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Jiao Y, Xu J, Song B, Wu A, Pan L, Xu Y, Geng F, Li X, Zhao C, Hong M, Meng X, Luo J, Liu P, Li M, Zhu W, Cao J, Zhang S. Interferon regulatory factor 1‐triggered free ubiquitin protects the intestines against radiation‐induced injury via CXCR4/FGF2 signaling. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e168. [PMID: 36051984 PMCID: PMC9416916 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation‐induced intestinal injury is a serious concern during abdominal and pelvic cancers radiotherapy. Ubiquitin (Ub) is a highly conserved protein found in all eukaryotic cells. This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of free Ub against radiogenic intestinal injury. We found that free Ub levels of irradiated animals and human patients receiving radiotherapy were upregulated. Radiation‐induced Ub expression was associated with the activation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1). Intraperitoneal injection of free Ub significantly reduced the mortality of mice following 5–9 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) through the Akt pathway. Free Ub facilitates small intestinal regeneration induced by TBI or abdominal irradiation. At the cellular level, free Ub or its mutants significantly alleviated cell death and enhanced the survival of irradiated intestinal epithelial cells. The radioprotective role of free Ub depends on its receptor CXCR4. Mechanistically, free Ub increased fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF2) secretion and consequently activated FGFR1 signaling following radiation in vivo and in vivo. Thus, free Ub confers protection against radiation‐induced intestinal injury through CXCR4/Akt/FGF2 axis, which provides a novel therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Bin Song
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Ailing Wu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital Chengdu China
| | - Lu Pan
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Fenghao Geng
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital Chengdu China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Congzhao Zhao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Min Hong
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Xuanyu Meng
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Judong Luo
- Department of Oncology The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Changzhou China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University Suzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital Chengdu China
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Oncology The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Changzhou China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital Mianyang China
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Wang P, Zhang L, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang S, Liu Z. Characterization of GRP as a functional neuropeptide in basal chordate amphioxus. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 142:384-394. [PMID: 31593737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Amphioxus belongs to the subphylum cephalochordata, an extant representative of the most basal chordates, whose regulation of endocrine system remains ambiguous. Here we clearly demonstrated the existence of a functional GRP neuropeptide in amphioxus, which was able to interact with GRP receptor, activate both PKC and PKA pathways, increase gh, igf, and vegf expression. We also showed that the transcription level of amphioxus grp was affected by temperature and light, indicating the role of this gene in the regulation of energy balance and circadian rhythms. In addition, the expression of the amphioxus grp was detected in cerebral vesicle that has been proposed to be the homologous organ of vertebrate brain. These data collectively suggested that a functional GRP neuropeptide had already emerged in amphioxus, which provided insights into the evolutionary origin of GRP in chordate and the functional homology between the cerebral vesicle and vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haoyi Li
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhenhui Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266003, China.
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Li S, Hou G, Wang Y, Su X, Xue L. Influence of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) on Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells with Positive and Negative Growth Hormone Receptorsin Vitro. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 96:282-8. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161009600216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is increasingly used in the clinic because it promotes the synthesis of proteins. However, rhGH is able to increase malignant transformation and tumor recurrence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rhGH on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells with positive and negative growth hormone receptors (GHR) in order to guide its clinical application. Methods and study design Cells of the human HCC cell lines Bel-7402 (GHR+) and SMMC-7721 (GHR-) as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cell line ECV304 cells in the exponential growth phase were harvested and divided into experimental and control groups. After the human HCC cells were cultured alone or co-cultured with ECV304 cells under the different treatments, cell cycle phase, proliferation index, and expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and proteins were determined. Results In the Bel-7402 GHR+ cells treated with rhGH, both the percentage of cell in G2-M phase and the proliferation index were higher than those of controls (P <0.05); this was not the case in the SMMC-7721 GHR- cells treated with rhGH (P >0.05). Although there was no difference in the cell doubling times between ECV304 cells co-incubated with Bel-7721 GHR- cells treated with rhGH and without rhGH, the doubling times of ECV304 cells co-incubated with Bel-7402 GHR+ cells, when treated with rhGH, were significantly shortened compared to those of controls (P <0.05). The cell doubling times of ECV304 cells co-incubated with Bel-7721 GHR- or Bel-7402 GHR+ cells which were treated with bevacizumab were longer than those of controls and of cells with rhGH (P <0.05). The VEGF mRNA and protein expression levels were higher in Bel-7402 GHR+ cells treated with different doses of rhGH than controls (P <0.05 or P <0.01); however, there was no statistically significant difference in the expression levels of VEGF mRNA and proteins between SMMC-7721 GHR- cells treated with rhGH and controls. Conclusions rhGH can induce VEGF secretion and stimulate proliferation of Bel-7402 GHR+ cells in vitro, but has little effect on the proliferation of SMMC-7721 GHR-cells, suggesting that rhGH may be applied safely to treatment for the catabolic state in patients with GHR-negative HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyi Li
- Institute of Tumor Molecular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
- Cancer Center, School of Clinical Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing
| | - Guiqing Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Cancer Center, School of Clinical Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing
| | - Xiangyu Su
- Cancer Center, School of Clinical Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing
| | - Lexun Xue
- Institute of Tumor Molecular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
- Laboratory for Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Hallasch S, Frick S, Jung M, Hilger I. How gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and α vβ 3 integrin expression reflect reorganization features of tumors after hyperthermia treatments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6916. [PMID: 28761146 PMCID: PMC5537297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of tumor treatment via hyperthermia in the clinic has been reported to be heterogeneous. Here, we assessed how the presence of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and αvβ3 integrin together with the morphology of the vascularization reflects the growth behavior of tumors after hyperthermia treatment. MDA-MB-231 tumor bearing mice were treated either with high (46 °C) or low dose (42 °C) water hyperthermia for 60 min. Changes of GRPR and αvβ3 integrin expression were assessed via multiplexed optical imaging. Vascularization was reconstructed and quantified by µCT imaging after contrast agent injection. We found that high dose hyperthermia is capable of increasing the expression of GRPR, αvβ3 integrin, CD31, and Ki67 in tumors. Also the morphology of tumor vasculature changed (increased relative blood volume and small-diameter vessel density, decreased expression of α-SMA). Low dose hyperthermia induced comparatively moderate effects on the investigated protein expression pattern and vascular remodeling. We conclude that under defined circumstances, specific temperature doses affect the reorganization of tumor regrowth, which is triggered by residual "dormant" cells even though tumor volumes are transiently decreasing. Further on, GRPR, αvβ3 integrin expression are versatile tools to surveil potential tumor regrow during therapy, beyond the conventional determination of tumor volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hallasch
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Sindy Frick
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Maximilian Jung
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany
- Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Jena, Carl-Zeiss Promenade 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hilger
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
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Moscona JC, Peters MN, Schally AV, Srivastav S, Delafontaine P, Irimpen A. The effects of a growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonist and a gastrin-releasing peptide antagonist on intimal hyperplasia of the carotid artery after balloon injury in a diabetic rat model☆. Artery Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Gan J, Ke X, Jiang J, Dong H, Yao Z, Lin Y, Lin W, Wu X, Yan S, Zhuang Y, Chu WK, Cai R, Zhang X, Cheung HS, Block NL, Pang CP, Schally AV, Zhang H. Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor antagonists inhibit human gastric cancer through downregulation of PAK1-STAT3/NF-κB signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14745-14750. [PMID: 27930339 PMCID: PMC5187693 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618582114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks as the fourth most frequent in incidence and second in mortality among all cancers worldwide. The development of effective treatment approaches is an urgent requirement. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) have been found to be present in a variety of tumoral tissues and cell lines. Therefore the inhibition of GHRH-R was proposed as a promising approach for the treatment of these cancers. However, little is known about GHRH-R and the relevant therapy in human GC. By survival analyses of multiple cohorts of GC patients, we identified that increased GHRH-R in tumor specimens correlates with poor survival and is an independent predictor of patient prognosis. We next showed that MIA-602, a highly potent GHRH-R antagonist, effectively inhibited GC growth in cultured cells. Further, this inhibitory effect was verified in multiple models of human GC cell lines xenografted into nude mice. Mechanistically, GHRH-R antagonists target GHRH-R and down-regulate the p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1)-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inflammatory pathway. Overall, our studies establish GHRH-R as a potential molecular target in human GC and suggest treatment with GHRH-R antagonist as a promising therapeutic intervention for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Gan
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiurong Ke
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jiali Jiang
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hongmei Dong
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Zhimeng Yao
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yusheng Lin
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Wan Lin
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shumei Yan
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yixuan Zhuang
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Wai Kit Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Renzhi Cai
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125
- South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL 33125
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Xianyang Zhang
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125
- South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL 33125
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Herman S Cheung
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125
- South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL 33125
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146
| | - Norman L Block
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125;
- South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL 33125
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Hao Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Santos J, Mesquita D, Barros-Silva JD, Jerónimo C, Henrique R, Morais A, Paulo P, Teixeira MR. Uncovering potential downstream targets of oncogenic GRPR overexpression in prostate carcinomas harboring ETS rearrangements. Oncoscience 2015; 2:497-507. [PMID: 26097883 PMCID: PMC4468336 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is known to be overexpressed in several human malignancies, including prostate cancer, and has been implicated in multiple important neoplastic signaling pathways. We recently have shown that GRPR is an ERG and ETV1 target gene in prostate cancer, using a genome-wide scale and exon-level expression microarray platform. Due to its cellular localization, the relevance of its function and the availability of blocking agents, GRPR seems to be a promising candidate as therapeutic target. Our present work shows that effective knockdown of GRPR in LNCaP and VCaP cells attenuates their malignant phenotype by decreasing proliferation, invasion and anchorage-independent growth, while increasing apoptosis. Using an antibody microarray we were able to validate known and identify new targets of GRPR pathway, namely AKT1, PKCε, TYK2 and MST1. Finally, we show that overexpression of these GRPR targets is restricted to prostate carcinomas harboring ERG and/or ETV1 rearrangements, establishing their potential as therapeutic targets for these particular molecular subsets of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Santos
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Genetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Mesquita
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Genetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - João D Barros-Silva
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Genetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Morais
- Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Paulo
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Genetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Genetics Group - CI-IPOP, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
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RC-3095, a gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist, synergizes with gemcitabine to inhibit the growth of human pancreatic cancer CFPAC-1 in vitro and in vivo. Pancreas 2014; 43:15-21. [PMID: 24326363 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3182a714cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic cancer remains a lethal disease. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a combination of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist RC-3095 and gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer CFPAC-1. METHODS The antiproliferation effects of RC-3095, gemcitabine, or the combination on pancreatic cancer were monitored in vitro. Nude mice bearing xenografts of CFPAC-1 cell received injections of the vehicle (control), RC-3095 (20 μg, subcutaneously, daily), gemcitabine (15 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, every 3 days), or the combination of RC-3095 and gemcitabine for 4 weeks. The histological changes and protein expression were tested using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS Treatment with the combination in culture exhibited a powerful inhibition effect on CFPAC-1 cell proliferation. In xenograft mice model, RC-3095 or gemcitabine significantly reduced the volume and weight of tumors after 4 weeks of treatment, as compared with controls. The combination more potently inhibited the tumor growth than either agent used individually. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting showed gastrin-releasing peptide receptor/bombesin receptor subtype-3 positive cells and protein expression in tumors decreased by treatment with RC-3095 or gemcitabine alone or greater in combination. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that the combination could be considered for the possible new approaches for treatment of pancreatic cancers.
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The influence of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor deficiency on prostatic dysplasia in pbARR2-Cre, PTEN knockout mice. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2013; 16:239-47. [PMID: 23689346 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2013.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) serum levels and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss are prostate cancer (PCa) risk factors that enhance androgen-responsive and castration-resistant PCa xenografts growth. METHODS The impact of suppressed growth hormone (GH)/IGF-I levels on neoplastic initiation of PTEN-deficient prostate epithelia was assessed histologically and by epithelial-to-mesenchymal marker expression in Ghrhr D60G homozygous (lit/lit) and heterozygous (lit/+) pbARR2-Cre, PTEN(fl/fl) (PTEN-/-) mice. How suppressed GH/IGF-I levels impacted growth of PTEN-/- mouse-derived prostate cells (MPPK) was examined by growth and survival signaling of cells cultured in lit/+ or lit/lit serum. RESULTS Body weight, prostate weight and serum GH and IGF-I levels were reduced in lit/lit relative to lit/+ PTEN-/- littermates. While the anterior lobes of lit/+ PTEN-/- prostates consistently presented swollen, indicative of ductal blockage, the degree of prostatic dysplasia in 15- and 20-week-old lit/lit and lit/+ PTEN-/- mice was indistinguishable as measured by normalized prostatic weight, tissue histology, or probasin, PSP94, E-cadherin, N-cadherin and vimentin expression. However, growth and AKT activation of MPPK cells was decreased when cultured in lit/lit serum as compared with lit/+ serum and restored in lit/lit serum supplemented with IGF-I and, to a lesser extent, GH. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that initiation of prostate carcinogenesis by loss of PTEN is not influenced by germline variation of genes encoding signaling molecules in the GH/IGF-I axis, but suggests that these factors may affect the progression of dysplastic phenotype and supports previous studies, indicating that the GH/IGF milieu does impact the growth of PTEN-deficient dysplastic prostatic cells once transformed.
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Xu Y, Jiang Y, Wu B. New Agonist- and Antagonist-Based Treatment Approaches for Advanced Prostate Cancer. J Int Med Res 2012; 40:1217-26. [PMID: 22971474 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased understanding of prostate cancer biology has led to new treatment strategies and promising new agents for treating prostate cancer, in particular peptide-based agonists and antagonists. In this review article, new therapy modalities and potential approaches for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer are discussed, including agonists and antagonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, antagonists of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide, and growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin analogues. Though the prognosis of patients with prostate cancer is much improved by some of these treatment approaches, including combination treatment methods, extensive side-effects are still reported. These include sexual dysfunction, functional lesions of the liver and renal system, osteoporosis, anaemia and diarrhoea. Future studies should focus on new treatment agents and treatment approaches that can eliminate side-effects and improve quality of life in patients with prostate cancer on the basis of potent treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yf Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
| | - B Wu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
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Stangelberger A, Schally AV, Rick FG, Varga JL, Baker B, Zarandi M, Halmos G. Inhibitory effects of antagonists of growth hormone releasing hormone on experimental prostate cancers are associated with upregulation of wild-type p53 and decrease in p21 and mutant p53 proteins. Prostate 2012; 72:555-65. [PMID: 21796649 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor suppressor gene p53 is implicated in cell cycle control and apoptosis. Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) have been shown to inhibit human experimental prostate cancers. METHODS We investigated the involvement of p53 apoptotic pathways in this effect. Nude mice bearing xenografted PC-3, DU-145, and MDA-PCa-2b human prostate cancer lines were treated with a new potent GHRH antagonist MZ-J-7-138. To determine whether tumor inhibition by MZ-J-7-138 involves apoptotic mechanisms such as p53 and p21, we evaluated by Western Blot the expression of mutant mt-p53 in PC-3 and DU-145 and of wild type (wt-p53) in MDA-PCa-2b prostate cancers as well as p21. RESULTS MZ-J-7-138 significantly inhibited the growth of PC-3, DU-145, and MDA-PCa-2b xenografts in nude mice. Androgen deprivation with the LHRH antagonist Cetrorelix enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of GHRH antagonist MZ-J-7-138 on MDA-PCa-2b tumors. The expression of mutant (mt-p53) and p21 protein in PC-3 and DU-145 tumors was significantly decreased by treatment with MZ-J-7-138, whereas wild type wt-p53 expression in MDA-PCA-2b tumors was up regulated by treatment with Cetrorelix. All three models investigated expressed specific, high affinity GHRH receptors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the anti-proliferative effects of GHRH antagonist MZ-J-7-138 and LHRH antagonist Cetrorelix on prostate cancers involve p53 and p21 signaling.
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Beer M, Montani M, Gerhardt J, Wild PJ, Hany TF, Hermanns T, Müntener M, Kristiansen G. Profiling gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in prostate tissues: clinical implications and molecular correlates. Prostate 2012; 72:318-25. [PMID: 21739464 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) has emerged as an attractive target for both therapeutic and diagnostic appliances, but has only insufficiently been characterized in the human prostate so far. The aim of this study is to profile GRPR in a large cohort and correlate it with clinicopathologic and molecular parameters. METHODS Benign and malignant (primary carcinoma, metastases, and castration-resistant prostate cancer) prostate samples from 530 patients were analyzed immunohistochemically for GRPR, androgen receptor and Cyclin D1 expression. Staining intensity was assessed assigning a semiquantitative score to each sample. RESULTS Normal prostate tissues were mostly GRPR negative, significantly higher expression rates were seen in primary carcinomas and metastases. Significant inverse correlations were found for GRPR and increasing Gleason score, PSA value, and tumor size. A stratified Kaplan-Meyer analysis for GRPR and high AR expression shows a significant prognostic advantage for high GRPR expression, whereas GRPR expression alone shows no independent prognostic value. Highly significant correlations for GRPR, AR, and Cyclin D1 were found. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that GRPR is overexpressed in prostate cancer, particularly of lower grade and smaller size. These findings constitute a caveat for the use of GRPR as a target for diagnostic or therapeutic approaches to high grade or progressed prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Beer
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Fávaro WJ, Hetzl AC, Reis LO, Ferreira U, Billis A, Cagnon VHA. Periacinar retraction clefting in nonneoplastic and neoplastic prostatic glands: artifact or molecular involvement. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 18:285-92. [PMID: 21912906 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-011-9440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A space between neoplastic acini and prostatic stroma is not rare and studies have interpreted this as an artifact, considering the absence of endothelial cells indicating vascular invasion. Thus, the aims of this work were to characterize and correlate the occurrence and extent of retraction clefting with the reactivities of α and β dystroglycan (αDG, βDG), laminin, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), p63, insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1), vimentin, and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). The study was based on nonneoplastic and neoplastic prostatic tissues obtained from necropsies and retropubic radical prostatectomies. The results showed that periacinar retraction clefting was significantly more frequent in prostatic carcinoma samples than in normal prostatic acini. Most of the neoplastic acini (72.0%) showed retraction clefting of more than 50% of circumference, which were significantly more frequent in Gleason score 7 and 6. Decreased collagen and reticular and elastic fibers were verified in the stroma around neoplastic acini. Weak and discontinuous αDG, βDG, and laminin immunoreactivities and intensified MMP-2, vimentin, IGF-1 and FGF-2 immunoreactivities were verified in the neoplastic acini; p63 immunoreactivity was negative in all carcinomas. Thus, these findings showed that the lack of epithelial basal cells, DGs, and laminin and increased MMP-2, IGF-1, and FGF-7 could be considered important pathways in periacinar retraction occurrence. This study demonstrated the origin of and the biological mechanisms responsible for periacinar retraction clefting in prostatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner José Fávaro
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), CP-510, 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Reubi JC, Fleischmann A, Waser B, Rehmann R. Concomitant vascular GRP-receptor and VEGF-receptor expression in human tumors: molecular basis for dual targeting of tumoral vasculature. Peptides 2011; 32:1457-62. [PMID: 21605611 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and GRP receptors (GRPR) play a role in tumor angiogenesis. Recently, GRPR were found to be frequently expressed in the vasculature of a large variety of human cancers. Here, we characterize these GRPR by comparing the vascular GRPR expression and localization in a selection of human cancers with that of an established biological marker of neoangiogenesis, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor. In vitro quantitative receptor autoradiography was performed in parallel for GRPR and VEGF receptors (VEGFR) in 32 human tumors of various origins, using ¹²⁵I-Tyr-bombesin and ¹²⁵I-VEGF₁₆₅ as radioligands, respectively. Moreover, VEGFR-2 was evaluated immunohistochemically. All tumors expressed GRPR and VEGFR in their vascular system. VEGFR were expressed in the endothelium in the majority of the vessels. GRPR were expressed in a subpopulation of vessels, preferably in their muscular coat. The vessels expressing GRPR were all VEGFR-positive whereas the VEGFR-expressing vessels were not all GRPR-positive. GRPR expressing vessels were found immunohistochemically to co-express VEGFR-2. Remarkably, the density of vascular GRPR was much higher than that of VEGFR. The concomitant expression of GRPR with VEGFR appears to be a frequent phenomenon in many human cancers. The GRPR, localized and expressed in extremely high density in a subgroup of vessels, may function as target for antiangiogenic tumor therapy or angiodestructive targeted radiotherapy with radiolabeled bombesin analogs alone, or preferably together with VEGFR targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Reubi
- Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, PO Box 62, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Heinrich E, Probst K, Michel MS, Trojan L. Gastrin-releasing peptide: predictor of castration-resistant prostate cancer? Prostate 2011; 71:642-8. [PMID: 20945407 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine (NE) cells of the prostate are known to be androgen-independent and NE peptides like gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) or neuron-specific enolase (NSE) can stimulate growth in a paracrine manner, and this is thought to be one of the escape mechanisms in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPCa). In a longitudinal study, we investigated the development of the NE serum factors GRP, NSE, and chromogranin A and their correlation with prostate-specific androgen (PSA) during hormonal treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty two patients, with histology-proven, localized or metastatic prostatic carcinoma (PCa), who were undergoing therapy with LHRH analogue or a combination of LHRH analog and peripheral androgen blockade, took part in the study. In addition, eight healthy volunteers were each tested twice for serum GRP to elicit a "physiological" standard value. Blood samples were taken periodically from each patient within an 18-month time frame. RESULTS We defined the standard value for GRP in the healthy participants as 0.852 ng/ml (mean + 2 SD) and observed that the GRP values for patients with PCa were significantly higher (P = 0.034). There was a positive correlation between PSA and GRP in patients with biochemical failure. CgA correlated with PSA development in the CRPCa patients. NSE values rose steadily over the study period, but with no correlation to PSA. CONCLUSION Our data confirm that NE factors are elevated during hormonal treatment of prostate cancer. GRP is higher in PCa patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy and is possibly involved in the initiation of hormonal escape in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Heinrich
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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16
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Takahara K, Tearle H, Ghaffari M, Gleave ME, Pollak M, Cox ME. Human prostate cancer xenografts in lit/lit mice exhibit reduced growth and androgen-independent progression. Prostate 2011; 71:525-37. [PMID: 20878948 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I (GH/IGF-I) axis has been linked to prostate cancer (PCa) risk. Although previous studies indicate that human breast cancers and a murine PCa model develop more slowly in murine hosts homozygous for a missense mutation in the GH-releasing hormone receptor (lit/lit) whose "little" dwarfed phenotype is caused by suppressed GH and IGF-I production, the role of these two hormones remains controversial. METHODS To assess how the GH/IGF-I axis influences androgen-responsive, castration-resistant (CR), and androgen-independent (AI) growth of human PCa, we compared xenograft growth of the androgen-responsive human PCa cells, LNCaP, and AI human PCa cells, PC3, in intact and castrate Nod/SCID lit/lit and lit/+ mice, and in vitro growth of these cell lines in lit/lit and lit/+ serum-containing media supplemented with GH or IGF-I. RESULTS Tumor growth and PSA accumulation rates were suppressed in LNCaP tumor-bearing lit/lit mice pre- and post-castration. Growth of PC3 xenografts in lit/lit mice was also suppressed. In vitro proliferation of LNCaP and PC3 cells cultured in media containing lit/lit mouse serum was decreased as compared to growth in media containing lit/+ serum. Suppressed growth in lit/lit serum could be restored by the addition of IGF-I, and to a lesser extent, GH. Differences in growth correlated with differences in steady-state AKT and ERK1/2 activation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that circulating GH and IGF-I can promote androgen-responsive growth, CR progression, and AI expansion of PTEN-deficient human PCa cell xenografts and indicates that IGF-I can promote PCa growth in a suppressed GH environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Takahara
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Sotomayor S, Muñoz-Moreno L, Carmena MJ, Schally AV, Sánchez-Chapado M, Prieto JC, Bajo AM. Regulation of HER expression and transactivation in human prostate cancer cells by a targeted cytotoxic bombesin analog (AN-215) and a bombesin antagonist (RC-3095). Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1813-22. [PMID: 20099275 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bombesin (BN) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) have been shown to stimulate the growth of human prostate cancer in vivo and in vitro by mechanisms initiated by binding of the peptide to BN/GRP receptor (GRPR). GRPR is overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, including human prostatic carcinoma. This led us to evaluate the effectiveness of blocking GRPR and of chemotherapy targeted to GRPR in androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (PC-3) prostate cancer cells, which exhibit different features of disease progression. Thus, we used a cytotoxic BN/GRP analog, AN-215, consisting of 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201) linked to BN-like carrier peptide, and a BN/GRP receptor antagonist, RC-3095. Semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting revealed that mRNA and protein levels for GRPR increased in prostate cancer cells as compared with nonneoplastic RWPE-1 cells. Immunofluorocytochemistry and Western blot assays revealed that AN-215 was the most effective analog decreasing both the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor family members and the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and HER-2, which are associated to a poor prognosis. Furthermore, analogs targeted to BN/GRP receptors, AN-215 and RC-3095, blocked the effect of BN on cell growth in RWPE-1, LNCaP and PC-3 cells. These findings shed light on the mechanisms of action of these analogs and support the view that the use of AN-215 and RC-3095 for blocking BN/GRP receptors for targeted therapy may be of benefit for treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sotomayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alcalá University, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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18
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Adams TE, Koziolek EJ, Hoyne PH, Bentley JD, Lu L, Lovrecz G, Ward CW, Lee FT, Scott AM, Nash AD, Rothacker J, Nice EC, Burgess AW, Johns TG. A truncated soluble epidermal growth factor receptor-Fc fusion ligand trap displays anti-tumour activity in vivo. Growth Factors 2009; 27:141-54. [PMID: 19333814 DOI: 10.1080/08977190902843565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of therapeutic strategies including small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies have been developed to target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling axis for the treatment of cancer. To date, the focus of therapeutic intervention has been the EGFR itself. In the current study, we have assembled and expressed in mammalian cells a soluble, EGFR ligand trap comprising the first 501 amino acids of the mature EGFR sequence fused in-frame with a human IgG Fc domain. The fusion protein, designated sEGFR501.Fc, was secreted as a 220 kDa disulphide-linked homodimer that exhibited high affinity (0.4-8 nM) in competition assays for a number of EGFR ligands including EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha). sEGFR501.Fc inhibited EGF-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR of the lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1437, and inhibited and blocked the proliferation of H1437 cells. Administration of sEGFR501.Fc to mice bearing human tumour xenografts derived from A431 (epidermoid carcinoma) and DU145 (androgen-independent prostate cancer) tumour cell lines resulted in modest retardation of tumour growth. These results provide proof-in-principle that using high affinity soluble receptors is a viable method for inhibiting multi-ligand systems, and the impetus to optimize this approach and develop reagents with greater affinity and broader specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Adams
- CSIRO Division of Molecular and Health Technologies, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Zhao KJ, Shen JK. Advances of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in treatment of tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:63-67. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), known as autocrine growth factors in tumors, is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of many human malignant tumors, and high expression of its receptor, GRPR, in a large spectrum of human cancers gives support to the conclusion that GRPR is a new molecular target in experimental and clinical cancer therapy. GRPRs may be potential carriers for cytotoxins, immunotoxins or radioactive compounds. Moreover, blocking gastrin-releasing peptide receptor signaling pathways by means of antisence oligonucleotide, RNA interference and its antagonists has exhibited impressive antitumor activity.
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20
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Kojima S, Inahara M, Suzuki H, Ichikawa T, Furuya Y. Implications of insulin-like growth factor-I for prostate cancer therapies. Int J Urol 2008; 16:161-7. [PMID: 19183230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, abundant evidence has suggested that the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family comprises a multi-component network of molecules involved in the regulation of both physiological and pathological growth processes in the prostate. The IGF axis plays an important role in the tumorigenesis and neoplastic growth of prostate cancer. Epidemiological observations indicate that circulating IGF-I levels are positively associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. Activation of IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) by IGF-I has mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects on normal and malignant prostate cells. Therapeutic alternatives in men with progressive prostate cancer after androgen ablation are very limited and more effective therapies are needed for such patients. Inactivation of the IGF-I axis represents a potential target to treat androgen-independent prostate cancer. This review addresses epidemiological studies of IGF-I and therapeutic strategies including reduction of IGF-I levels, inhibition of IGF-IR and the signaling mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kojima
- Department of Urology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Chiba, Japan.
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21
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Heinrich E, Schally AV, Buchholz S, Rick FG, Halmos G, Mile M, Groot K, Hohla F, Zarandi M, Varga JL. Dose-dependent growth inhibition in vivo of PC-3 prostate cancer with a reduction in tumoral growth factors after therapy with GHRH antagonist MZ-J-7-138. Prostate 2008; 68:1763-72. [PMID: 18729085 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) inhibit the growth of various cancers and affect tumoral growth factors. METHODS We investigated the effect of a new GHRH antagonist MZ-J-7-138 at doses of 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 microg/day s.c. on the growth of PC-3 human androgen independent prostate cancers xenografted s.c. into nude mice. Binding assays were used to investigate GHRH receptors. The levels of IGF-II and VEGF in tumors were measured by radioimmunoassays. RESULTS Treatment with 2.5, 5, and 10 microg/day MZ-J-7-138 caused a significant dose-dependent growth reduction of PC-3 tumors. The greatest inhibition of 78% was obtained with 10 microg/day. The suppression of IGF-II protein levels in tumors was seen at all doses of MZ-J-7-138, but only 10 microg dose induced a significant inhibition. MZ-J-7-138 also reduced VEGF protein levels, the inhibition being significant at doses of 5 and 10 microg. Specific high affinity binding sites for GHRH were found on PC-3 tumors using (125)I-labeled GHRH antagonist JV-1-42. MZ-J-7-138 displaced radiolabeled JV-1-42 with an IC(50) of 0.32 nM indicating its high affinity to GHRH receptors. Real-time PCR analyses detected splice variant 1 (SV1) of GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) as well as pituitary type of GHRH-R and GHRH ligand. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the efficacy of GHRH antagonist MZ-J-7-138 in suppressing growth of PC-3 prostate cancer at doses lower than previous antagonists. The reduction of levels of growth factors such as VEGF and IGF-II in tumors by GHRH antagonist was correlated with the suppression of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Heinrich
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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22
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Bamias A, Dimopoulos MA. Editorial Comment on: New treatment approaches for prostate cancer based on peptide analogues. Eur Urol 2008; 53:899-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Modulation of key signal transduction molecules by a novel peptide combination effective for the treatment of gastrointestinal carcinomas. Invest New Drugs 2008; 26:505-16. [PMID: 18322652 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-008-9119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We have reported earlier a novel combination of four structurally designed synthetic neuropeptide analogs of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), bombesin, substance P and somatostatin, code-named DRF 7295 which have anti-tumor efficacy for adenocarcinomas in vitro and in vivo (Jaggi et al., Invest New Drugs, 2008). The discovery, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo efficacy was reported (Jaggi et al., Invest New Drugs, 2008). Gastrointestinal tumor cells of the colon, pancreas and duodenum were found to most sensitive to DRF7295 in vitro and in vivo (Jaggi et al., Invest New Drugs, 2008). We have further investigated and report here the modulation of cellular signaling in gastrointestinal carcinomas by DRF 7295, which may be mediating its observed anticancer activity in these cancer types. DRF 7295 inhibits the binding of specific neuropeptides initiating a cascade of cellular signaling events leading to programmed cell death. It down regulates the second messenger cAMP, epidermal growth factor (EGF) dependent proliferation and the phosphorylated MAP Kinase pERK1/2 in gastrointestinal carcinomas, thus depriving the tumour cells of critical pro-proliferative cellular signals. It triggers bcl2 and Caspase 3 dependent apoptotic cell death and induces p53 tumor suppressor protein in the treated carcinoma cells in vitro. It has significant anti-angiogenic potential as reflected in the inhibition of tube like formation in the endothelial cells and down regulation of VEGF levels. Tumour xenograft studies confirmed the in vivo efficacy of DRF 7295 for gastrointestinal carcinomas (Jaggi et al., Invest New Drugs, 2008). The Phase I clinical trials have shown DRF 7295 to be well tolerated and devoid of systemic toxicities of the conventional cytotoxics (Mukherjee et al., Phase I dose escalating study of DRF7295: a new class of peptide based drugs. "Abstract" ASCO ID:948, 2003). The drug may have a promising role in disease stabilization in colorectal and other cancers. Thus DRF 7295 is a novel targeted drug in the class of signal transduction modulators, with potential for treatment of gastrointestinal carcinomas.
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Jensen RT, Battey JF, Spindel ER, Benya RV. International Union of Pharmacology. LXVIII. Mammalian bombesin receptors: nomenclature, distribution, pharmacology, signaling, and functions in normal and disease states. Pharmacol Rev 2008; 60:1-42. [PMID: 18055507 PMCID: PMC2517428 DOI: 10.1124/pr.107.07108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian bombesin receptor family comprises three G protein-coupled heptahelical receptors: the neuromedin B (NMB) receptor (BB(1)), the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor (BB(2)), and the orphan receptor bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) (BB(3)). Each receptor is widely distributed, especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and central nervous system (CNS), and the receptors have a large range of effects in both normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions. The mammalian bombesin peptides, GRP and NMB, demonstrate a broad spectrum of pharmacological/biological responses. GRP stimulates smooth muscle contraction and GI motility, release of numerous GI hormones/neurotransmitters, and secretion and/or hormone release from the pancreas, stomach, colon, and numerous endocrine organs and has potent effects on immune cells, potent growth effects on both normal tissues and tumors, potent CNS effects, including regulation of circadian rhythm, thermoregulation; anxiety/fear responses, food intake, and numerous CNS effects on the GI tract as well as the spinal transmission of chronic pruritus. NMB causes contraction of smooth muscle, has growth effects in various tissues, has CNS effects, including effects on feeding and thermoregulation, regulates thyroid-stimulating hormone release, stimulates various CNS neurons, has behavioral effects, and has effects on spinal sensory transmission. GRP, and to a lesser extent NMB, affects growth and/or differentiation of various human tumors, including colon, prostate, lung, and some gynecologic cancers. Knockout studies show that BB(3) has important effects in energy balance, glucose homeostasis, control of body weight, lung development and response to injury, tumor growth, and perhaps GI motility. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the biology/pharmacology of these receptors, including their classification, structure, pharmacology, physiology, and role in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Gonzalez N, Moody TW, Igarashi H, Ito T, Jensen RT. Bombesin-related peptides and their receptors: recent advances in their role in physiology and disease states. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:58-64. [PMID: 18185064 PMCID: PMC2631407 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282f3709b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mammalian bombesin-related peptides, gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin B actions are mediated by two receptors (BB1-receptor, BB2-receptor), which are closely related to the orphan receptor BRS-3 (BB3-receptor). The purpose of this review is to highlight advances in the understanding of these peptides in physiology/disease states. RECENT FINDINGS Pharmacologic/receptor-knockout studies show involvement of these receptors in a number of new processes/diseases. Neuromedin B/BB1-receptor is an important physiological regulator of pituitary-thyroid function; in mediating behavior, especially feas/anxiety; in mediating satiety through different cascades than gastrin-releasing peptide/BB2 receptors and for its autocrine tumor-growth effects. Gastrin-releasing peptide/BB2-receptor plays important roles in mediating signals for pruritus, lung development/injury, small intestinal mucosal defense, and central nervous system processes such as learning/memory. The signaling mechanisms of its potent growth effects are being elucidated and their possible therapeutic targets identified. BB3-receptor knockout mice provided insights for their obesity/glucose intolerance and demonstrated that this receptor may be important in the lung response to injury, tumor growth and gastrointestinal motility. Each receptor is frequently overexpressed in human tumors and has potent growth effects. This effect is being explored to develop new antitumor treatments, such as bombesin-receptor ligands conjugated to cytotoxic agents. SUMMARY This receptor family is involved in an increasing number of central nervous system/peripheral processes physiologically and in disease states, and increased understanding of its role may lead to novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Gonzalez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Schally AV, Varga JL, Engel JB. Antagonists of growth-hormone-releasing hormone: an emerging new therapy for cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:33-43. [PMID: 18084344 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the potential clinical uses of antagonists of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) for tumor therapy. GHRH antagonists suppress the growth of various human cancer lines xenografted into nude mice; such tumors include breast, ovarian, endometrial and prostate cancers, lung cancers (small-cell lung carcinomas and non-small-cell lung carcinomas), renal, pancreatic, gastric and colorectal carcinomas, brain tumors (malignant gliomas), osteogenic sarcomas and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The antitumor effects of GHRH antagonists are exerted in part indirectly through the inhibition of the secretion of GH from the pituitary and the resulting reduction in the levels of hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). The main effects of the GHRH antagonists are, however, exerted directly on tumors. GHRH ligand is present in various human cancers and might function as an autocrine and/or paracrine growth factor. Pituitary-type GHRH receptors and their splice variants are also found in many human cancers. The inhibitory effects of GHRH antagonists seem to be due to the blockade of action of tumoral GHRH. Antagonists of GHRH can also suppress cancer growth by blocking production of IGF-I and/or IGF-II by the tumor. Further development of GHRH antagonists that are still-more potent should lead to potential therapeutic agents for various cancers.
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Stangelberger A, Schally AV, Djavan B. New treatment approaches for prostate cancer based on peptide analogues. Eur Urol 2007; 53:890-900. [PMID: 18201818 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES New therapy modalities for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer based on peptide analogues are reviewed. RESULTS Agonists and antagonists of luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) lead to androgen deprivation, but direct effects on tumours may also play a role. Radiolabeled somatostatin analogues can be targeted to tumours expressing receptors for somatostatin and have been successfully applied for the localization of these tumours. Tumoural LHRH, growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), and bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (BN/GRP) and their receptors appear to be involved in the proliferation of prostate cancer. On the basis of the recent advances in the understanding of the role of neuropeptides in tumour growth and progression, new therapeutic modalities are being developed that are based on antagonists of GHRH and of BN/GRP, which inhibit growth factors or their receptors. Another promising approach for the therapy of prostate cancer consists of the use of cytotoxic analogues of LHRH, bombesin, and somatostatin, which can be targeted to receptors for these peptides in prostate cancers and their metastases. CONCLUSIONS New promising forms of hormone therapy and targeted chemotherapy may improve therapy of advanced stage prostate cancer.
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Stangelberger A, Schally AV, Zarandi M, Heinrich E, Groot K, Havt A, Kanashiro CA, Varga JL, Halmos G. The combination of antagonists of LHRH with antagonists of GHRH improves inhibition of androgen sensitive MDA-PCa-2b and LuCaP-35 prostate cancers. Prostate 2007; 67:1339-53. [PMID: 17624923 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) could extend the duration of response of androgen sensitive prostate cancers to androgen deprivation. METHODS We investigated the effect of new GHRH antagonists MZ-J-7-118 and MZ-J-7-138 and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonist Cetrorelix or castration on androgen sensitive MDA-PCa-2b and LuCaP-35 prostate cancer models xenografted into nude mice. Animals bearing androgen-independent LuCaP-35V prostatic cancer model were also treated with MZ-J-7-118. RESULTS Receptors for LHRH and GHRH were present in MDA-PCA-2b, LuCaP-35, and LuCaP-35V tumors. GHRH antagonists increased the inhibitory effect of surgical castration and LHRH antagonists on androgen sensitive MDA-PCa-2b and LuCaP-35 tumors. The time to relapse of androgen-dependent LuCaP-35 tumors was extended by GHRH antagonists. Growth of androgen-independent LuCaP-35V xenografts was also significantly inhibited by MZ-J-7-118. In MDA-PCa-2b tumors treatment with MZ-J-7-118 caused a significant decrease of VEGF and Cetrorelix or its combination with MZ-J-7-118 reduced EGF. The B(max) of EGF receptors was significantly reduced by Cetrorelix, MZ-J-7-118 and their combination. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the use of a combination of antagonists of GHRH and LHRH could improve the therapy for androgen sensitive prostate cancer. Antagonists of GHRH could be also considered for treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Stangelberger
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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29
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Preissler T, Luft T, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R. Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Prevents the Memory Impairment Induced by Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Antagonism in Area CA1 of the Rat Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1381-6. [PMID: 17406984 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is implicated in regulating synaptic plasticity and memory formation in the hippocampus and other brain areas. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the memory-impairing effects of GRPR antagonism have remained unclear. Here we report that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF/FGF-2) rescues the memory impairment induced by GRPR antagonism in the rat dorsal hippocampus. The GRPR antagonist [D-Tpi(6), Leu(13) psi(CH(2)NH)-Leu(14)] bombesin (6-14) (RC-3095) at 1.0 microg impaired, whereas bFGF at 0.25 microg enhanced, 24 h retention of inhibitory avoidance (IA) when infused immediately after training into the CA1 hippocampal area in male rats. Coinfusion with an otherwise ineffective dose of bFGF blocked the memory-impairing effect of RC-3095. These findings suggest that the memory-impairing effects of GRPR antagonists might be partially mediated by an inhibition in the function and/or expression of neuronal bFGF or diminished activation of intracellular protein kinase pathways associated with bFGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Preissler
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuropharmacology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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30
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Hohla F, Schally AV, Szepeshazi K, Varga JL, Buchholz S, Köster F, Heinrich E, Halmos G, Rick FG, Kannadka C, Datz C, Kanashiro CA. Synergistic inhibition of growth of lung carcinomas by antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone in combination with docetaxel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14513-8. [PMID: 16983095 PMCID: PMC1599991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605309103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) MZ-J-7-138 and JV-1-92 on H460 human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) xenografted orthotopically into nude mice. Treatment with MZ-J-7-138 or JV-1-92 inhibited orthotopic growth of H460 NSCLC by 52-65% (P < 0.001) and was associated with a significant decrease in protein expression of K-Ras, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and phospho-Akt (pAkt). In other experiments, treatment with MZ-J-7-138 or docetaxel reduced tumor volume of s.c. xenografted H460 human NSCLC by 30-36% (P < 0.01). The combination of MZ-J-7-138 and docetaxel resulted in a synergistic growth inhibition of H460 NSCLC xenografts of 63%. MZ-J-7-138 alone or in combination with docetaxel significantly reduced protein levels of K-Ras, Cox-2, and pAkt by 56-63%. Docetaxel given singly diminished the protein levels only of Cox-2 and did not affect K-Ras and pAkt. High-affinity binding sites, mRNA, and protein expression of pituitary GHRH receptors and its splice variant (SV) 1 were found in H460. H460 NSCLC cells contained GHRH peptide, and its growth was significantly inhibited in vitro by 10 microM MZ-J-7-138 (P < 0.001). Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was not reduced by either GHRH antagonists. These findings suggest that antiproliferative effects of GHRH antagonists in H460 NSCLC are associated with down-regulation of K-Ras, Cox-2, and pAkt. In conclusion, GHRH antagonists in combination with docetaxel synergistically inhibit growth of H460 NSCLC and the expression of K-ras, Cox-2, and pAkt, which might abrogate the signal transduction pathways for cell growth stimulation and therapeutic resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing/genetics
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Docetaxel
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Organ Size/drug effects
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Radioimmunoassay
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone/metabolism
- Taxoids/therapeutic use
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hohla
- *Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Oberndorf, 5100 Oberndorf, Austria
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- *Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL 33125
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101; and
| | - Karoly Szepeshazi
- *Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL 33125
| | - Jozsef L. Varga
- *Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Stefan Buchholz
- *Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Frank Köster
- *Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Elmar Heinrich
- *Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Gabor Halmos
- *Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101; and
| | - Ferenc G. Rick
- *Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Chandrika Kannadka
- *Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Christian Datz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Oberndorf, 5100 Oberndorf, Austria
| | - Celia A. Kanashiro
- *Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Zarandi M, Varga JL, Schally AV, Horvath JE, Toller GL, Kovacs M, Letsch M, Groot K, Armatis P, Halmos G. Lipopeptide antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone with improved antitumor activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4610-5. [PMID: 16537407 PMCID: PMC1450219 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511348103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) synthesized previously inhibit proliferation of various human cancers, but derivatisation with fatty acids could enhance their clinical efficacy. We synthesized a series of antagonists of GHRH(1-29)NH(2) acylated at the N terminus with monocarboxylic or alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acids containing six to sixteen carbon atoms. These peptides are analogs of prior potent antagonists JV-1-36, JV-1-38, and JV-1-65 with phenylacetyl group at their N terminus. Several new analogs, including MZ-J-7-46 and MZ-J-7-30, more effectively inhibited GHRH-induced GH release in vitro in a superfused rat pituitary system than their parent compound JV-1-36 and had increased binding affinities to rat pituitary GHRH receptors, but they showed weaker inhibition of GH release in vivo than JV-1-36. All antagonists acylated with fatty acids containing 8-14 carbon atoms inhibited the proliferation of MiaPaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro better than JV-1-36 or JV-1-65. GHRH antagonist MZ-J-7-114 (5 mug/day) significantly suppressed the growth of PC-3 human androgen-independent prostate cancers xenografted into nude mice and reduced serum IGF-I levels, whereas antagonist JV-1-38 had no effect at the dose of 10 mug/day. GHRH antagonists including MZ-J-7-46 and MZ-J-7-114 acylated with octanoic acid and MZ-J-7-30 and MZ-J-7-110 acylated with 1,12-dodecanedicarboxylic acid represent relevant improvements over earlier antagonists. These and previous results suggest that this class of GHRH antagonists might be effective in the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zarandi
- *Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699; and
| | - Jozsef L. Varga
- *Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699; and
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- *Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699; and
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, FL 33125-1624
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Judit E. Horvath
- *Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699; and
| | - Gabor L. Toller
- *Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699; and
| | - Magdolna Kovacs
- *Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699; and
| | - Markus Letsch
- *Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699; and
| | - Kate Groot
- *Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699; and
| | - Patricia Armatis
- *Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699; and
| | - Gabor Halmos
- *Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699; and
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Reynolds AR, Kyprianou N. Growth factor signalling in prostatic growth: significance in tumour development and therapeutic targeting. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147 Suppl 2:S144-52. [PMID: 16465179 PMCID: PMC1751493 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate balance maintained between cell growth and proliferation factors and apoptosis-inducing factors is fundamental to the regulation of prostate growth. Disruptions in this homeostasis often trigger the loss of apoptosis and the over-expression of factors promoting cell survival and proliferation, inevitably leading to tumorigenesis and cancer. Deregulation of prostate growth during prostate cancer development and progression is characterized by apoptotic evasion, uncontrolled proliferation, and increased invasive potential. Thus, in advanced stages of disease progression, surviving prostate tumour cells acquire the ability to migrate and invade heterotopic tissues, with the bone and lymph nodes being the most common sites for human prostate cancer metastasis. The challenges in the implementation of effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of advanced metastatic prostate cancer reflect the multidimensional nature and functional significance of antiapoptotic pathways in the emergence of therapeutic resistance of prostate tumours. In this chapter, we discuss the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing growth factor signalling pathways with often overlapping functions that contribute to loss of apoptosis control and activation of cell proliferation towards aggressive prostate tumorigenic growth and metastatic behaviour. While a full understanding of the prosurvival characteristics of these growth factor pathways is still evolving, the impact that growth factors such a epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta can be recognized by the vigorous attempts at therapeutic targeting of their key signalling steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arich Ryan Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Stangelberger A, Schally AV, Varga JL, Zarandi M, Cai RZ, Baker B, Hammann BD, Armatis P, Kanashiro CA. Inhibition of human androgen-independent PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancers by antagonists of bombesin and growth hormone releasing hormone is linked to PKC, MAPK and c-jun intracellular signalling. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:2735-44. [PMID: 16291086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (BN/GRP) antagonists RC-3940-II and RC-3940-Et, and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonists MZ-J-7-118 and RC-J-29-18 inhibit the growth of human androgen-independent PC-3 and DU-145 prostate cancers in nude mice. Additive inhibitory effects were observed after treatment with both classes of analogs. In the present study, we investigated the effects of these antagonists on intracellular signalling pathways of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) and c-fos and c-jun oncogenes that are involved in tumour cell proliferation. In PC-3 tumours, antagonists of BN/GRP and GHRH decreased significantly the expression of PKC isoforms alpha (alpha), eta (eta) and zeta (zeta) and increased that of delta (delta) PKC protein. MAPK was not detectable. In DU-145 tumours, which constitutively express MAPK, all treatments strongly decreased the levels of p42/44 MAPK. Treatment with the antagonists tended to reduce m-RNA for c-jun in both tumour models. In proliferation assays in vitro, inhibitors of PKC and MAPK diminished growth of DU-145 and PC-3 cells. These findings suggest that antagonists of BN/GRP and GHRH inhibit the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer by affecting intracellular signalling mechanisms of PKC, MAPK and c-jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Stangelberger
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1601 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112-1262, USA
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Keller G, Schally AV, Groot K, Toller GL, Havt A, Köster F, Armatis P, Halmos G, Zarandi M, Varga JL, Engel JB. Effective treatment of experimental human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:10628-33. [PMID: 16027368 PMCID: PMC1180787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) were shown to inhibit the growth of various cancers. We investigated the antitumor activity and the mechanism of action of GHRH antagonists in human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). Nude mice bearing xenografts of RL and HT human NHL were treated with GHRH antagonists MZ-5-156 and MZ-J-7-138 at a dose of 40 microg twice daily. The concentrations of serum IGF-1 and GHRH, bFGF, and VEGF in tumor tissue were measured by radioimmunoassays. Expression of GHRH and splice variant 1 of the GHRH receptor in both cell lines was examined by RT-PCR. The effects of MZ-5-156, MZ-J-7-138 and GHRH on cell proliferation were evaluated in vitro. Treatment with MZ-5-156 and MZ-J-7-138 significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the growth of RL and HT tumors by 59.9-73.9%. High-affinity binding sites for GHRH and mRNA for GHRH and splice variant-1 of the GHRH receptors were found on RL and HT tumors. RL and HT cells contained GHRH peptide, and their growth in vitro was significantly inhibited by both antagonists. IGF-I levels in serum of mice were significantly decreased by antagonist MZ-5-156. Therapy with GHRH antagonists also significantly reduced tumoral bFGF, whereas VEGF levels were not suppressed. Our findings suggest that GHRH antagonists inhibit the growth of RL and HT lymphomas by direct effects mediated by tumoral receptors for GHRH. GHRH antagonists could offer a new therapeutic modality for the management of advanced NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhild Keller
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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