP, Randolph TW. Supervised and unsupervised machine learning approaches for monitoring subvisible particles within an aluminum-salt adjuvanted vaccine formulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1626-1641. [PMID: 38372650 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Suspensions of protein antigens adsorbed to aluminum-salt adjuvants are used in many vaccines and require mixing during vial filling operations to prevent sedimentation. However, the mixing of vaccine formulations may generate undesirable particles that are difficult to detect against the background of suspended adjuvant particles. We simulated the mixing of a suspension containing a protein antigen adsorbed to an aluminum-salt adjuvant using a recirculating peristaltic pump and used flow imaging microscopy to record images of particles within the pumped suspensions. Supervised convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were used to analyze the images and create "fingerprints" of particle morphology distributions, allowing detection of new particles generated during pumping. These results were compared to those obtained from an unsupervised machine learning algorithm relying on variational autoencoders (VAEs) that were also used to detect new particles generated during pumping. Analyses of images conducted by applying both supervised CNNs and VAEs found that rates of generation of new particles were higher in aluminum-salt adjuvant suspensions containing protein antigen than placebo suspensions containing only adjuvant. Finally, front-face fluorescence measurements of the vaccine suspensions indicated changes in solvent exposure of tryptophan residues in the protein that occurred concomitantly with new particle generation during pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Greenblott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Nelia Viza
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Christopher P Calderon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Ursa Analytics, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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4
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Juković M, Ratkaj I, Kalafatovic D, Bradshaw NJ. Amyloids, amorphous aggregates and assemblies of peptides - Assessing aggregation. Biophys Chem 2024; 308:107202. [PMID: 38382283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid and amorphous aggregates represent the two major categories of aggregates associated with diseases, and although exhibiting distinct features, researchers often treat them as equivalent, which demonstrates the need for more thorough characterization. Here, we compare amyloid and amorphous aggregates based on their biochemical properties, kinetics, and morphological features. To further decipher this issue, we propose the use of peptide self-assemblies as minimalistic models for understanding the aggregation process. Peptide building blocks are significantly smaller than proteins that participate in aggregation, however, they make a plausible means to bridge the gap in discerning the aggregation process at the more complex, protein level. Additionally, we explore the potential use of peptide-inspired models to research the liquid-liquid phase separation as a feasible mechanism preceding amyloid formation. Connecting these concepts can help clarify our understanding of aggregation-related disorders and potentially provide novel drug targets to impede and reverse these serious illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Juković
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Drug Development, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivana Ratkaj
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Drug Development, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daniela Kalafatovic
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Drug Development, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Nicholas J Bradshaw
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Drug Development, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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5
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Martins-Ribeiro A, Kizhedath A, Ahmed SS, Glassey J, Ishaq A, Freer M, Dickinson AM. A Human Skin Explant Test as a Novel In Vitro Assay for the Detection of Skin Sensitization to Aggregated Monoclonal Antibodies. TOXICS 2024; 12:332. [PMID: 38787111 PMCID: PMC11125788 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important therapeutics. However, the enhanced potential for aggregation has become a critical quality parameter during the production of mAbs. Furthermore, mAb aggregation may also present a potential health risk in a clinical setting during the administration of mAb therapeutics to patients. While the extent of immunotoxicity in patient populations is uncertain, reports show it can lead to immune responses via cell activation and cytokine release. In this study, an autologous in vitro skin test designed to predict adverse immune events, including skin sensitization, was used as a novel assay for the assessment of immunotoxicity caused by mAb aggregation. Material and Methods: Aggregation of mAbs was induced by a heat stress protocol, followed by characterization of protein content by analytical ultra-centrifugation and transmission electron microscopy, revealing a 4% aggregation level of total protein content. Immunotoxicity and potential skin sensitization caused by the aggregates, were then tested in a skin explant assay. Results: Aggregated Herceptin and Rituximab caused skin sensitization, as shown by histopathological damage (grade II-III positive response) together with positive staining for Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70). Changes in T cell proliferation were not observed. Cytokine analysis revealed a significant increase of IL-10 for the most extreme condition of aggregation (65 °C at pH3) and a trend for an overall increase of IFN-γ, especially in response to Rituximab. Conclusions: The skin explant assay demonstrated that aggregated mAbs showed adverse immune reactions, as demonstrated as skin sensitization, with histopathological grades II-III. The assay may, therefore, be a novel tool for assessing immunotoxicity and skin sensitization caused by mAb aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martins-Ribeiro
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Arathi Kizhedath
- Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Shaheda Sameena Ahmed
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
| | - Jarka Glassey
- Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Abbas Ishaq
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
| | - Matthew Freer
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
| | - Anne Mary Dickinson
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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6
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Griffin VP, Pace S, Ogunyankin MO, Holstein M, Hung J, Dhar P. Understanding the Impact of Combined Hydrodynamic Shear and Interfacial Dilatational Stress, on Interface-Mediated Particle Formation for Monoclonal Antibody Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00138-2. [PMID: 38615816 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
During biomanufacturing, several unit operations expose solutions of biologics to multiple stresses, such as hydrodynamic shear forces due to fluid flow and interfacial dilatational stresses due to mechanical agitation or bubble collapse. When these stresses individually act on proteins adsorbed to interfaces, it results in an increase in protein particles in the bulk solution, a phenomenon referred to as interface-induced protein particle formation. However, an understanding of the dominant cause, when multiple stresses are acting simultaneously or sequentially, on interface-induced protein particle formation is limited. In this work, we established a unique set-up using a peristaltic pump and a Langmuir-Pockels trough to study the impact of hydrodynamic shear stress due to pumping and interfacial dilatational stress, on protein particle formation. Our experimental results together demonstrate that for protein solutions subjected to various combinations of stress (i.e., interfacial and hydrodynamic stress in different sequences), surface pressure values during adsorption and when subjected to compression/dilatational stresses, showed no change, suggesting that the interfacial properties of the protein film are not impacted by pumping. The concentration of protein particles is an order of magnitude higher when interfacial dilatational stress is applied at the air-liquid interface, compared to solutions that are only subjected to pumping. Furthermore, the order in which these stresses are applied, have a significant impact on the concentration of protein particles measured in the bulk solution. Together, these studies conclude that for biologics exposed to multiple stresses throughout bioprocessing and manufacturing, exposure to air-liquid interfacial dilatational stress is the predominant mechanism impacting protein particle formation at the interface and in the bulk solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie P Griffin
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15(th) Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Samantha Pace
- Department of Drug Product, Department of Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Lawrence Township, NJ, 08648, USA
| | - Maria Olu Ogunyankin
- Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Melissa Holstein
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA, 01434, USA
| | - Jessica Hung
- Biologics Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA, 01434, USA
| | - Prajnaparamita Dhar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15(th) Street, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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7
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Güngören MH, Romeijn S, Dijkstra JA, Crul M. Investigating the Impact of Drone Transport on the Stability of Monoclonal Antibodies for Inter-Hospital Transportation. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00130-8. [PMID: 38582280 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
In the field of healthcare logistics, the reliance on conventional transport methods such as cars for the delivery of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is susceptible to challenges posed by traffic and infrastructure, leading to increased and unpredictable transport times. Recognizing the potential role of drones in mitigating these challenges, we aimed to investigate the impact of medical drone transport on the stability of mAbs. Compromised stability could lead to aggregation and immunogenicity, thereby jeopardizing the efficacy and safety of mAbs. We studied the transportation of vials as well as ready-to-administer infusion bags with blinatumomab, tocilizumab, and daratumumab. The methodology involved the measurement of both temperature and mechanical shock during drone transport. Moreover, the analytical techniques High Performance Size-Exclusion Chromatography (HP-SEC), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Light Obscuration (LO), Micro-Flow Imaging (MFI), and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) were employed to comprehensively assess the presence of aggregates and particle formation. The key findings revealed no significant differences between car and drone transport, indicating that the stability of mAbs in both vials and infusion bags was adequately maintained during drone transport. This suggests that medical drones are a viable and reliable means for the inter-hospital transport of mAbs, paving the way for more efficient and predictable logistics in healthcare delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed H Güngören
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Romeijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob A Dijkstra
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Crul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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8
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Sarter T, Friess W. Molecular Dynamics Study of Protein Aggregation at Moving Interfaces. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1214-1221. [PMID: 38321750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Repeated compression and dilation of a protein film adsorbed to an interface lead to aggregation and entry of film fragments into the bulk. This is a major mechanism for protein aggregate formation in drug products upon mechanical stress, such as shaking or pumping. To gain a better understanding of these events, we developed a molecular dynamics (MD) setup, which would, in a later stage, allow for in silico formulation optimization. In contrast to previous approaches, the molecules of our model protein human growth hormone displayed realistic shapes, surfaces, and interactions with each other and the interface. This enabled quantitative assessment of protein cluster formation. Simulation outcomes aligned with experimental data on subvisible particles and turbidity, thereby validating the model. Computational and experimental results indicated that compression speed does not affect the aggregation behavior of preformed protein films but rather their regeneration. Protein clusters that formed during compression disassembled upon relaxation, suggesting that the particles originate from a partly compressed state. Desorption studies via steered MD revealed that proteins from compressed systems are more likely to detach as clusters, implying that compression effects at the interface translate into aggregates present in the bulk solution. With the possibility of studying the impact of different variables upon compression and dilation at the interface on a molecular level, our model contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of protein aggregation at moving interfaces. It also enables further studies to change formulation parameters, interfaces, or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sarter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Friess
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
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9
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Dasnoy S, Illartin M, Queffelec J, Nkunku A, Peerboom C. Combined Effect of Shaking Orbit and Vial Orientation on the Agitation-Induced Aggregation of Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:669-679. [PMID: 37611666 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Orbital shaking in a glass vial is a commonly used forced degradation test to evaluate protein propensity for agitation-induced aggregation. Vial shaking in horizontal orientation has been widely recommended to maximize the air-liquid interface area while ensuring solution contact with the stopper. We evaluated the impact of shaking orbit diameter and frequency, and glass vial orientation (horizontal versus vertical) on the aggregation of three proteins prepared in surfactant-free formulation buffers. As soon as an orbit-specific frequency threshold was reached, an increase in turbidity was observed for the three proteins in vertical orientation only when using a 3 mm agitation orbit, and in horizontal orientation only when using a 30 mm agitation orbit. Orthogonal analyses confirmed turbidity was linked to protein aggregation. The most turbid samples had a visually more homogeneous appearance in vertical than in horizontal orientation, in line with the predicted dispersion of air and liquid phases obtained from computational fluid dynamics agitation simulations. Both shaking orbits were used to assess the performance of nonionic surfactants. We show that the propensity of a protein to aggregate in a vial agitated in horizontal or vertical orientation depends on the shaking orbit, and confirm that Brij® 58 and FM1000 prevent proteins from agitation-induced aggregation at lower concentrations than polysorbate 80.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marion Illartin
- UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium; Institut Mines-Télécom (IMT) Mines Albi, Allée des Sciences, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Julie Queffelec
- UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium; Institut Mines-Télécom (IMT) Mines Albi, Allée des Sciences, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Aubrey Nkunku
- UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium; ALTEN Belgium, Chaussée de Charleroi 112, 1060 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Claude Peerboom
- UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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10
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Jin MJ, Ge XZ, Huang Q, Liu JW, Ingle RG, Gao D, Fang WJ. The Effects of Excipients on Freeze-dried Monoclonal Antibody Formulation Degradation and Sub-Visible Particle Formation during Shaking. Pharm Res 2024; 41:321-334. [PMID: 38291165 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSES We previously reported an unexpected phenomenon that shaking stress could cause more protein degradation in freeze-dried monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations than liquid ones (J Pharm Sci, 2022, 2134). The main purposes of the present study were to investigate the effects of shaking stress on protein degradation and sub-visible particle (SbVP) formation in freeze-dried mAb formulations, and to analyze the factors influencing protein degradation during production and transportation. METHODS The aggregation behavior of mAb-X formulations during production and transportation was simulated by shaking at a rate of 300 rpm at 25°C for 24 h. The contents of particles and monomers were analyzed by micro-flow imaging, dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, and ultraviolet - visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy to compare the protective effects of excipients on the aggregation of mAb-X. RESULTS Shaking stress could cause protein degradation in freeze-dried mAb-X formulations, while surfactant, appropriate pH, polyol mannitol, and high protein concentration could impact SbVP generation. Water content had little effect on freeze-dried protein degradation during shaking, as far as the water content was controlled in the acceptable range as recommended by mainstream pharmacopoeias (i.e., less than 3%). CONCLUSIONS Shaking stress can reduce the physical stability of freeze-dried mAb formulations, and the addition of surfactants, polyol mannitol, and a high protein concentration have protective effects against the degradation of model mAb formulations induced by shaking stress. The experimental results provide new insight for the development of freeze-dried mAb formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jia Jin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xin-Zhe Ge
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jia-Wei Liu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Rahul G Ingle
- Datta Meghe College of Pharmacy, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Sawangi, Wardha, India
| | - Dong Gao
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Innovation Center of Translational Pharmacy, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321000, China.
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou, 317000, China.
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11
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Desai KG, Colandene JD, Crotts G, Sofa C, Wang N, Blockus B, Mandal B, Wittig K, Shukla A. Transportation of mAb Dosing Solution in Intravenous Bag: Impact of Manual, Vehicle, and Pneumatic Tube System Transportation Methods on Product Quality. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6474-6491. [PMID: 37962592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) products for intravenous (IV) administration generally require aseptic compounding with a commercial diluent within a pharmacy. The prepared dosing solution in the IV bag may be transported to the dosing location via manual, vehicular, pneumatic tube system (PTS), or a combination of these methods. In this study, the type and level of physical stresses associated with these three methods and their product quality impact for relatively sensitive and stable mAbs were assessed. Vibration was found to be the main stress associated with manual and vehicle transportation methods, although this was at a relatively low level (<1 GRMS/Root-Mean-Square Acceleration). Shock and drop events, at relatively low levels, were also observed with these methods. PTS transportation showed substantially more intense shock, vibration, and drop stresses and the measured levels were up to 91 G/force of acceleration or deceleration, 3.7 GRMS and 39 G, respectively. Using a foam padding insert for PTS transportation reduced the shock level considerably (91 G to 59 G). Transportation of mAb dosing solutions in IV bags via different methods including PTS transportation variables caused a small increase in the subvisible particle counts and there was no change in submicrometer particle distribution. No visible particles and no significant change to soluble aggregate levels were observed after transportation. Strategies such as removal of IV bag headspace prior to transport and in-line filtration poststress reduced the subvisible particles counts. All tested transportation conditions showed negligible impact on other product quality attributes tested. Removal of IV bag headspace prior to PTS transport prevented formation of micro air bubbles and foaming compared to the unaltered IV bag. This study shows examples where manual, vehicle, and PTS transport methods did not significantly impact product quality, and provides evidence that mAb products that are appropriately stabilized in the dosing solution (e.g., with a surfactant) can be transported via a PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashappa Goud Desai
- Drug Product Development - Steriles, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Avenue, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - James D Colandene
- Drug Product Development - Steriles, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Avenue, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - George Crotts
- Drug Product Development - Steriles, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Avenue, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Cait Sofa
- Drug Product Development - Steriles, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Avenue, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Ning Wang
- Drug Product Development - Steriles, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Avenue, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Brendan Blockus
- Drug Product Development - Steriles, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Avenue, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Bivash Mandal
- Drug Product Development - Steriles, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Avenue, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Katie Wittig
- Drug Product Development - Steriles, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Avenue, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Asha Shukla
- Drug Product Development - Steriles, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK, 1250 South Collegeville Avenue, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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12
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Glücklich N, Carle S, Diederichs T, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P. How enzymatic hydrolysis of polysorbate 20 influences colloidal protein stability. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 191:106597. [PMID: 37770006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PS) are esters of ethoxylated sorbitol anhydrides of different composition and are widely used surfactants in biologics. PSs are applied to increase protein stability and concomitant shelf-life via shielding against e.g., interfacial stresses. Due to the presence of specific lipolytic host cell protein (HCP) contaminations in the drug substance, PSs can be degraded via enzymatic hydrolysis. Surfactant hydrolysis leads to the formation of degradants, such as free fatty acids that might form fatty acid particles. In addition, PS degradation may reduce surfactant functionality and thus reduce the protection of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Although enzymatic degradation was observed and reported in the last years, less is known about the relationship between certain polysorbate degradation patterns and the increase of mechanical and interfacial stress towards the API. In this study, the impact of specifically hydrolyzed polysorbate 20 (PS20) towards the stabilization of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) during accelerated shaking stress conditions was investigated. The results show that a specific enzymatic degradation pattern of PS20 can influence the colloidal stability of biopharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, the kinetics of the appearance of visual phenomena, opalescence, and particle formation depended on the polysorbate degradation fingerprint as induced via the presence of surrogate enzymes. The current case study shows the importance of focusing on specific polysorbate ester fractions to understand the overall colloidal protein stabilizing effect. The performed study gives first insight into the functional properties of PS and helps to evaluate the impact of PS degradation in the formulation development of biopharmaceuticals in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Glücklich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Stefan Carle
- Innovation Unit, PDB, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- Innovation Unit, PDB, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Innovation Unit, PDB, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Innovation Unit, PDB, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany.
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13
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Elsayed A, Jaber N, Al-Remawi M, Abu-Salah K. From cell factories to patients: Stability challenges in biopharmaceuticals manufacturing and administration with mitigation strategies. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123360. [PMID: 37657507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Active ingredients of biopharmaceuticals consist of a wide array of biomolecular structures, including those of enzymes, monoclonal antibodies, nucleic acids, and recombinant proteins. Recently, these molecules have dominated the pharmaceutical industry owing to their safety and efficacy. However, their manufacturing is hindered by high cost, inadequate batch-to-batch equivalence, inherent instability, and other quality issues. This article is an up-to-date review of the challenges encountered during different stages of biopharmaceutical production and mitigation of problems arising during their development, formulation, manufacturing, and administration. It is a broad overview discussion of stability issues encountered during product life cycle i.e., upstream processing (aggregation, solubility, host cell proteins, color change), downstream bioprocessing (aggregation, fragmentation), formulation, manufacturing, and delivery to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Elsayed
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisrein Jaber
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Mayyas Al-Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 1196, Jordan.
| | - Khalid Abu-Salah
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Nanomedicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Pang KT, Yang YS, Zhang W, Ho YS, Sormanni P, Michaels TCT, Walsh I, Chia S. Understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms of protein aggregation in mAb therapeutics. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108192. [PMID: 37290583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In antibody development and manufacturing, protein aggregation is a common challenge that can lead to serious efficacy and safety issues. To mitigate this problem, it is important to investigate its molecular origins. This review discusses (1) our current molecular understanding and theoretical models of antibody aggregation, (2) how various stress conditions related to antibody upstream and downstream bioprocesses can trigger aggregation, and (3) current mitigation strategies employed towards inhibiting aggregation. We discuss the relevance of the aggregation phenomenon in the context of novel antibody modalities and highlight how in silico approaches can be exploited to mitigate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuin Tian Pang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore
| | - Yuan Sheng Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Chemistry of Health, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C T Michaels
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ian Walsh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
| | - Sean Chia
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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15
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Jiang Z, Dalby PA. Challenges in scaling up AAV-based gene therapy manufacturing. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:1268-1281. [PMID: 37127491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Accelerating the scale up of adeno-associated virus (AAV) manufacture is highly desirable to meet the increased demand for gene therapies. However, the development of bioprocesses for AAV gene therapies remains time-consuming and challenging. The quality by design (QbD) approach ensures bioprocess designs that meet the desired product quality and safety profile. Rapid stress tests, developability screens, and scale-down technologies have the potential to streamline AAV product and manufacturing bioprocess development within the QbD framework. Here we review how their successful use for antibody manufacture development is translating to AAV, but also how this will depend critically on improved analytical methods and adaptation of the tools as more understanding is gained on the critical attributes of AAV required for successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Jiang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Paul A Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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16
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Shi M, McHugh KJ. Strategies for overcoming protein and peptide instability in biodegradable drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114904. [PMID: 37263542 PMCID: PMC10526705 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The global pharmaceutical market has recently shifted its focus from small molecule drugs to peptide, protein, and nucleic acid drugs, which now comprise a majority of the top-selling pharmaceutical products on the market. Although these biologics often offer improved drug specificity, new mechanisms of action, and/or enhanced efficacy, they also present new challenges, including an increased potential for degradation and a need for frequent administration via more invasive administration routes, which can limit patient access, patient adherence, and ultimately the clinical impact of these drugs. Controlled-release systems have the potential to mitigate these challenges by offering superior control over in vivo drug levels, localizing these drugs to tissues of interest (e.g., tumors), and reducing administration frequency. Unfortunately, adapting controlled-release devices to release biologics has proven difficult due to the poor stability of biologics. In this review, we summarize the current state of controlled-release peptides and proteins, discuss existing techniques used to stabilize these drugs through encapsulation, storage, and in vivo release, and provide perspective on the most promising opportunities for the clinical translation of controlled-release peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miusi Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Kevin J McHugh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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17
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Wood C, Razinkov VI, Qi W, Roberts CJ, Vermant J, Furst EM. Antibodies Adsorbed to the Air-Water Interface Form Soft Glasses. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:7775-7782. [PMID: 37222141 PMCID: PMC10249626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
When monoclonal antibodies are exposed to an air-water interface, they form aggregates, which negatively impacts their performance. Until now, the detection and characterization of interfacial aggregation have been difficult. Here, we exploit the mechanical response imparted by interfacial adsorption by measuring the interfacial shear rheology of a model antibody, anti-streptavidin immunoglobulin-1 (AS-IgG1), at the air-water interface. Strong viscoelastic layers of AS-IgG1 form when the protein is adsorbed from the bulk solution. Creep experiments correlate the compliance of the interfacial protein layer with the subphase solution pH and bulk concentration. These, along with oscillatory strain amplitude and frequency sweeps, show that the viscoelastic behavior of the adsorbed layers is that of a soft glass with interfacial shear moduli on the order of 10-3 Pa m. Shifting the creep compliance curves under different applied stresses forms master curves consistent with stress-time superposition of soft interfacial glasses. The interfacial rheology results are discussed in the context of the interface-mediated aggregation of AS-IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin
V. Wood
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Allan P. Colburn Laboratory, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Vladimir I. Razinkov
- Drug
Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Wei Qi
- Drug
Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christopher J. Roberts
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Allan P. Colburn Laboratory, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jan Vermant
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Eric M. Furst
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Allan P. Colburn Laboratory, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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18
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Abdel-Tawab M, Banerjee S, Kirchner R, Wellenhofer T, Hahn L, Meinel L, Holzgrabe U, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Seidl A, Stadler F. An exploratory study on the effect of mechanical stress on particle formation in monoclonal antibody infusions. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023:e2300101. [PMID: 37224805 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody infusions (mAb-i) are administered for the treatment of various diseases. They are often transported over long distances from the compounding site to the site of administration. However, transport studies are typically carried out with the original drug product but not with compounded mAb-i. To address this gap, the impact of mechanical stress on the formation of subvisible/nanoparticles in mAb-i was investigated by dynamic light scattering and flow imaging microscopy. Different mAb-i concentrations were subjected to vibrational orbital shaking and stored at 2-8°C up to 35 days. The screening revealed that pembrolizumab and bevacizumab infusions show the highest propensity for particle formation. Especially bevacizumab at low concentrations exhibited an increase in particle formation. Because of the unknown health risks associated with the long-term application of subvisible particles (SVPs)/nanoparticles in infusion bags, stability studies carried out in the frame of licensing application procedures should also focus on SVP formation in mAb-i. In general, pharmacists should minimize the time of storage and mechanical stress during transport, especially in the case of low-concentrated mAb-i. Moreover, if siliconized syringes are used, they should be washed once with saline solution to minimize particle entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdel-Tawab
- Central Laboratory of German Pharmacists, Eschborn, Germany
- Insitute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Lukas Hahn
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Zhong X, Veilleux JC, Shi GH, Collins DS, Vlachos P, Ardekani AM. Hydrodynamic considerations for spring-driven autoinjector design. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:122975. [PMID: 37116602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been made in the studies of the spring-driven autoinjector, leading to an improved understanding of this device and its interactions with tissue and therapeutic proteins. The development of simulation tools that have been validated against experiments has also enhanced the prediction of the performance of spring-driven autoinjectors. This paper aims to address critical hydrodynamic considerations that impact the design of spring-driven autoinjectors, with a specific emphasis on sloshing and cavitation. Additionally, we present a framework that integrates simulation tools to predict the performance of spring-driven autoinjectors and optimize their design. This work is valuable to the pharmaceutic industry, as it provides crucial insights into the development of spring-driven autoinjectors and therapeutic proteins. This work can also enhance the efficacy and safety of the delivery of therapeutic proteins, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Zhong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | | | | | - David S Collins
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, United States
| | - Pavlos Vlachos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States
| | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States.
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20
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Vaclaw C, Merritt K, Griffin VP, Whitaker N, Gokhale M, Volkin DB, Ogunyankin MO, Dhar P. Comparison of Protein Particle Formation in IgG1 mAbs Formulated with PS20 Vs. PS80 When Subjected to Interfacial Dilatational Stress. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:104. [PMID: 37081185 PMCID: PMC10118229 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysorbates (PS) are nonionic surfactants that are commonly included in protein formulations to mitigate the formation of interfacial stress-induced protein particles and thus increase their long-term storage stability. Nonetheless, factors that dictate the efficiency of different polysorbates in mitigating protein particle formation, especially during the application of interfacial stresses, are often ill defined. Here, we used a Langmuir trough to determine the surface activity of two IgG1 monoclonal antibodies formulated with two different polysorbates (PS20 and PS80) when subjected to interfacial dilatational stress. Interfacial properties of these formulations were then correlated with characterization of subvisible protein particles measured by micro-flow imaging (MFI). Both mAbs, when formulated in PS20, demonstrate faster adsorption kinetics and higher surface activity compared to PS80 or surfactant-free formulations. Compression/expansion results suggest that when exposed to interfacial dilatational stresses, both mAb/PS20 formulations display interfacial properties of PS20 alone. In contrast, interfacial properties of both mAb/PS80 formulations suggest mAbs and PS80 are co-adsorbed to the air-water interface. Further, MFI analysis of the interface and the bulk solution confirms that PS20 is more effective than PS80 at mitigating the formation of larger particles in the bulk solution in both mAbs. Concomitantly, the efficiency of PS to prevent interface-induced protein particle formation also depended on the protein's inherent tendency to aggregate at a surfactant-free interface. Together, the studies presented here highlight the importance of determining the interfacial properties of mAbs, surfactants, and their combinations to make informed formulation decisions about the choice of surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleman Vaclaw
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
- Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Kimberly Merritt
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
- Hill's Pet Nutrition, Emporia, Kansas, USA
| | - Valerie P Griffin
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Neal Whitaker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
- Sparks Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Madhushree Gokhale
- Department of Drug Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
| | - Maria O Ogunyankin
- Department of Drug Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inc., One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - Prajnaparamita Dhar
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA.
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21
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Diederichs T, Mittag JJ, Humphrey J, Voss S, Carle S, Buske J, Garidel P. Existence of a superior polysorbate fraction in respect to protein stabilization and particle formation? Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122660. [PMID: 36740078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Biologicals including monoclonal antibodies are the current flagships in pharmaceutical industry. However, they are exposed to a multitude of destabilization conditions like for instance hydrophobic interfaces, leading to reduced biological activity. Polysorbates are commonly applied to effectively stabilize these active pharmaceutical ingredients against colloidal stress. Nevertheless, chemical instability of polysorbate via hydrolysis or oxidation results in degradation products that might form particles via phase separation. Polysorbates are mixtures of hundreds of individual components, and recently purer quality grades with reduced variations in the fatty acid composition are available. As the protective function of polysorbate itself is not completely understood, even less is known about its individual components, raising the question of the existence of a superior polysorbate species in respect to protein stabilization or degradation susceptibility. Here, we evaluated the protective function of four main fractions of polysorbate 20 (PS20) in agitation studies with monoclonal antibodies, followed by particle analysis as well as protein and polysorbate content determination. The commercially-available inherent mixtures PS20 high purity and PS20 all-laurate, as well as the fraction isosorbide-POE-monolaurate showed superior protection against mechanical-induced stress (visual inspection and turbidity) at the air-water interface in comparison to sole sorbitan-POE-monolaurate, -dilaurate, and -trilaurate. Fractions composed mainly of higher-order esters like sorbitan-POE-dilaurate and sorbitan-POE-trilaurate indicated high turbidities as indication for subvisible and small particles accompanied by a reduced protein monomer content after agitation. For the isosorbide-POE-monolaurates as well as for the inherent polysorbate mixtures no obvious differences in protein content and protein aggregation (SEC) were observed, reflecting the observations from visual appearance. However, absolute polysorbate concentrations vary drastically between different species in the actual formulations. As there are still open questions in respect to protein specificity or regarding mixtures versus individual components of PS20, further studies must be performed, to gain a better understanding of a "generalized" stabilizing effect of polysorbates on monoclonal antibodies. The knowledge of the characteristics of individual polysorbate species can have the potential to pave the way to superior detergents in respect to protein stabilization and/or degradation susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Diederichs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| | - Judith J Mittag
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - James Humphrey
- Croda Europe Ltd, Cowick Hall, DN14 9AA, Snaith, United Kingdom
| | - Söhnke Voss
- Croda Europe Ltd, Cowick Hall, DN14 9AA, Snaith, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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22
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Kizuki S, Wang Z, Torisu T, Yamauchi S, Uchiyama S. Relationship between aggregation of therapeutic proteins and agitation parameters: Acceleration and frequency. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:492-505. [PMID: 36167196 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An increase in protein aggregates during transportation should be suppressed in therapeutic protein products because the aggregates have a potential risk of immunogenicity. In this study, three protein solutions in vials were exposed to tri-axial vibration with various combinations of frequency and acceleration using a transportation test system to investigate the relationship between low g-force stresses and protein aggregate generation. The number concentration of micron aggregates detected by flow imaging analysis increased markedly when the acceleration and frequency of agitation were within a specific range, in other words, above a threshold. This threshold was common among the three protein solutions. The suppression of micron aggregate formation by adding a surfactant suggested that agitation above the threshold increased micron aggregates mainly via interface-mediated routes. Notably, agitation, including agitation below the threshold, accelerated spontaneous oligomerization (nanometer aggregate generation) of proteins in bulk solution even in the presence of the surfactant. Studies of stability against mechanical stresses (e.g., a random vibration test to simulate actual shipment, with a time-compressed setting by increasing acceleration) need to be performed and discussed with careful consideration of the threshold for generating micron aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kizuki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Formulation Research Lab., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 224-2, Ebisuno, Hiraishi, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0194, Japan
| | - Zekun Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Torisu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Satoru Yamauchi
- Business Development Headquarters, ESPEC CORP. 5-2-5, Minamimachi, Kanokodai, Kita-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-1514, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
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23
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Kopp MRG, Grigolato F, Zürcher D, Das TK, Chou D, Wuchner K, Arosio P. Surface-Induced Protein Aggregation and Particle Formation in Biologics: Current Understanding of Mechanisms, Detection and Mitigation Strategies. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:377-385. [PMID: 36223809 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein stability against aggregation is a major quality concern for the production of safe and effective biopharmaceuticals. Amongst the different drivers of protein aggregation, increasing evidence indicates that interactions between proteins and interfaces represent a major risk factor for the formation of protein aggregates in aqueous solutions. Potentially harmful surfaces relevant to biologics manufacturing and storage include air-water and silicone oil-water interfaces as well as materials from different processing units, storage containers, and delivery devices. The impact of some of these surfaces, for instance originating from impurities, can be difficult to predict and control. Moreover, aggregate formation may additionally be complicated by the simultaneous presence of interfacial, hydrodynamic and mechanical stresses, whose contributions may be difficult to deconvolute. As a consequence, it remains difficult to identify the key chemical and physical determinants and define appropriate analytical methods to monitor and predict protein instability at these interfaces. In this review, we first discuss the main mechanisms of surface-induced protein aggregation. We then review the types of contact materials identified as potentially harmful or detected as potential triggers of proteinaceous particle formation in formulations and discuss proposed mitigation strategies. Finally, we present current methods to probe surface-induced instabilities, which represent a starting point towards assays that can be implemented in early-stage screening and formulation development of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie R G Kopp
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fulvio Grigolato
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Zürcher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Morales AM, Sreedhara A, Buecheler J, Brosig S, Chou D, Christian T, Das T, de Jong I, Fast J, Jagannathan B, Moussa EM, Nejadnik MR, Prajapati I, Radwick A, Rahman Y, Singh S. End-to-End Approach to Surfactant Selection, Risk Mitigation, and Control Strategies for Protein-Based Therapeutics. AAPS J 2022; 25:6. [PMID: 36471030 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey performed by the AAPS Drug Product Handling community revealed a general, mostly consensus, approach to the strategy for the selection of surfactant type and level for biopharmaceutical products. Discussing and building on the survey results, this article describes the common approach for surfactant selection and control strategy for protein-based therapeutics and focuses on key studies, common issues, mitigations, and rationale. Where relevant, each section is prefaced by survey responses from the 22 anonymized respondents. The article format consists of an overview of surfactant stabilization, followed by a strategy for the selection of surfactant level, and then discussions regarding risk identification, mitigation, and control strategy. Since surfactants that are commonly used in biologic formulations are known to undergo various forms of degradation, an effective control strategy for the chosen surfactant focuses on understanding and controlling the design space of the surfactant material attributes to ensure that the desired material quality is used consistently in DS/DP manufacturing. The material attributes of a surfactant added in the final DP formulation can influence DP performance (e.g., protein stability). Mitigation strategies are described that encompass risks from host cell proteins (HCP), DS/DP manufacturing processes, long-term storage, as well as during in-use conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Medina Morales
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA.
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Genentech, Pharmaceutical Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jakob Buecheler
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Brosig
- Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danny Chou
- Compassion BioSolution, LLC, Lomita, California, 90717, USA
| | | | - Tapan Das
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Isabella de Jong
- Genentech, Pharmaceutical Development, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jonas Fast
- Pharmaceutical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ehab M Moussa
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinios, 60064, USA
| | - M Reza Nejadnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Indira Prajapati
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | | | - Yusra Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Shubhadra Singh
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, Collegeville, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
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25
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Instability Challenges and Stabilization Strategies of Pharmaceutical Proteins. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112533. [PMID: 36432723 PMCID: PMC9699111 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the structure of protein and peptide drugs has become one of the most important goals of scientists in recent decades. Cold and thermal denaturation conditions, lyophilization and freeze drying, different pH conditions, concentrations, ionic strength, environmental agitation, the interaction between the surface of liquid and air as well as liquid and solid, and even the architectural structure of storage containers are among the factors that affect the stability of these therapeutic biomacromolecules. The use of genetic engineering, side-directed mutagenesis, fusion strategies, solvent engineering, the addition of various preservatives, surfactants, and additives are some of the solutions to overcome these problems. This article will discuss the types of stress that lead to instabilities of different proteins used in pharmaceutics including regulatory proteins, antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates, and then all the methods for fighting these stresses will be reviewed. New and existing analytical methods that are used to detect the instabilities, mainly changes in their primary and higher order structures, are briefly summarized.
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26
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de Boulard A, Kienle K. Trends in Single‐Use Mixing for Biomanufacturing with an Insight Into Lonza Ibex® Solutions. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Kienle
- Pall Corporation Avenue de Tivoli 3 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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27
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Eshraghi J, Dou Z, Veilleux JC, Shi G, Collins D, Ardekani AM, Vlachos PP. The Air Entrainment and Hydrodynamic Shear of the Liquid Slosh in Syringes. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122210. [PMID: 36122618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interface motion and hydrodynamic shear induced by the liquid sloshing during the insertion stage of an autoinjector can help improve drug product administration. We perform experiments to investigate the interfacial motion and hydrodynamic shear due to the acceleration and deceleration of syringes. The goal is to explore the role of fluid properties, air gap size, and syringe acceleration on the interface dynamics caused by autoinjector activation. We used a simplified autoinjector platform to record the syringe and liquid motion without any view obstruction. Water and silicone oil with the same viscosity are used as the model fluids. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is employed to measure the velocity field. Simultaneous shadowgraph visualization captures the air entrainment. Our in-house PIV and image processing algorithms are used to quantify the hydrodynamic stress and interfacial area to investigate the effects of various autoinjector design parameters and fluid types on liquid sloshing. The results indicate that reducing the air gap volume and syringe acceleration/deceleration mitigate the interface area and effective shear. Moreover, the interfacial area and induced hydrodynamic stress decrease with the Fr=U/aD, where U is the interface velocity, a is the maximum syringe acceleration, and D is the syringe diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Eshraghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Zhongwang Dou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Galen Shi
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | | | - Arezoo M Ardekani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Pavlos P Vlachos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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28
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Hu M, Molden R, Hu Y, Huang Y, Qiu H, Li N. Host cell protein identification in monoclonal antibody high molecular weight species. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1210:123448. [PMID: 36115198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
High molecular weight (HMW) species are product-related variants that may impact therapeutic product safety and efficacy. Therefore, HMW species and aggregates are considered critical quality attributes and their levels should be closely monitored and controlled during drug development, commercial manufacturing, and shelf-life storage period for therapeutic monoclonal antibody drug products. Various biophysical and analytical methods have been developed to characterize the HMW species to understand their mechanisms of formation and assess potential product risk. However, host cell protein (HCP) analysis has seldom been conducted to characterize the impurities in aggregates. In this work, HCP analysis of enriched HMW species and drug substance (DS) from five different monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was performed. More HCPs are identified in the enriched HMW than in the DS, thus demonstrating a potential interaction between HCPs and HMW. Certain HCPs, including commonly detected HCPs and problematic HCPs, were enriched in HMW fractions. Especially, the most abundant HCP from mAb1, CC motif chemokine, was 46 times more abundant in enriched HMW than DS. The enriched HMW was further fractionated into enriched dimers and enriched very HMW (vHMW) fractions. The CC motif chemokine was found to interact mainly with mAb1 dimer species rather than vHMW fraction. Removing the HMW species from mAb1 significantly decreased the CC motif chemokine level in the final mAb1 DS. Our findings demonstrate that some HCPs are more preferentially bound to HMW species and this finding may provide a new opportunity for removing HCPs in downstream purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Hu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, USA
| | - Rosalynn Molden
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, USA
| | - Yunli Hu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, USA.
| | - Yu Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, USA
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, USA.
| | - Ning Li
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591-6707, USA
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29
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Real-time imaging of monoclonal antibody film reconstitution after mechanical stress at the air-liquid interface by Brewster angle microscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112757. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Kim NA, Noh GY, Hada S, Na KJ, Yoon HJ, Park KW, Park YM, Jeong SH. Enhanced protein aggregation suppressor activity of N-acetyl-l-arginine for agitation-induced aggregation with silicone oil and its impact on innate immune responses. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:42-51. [PMID: 35779650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, N-acetyl-l-arginine (NALA) suppressed the aggregation of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) more effectively and with a minimum decrease in transition temperature (Tm) than arginine monohydrochloride. In this study, we performed a comparative study with etanercept (commercial product: Enbrel®), where 25 mM arginine monohydrochloride (arginine) was added to the prefilled syringe. The biophysical properties were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and flow-imaging microscopy (FI). NALA retained the transition temperature of etanercept better than arginine, where arginine significantly reduced the Tm by increasing its concentration. End-over-end rotation was applied to each formulation for 5 days to accelerate protein aggregation and subvisible particle formation. Higher monomeric content was retained with NALA with a decrease in particle level. Higher aggregation onset temperature (Tagg) was detected for etanercept with NALA than arginine. The results of this comparative study were consistent with previous study, suggesting that NALA could be a better excipient for liquid protein formulations. Agitated IVIG and etanercept were injected into C57BL/6 J female mice to observe immunogenic response after 24 h. In the presence of silicone oil, NALA dramatically reduced IL-1 expression, implying that decreased aggregation was related to reduced immunogenicity of both etanercept and IVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ah Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ga Yeon Noh
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Shavron Hada
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jun Na
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Yoon
- Division of Health and Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Woong Park
- Division of Health and Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Min Park
- Division of Health and Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Gyeonggi 10326, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Gamage CLD, Weis DD, Walters BT. Identification of Agitation-induced Unfolding Events Causing Aggregation of Monoclonal Antibodies Using Hydrogen Exchange-Mass Spectrometry. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2210-2216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Aggregates Associated with Instability of Antibodies during Aerosolization Induce Adverse Immunological Effects. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030671. [PMID: 35336045 PMCID: PMC8949695 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunogenicity refers to the inherent ability of a molecule to stimulate an immune response. Aggregates are one of the major risk factors for the undesired immunogenicity of therapeutic antibodies (Ab) and may ultimately result in immune-mediated adverse effects. For Ab delivered by inhalation, it is necessary to consider the interaction between aggregates resulting from the instability of the Ab during aerosolization and the lung mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of aggregates produced during aerosolization of therapeutic Ab on the immune system. Methods: Human and murine immunoglobulin G (IgG) were aerosolized using a clinically-relevant nebulizer and their immunogenic potency was assessed, both in vitro using a standard human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MoDC) reporter assay and in vivo in immune cells in the airway compartment, lung parenchyma and spleen of healthy C57BL/6 mice after pulmonary administration. Results: IgG aggregates, produced during nebulization, induced a dose-dependent activation of MoDC characterized by the enhanced production of cytokines and expression of co-stimulatory markers. Interestingly, in vivo administration of high amounts of nebulization-mediated IgG aggregates resulted in a profound and sustained local and systemic depletion of immune cells, which was attributable to cell death. This cytotoxic effect was observed when nebulized IgG was administered locally in the airways as compared to a systemic administration but was mitigated by improving IgG stability during nebulization, through the addition of polysorbates to the formulation. Conclusion: Although inhalation delivery represents an attractive alternative route for delivering Ab to treat respiratory infections, our findings indicate that it is critical to prevent IgG aggregation during the nebulization process to avoid pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. The optimization of Ab formulation can mitigate adverse effects induced by nebulization.
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33
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Mayorga-Martinez CC, Vyskočil J, Novotný F, Bednar P, Ruzek D, Alduhaishe O, Pumera M. Collective behavior of magnetic microrobots through immuno-sandwich assay: On-the-fly COVID-19 sensing. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2022; 26:101337. [PMID: 35018299 PMCID: PMC8739527 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2021.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mobile self-propelled micro/nanorobots are mobile binding surface that improved the sensitivity of many biosensing system by "on-the-fly" identification and isolation of different biotargets. Proteins are powerful tools to predict infectious disease progression such as COVID-19. The main methodology used to COVID-19 detection is based on ELISA test by antibodies detection assays targeting SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein and nucleocapside protein that represent an indirect SARS-CoV-2 detection with low sentitivy and specificity. Moreover ELISA test are limited to used external shaker to obtain homogenously immobilization of antibodies and protein on sensing platform. Here, we present magnetic microrobots that collective self-assembly through immuno-sandwich assay and they can be used as mobile platform to detect on-the-fly SARS-CoV-2 virus particle by its spike protein. The collective self-assembly of magnetic microrobots through immuno-sandwich assay enhanced its analytical performance in terms of sensitivity decreasing the detection limit of SARS-CoV-2 virus by one order of magnitude with respect to the devices previously reported. This proof-of-concept of microrobotics offer new ways to the detection of viruses and proteins of medical interest in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vyskočil
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Novotný
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bednar
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno CZ-62100, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno CZ-62100, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Osamah Alduhaishe
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Food Technology, Center for Nanorobotics and Machine Intelligence, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno 61300, Czech Republic
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34
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Jing ZY, Huo GL, Sun MF, Shen BB, Fang WJ. Characterization of Grinding-Induced Subvisible Particles and Free Radicals in a Freeze-Dried Monoclonal Antibody Formulation. Pharm Res 2022; 39:399-410. [PMID: 35083639 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES The primary objectives of this study were to investigate the degradation mechanisms of freeze-dried monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations under mechanical grinding, assess the sensitivity and suitability of various particle analysis techniques, analyze the structure of the collected subvisible particles (SbVPs), and analyze the antioxidant mechanism of methionine (Met) under degradation process to gain a thorough understanding of the phenomenon. METHODS The freeze-dried mAb-X formulations underwent grinding, and the resultant SbVPs were characterized through visual inspection, flow imaging microscopy, dynamic light scattering, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. We further evaluated the effect of different temperatures and the free radical scavenger Met on SbVP formation. The produced free radicals were detected using electron paramagnetic resonance, and Met S-oxide formation was detected using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, we analyzed the obtained SbVPs using capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS Grinding leads to SbVP formation under high temperature and free radical formation. Free radicals produced during grinding require the participation of a macromolecule. Met could then bind to the produced free radicals, thus partially protecting mAb-X from degradation while itself undergoing oxidation to form Met(O). Sensitivity differences between different particle analysis techniques were evaluated, and the obtained SbVPs showed significant changes in secondary structure and the formation of covalent aggregates and fragments. CONCLUSIONS Met plays the role of an antioxidant in protecting macromolecules by quenching the free radicals produced during grinding. To thoroughly characterize SbVPs, multiple and orthogonal particle analysis techniques should be used, and if necessary, SbVPs should be processed by enrichment to accurately analyze primary and high order structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yi Jing
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Guo-Li Huo
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Min-Fei Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Bin-Bin Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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35
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Zhang S, Riccardi C, Kamen D, Xiao H, Li N. Monitoring polysorbate hydrolysis in therapeutic proteins using an ultrasensitive extraction-free fatty acid quantitation method. Anal Biochem 2022; 637:114472. [PMID: 34801481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PSs) are surfactants commonly added to therapeutic protein drug product formulations to protect proteins from denaturation and aggregation during storage, transportation, and delivery. However, enzymatic hydrolysis of PSs has been recognized as the primary route of PS degradation in monoclonal antibody formulations, resulting in the release of free fatty acids that drive undesired particulate formation. Here, we present a rapid lipase activity assay with optimized incubation conditions for accurate quantitation of free fatty acids without a fatty acid extraction step. This assay can detect low levels of PS degradation (0.000024% PS20 degradation) within 1 day with minimal sample preparation. The levels of released free fatty acids were found to strongly correlate with the degree of PS20 degradation. The case study described herein suggests that this approach can detect low levels of PS20 degradation caused by sub-ppm lipase levels within 1 day, compared with the duration of 14 days needed for PS degradation assays based on two-dimensional liquid chromatography-charge aerosol detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zhang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Caterina Riccardi
- Formulation Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Douglas Kamen
- Formulation Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Hui Xiao
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
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36
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Linkuvienė V, Ross EL, Crawford L, Weiser SE, Man D, Kay S, Kolhe P, Carpenter JF. Effects of transportation of IV bags containing protein formulations via hospital pneumatic tube system: Particle characterization by multiple methods. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1024-1039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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37
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Xia M, Wang Y, Sheng L, Cai Z, Zhou X. Positive response to surfactants on the interfacial behavior and aggregation stability of Fab fragments from yolk immunoglobulin. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1078-1085. [PMID: 34800518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The antigen binding fragment (Fab) is pepsin-digested product from egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY), which shows lower immunogenicity and higher antibacterial activity. However, it limited the application of Fab due to the spontaneous adsorption and aggregation at the air-liquid interface. The present work is to investigate the effect of surfactants polysorbate 20 (PS20), poloxamer 188 (P188), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the aggregation stability of Fab of IgY. The results confirmed the positive role of surfactants in improving Fab stability. PS20 could effectively prevent the generation of Fab aggregates (DLS and light-obscuration analysis). It could also distinctly increase the internal hydrophobicity level, fortify the surface charge by altering the molecular conformational characteristics of Fab. The results of CLSM and surface tension demonstrated that P188 and PEG were co-adsorbed with Fab at the air-liquid interface and inhibited the formation of aggregation. PS20 competitively adsorbed in the gap between Fab molecules to inhibit the formation of aggregates. These findings would give an in-depth understanding of protein aggregation behavior influenced by surfactants and provide a theoretical basis for the development of functional food based on Fab active fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minquan Xia
- National Research and Development Centre for Egg Processing, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanru Wang
- National Research and Development Centre for Egg Processing, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Long Sheng
- National Research and Development Centre for Egg Processing, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Cai
- National Research and Development Centre for Egg Processing, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- National Research and Development Centre for Egg Processing, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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38
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Schuster J, Kamuju V, Mathaes R. Fate of Antibody and Polysorbate Particles in a Human Serum Model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 171:72-79. [PMID: 34920132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and excipients can degrade owing to different stress factors they encounter during their life cycle or after administration in human body. This can result in the formation of aggregates and particulates. As particles can evoke an immune response in patients, it becomes increasingly important to monitor their fate after administration. In this study, we used a protein-free serum model to assess the fate of mAb and polysorbate (PS) particles under physiologic conditions. Commonly encountered stress conditions such as pH, temperature, extrusion, and shaking were chosen to generate mAb particles. Alkaline hydrolysis was used to generate PS particles. The fate of aggregates and particles was evaluated in serum and histidine buffer. We observed that depending on the nature of stress and the environment particles are subjected to, the fate of particles can differ substantially. The mAb aggregates generated by pH stress, showed reduction in HMWS from 26% to 6% over 14days in human serum filtrate. PS particles dissolved at 37°C but remained unaltered in Histidine at 5°C. Our results reinforce the need to track the fate of particles generated during drug product development upon exposure to physiologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schuster
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vinay Kamuju
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Mathaes
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland.
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39
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Barros M, Zhang X, Kenrick S, Valente JJ. Opalescence Measurements: Improvements in Fundamental Knowledge, Identifying Sources of Analytical Biases, and Advanced Applications for the Development of Therapeutic Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3550-3557. [PMID: 34111445 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Opalescence of biopharmaceutical solutions can indicate suboptimal colloidal stability and is therefore a generally undesirable attribute that requires investigation and potentially remediation. While there are numerous instrumentation options available for measuring opalescence, cross-instrument comparisons and detailed knowledge of analytical biases have been limited. Here, we highlight key findings from a multi-instrument investigation where differences in reported opalescence values are explained with particular emphasis on how the optical configuration and detector properties of each instrument affect the response of the sample and the primary formazin standards required for instrument calibration. In doing so, the particle size distribution, angular-dependent light scattering properties and refractive index of the primary formazin standard material are characterized and presented. Finally, the advanced application of a 90° angle light scattering instrument is presented as a suitable approach for making low volume, temperature controlled, nephelometric measurements of opalescence. Moreover, we demonstrate how this approach enables the simultaneous evaluation of key physical properties, such as hydrodynamic size, that are pertinent to investigations of opalescent biopharmaceuticals but have historically required the use of separate instrumentation. The findings reported here address key knowledge gaps and provide opportunities for improving the efficiency and inter-laboratory comparability of opalescence measurements for biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Barros
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Xujun Zhang
- Wyatt Technology Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Sophia Kenrick
- Wyatt Technology Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Joseph J Valente
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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40
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Kang MS, Kong TWS, Khoo JYX, Loh TP. Recent developments in chemical conjugation strategies targeting native amino acids in proteins and their applications in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13613-13647. [PMID: 34760149 PMCID: PMC8549674 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02973h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fields in chemical biology and synthetic biology require effective bioconjugation methods to achieve their desired functions and activities. Among such biomolecule conjugates, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) need a linker that provides a stable linkage between cytotoxic drugs and antibodies, whilst conjugating in a biologically benign, fast and selective fashion. This review focuses on how the development of novel organic synthesis can solve the problems of traditional linker technology. The review shall introduce and analyse the current developments in the modification of native amino acids on peptides or proteins and their applicability to ADC linker. Thereafter, the review shall discuss in detail each endogenous amino acid's intrinsic reactivity and selectivity aspects, and address the research effort to construct an ADC using each conjugation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Theresa Wai See Kong
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Joycelyn Yi Xin Khoo
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
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41
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Johann F, Wöll S, Winzer M, Snell J, Valldorf B, Gieseler H. Miniaturized Forced Degradation of Therapeutic Proteins and ADCs by Agitation-Induced Aggregation Using Orbital Shaking of Microplates. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1401-1413. [PMID: 34563536 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microplate-based formulation screening is a powerful approach to identify stabilizing excipients for therapeutic proteins while reducing material requirements. However, this approach is sometimes not representative of studies conducted in relevant container closures. The present study aimed to identify critical parameters for a microplate-based orbital shaking method to screen biotherapeutic formulations by agitation-induced aggregation. For this purpose, an in-depth methodological study was conducted using different shakers, microplates, and plate seals. Aggregation was monitored by size exclusion chromatography, turbidity, and backgrounded membrane imaging. Both shaker quality and liquid-seal contact had substantial impacts on aggregation during shaking and resulted in non-uniform sample treatment when parameters were not suitably selected. The well volume to fill volume ratio (Vwell/Vfill) was identified as an useful parameter for achieving comparable aggregation levels between different microplate formats. An optimized method (2400 rpm [ac 95 m/s2], Vfill 60-100 µL [Vwell/Vfill 6-3.6], 24 h, RT, heat-sealed) allowed for uniform sample treatment independent of surface tension and good agreement with vial shaking results. This study provides valuable guidance for miniaturization of shaking stress studies in biopharmaceutical drug development, facilitating method transfer and comparability between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Johann
- Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Pharmaceutics, Freeze Drying Focus Group (FDFG), Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Merck KGaA, Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Steffen Wöll
- Merck KGaA, Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Winzer
- Merck KGaA, Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jared Snell
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Bernhard Valldorf
- Merck KGaA, Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Henning Gieseler
- Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Pharmaceutics, Freeze Drying Focus Group (FDFG), Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; GILYOS GmbH, Friedrich-Bergius-Ring 15, 97076 Würzburg, Germany.
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42
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Das TK, Sreedhara A, Colandene JD, Chou DK, Filipe V, Grapentin C, Searles J, Christian TR, Narhi LO, Jiskoot W. Stress Factors in Protein Drug Product Manufacturing and Their Impact on Product Quality. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:868-886. [PMID: 34563537 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Injectable protein-based medicinal products (drug products, or DPs) must be produced by using sterile manufacturing processes to ensure product safety. In DP manufacturing the protein drug substance, in a suitable final formulation, is combined with the desired primary packaging (e.g., syringe, cartridge, or vial) that guarantees product integrity and enables transportation, storage, handling and clinical administration. The protein DP is exposed to several stress conditions during each of the unit operations in DP manufacturing, some of which can be detrimental to product quality. For example, particles, aggregates and chemically-modified proteins can form during manufacturing, and excessive amounts of these undesired variants might cause an impact on potency or immunogenicity. Therefore, DP manufacturing process development should include identification of critical quality attributes (CQAs) and comprehensive risk assessment of potential protein modifications in process steps, and the relevant steps must be characterized and controlled. In this commentary article we focus on the major unit operations in protein DP manufacturing, and critically evaluate each process step for stress factors involved and their potential effects on DP CQAs. Moreover, we discuss the current industry trends for risk mitigation, process control including analytical monitoring, and recommendations for formulation and process development studies, including scaled-down runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Das
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Biologics Development, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
| | | | - James D Colandene
- GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, 1250 S Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19425, USA
| | - Danny K Chou
- Compassion BioSolution, LLC, Lomita, CA 90717, USA
| | | | - Christoph Grapentin
- Lonza AG, Drug Product Services, Hochbergerstrasse 60G, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jim Searles
- Pfizer Inc., Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, 875 Chesterfield Pkwy W, Chesterfield, MO 63017 USA
| | | | | | - Wim Jiskoot
- Leiden University, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, the Netherlands; Coriolis Pharma, Martinsried, Germany
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43
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Degradation of Polysorbate 20 by Sialate O-Acetylesterase in Monoclonal Antibody Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3866-3873. [PMID: 34487744 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PS) are surfactants commonly added in biologics formulations that can protect proteins from denaturation and aggregation. However, decreases in polysorbate 20 (PS20) content have been observed in some monoclonal antibody formulations, causing the formation of visible and/or subvisible particles that ultimately compromise the quality and stability of the therapeutic protein products. It was determined that the particles are mainly composed of free fatty acid, suggesting enzymatic hydrolysis of PS is responsible for the degradation of PS. Enrichment of host cell proteins (HCPs) by immunoprecipitation followed by shotgun proteomics have been utilized to identify the HCPs that can hydrolyze PS20. One HCP, sialate O-acetylesterase (SIAE), demonstrated strong enzymatic activity for PS20 degradation even at low concentration (<5 ppm level). Incubation of recombinant SIAE with PS20 resulted in a unique degradation pattern where the hydrolysis of monoester with short fatty acid chain (C12, C14) was observed but not the monoester with long fatty acid chain (C16, C18) or higher-order esters. SIAE was detected and quantitated in several formulated mAbs, and the amount of SIAE was positively correlated to PS20 degradation in these mAbs during incubation. Additional experiments also showed that when SIAE was depleted, PS20 degradation was diminished, suggesting a causality between SIAE and PS20 degradation. The lipase activity of SIAE is specific to PS20, but not to PS 80 (PS80), which contains monoesters with long chain fatty acid (C18) and higher-order esters. The specific esterase activity of SIAE on PS20 suggests a possible solution of using PS80 over PS20 to eliminate surfactant degradation in mAb products.
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44
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Sreenivasan S, Jiskoot W, Rathore AS. Rapid aggregation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies by bubbling induced air/liquid interfacial and agitation stress at different conditions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:97-109. [PMID: 34461215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) due to interfacial agitation through air bubbling was investigated. Samples containing mAb in phosphate buffered saline were subjected to rapid bubbling by using a peristaltic pump at an air flow rate of 11.5 mL/min. Samples were analyzed by visual observation, UV-Vis, fluorescence, circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), dynamic light scattering, microscopy, and cell-based activity assays. The stressed samples showed increasing turbidity with bubbling time, with mAb1 showing a protein loss of 53% in the supernatant at the latest time point (240 min), indicating formation of sub-visible and visible aggregates. Aggregate rich samples exhibited altered secondary structure and higher hydrophobicity with 40% reduction in activity. The supernatants of the stressed samples showed unchanged secondary and tertiary structure without the presence of any oligomers in SEC. Furthermore, the impact of various factors that could affect aggregation was investigated and it was found that the extent of aggregation was affected by protein concentration, sample volume, presence of surfactants, temperature, air flow rate, and presence of silicone oil. In conclusion, exposure to air/liquid interfacial stress through bubbling into liquid mAb samples effectively generated sub-visible and visible aggregates, making air bubbling an attractive approach for interfacial stress degradation studies of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sreenivasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
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45
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Clénet D, Clavier L, Strobbe B, Le Bon C, Zoonens M, Saulnier A. Full-length G glycoprotein directly extracted from rabies virus with detergent and then stabilized by amphipols in liquid and freeze-dried forms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4317-4330. [PMID: 34297405 PMCID: PMC9291542 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen surface antigens are at the forefront of the viral strategy when invading host organisms. These antigens, including membrane proteins (MPs), are broadly targeted by the host immune response. Obtaining these MPs in a soluble and stable form constitutes a real challenge, regardless of the application purposes (e.g. quantification/characterization assays, diagnosis, and preventive and curative strategies). A rapid process to obtain a native-like antigen by solubilization of a full-length MP directly from a pathogen is reported herein. Rabies virus (RABV) was used as a model for this demonstration and its full-length G glycoprotein (RABV-G) was stabilized with amphipathic polymers, named amphipols (APols). The stability of RABV-G trapped in APol A8-35 (RABV-G/A8-35) was evaluated under different stress conditions (temperature, agitation, and light exposure). RABV-G/A8-35 in liquid form exhibited higher unfolding temperature (+6°C) than in detergent and was demonstrated to be antigenically stable over 1 month at 5°C and 25°C. Kinetic modeling of antigenicity data predicted antigenic stability of RABV-G/A8-35 in a solution of up to 1 year at 5°C. The RABV-G/A8-35 complex formulated in an optimized buffer composition and subsequently freeze-dried displayed long-term stability for 2-years at 5, 25, and 37°C. This study reports for the first time that a natural full-length MP extracted from a virus, complexed to APols and subsequently freeze-dried, displayed long-term antigenic stability, without requiring storage under refrigerated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Clénet
- Bioprocess R&D Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Léna Clavier
- Bioprocess R&D Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Benoît Strobbe
- Bioprocess R&D Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Christel Le Bon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Manuela Zoonens
- Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aure Saulnier
- Bioprocess R&D Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France.,Department of Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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46
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Rouby G, Tran NT, Leblanc Y, Taverna M, Bihoreau N. Investigation of monoclonal antibody dimers in a final formulated drug by separation techniques coupled to native mass spectrometry. MAbs 2021; 12:e1781743. [PMID: 32633190 PMCID: PMC7531515 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1781743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly complex proteins that must be exhaustively characterized according to the regulatory authorities' recommendations. MAbs display micro-heterogeneity mainly due to their post-translational modifications, but also to their susceptibility to chemical and physical degradations. Among these degradations, aggregation is quite frequent, initiated by protein denaturation and then dimer formation. Here, we investigated the nature and structure of the high molecular weight species (HMW) present at less than 1% in an unstressed formulated roledumab biopharmaceutical, as a model of high purity mAb. HMW species were first purified through preparative size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and then analyzed by a combination of chromatographic methods (ion-exchange chromatography (IEX), SEC) coupled to native mass spectrometry (MS), as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and capillary gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions. Both covalently and non-covalently bound dimers were identified at a proportion of 50/50. In-depth characterization of the HMW fraction by SEC and IEX hyphenated to native MS revealed the presence of three mAb dimer forms having the same mass, but differing by their charge and size. They were attributed to different compact and elongated dimers. Finally, high-resolution middle-up approaches using different enzymes (IdeS and IgdE) were performed to determine the mAb domains implicated in the dimerization. Our results revealed that the roledumab dimers were associated mainly by a single Fab-to-Fab arm-bound association.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rouby
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay , 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Analytical Department, LFB , Courtaboeuf (Les Ulis), France
| | - N T Tran
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay , 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Y Leblanc
- Analytical Department, LFB , Courtaboeuf (Les Ulis), France
| | - M Taverna
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay , 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Institut Universitaire de France , Paris, France
| | - N Bihoreau
- Analytical Department, LFB , Courtaboeuf (Les Ulis), France
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47
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Kingsbury JS, Lantz MM, Saini A, Wang MZ, Gokarn YR. Characterization of Opalescence in low Volume Monoclonal Antibody Solutions Enabled by Microscale Nephelometry. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3176-3182. [PMID: 34004217 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based drugs are often prone to unfavorable solution behaviors including high viscosity, opalescence, phase separation, and aggregation at the high concentrations needed to enable patient-centric subcutaneous dosage forms. Given that these can have a detrimental impact on manufacturability, stability, and delivery, approaches to identifying, monitoring, and controlling these behaviors during drug development are critical. Opalescence presents a significant challenge due to its relationship to liquid-liquid phase separation. Quantitative characterization of opalescence via turbidimetry is often restrictive due to large volume requirements (>2 mL) and alternative microscale approaches based on light transmittance (Eckhardt et al., J Pharm Sci Technol. 1994, 48: 64-70) may pose challenging with respect to accuracy. To address the need for accurate and quantitative microscale opalescence measurements, we have evaluated the use of a 'de-tuned' static light scattering detector which requires <10 μL sample per measurement. We show that tuning of the laser power to a range far below that of traditional light scattering measurements results in a stable detector response that can be accurately calibrated to the nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) scale using appropriate standards. The calibrated detector signal yields NTU values for mAbs and other protein solutions that are comparable to a commercial turbidimeter. We used this microscale approach to characterize the opalescence of 48 commercial mAb drug products and found that the majority have opalescence below 15 NTU. However, in products with mAb concentrations greater than 75 mg/mL, a broad range of opalescence was observed, in a few cases greater than 20 NTU. These measurements as well as nephelometric characterization of several IgG1 and IgG4 mAbs across a broad pH range highlight subclass-specific tendencies toward opalescence in high concentration solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amandeep Saini
- Global CMC Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701 USA
| | - Michael Z Wang
- Global CMC Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701 USA.
| | - Yatin R Gokarn
- Global CMC Development, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701 USA
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48
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Tiernan H, Byrne B, Kazarian SG. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging to investigate the behaviour of proteins subjected to freeze-thaw cycles in droplets, wells, and under flow. Analyst 2021; 146:2902-2909. [PMID: 33724288 PMCID: PMC8095035 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00087j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are used to treat a range of diseases from arthritis to cancer, however, since the advent of these highly specific, effective drugs, there have been challenges involved in their production. The most common biopharmaceuticals, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are vulnerable to aggregation and precipitation during processing. Freeze thaw cycles (FTCs), which can be required for storage and transportation, can lead to a substantial loss of product, and contributes to the high cost of antibody production. It is therefore necessary to monitor aggregation levels at susceptible points in the production pathway, such as during purification and transportation, thus contributing to a fuller understanding of mAb aggregation and providing a basis for rational optimisation of the production process. This paper uses attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging to investigate the effect of these potentially detrimental FTCs on protein secondary structure in both static wells and under flowing conditions, using lysozyme as a model protein. The results revealed that the amount of protein close to the surface of the ATR crystal, and hence level of aggregates, increased with increasing FTCs. This was observed both within wells and under flow conditions, using conventional ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. Interestingly, we also observed changes in the Amide I band shape indicating an increase in β-sheet contribution, and therefore an increase in aggregates, with increasing number of FTCs. These results show for the first time how ATR-FTIR spectroscopy can be successfully applied to study the effect of FTC cycles on protein samples. This could have numerous broader applications, such as in biopharmaceutical production and rapid diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Tiernan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK. and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
| | - Bernadette Byrne
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
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49
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Lyu J, Wang Y, Ruan C, Zhang X, Li K, Ye M. Mechanical stress induced protein precipitation method for drug target screening. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1168:338612. [PMID: 34051997 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The process of protein precipitation can be used to decipher the interaction of ligand and protein. For example, the classic Thermal Proteome Profiling (TPP) method uses heating as the driving force for protein precipitation, to discover the drug target protein. Under heating or other denature forces, the target protein that binds with the drug compound will be more resistant to precipitation than the free protein. Similar to thermal stress, mechanical stress can also induce protein precipitation. Upon mechanical stress, protein will gradually precipitate along with protein conformational changes, which can be exploited for the study of the ligand-protein interaction. Herein, we proposed a Mechanical Stress Induced Protein Precipitation (MSIPP) method for drug target deconvolution. Its streamlined workflow allows in situ sample preparation on the surface of microparticles, from protein precipitation to digestion. The mechanical stress was generated by vortexing the slurry of protein solution and microparticle materials. The mechanical stress induced protein precipitate was captured by the microparticles, which guarantees the MSIPP method to be scalable and user-friendly. The MSIPP method was successfully applied to four drug compounds, Methotrexate, Raltitrexed, SHP099, Geldanamycin and a pan-inhibitor of protein kinases, Staurosporine. Besides, DHFR was demonstrated to be a target of Raltitrexed, which has not been revealed by any other modification-free drug target discovery method yet. Thus, MSIPP is a complementary method to other drug target screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengfei Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kejia Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Chen Y, Mutukuri TT, Wilson NE, Zhou QT. Pharmaceutical protein solids: Drying technology, solid-state characterization and stability. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:211-233. [PMID: 33705880 PMCID: PMC8107147 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the boom in biologics over the past decade, the intrinsic instability of these large molecules poses significant challenges to formulation development. Almost half of all pharmaceutical protein products are formulated in the solid form to preserve protein native structure and extend product shelf-life. In this review, both traditional and emerging drying techniques for producing protein solids will be discussed. During the drying process, various stresses can impact the stability of protein solids. However, understanding the impact of stress on protein product quality can be challenging due to the lack of reliable characterization techniques for biological solids. Both conventional and advanced characterization techniques are discussed including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solid-state Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ssFTIR), solid-state fluorescence spectrometry, solid-state hydrogen deuterium exchange (ssHDX), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and solid-state photolytic labeling (ssPL). Advanced characterization tools may offer mechanistic investigations into local structural changes and interactions at higher resolutions. The continuous exploration of new drying techniques, as well as a better understanding of the effects caused by different drying techniques in solid state, would advance the formulation development of biological products with superior quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tarun Tejasvi Mutukuri
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nathan E Wilson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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