1
|
Casotti MC, Meira DD, Zetum ASS, Campanharo CV, da Silva DRC, Giacinti GM, da Silva IM, Moura JAD, Barbosa KRM, Altoé LSC, Mauricio LSR, Góes LSBDB, Alves LNR, Linhares SSG, Ventorim VDP, Guaitolini YM, dos Santos EDVW, Errera FIV, Groisman S, de Carvalho EF, de Paula F, de Sousa MVP, Fechine PBA, Louro ID. Integrating frontiers: a holistic, quantum and evolutionary approach to conquering cancer through systems biology and multidisciplinary synergy. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1419599. [PMID: 39224803 PMCID: PMC11367711 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1419599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy is facing increasingly significant challenges, marked by a wide range of techniques and research efforts centered around somatic mutations, precision oncology, and the vast amount of big data. Despite this abundance of information, the quest to cure cancer often seems more elusive, with the "war on cancer" yet to deliver a definitive victory. A particularly pressing issue is the development of tumor treatment resistance, highlighting the urgent need for innovative approaches. Evolutionary, Quantum Biology and System Biology offer a promising framework for advancing experimental cancer research. By integrating theoretical studies, translational methods, and flexible multidisciplinary clinical research, there's potential to enhance current treatment strategies and improve outcomes for cancer patients. Establishing stronger links between evolutionary, quantum, entropy and chaos principles and oncology could lead to more effective treatments that leverage an understanding of the tumor's evolutionary dynamics, paving the way for novel methods to control and mitigate cancer. Achieving these objectives necessitates a commitment to multidisciplinary and interprofessional collaboration at the heart of both research and clinical endeavors in oncology. This entails dismantling silos between disciplines, encouraging open communication and data sharing, and integrating diverse viewpoints and expertise from the outset of research projects. Being receptive to new scientific discoveries and responsive to how patients react to treatments is also crucial. Such strategies are key to keeping the field of oncology at the forefront of effective cancer management, ensuring patients receive the most personalized and effective care. Ultimately, this approach aims to push the boundaries of cancer understanding, treating it as a manageable chronic condition, aiming to extend life expectancy and enhance patient quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Correia Casotti
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Débora Dummer Meira
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Giulia Maria Giacinti
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Iris Moreira da Silva
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - João Augusto Diniz Moura
- Laboratório de Oncologia Clínica e Experimental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Karen Ruth Michio Barbosa
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Lorena Souza Castro Altoé
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lyvia Neves Rebello Alves
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Vinícius do Prado Ventorim
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Moreto Guaitolini
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sonia Groisman
- Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes (IBRAG), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elizeu Fagundes de Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes (IBRAG), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia de Paula
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre Basílio Almeida Fechine
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Iuri Drumond Louro
- Núcleo de Genética Humana e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rajpar S, Ibrahim T, Carmel A, Merabet Z, Vielh P, Foulon S, Lesaunier F, Delva R, Rolland F, Priou F, Ferrero JM, Houédé N, Mourey L, Théodore C, Krakowski I, Faivre L, Habibian M, Culine S, Gravis G, Chauchereau A, Fizazi K. The Benefit of Combining Docetaxel with Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Localized and Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer is Predicted by ERG Expression: An Analysis of Two GETUG Phase 3 Trials. Eur Urol Oncol 2024:S2588-9311(24)00173-1. [PMID: 39034169 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2024.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Docetaxel has become a standard component of care for advanced prostate cancer (PC); however, its benefits are not universal among patients. A subset of PC cases exhibit TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion, resulting in ERG overexpression in tumors. Our aim was to assess biomarkers for docetaxel efficacy in men with hormone-sensitive PC (HSPC). METHODS Pretreatment prostate biopsies were obtained from participants in two randomized phase 3 clinical trials investigating docetaxel in high-risk localized PC (GETUG 12) and metastatic HSPC (GETUG 15). Immunohistochemistry staining for Ki67, PTEN, RB, and phosphorylated RB was conducted for GETUG 12 samples, and ERG staining for GETUG 12 and GETUG 15 samples. We examined biomarker association with outcomes using univariate and multivariable analyses adjusted for other validated prognostic factors. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS Among GETUG 12 patients, Ki67 was associated with a worse relapse-free survival (RFS; hazard ratio [HR] 1.72; p = 0.0092). A pooled analysis for the two trials (pinteraction = 0.056) revealed that docetaxel-based chemotherapy improved failure-free survival for patients with ERG-positive cancer (HR 0.58; p = 0.03), but not patients with ERG-negative cancer (HR 1.08; p = 0.72). In the ERG-positive subgroup in GETUG 12 (high-risk localized PC), median RFS was 7.79 yr with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) alone, and was not reached with ADT + docetaxel. In the ERG-negative subgroup, median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 7.79 yr with ADT alone versus 7.08 yr with ADT + docetaxel. In the ERG-positive subgroup in GETUG 15 (metastatic HSPC), mPFS was 10.7 mo with ADT alone versus 18.8 mo with ADT + docetaxel. In the ERG-negative subgroup, mPFS was 10.6 mo with ADT alone versus 13.2 mo with ADT + docetaxel. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Ki67 may serve as a prognostic factor in HSPC, while ERG expression appears to predict a response to docetaxel in both high-risk localized and metastatic HSPC. PATIENT SUMMARY We assessed factors that could predict outcomes after docetaxel chemotherapy in patients with advanced prostate cancer. We found that expression of a protein called ERG can predict a good response to docetaxel in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony Ibrahim
- INSERM U981, Prostate Cancer Group, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Alexandra Carmel
- Biostatistics Department, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Zahira Merabet
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Philippe Vielh
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Medipath and American Hospital of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Foulon
- Biostatistics Department, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | | | - Rémy Delva
- Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Angers, France
| | - Frederic Rolland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblin, France
| | - Frank Priou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Hospitalier La Roche-sur-Yon, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ferrero
- Medical Oncology Department, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Nadine Houédé
- Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie du Gard, Montpellier University, Nimes, France
| | | | | | - Ivan Krakowski
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Alexis Vautrin, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
| | - Laura Faivre
- Biostatistics Department, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Culine
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Chauchereau
- INSERM U981, Prostate Cancer Group, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Karim Fizazi
- INSERM U981, Prostate Cancer Group, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Awad D, Cao PHA, Pulliam TL, Spradlin M, Subramani E, Tellman TV, Ribeiro CF, Muzzioli R, Jewell BE, Pakula H, Ackroyd JJ, Murray MM, Han JJ, Leng M, Jain A, Piyarathna B, Liu J, Song X, Zhang J, Klekers AR, Drake JM, Ittmann MM, Coarfa C, Piwnica-Worms D, Farach-Carson MC, Loda M, Eberlin LS, Frigo DE. Adipose Triglyceride Lipase Is a Therapeutic Target in Advanced Prostate Cancer That Promotes Metabolic Plasticity. Cancer Res 2024; 84:703-724. [PMID: 38038968 PMCID: PMC10939928 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism plays a central role in prostate cancer. To date, the major focus has centered on de novo lipogenesis and lipid uptake in prostate cancer, but inhibitors of these processes have not benefited patients. A better understanding of how cancer cells access lipids once they are created or taken up and stored could uncover more effective strategies to perturb lipid metabolism and treat patients. Here, we identified that expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), an enzyme that controls lipid droplet homeostasis and a previously suspected tumor suppressor, correlates with worse overall survival in men with advanced, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Molecular, genetic, or pharmacologic inhibition of ATGL impaired human and murine prostate cancer growth in vivo and in cell culture or organoids under conditions mimicking the tumor microenvironment. Mass spectrometry imaging demonstrated that ATGL profoundly regulates lipid metabolism in vivo, remodeling membrane composition. ATGL inhibition induced metabolic plasticity, causing a glycolytic shift that could be exploited therapeutically by cotargeting both metabolic pathways. Patient-derived phosphoproteomics identified ATGL serine 404 as a target of CAMKK2-AMPK signaling in CRPC cells. Mutation of serine 404 did not alter the lipolytic activity of ATGL but did decrease CRPC growth, migration, and invasion, indicating that noncanonical ATGL activity also contributes to disease progression. Unbiased immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry suggested that mutation of serine 404 not only disrupts existing ATGL protein interactions but also leads to new protein-protein interactions. Together, these data nominate ATGL as a therapeutic target for CRPC and provide insights for future drug development and combination therapies. SIGNIFICANCE ATGL promotes prostate cancer metabolic plasticity and progression through both lipase-dependent and lipase-independent activity, informing strategies to target ATGL and lipid metabolism for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Awad
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pham Hong Anh Cao
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas L. Pulliam
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meredith Spradlin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elavarasan Subramani
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tristen V. Tellman
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Caroline F. Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Riccardo Muzzioli
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brittany E. Jewell
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hubert Pakula
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Ackroyd
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mollianne M. Murray
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jenny J. Han
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mei Leng
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antrix Jain
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Badrajee Piyarathna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xingzhi Song
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert R. Klekers
- Department of Abdominal Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Justin M. Drake
- Departments of Pharmacology and Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Michael M. Ittmann
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary C. Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Livia S. Eberlin
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel E. Frigo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kouroukli O, Bravou V, Giannitsas K, Tzelepi V. Tissue-Based Diagnostic Biomarkers of Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:805. [PMID: 38398199 PMCID: PMC10887410 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is a common malignancy among elderly men, characterized by great heterogeneity in its clinical course, ranging from an indolent to a highly aggressive disease. The aggressive variant of prostate cancer (AVPC) clinically shows an atypical pattern of disease progression, similar to that of small cell PC (SCPC), and also shares the chemo-responsiveness of SCPC. The term AVPC does not describe a specific histologic subtype of PC but rather the group of tumors that, irrespective of morphology, show an aggressive clinical course, dictated by androgen receptor (AR) indifference. AR indifference represents an adaptive response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), driven by epithelial plasticity, an inherent ability of tumor cells to adapt to their environment by changing their phenotypic characteristics in a bi-directional way. The molecular profile of AVPC entails combined alterations in the tumor suppressor genes retinoblastoma protein 1 (RB1), tumor protein 53 (TP53), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). The understanding of the biologic heterogeneity of castration-resistant PC (CRPC) and the need to identify the subset of patients that would potentially benefit from specific therapies necessitate the development of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. This review aims to discuss the possible pathophysiologic mechanisms of AVPC development and the potential use of emerging tissue-based biomarkers in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kouroukli
- Department of Pathology, Evaggelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Bravou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | | | - Vasiliki Tzelepi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Habowski AN, Budagavi DP, Scherer SD, Aurora AB, Caligiuri G, Flynn WF, Langer EM, Brody JR, Sears RC, Foggetti G, Arnal Estape A, Nguyen DX, Politi KA, Shen X, Hsu DS, Peehl DM, Kurhanewicz J, Sriram R, Suarez M, Xiao S, Du Y, Li XN, Navone NM, Labanca E, Willey CD. Patient-Derived Models of Cancer in the NCI PDMC Consortium: Selection, Pitfalls, and Practical Recommendations. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:565. [PMID: 38339316 PMCID: PMC10854945 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
For over a century, early researchers sought to study biological organisms in a laboratory setting, leading to the generation of both in vitro and in vivo model systems. Patient-derived models of cancer (PDMCs) have more recently come to the forefront of preclinical cancer models and are even finding their way into clinical practice as part of functional precision medicine programs. The PDMC Consortium, supported by the Division of Cancer Biology in the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, seeks to understand the biological principles that govern the various PDMC behaviors, particularly in response to perturbagens, such as cancer therapeutics. Based on collective experience from the consortium groups, we provide insight regarding PDMCs established both in vitro and in vivo, with a focus on practical matters related to developing and maintaining key cancer models through a series of vignettes. Although every model has the potential to offer valuable insights, the choice of the right model should be guided by the research question. However, recognizing the inherent constraints in each model is crucial. Our objective here is to delineate the strengths and limitations of each model as established by individual vignettes. Further advances in PDMCs and the development of novel model systems will enable us to better understand human biology and improve the study of human pathology in the lab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Habowski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Long Island, NY 11724, USA; (A.N.H.); (D.P.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Deepthi P. Budagavi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Long Island, NY 11724, USA; (A.N.H.); (D.P.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Sandra D. Scherer
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Arin B. Aurora
- Children’s Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75235, USA;
| | - Giuseppina Caligiuri
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Long Island, NY 11724, USA; (A.N.H.); (D.P.B.); (G.C.)
| | | | - Ellen M. Langer
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Jonathan R. Brody
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Rosalie C. Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | | | - Anna Arnal Estape
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Don X. Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (D.X.N.); (K.A.P.)
| | - Katerina A. Politi
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (D.X.N.); (K.A.P.)
| | - Xiling Shen
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA;
| | - David S. Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Donna M. Peehl
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (D.M.P.); (J.K.); (R.S.)
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (D.M.P.); (J.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (D.M.P.); (J.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Milagros Suarez
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.S.); (S.X.); (Y.D.); (X.-N.L.)
| | - Sophie Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.S.); (S.X.); (Y.D.); (X.-N.L.)
| | - Yuchen Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.S.); (S.X.); (Y.D.); (X.-N.L.)
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.S.); (S.X.); (Y.D.); (X.-N.L.)
| | - Nora M. Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (N.M.N.)
| | - Estefania Labanca
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (N.M.N.)
| | - Christopher D. Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu W, Wang C, Shang Z, Tian J. Unveiling novel insights in prostate cancer through single-cell RNA sequencing. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1224913. [PMID: 37746302 PMCID: PMC10514910 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1224913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a cutting-edge technology that provides insights at the individual cell level. In contrast to traditional bulk RNA-seq, which captures gene expression at an average level and may overlook important details, scRNA-seq examines each individual cell as a fundamental unit and is particularly well-suited for identifying rare cell populations. Analogous to a microscope that distinguishes various cell types within a tissue sample, scRNA-seq unravels the heterogeneity and diversity within a single cell species, offering great potential as a leading sequencing method in the future. In the context of prostate cancer (PCa), a disease characterized by significant heterogeneity and multiple stages of progression, scRNA-seq emerges as a powerful tool for uncovering its intricate secrets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhiqun Shang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Van Emmenis L, Ku SY, Gayvert K, Branch JR, Brady NJ, Basu S, Russell M, Cyrta J, Vosoughi A, Sailer V, Alnajar H, Dardenne E, Koumis E, Puca L, Robinson BD, Feldkamp MD, Winkis A, Majewski N, Rupnow B, Gottardis MM, Elemento O, Rubin MA, Beltran H, Rickman DS. The Identification of CELSR3 and Other Potential Cell Surface Targets in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1447-1459. [PMID: 37546702 PMCID: PMC10401480 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Although recent efforts have led to the development of highly effective androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapies for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, a significant subset of patients will progress with resistant disease including AR-negative tumors that display neuroendocrine features [neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC)]. On the basis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from a clinical cohort of tissue from benign prostate, locally advanced prostate cancer, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and NEPC, we developed a multi-step bioinformatics pipeline to identify NEPC-specific, overexpressed gene transcripts that encode cell surface proteins. This included the identification of known NEPC surface protein CEACAM5 as well as other potentially targetable proteins (e.g., HMMR and CESLR3). We further showed that cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 3 (CELSR3) knockdown results in reduced NEPC tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro. We provide in vivo data including laser capture microdissection followed by RNA-seq data supporting a causal role of CELSR3 in the development and/or maintenance of the phenotype associated with NEPC. Finally, we provide initial data that suggests CELSR3 is a target for T-cell redirection therapeutics. Further work is now needed to fully evaluate the utility of targeting CELSR3 with T-cell redirection or other similar therapeutics as a potential new strategy for patients with NEPC. Significance The development of effective treatment for patients with NEPC remains an unmet clinical need. We have identified specific surface proteins, including CELSR3, that may serve as novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets for NEPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Van Emmenis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sheng-Yu Ku
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kaitlyn Gayvert
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | - Nicholas J. Brady
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Subhasree Basu
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Joanna Cyrta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aram Vosoughi
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Verena Sailer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hussein Alnajar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Etienne Dardenne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Elena Koumis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Loredana Puca
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Brian D. Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Brent Rupnow
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - David S. Rickman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Preclinical Models of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225646. [PMID: 36428741 PMCID: PMC9688518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasia (NENs) are a complex and heterogeneous group of cancers that can arise from neuroendocrine tissues throughout the body and differentiate them from other tumors. Their low incidence and high diversity make many of them orphan conditions characterized by a low incidence and few dedicated clinical trials. Study of the molecular and genetic nature of these diseases is limited in comparison to more common cancers and more dependent on preclinical models, including both in vitro models (such as cell lines and 3D models) and in vivo models (such as patient derived xenografts (PDXs) and genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs)). While preclinical models do not fully recapitulate the nature of these cancers in patients, they are useful tools in investigation of the basic biology and early-stage investigation for evaluation of treatments for these cancers. We review available preclinical models for each type of NEN and discuss their history as well as their current use and translation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Soundararajan R, Viscuse P, Pilie P, Liu J, Logotheti S, Laberiano Fernández C, Lorenzini D, Hoang A, Lu W, Soto LMS, Wistuba II, Xu M, Song X, Shepherd PDA, Navone NM, Tidwell RSS, Lozano G, Logothetis C, Zhang J, Long JP, Estecio MR, Tzelepi V, Aparicio AM. Genotype-to-Phenotype Associations in the Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancer Molecular Profile (AVPC-m) Components. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3233. [PMID: 35805010 PMCID: PMC9265062 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggressive variant prostate cancer molecular profile (AVPC-m), composed of combined defects in TP53, RB1 and PTEN, characterizes a subset of prostate cancers linked to androgen indifference and platinum sensitivity. To contribute to the optimization of the AVPC-m assessment for inclusion in prospective clinical trials, we investigated the status of the AVPC-m components in 28 patient tumor-derived xenografts (PDXs) developed at MDACC. We subjected single formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks from each PDX to immunohistochemistry (IHC), targeted next-generation genomic sequencing (NGS) and Clariom-S Affymetrix human microarray expression profiling. Standard validated IHC assays and a 10% labeling index cutoff resulted in high reproducibility across three separate laboratories and three independent readers for all tumor suppressors, as well as strong correlations with loss-of-function transcriptional scores (LOF-TS). Adding intensity assessment to labeling indices strengthened the association between IHC results and LOF-TS for TP53 and RB1, but not for PTEN. For TP53, genomic alterations determined by NGS had slightly higher agreement scores with LOF-TS than aberrant IHC, while for RB1 and PTEN, NGS and IHC determinations resulted in similar agreement scores with LOF-TS. Nonetheless, our results indicate that the AVPC-m components can be assessed reproducibly by IHC using various widely available standardized assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.L.F.); (W.L.); (L.M.S.S.); (I.I.W.)
| | - Paul Viscuse
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.V.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (A.H.); (P.D.A.S.); (N.M.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Patrick Pilie
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.V.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (A.H.); (P.D.A.S.); (N.M.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (J.L.); (M.X.); (X.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Souzana Logotheti
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.V.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (A.H.); (P.D.A.S.); (N.M.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Caddie Laberiano Fernández
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.L.F.); (W.L.); (L.M.S.S.); (I.I.W.)
| | - Daniele Lorenzini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Instituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Anh Hoang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.V.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (A.H.); (P.D.A.S.); (N.M.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.L.F.); (W.L.); (L.M.S.S.); (I.I.W.)
| | - Luisa Maren Solis Soto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.L.F.); (W.L.); (L.M.S.S.); (I.I.W.)
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.L.F.); (W.L.); (L.M.S.S.); (I.I.W.)
| | - Mingchu Xu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (J.L.); (M.X.); (X.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xingzhi Song
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (J.L.); (M.X.); (X.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Peter D. A. Shepherd
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.V.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (A.H.); (P.D.A.S.); (N.M.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Nora M. Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.V.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (A.H.); (P.D.A.S.); (N.M.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Rebecca S. S. Tidwell
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA; (R.S.S.T.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Christopher Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.V.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (A.H.); (P.D.A.S.); (N.M.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (J.L.); (M.X.); (X.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - James P. Long
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA; (R.S.S.T.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Marcos R. Estecio
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Vasiliki Tzelepi
- Department of Pathology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Ana M. Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.V.); (P.P.); (S.L.); (A.H.); (P.D.A.S.); (N.M.N.); (C.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Advances in neuroendocrine prostate cancer research: From model construction to molecular network analyses. J Transl Med 2022; 102:332-340. [PMID: 34937865 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men and has a high incidence and associated mortality worldwide. It is an androgen-driven disease in which tumor growth is triggered via ligand-mediated signaling through the androgen receptor (AR). Recent evidence suggests that the widespread use of effective AR pathway inhibitors may increase the occurrence of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), an aggressive and treatment-resistant AR-negative variant; however, mechanisms controlling NEPC development remain to be elucidated. Various preclinical models have recently been developed to investigate the mechanisms driving the NEPC differentiation. In the present study, we summarized strategies for the development of NEPC models and proposed a novel method for model evaluation, which will help in the timely and accurate identification of NEPC by virtue of its ability to recapitulate the heterogeneity of prostate cancer. Moreover, we discuss the origin and the mechanism of NEPC. The understanding of the regulatory network mediating neuroendocrine differentiation presented in this review could provide valuable insights into the identification of novel drug targets for NEPC as well as into the causes of antiandrogenic drug resistance.
Collapse
|
11
|
Shi M, Wang Y, Lin D, Wang Y. Patient-derived xenograft models of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 525:160-169. [PMID: 34767925 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) have attracted much attention as clinically relevant models for basic and translational cancer research. PDXs retain the principal histopathological and molecular heterogeneity of their donor tumors and remain stable across passages. These characteristics allow PDXs to offer a reliable platform for better understanding cancer biology, discovering biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and developing novel therapies. A growing interest in generating neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) PDX models has been demonstrated, and such models have proven useful in several areas. This review provides a comprehensive summary of currently available NEPC PDX collections, encompassing 1) primary or secondary sites where patient samples were collected, 2) donor patients' treatment histories, 3) morphological features (i.e., small cell and large cell), and 4) genomic alterations. We also highlight suitable models for various research purposes, including identifying therapeutic targets and evaluating drug responses in models with specific genomic backgrounds. Finally, we provide perspectives on the current knowledge gaps and shed light on future applications and improvements of NEPC PDXs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Shi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yu Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dong Lin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brady NJ, Bagadion AM, Singh R, Conteduca V, Van Emmenis L, Arceci E, Pakula H, Carelli R, Khani F, Bakht M, Sigouros M, Bareja R, Sboner A, Elemento O, Tagawa S, Nanus DM, Loda M, Beltran H, Robinson B, Rickman DS. Temporal evolution of cellular heterogeneity during the progression to advanced AR-negative prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3372. [PMID: 34099734 PMCID: PMC8185096 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the development of highly effective androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapies for the treatment of men with advanced prostate cancer, acquired resistance to such therapies frequently ensues. A significant subset of patients with resistant disease develop AR-negative tumors that lose their luminal identity and display neuroendocrine features (neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC)). The cellular heterogeneity and the molecular evolution during the progression from AR-positive adenocarcinoma to AR-negative NEPC has yet to be characterized. Utilizing a new genetically engineered mouse model, we have characterized the synergy between Rb1 loss and MYCN (encodes N-Myc) overexpression which results in the formation of AR-negative, poorly differentiated tumors with high metastatic potential. Single-cell-based approaches revealed striking temporal changes to the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility which have identified the emergence of distinct cell populations, marked by differential expression of Ascl1 and Pou2f3, during the transition to NEPC. Moreover, global DNA methylation and the N-Myc cistrome are redirected following Rb1 loss. Altogether, our data provide insight into the progression of prostate adenocarcinoma to NEPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Brady
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa M Bagadion
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richa Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucie Van Emmenis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa Arceci
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hubert Pakula
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Carelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Khani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Bakht
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Sigouros
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Sboner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott Tagawa
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David M Nanus
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David S Rickman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Involvement of the MEN1 Gene in Hormone-Related Cancers: Clues from Molecular Studies, Mouse Models, and Patient Investigations. ENDOCRINES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines1020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MEN1 mutation predisposes patients to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a genetic syndrome associated with the predominant co-occurrence of endocrine tumors. Intriguingly, recent evidence has suggested that MEN1 could also be involved in the development of breast and prostate cancers, two major hormone-related cancers. The first clues as to its possible role arose from the identification of the physical and functional interactions between the menin protein, encoded by MEN1, and estrogen receptor α and androgen receptor. In parallel, our team observed that aged heterozygous Men1 mutant mice developed cancerous lesions in mammary glands of female and in the prostate of male mutant mice at low frequencies, in addition to endocrine tumors. Finally, observations made both in MEN1 patients and in sporadic breast and prostate cancers further confirmed the role played by menin in these two cancers. In this review, we present the currently available data concerning the complex and multifaceted involvement of MEN1 in these two types of hormone-dependent cancers.
Collapse
|
14
|
Palanisamy N, Yang J, Shepherd PDA, Li-Ning-Tapia EM, Labanca E, Manyam GC, Ravoori MK, Kundra V, Araujo JC, Efstathiou E, Pisters LL, Wan X, Wang X, Vazquez ES, Aparicio AM, Carskadon SL, Tomlins SA, Kunju LP, Chinnaiyan AM, Broom BM, Logothetis CJ, Troncoso P, Navone NM. The MD Anderson Prostate Cancer Patient-derived Xenograft Series (MDA PCa PDX) Captures the Molecular Landscape of Prostate Cancer and Facilitates Marker-driven Therapy Development. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4933-4946. [PMID: 32576626 PMCID: PMC7501166 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Advances in prostate cancer lag behind other tumor types partly due to the paucity of models reflecting key milestones in prostate cancer progression. Therefore, we develop clinically relevant prostate cancer models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Since 1996, we have generated clinically annotated patient-derived xenografts (PDXs; the MDA PCa PDX series) linked to specific phenotypes reflecting all aspects of clinical prostate cancer. RESULTS We studied two cell line-derived xenografts and the first 80 PDXs derived from 47 human prostate cancer donors. Of these, 47 PDXs derived from 22 donors are working models and can be expanded either as cell lines (MDA PCa 2a and 2b) or PDXs. The histopathologic, genomic, and molecular characteristics (androgen receptor, ERG, and PTEN loss) maintain fidelity with the human tumor and correlate with published findings. PDX growth response to mouse castration and targeted therapy illustrate their clinical utility. Comparative genomic hybridization and sequencing show significant differences in oncogenic pathways in pairs of PDXs derived from different areas of the same tumor. We also identified a recurrent focal deletion in an area that includes the speckle-type POZ protein-like (SPOPL) gene in PDXs derived from seven human donors of 28 studied (25%). SPOPL is a SPOP paralog, and SPOP mutations define a molecular subclass of prostate cancer. SPOPL deletions are found in 7% of The Cancer Genome Atlas prostate cancers, which suggests that our cohort is a reliable platform for targeted drug development. CONCLUSIONS The MDA PCa PDX series is a dynamic resource that captures the molecular landscape of prostate cancers progressing under novel treatments and enables optimization of prostate cancer-specific, marker-driven therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter D A Shepherd
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elsa M Li-Ning-Tapia
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Estefania Labanca
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ganiraju C Manyam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Murali K Ravoori
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vikas Kundra
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John C Araujo
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eleni Efstathiou
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Louis L Pisters
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xinhai Wan
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elba S Vazquez
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Quimica Biologica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shannon L Carskadon
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lakshmi P Kunju
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bradley M Broom
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patricia Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nora M Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Resistance to MET/VEGFR2 Inhibition by Cabozantinib Is Mediated by YAP/TBX5-Dependent Induction of FGFR1 in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010244. [PMID: 31963871 PMCID: PMC7016532 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall goal of this study was to elucidate the role of FGFR1 induction in acquired resistance to MET and VEGFR2 inhibition by cabozantinib in prostate cancer (PCa) and leverage this understanding to improve therapy outcomes. The response to cabozantinib was examined in mice bearing patient-derived xenografts in which FGFR1 was overexpressed. Using a variety of cell models that reflect different PCa disease states, the mechanism underpinning FGFR1 signaling activation by cabozantinib was investigated. We performed parallel investigations in specimens from cabozantinib-treated patients to confirm our in vitro and in vivo data. FGFR1 overexpression was sufficient to confer resistance to cabozantinib. Our results demonstrate transcriptional activation of FGF/FGFR1 expression in cabozantinib-resistant models. Further analysis of molecular pathways identified a YAP/TBX5-driven mechanism of FGFR1 and FGF overexpression induced by MET inhibition. Importantly, knockdown of YAP and TBX5 led to decreased FGFR1 protein expression and decreased mRNA levels of FGFR1, FGF1, and FGF2. This association was confirmed in a cohort of hormone-naïve patients with PCa receiving androgen deprivation therapy and cabozantinib, further validating our findings. These findings reveal that the molecular basis of resistance to MET inhibition in PCa is FGFR1 activation through a YAP/TBX5-dependent mechanism. YAP and its downstream target TBX5 represent a crucial mediator in acquired resistance to MET inhibitors. Thus, our studies provide insight into the mechanism of acquired resistance and will guide future development of clinical trials with MET inhibitors.
Collapse
|
16
|
Berger A, Brady NJ, Bareja R, Robinson B, Conteduca V, Augello MA, Puca L, Ahmed A, Dardenne E, Lu X, Hwang I, Bagadion AM, Sboner A, Elemento O, Paik J, Yu J, Barbieri CE, Dephoure N, Beltran H, Rickman DS. N-Myc-mediated epigenetic reprogramming drives lineage plasticity in advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3924-3940. [PMID: 31260412 DOI: 10.1172/jci127961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death. A subset of castration resistant prostate cancers become androgen receptor (AR) signaling-independent and develop neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) features through lineage plasticity. These NEPC tumors, associated with aggressive disease and poor prognosis, are driven, in part, by aberrant expression of N-Myc, through mechanisms that remain unclear. Integrative analysis of the N-Myc transcriptome, cistrome and interactome using in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo models (including patient-derived organoids) identified a lineage switch towards a neural identity associated with epigenetic reprogramming. N-Myc and known AR-co-factors (e.g., FOXA1 and HOXB13) overlapped, independently of AR, at genomic loci implicated in neural lineage specification. Moreover, histone marks specifically associated with lineage-defining genes were reprogrammed by N-Myc. We also demonstrated that the N-Myc-induced molecular program accurately classifies our cohort of patients with advanced prostate cancer. Finally, we revealed the potential for EZH2 inhibition to reverse the N-Myc-induced suppression of epithelial lineage genes. Altogether, our data provide insights on how N-Myc regulates lineage plasticity and epigenetic reprogramming associated with lineage-specification. The N-Myc signature we defined could also help predict the evolution of prostate cancer and thus better guide the choice of future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rohan Bareja
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
| | - Brian Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Adnan Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Xiaodong Lu
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Inah Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | | | - Andrea Sboner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, and.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, and.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jihye Paik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jindan Yu
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher E Barbieri
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.,Department of Urology, and.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Noah Dephoure
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.,Department of Medicine.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David S Rickman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Y, Xie N, Chen R, Lee AR, Lovnicki J, Morrison EA, Fazli L, Zhang Q, Musselman CA, Wang Y, Huang J, Gleave ME, Collins C, Dong X. RNA Splicing of the BHC80 Gene Contributes to Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer Progression. Eur Urol 2019; 76:157-166. [PMID: 30910347 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate adenocarcinoma (AdPC) progression to treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) is associated with poor patient survival. While AdPC and t-NEPC share similar genomes, they possess distinct transcriptomes, suggesting that RNA splicing and epigenetic mechanisms may regulate t-NEPC development. OBJECTIVE To characterize the role of alternative RNA splicing of the histone demethylase BHC80 during t-NEPC progression. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The expression of BHC80 splice variants (BHC80-1 and BHC80-2) were compared between AdPC and t-NEPC patient tumors. Regulatory mechanisms of RNA splicing of the BHC80 gene were studied, and the signal pathways mediated by BHC80 splice variants were investigated in t-NEPC cell and xenograft models. RESULTS Global transcriptome analyses identified that the BHC80-2 variant is highly expressed in t-NEPC. Compared with the known histone demethylation activities of the BHC80 gene, we discovered a novel nonepigenetic action of BHC80-2, whereby BHC80-2 is localized in the cytoplasm to trigger the MyD88-p38-TTP pathway, which results in increased RNA stability of multiple tumor-promoting cytokines. While BHC80-2 does not induce neuroendocrine differentiation of cancer cells, it stimulates cell proliferation and tumor progression independent of androgen receptor signaling. Blockade of BHC80-2-regulated MyD88 signaling suppresses growth of several t-NEPC cell spheroid and xenograft models. CONCLUSIONS Gain of function of BHC80-2 through alternative RNA splicing activates immune responses of cancer cells to promote t-NEPC development. PATIENT SUMMARY The main obstacle to develop effective therapies for patients with t-NEPC is the lack of understanding on how t-NEPC is developed. Our study not only identifies a previously unknown BHC80-2-MyD88 signaling pathway that plays an important role during t-NEPC development, but also provides a proof of principle that targeting this signal pathway may offer an avenue to treat t-NEPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Li
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ning Xie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ahn R Lee
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica Lovnicki
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emma A Morrison
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Qingfu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Catherine A Musselman
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Puca L, Vlachostergios PJ, Beltran H. Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Prostate Cancer: Emerging Biology, Models, and Therapies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:a030593. [PMID: 29844220 PMCID: PMC6360865 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although a de novo clinical presentation of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate is rare, a subset of patients previously diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma may develop neuroendocrine features in later stages of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression as a result of treatment resistance. Despite sharing clinical, histologic, and some molecular features with other neuroendocrine carcinomas, including small cell lung cancer, castration-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer (CRPC-NE) is clonally derived from prostate adenocarcinoma. CRPC-NE therefore retains early prostate cancer genomic alterations and acquires new molecular changes making them resistant to traditional CRPC therapies. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of CRPC-NE biology, the transdifferentiation/plasticity process, and development and characterization of relevant CRPC-NE preclinical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Puca
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10021
- Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
| | | | - Himisha Beltran
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10021
- Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Namekawa T, Ikeda K, Horie-Inoue K, Inoue S. Application of Prostate Cancer Models for Preclinical Study: Advantages and Limitations of Cell Lines, Patient-Derived Xenografts, and Three-Dimensional Culture of Patient-Derived Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010074. [PMID: 30669516 PMCID: PMC6357050 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various preclinical models have been developed to clarify the pathophysiology of prostate cancer (PCa). Traditional PCa cell lines from clinical metastatic lesions, as exemplified by DU-145, PC-3, and LNCaP cells, are useful tools to define mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Cell line-based experiments, however, have limitations for preclinical studies because those cells are basically adapted to 2-dimensional monolayer culture conditions, in which the majority of primary PCa cells cannot survive. Recent tissue engineering enables generation of PCa patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from both primary and metastatic lesions. Compared with fresh PCa tissue transplantation in athymic mice, co-injection of PCa tissues with extracellular matrix in highly immunodeficient mice has remarkably improved the success rate of PDX generation. PDX models have advantages to appropriately recapitulate the molecular diversity, cellular heterogeneity, and histology of original patient tumors. In contrast to PDX models, patient-derived organoid and spheroid PCa models in 3-dimensional culture are more feasible tools for in vitro studies for retaining the characteristics of patient tumors. In this article, we review PCa preclinical model cell lines and their sublines, PDXs, and patient-derived organoid and spheroid models. These PCa models will be applied to the development of new strategies for cancer precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Namekawa
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8677, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Ikeda
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
| | - Kuniko Horie-Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.
- Department of Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chang YT, Lin TP, Tang JT, Campbell M, Luo YL, Lu SY, Yang CP, Cheng TY, Chang CH, Liu TT, Lin CH, Kung HJ, Pan CC, Chang PC. HOTAIR is a REST-regulated lncRNA that promotes neuroendocrine differentiation in castration resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 433:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
21
|
Soundararajan R, Paranjape AN, Maity S, Aparicio A, Mani SA. EMT, stemness and tumor plasticity in aggressive variant neuroendocrine prostate cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:229-238. [PMID: 29981816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine/Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancers are lethal variants of the disease, with an aggressive clinical course and very short responses to conventional therapy. The age-adjusted incidence rate for this tumor sub-type has steadily increased over the past 20 years in the United States, with no reduction in the associated mortality rate. The molecular networks fueling its emergence and sustenance are still obscure; however, many factors have been associated with the onset and progression of neuroendocrine differentiation in clinically typical adenocarcinomas including loss of androgen-receptor expression and/or signaling, conventional therapy, and dysregulated cytokine function. "Tumor-plasticity" and the ability to dedifferentiate into alternate cell lineages are central to this process. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) signaling pathways are major promoters of stem-cell properties in prostate tumor cells. In this review, we examine the contributions of EMT-induced cellular-plasticity and stem-cell signaling pathways to the progression of Neuroendocrine/Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancers in the light of potential therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Anurag N Paranjape
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sankar Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ana Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Puca L, Bareja R, Prandi D, Shaw R, Benelli M, Karthaus WR, Hess J, Sigouros M, Donoghue A, Kossai M, Gao D, Cyrta J, Sailer V, Vosoughi A, Pauli C, Churakova Y, Cheung C, Deonarine LD, McNary TJ, Rosati R, Tagawa ST, Nanus DM, Mosquera JM, Sawyers CL, Chen Y, Inghirami G, Rao RA, Grandori C, Elemento O, Sboner A, Demichelis F, Rubin MA, Beltran H. Patient derived organoids to model rare prostate cancer phenotypes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2404. [PMID: 29921838 PMCID: PMC6008438 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A major hurdle in the study of rare tumors is a lack of existing preclinical models. Neuroendocrine prostate cancer is an uncommon and aggressive histologic variant of prostate cancer that may arise de novo or as a mechanism of treatment resistance in patients with pre-existing castration-resistant prostate cancer. There are few available models to study neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Here, we report the generation and characterization of tumor organoids derived from needle biopsies of metastatic lesions from four patients. We demonstrate genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic concordance between organoids and their corresponding patient tumors. We utilize these organoids to understand the biologic role of the epigenetic modifier EZH2 in driving molecular programs associated with neuroendocrine prostate cancer progression. High-throughput organoid drug screening nominated single agents and drug combinations suggesting repurposing opportunities. This proof of principle study represents a strategy for the study of rare cancer phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Puca
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Davide Prandi
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Reid Shaw
- Cure First and SEngine Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Matteo Benelli
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Wouter R Karthaus
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Judy Hess
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Michael Sigouros
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Adam Donoghue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Myriam Kossai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Dong Gao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joanna Cyrta
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Verena Sailer
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Aram Vosoughi
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Chantal Pauli
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Yelena Churakova
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Cynthia Cheung
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | | | - Terra J McNary
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Rachele Rosati
- Cure First and SEngine Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Scott T Tagawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - David M Nanus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Juan Miguel Mosquera
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Rema A Rao
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Carla Grandori
- Cure First and SEngine Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Andrea Sboner
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine,, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Soundararajan R, Aparicio AM, Logothetis CJ, Mani SA, Maity SN. Function of Tumor Suppressors in Resistance to Antiandrogen Therapy and Luminal Epithelial Plasticity of Aggressive Variant Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancers. Front Oncol 2018; 8:69. [PMID: 29600194 PMCID: PMC5862804 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined loss of tumor suppressors (TSPs), PTEN, TP53, and RB1, is highly associated with small cell carcinoma of prostate phenotype. Recent genomic studies of human tumors as well as analyses in mouse genetic models have revealed a unique role for these TSPs in dictating epithelial lineage plasticity-a phenomenon that plays a critical role in the development of aggressive variant prostate cancer (PCa) and associated androgen therapy resistance. Here, we summarize recently published key observations on this topic and hypothesize a possible mechanism by which concurrent loss of TSPs could potentially regulate the PCa disease phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ana M. Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sendurai A. Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sankar N. Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee AR, Li Y, Xie N, Gleave ME, Cox ME, Collins CC, Dong X. Alternative RNA splicing of the MEAF6 gene facilitates neuroendocrine prostate cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27966-27975. [PMID: 28427194 PMCID: PMC5438622 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although potent androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPI) improve overall survival of metastatic prostate cancer patients, treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) as a consequence of the selection pressures of ARPI is becoming a more common clinical issue. Improved understanding of the molecular biology of t-NEPC is essential for the development of new effective management approaches for t-NEPC. In this study, we identify a splice variant of the MYST/Esa1-associated factor 6 (MEAF6) gene, MEAF6-1, that is highly expressed in both t-NEPC tumor biopsies and neuroendocrine cell lines of prostate and lung cancers. We show that MEAF6-1 splicing is stimulated by neuronal RNA splicing factor SRRM4. Rather than inducing neuroendocrine trans-differentiation of cells in prostate adenocarcinoma, MEAF6-1 upregulation stimulates cell proliferation, anchorage-independent cell growth, invasion and xenograft tumor growth. Gene microarray identifies that these MEAF6-1 actions are in part mediated by the ID1 and ID3 genes. These findings suggest that the MEAF6-1 variant does not induce neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cells, but rather facilitates t-NEPC progression by increasing the proliferation rate of cells that have acquired neuroendocrine phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahn R Lee
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Yinan Li
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Ning Xie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Michael E Cox
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Colin C Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6H 3Z6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Akamatsu S, Inoue T, Ogawa O, Gleave ME. Clinical and molecular features of treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2018; 25:345-351. [PMID: 29396873 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer is a lethal form of prostate cancer that emerges in the later stages of castration-resistant prostate cancer treatment. Treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer transdifferentiates from adenocarcinoma as an adaptive response to androgen receptor pathway inhibition. The incidence of treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer has been rising due to the increasing use of potent androgen receptor pathway inhibitors. Typically, treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer is characterized by either low or absent androgen receptor expression, small cell carcinoma morphology and expression of neuroendocrine markers. Clinically, it manifests with predominantly visceral or lytic bone metastases, bulky tumor masses, low prostate-specific antigen levels or a short response duration to androgen deprivation therapy. Furthermore, although the tumor initially responds to platinum-based chemotherapy, the duration of the response is short. Based on the poor prognosis, it is imperative to identify novel molecular targets for treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Recent advances in genomic and molecular research, supported by novel in vivo models, have identified some of the key molecular characteristics of treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer. The gain of MYCN and AURKA oncogenes, along with the loss of tumor suppressor genes TP53 and RB1 are key genomic alterations associated with treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Androgen receptor repressed genes, such as BRN2 and PEG10, are also necessary for treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer. These genetic changes converge on pathways upregulating genes, such as SOX2 and EZH2, that facilitate lineage plasticity and neuroendocrine differentiation. As a result, on potent androgen receptor pathway inhibition, castration-resistant prostate cancer transdifferentiates to treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer in a clonally divergent manner. Further understanding of the disease biology is required to develop novel drugs and biomarkers that would help treat this aggressive prostate cancer variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Akamatsu
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lam HM, Nguyen HM, Corey E. Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts to Investigate Mechanisms of Novel Treatments and Treatment Resistance. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1786:1-27. [PMID: 29786784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7845-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment advances lead to survival benefits of patients with advanced prostate cancer. These treatments are highly efficacious in a subset of patients; however, similarly to other cancers, after initial responses the tumors develop resistance (acquired resistance) and the patients succumb to the disease. Furthermore, there is a subset of patients who do not respond to the treatment at all (de novo resistance). Preclinical testing using patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) has led to successful drug development, and PDXs will continue to provide valuable resources to generate clinically relevant data with translational potential. PDXs demonstrate tumor heterogeneity observed in patients, preserve tumor-microenvironment architecture, and provide clinically relevant treatment responses. In view of the evolving biology of the advanced prostate cancer associated with new treatments, PDXs representing these new tumor phenotypes are urgently needed for the study of treatment responses and resistance. In this chapter, we describe methodologies used to establish prostate cancer PDXs and use of these PDXs to study de novo and acquired resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bluemn EG, Coleman IM, Lucas JM, Coleman RT, Hernandez-Lopez S, Tharakan R, Bianchi-Frias D, Dumpit RF, Kaipainen A, Corella AN, Yang YC, Nyquist MD, Mostaghel E, Hsieh AC, Zhang X, Corey E, Brown LG, Nguyen HM, Pienta K, Ittmann M, Schweizer M, True LD, Wise D, Rennie PS, Vessella RL, Morrissey C, Nelson PS. Androgen Receptor Pathway-Independent Prostate Cancer Is Sustained through FGF Signaling. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:474-489.e6. [PMID: 29017058 PMCID: PMC5750052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a distinctive feature of prostate carcinoma (PC) and represents the major therapeutic target for treating metastatic prostate cancer (mPC). Though highly effective, AR antagonism can produce tumors that bypass a functional requirement for AR, often through neuroendocrine (NE) transdifferentiation. Through the molecular assessment of mPCs over two decades, we find a phenotypic shift has occurred in mPC with the emergence of an AR-null NE-null phenotype. These "double-negative" PCs are notable for elevated FGF and MAPK pathway activity, which can bypass AR dependence. Pharmacological inhibitors of MAPK or FGFR repressed the growth of double-negative PCs in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that FGF/MAPK blockade may be particularly efficacious against mPCs with an AR-null phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Bluemn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Jared M Lucas
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Roger T Coleman
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Susana Hernandez-Lopez
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Robin Tharakan
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Daniella Bianchi-Frias
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Ruth F Dumpit
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Arja Kaipainen
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Alexandra N Corella
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Yu Chi Yang
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Michael D Nyquist
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Elahe Mostaghel
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Andrew C Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Xiaotun Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lisha G Brown
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Wise
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Robert L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop D4-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA; Department of Urology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li Y, Chen R, Bowden M, Mo F, Lin YY, Gleave M, Collins C, Dong X. Establishment of a neuroendocrine prostate cancer model driven by the RNA splicing factor SRRM4. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66878-66888. [PMID: 28978002 PMCID: PMC5620142 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is becoming more prevalent as more potent androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibitors are applied to patients with metastatic tumors. However, there are limited cell and xenograft models currently available, hindering the investigation of signal pathways involved in regulating NEPC progression and the design of high throughput screening assays for inhibitors to treat NEPC patients. Here, we report an NEPC model, LnNE, that is derived from prostate adenocarcinoma cells and has global similarity in transcription and RNA splicing to tumors from NEPC patients. LnNE xenografts are castrate-resistant and highly aggressive. Its tumor take is ∼3-5 weeks and tumor doubling time is ∼2-3 weeks. LnNE expresses multiple neuroendocrine markers, preserves AR expression, but is PSA negative. Its neuroendocrine phenotype cannot be reversed by androgen treatment. LnNE cells grow as multi-cellular spheroids under 2-dimensional culture conditions similar to the NEPC cell line NCI-H660, but have higher proliferation rate and are easier to be transfected. LnNE cells can also adapt to 3-dimensional culture conditions in a 96-plate format, allowing high throughput screening assays. In summary, the LnNE model is useful to study the mechanisms of NEPC progression and to discover potential therapies for NEPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Li
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mary Bowden
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fan Mo
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yen-Yi Lin
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Colin Collins
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Biology and evolution of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Nat Med 2017; 23:1-10. [PMID: 28586335 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) cancers are a diverse group of neoplasms typically diagnosed and treated on the basis of their site of origin. This Perspective focuses on advances in our understanding of the tumorigenesis and treatment of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Recent evidence from sequencing indicates that, although neuroendocrine tumors can arise de novo, they can also develop as a result of lineage plasticity in response to pressure from targeted therapies. We discuss the shared genomic alterations of these tumors independently of their site of origin, and we explore potential therapeutic strategies on the basis of recent biological findings.
Collapse
|
30
|
Li L, Karanika S, Yang G, Wang J, Park S, Broom BM, Manyam GC, Wu W, Luo Y, Basourakos S, Song JH, Gallick GE, Karantanos T, Korentzelos D, Azad AK, Kim J, Corn PG, Aparicio AM, Logothetis CJ, Troncoso P, Heffernan T, Toniatti C, Lee HS, Lee JS, Zuo X, Chang W, Yin J, Thompson TC. Androgen receptor inhibitor-induced "BRCAness" and PARP inhibition are synthetically lethal for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaam7479. [PMID: 28536297 PMCID: PMC5855082 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam7479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancers with loss-of-function mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are deficient in the DNA damage repair pathway called homologous recombination (HR), rendering these cancers exquisitely vulnerable to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. This functional state and therapeutic sensitivity is referred to as "BRCAness" and is most commonly associated with some breast cancer types. Pharmaceutical induction of BRCAness could expand the use of PARP inhibitors to other tumor types. For example, BRCA mutations are present in only ~20% of prostate cancer patients. We found that castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells showed increased expression of a set of HR-associated genes, including BRCA1, RAD54L, and RMI2 Although androgen-targeted therapy is typically not effective in CRPC patients, the androgen receptor inhibitor enzalutamide suppressed the expression of those HR genes in CRPC cells, thus creating HR deficiency and BRCAness. A "lead-in" treatment strategy, in which enzalutamide was followed by the PARP inhibitor olaparib, promoted DNA damage-induced cell death and inhibited clonal proliferation of prostate cancer cells in culture and suppressed the growth of prostate cancer xenografts in mice. Thus, antiandrogen and PARP inhibitor combination therapy may be effective for CRPC patients and suggests that pharmaceutically inducing BRCAness may expand the clinical use of PARP inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Likun Li
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Styliani Karanika
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Jiangxiang Wang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Bradley M Broom
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Ganiraju C Manyam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Spyridon Basourakos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Jian H Song
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Gary E Gallick
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Theodoros Karantanos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Dimitrios Korentzelos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Jeri Kim
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Paul G Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Ana M Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Patricia Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Timothy Heffernan
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Carlo Toniatti
- ORBIT (Oncology Research for Biologics and Immunotherapy Translation), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Hyun-Sung Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Xuemei Zuo
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Wenjun Chang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Timothy C Thompson
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hamilton MP, Rajapakshe KI, Bader DA, Cerne JZ, Smith EA, Coarfa C, Hartig SM, McGuire SE. The Landscape of microRNA Targeting in Prostate Cancer Defined by AGO-PAR-CLIP. Neoplasia 2017; 18:356-70. [PMID: 27292025 PMCID: PMC4909715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) deregulation in prostate cancer (PCa) contributes to PCa initiation and metastatic progression. To comprehensively define the cancer-associated changes in miRNA targeting and function in commonly studied models of PCa, we performed photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced cross-linking immunoprecipitation of the Argonaute protein in a panel of PCa cell lines modeling different stages of PCa progression. Using this comprehensive catalogue of miRNA targets, we analyzed miRNA targeting on known drivers of PCa and examined tissue-specific and stage-specific pathway targeting by miRNAs. We found that androgen receptor is the most frequently targeted PCa oncogene and that miR-148a targets the largest number of known PCa drivers. Globally, tissue-specific and stage-specific changes in miRNA targeting are driven by homeostatic response to active oncogenic pathways. Our findings indicate that, even in advanced PCa, the miRNA pool adapts to regulate continuing alterations in the cancer genome to balance oncogenic molecular changes. These findings are important because they are the first to globally characterize miRNA changes in PCa and demonstrate how the miRNA target spectrum responds to staged tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Hamilton
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimal I Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David A Bader
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jasmina Z Cerne
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric A Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean E McGuire
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Inoue T, Terada N, Kobayashi T, Ogawa O. Patient-derived xenografts as in vivo models for research in urological malignancies. Nat Rev Urol 2017; 14:267-283. [PMID: 28248952 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lack of appropriate models that recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of urological tumours precludes most of the preclinical reagents that target urological tumours from receiving regulatory approval. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are characterized by direct engraftment of patient-derived tumour fragments into immunocompromised mice. PDXs can maintain the original histology, as well as the molecular and genetic characteristics of the source tumour. Thus, PDX models have various advantages over conventional cell-line-derived xenograft (CDX) and other models, which has resulted in an increase in the use of urological tumour PDXs in the analysis of tumour biology and, importantly, for drug development and treatment decisions in personalized medicine. PDX models of urological malignancies have great potential to be used for both basic and clinical research, but limitations exist and need to be overcome. In particular, several agents targeting the immune system have shown promising results in kidney and bladder cancer; however, establishing PDX models in mice with an intact immune system so that an immune response against the tumour is triggered is important to investigate these new therapeutics. Moreover, international collaboration to share PDX models is essential for research concerning fatal urological tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Naoki Terada
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Navone NM, Labanca E. Modeling Cancer Metastasis. PATIENT-DERIVED XENOGRAFT MODELS OF HUMAN CANCER 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55825-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
34
|
Lin J, Patel SA, Sama AR, Hoffman-Censits JH, Kennedy B, Kilpatrick D, Ye Z, Yang H, Mu Z, Leiby B, Lewis N, Cristofanilli M, Kelly WK. A Phase I/II Study of the Investigational Drug Alisertib in Combination With Abiraterone and Prednisone for Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Progressing on Abiraterone. Oncologist 2016; 21:1296-1297e. [PMID: 28178640 PMCID: PMC5189628 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lessons Learned Patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer did not tolerate the combination of alisertib with abiraterone and prednisone. There was no clear signal indicating that adding alisertib might be beneficial for those patients progressing on abiraterone.
Background. We hypothesized that Aurora A kinase (AK) contributes to castrate resistance in prostate cancer (PCa) and that inhibiting AK with alisertib can resensitize PCa cells to androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor abiraterone. Methods. This was a phase I/II trial to determine the safety and efficacy of alisertib when given in combination with abiraterone plus prednisone (AP). Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients were treated with dose escalation (alisertib at 30, 40, and 50 mg orally b.i.d., days 1–7 every 21 days) per standard 3+3 design. Results. Nine of 43 planned subjects were enrolled. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached, and the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) included neutropenic fever (1 of 9), neutropenia (1 of 9), fatigue with memory impairment (1 of 9), and diarrhea/mucositis (1 of 9). No prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decrease or circulating tumor cell (CTC) changes were observed during the study. Pharmacodynamically, adding alisertib did not affect total testosterone or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels. There was some change in neuroendocrine markers after therapy. Mean duration on study was 2.5 months. The trial was terminated early. Conclusion. A tolerable dose of alisertib in combination with AP in mCRPC was not established in this study. There was no clear signal indicating that alisertib might be beneficial for patients with mCRPC progressing on abiraterone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Lin
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Sheel A Patel
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashwin R Sama
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Brooke Kennedy
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Zhong Ye
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hushan Yang
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhaomei Mu
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin Leiby
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy Lewis
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Targeting of CYP17A1 Lyase by VT-464 Inhibits Adrenal and Intratumoral Androgen Biosynthesis and Tumor Growth of Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35354. [PMID: 27748439 PMCID: PMC5066251 DOI: 10.1038/srep35354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1) is a validated treatment target for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Abiraterone acetate (AA) inhibits both 17α-hydroxylase (hydroxylase) and 17,20-lyase (lyase) reactions catalyzed by CYP17A1 and thus depletes androgen biosynthesis. However, coadministration of prednisone is required to suppress the mineralocorticoid excess and cortisol depletion that result from hydroxylase inhibition. VT-464, a nonsteroidal small molecule, selectively inhibits CYP17A1 lyase and therefore does not require prednisone supplementation. Administration of VT-464 in a metastatic CRPC patient presenting with high tumoral expression of both androgen receptor (AR) and CYP17A1, showed significant reduction in the level of both dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and serum PSA. Treatment of a CRPC patient-derived xenograft, MDA-PCa-133 expressing H874Y AR mutant with VT-464, reduced the increase in tumor volume in castrate male mice more than twice as much as the vehicle (P < 0.05). Mass spectrometry analysis of post-treatment xenograft tumor tissues showed that VT-464 significantly decreased intratumoral androgens but not cortisol. VT-464 also reduced AR signaling more effectively than abiraterone in cultured PCa cells expressing T877A AR mutant. Collectively, this study suggests that VT-464 therapy can effectively treat CRPC and be used in precision medicine based on androgen receptor mutation status.
Collapse
|
36
|
Priemer DS, Montironi R, Wang L, Williamson SR, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L. Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Prostate: Emerging Insights from Molecular Data and Updates to the 2016 World Health Organization Classification. Endocr Pathol 2016; 27:123-35. [PMID: 26885643 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-016-9421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the prostate represent a multifarious group of tumors that exist both in pure forms and associated with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Morphologically, neuroendocrine cells in prostate neoplasms can range from being indistinguishable from surrounding prostate adenocarcinoma cells to having high-grade neuroendocrine appearances similar to neuroendocrine malignancies of other organs. On the molecular level, neuroendocrine malignancies arising in the setting of prostate adenocarcinoma have been the subject of a large amount of recent research, most of which has supported the conclusion that neuroendocrine malignancy within the prostate develops as a transdifferentiation from prostate adenocarcinoma. There has not, however, been substantial investigation into rare, pure neuroendocrine malignancies and the possibility that these tumors may have a different cell of origin and molecular genesis. Here, we discuss the morphologic spectrum of malignant neuroendocrine prostate neoplasms and review the most recent molecular data on the subject of malignant neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic adenocarcinoma. In reflection of the most recent data, we also discuss diagnostic classification of prostate neuroendocrine tumors with reference to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification. We discuss the reporting of these tumors, placing emphasis on the differentiation between pure and mixed neuroendocrine malignancies so that, in the least, they can be easily identified for the purposes of future clinical and laboratory-based investigation. Finally, we suggest a designation for an unclassifiable (or not otherwise specified) high-grade neuroendocrine prostate malignancy whose features do not easily place it into one of the WHO diagnostic entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Priemer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 350 West 11th Street, IU Health Pathology Laboratory Room 4010, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region (Ancona), United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lisha Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sean R Williamson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Josephine Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University, Cordoba, Spain
- Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 350 West 11th Street, IU Health Pathology Laboratory Room 4010, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Aparicio AM, Shen L, Tapia ELN, Lu JF, Chen HC, Zhang J, Wu G, Wang X, Troncoso P, Corn P, Thompson TC, Broom B, Baggerly K, Maity SN, Logothetis CJ. Combined Tumor Suppressor Defects Characterize Clinically Defined Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:1520-30. [PMID: 26546618 PMCID: PMC4794379 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Morphologically heterogeneous prostate cancers that behave clinically like small-cell prostate cancers (SCPC) share their chemotherapy responsiveness. We asked whether these clinically defined, morphologically diverse, "aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC)" also share molecular features with SCPC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fifty-nine prostate cancer samples from 40 clinical trial participants meeting AVPC criteria, and 8 patient-tumor derived xenografts (PDX) from 6 of them, were stained for markers aberrantly expressed in SCPC. DNA from 36 and 8 PDX was analyzed by Oncoscan for copy number gains (CNG) and losses (CNL). We used the AVPC PDX to expand observations and referenced publicly available datasets to arrive at a candidate molecular signature for the AVPC. RESULTS Irrespective of morphology, Ki67 and Tp53 stained ≥10% cells in 80% and 41% of samples, respectively. RB1 stained <10% cells in 61% of samples and AR in 36%. MYC (surrogate for 8q) CNG and RB1 CNL showed in 54% of 44 samples each and PTEN CNL in 48%. All but 1 of 8 PDX bore Tp53 missense mutations. RB1 CNL was the strongest discriminator between unselected castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and the AVPC. Combined alterations in RB1, Tp53, and/or PTEN were more frequent in the AVPC than in unselected CRPC and in The Cancer Genome Atlas samples. CONCLUSIONS Clinically defined AVPC share molecular features with SCPC and are characterized by combined alterations in RB1, Tp53, and/or PTEN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elsa Li Ning Tapia
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing-Fang Lu
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hsiang-Chun Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guanglin Wu
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patricia Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Timothy C Thompson
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bradley Broom
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Keith Baggerly
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Human and Molecular Genetics Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Sankar N Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Clinical and Translational Sciences Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kleb B, Estécio MRH, Zhang J, Tzelepi V, Chung W, Jelinek J, Navone NM, Tahir S, Marquez VE, Issa JP, Maity S, Aparicio A. Differentially methylated genes and androgen receptor re-expression in small cell prostate carcinomas. Epigenetics 2016; 11:184-93. [PMID: 26890396 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1146851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell prostate carcinoma (SCPC) morphology is rare at initial diagnosis but often emerges during prostate cancer progression and portends a dismal prognosis. It does not express androgen receptor (AR) or respond to hormonal therapies. Clinically applicable markers for its early detection and treatment with effective chemotherapy are needed. Our studies in patient tumor-derived xenografts (PDX) revealed that AR-negative SCPC (AR(-)SCPC) expresses neural development genes instead of the prostate luminal epithelial genes characteristic of AR-positive castration-resistant adenocarcinomas (AR(+)ADENO). We hypothesized that the differences in cellular lineage programs are reflected in distinct epigenetic profiles. To address this hypothesis, we compared the DNA methylation profiles of AR(-) and AR(+) PDX using methylated CpG island amplification and microarray (MCAM) analysis and identified a set of differentially methylated promoters, validated in PDX and corresponding donor patient samples. We used the Illumina 450K platform to examine additional regions of the genome and the correlation between the DNA methylation profiles of the PDX and their corresponding patient tumors. Struck by the low frequency of AR promoter methylation in the AR(-)SCPC, we investigated this region's specific histone modification patterns by chromatin immunoprecipitation. We found that the AR promoter was enriched in silencing histone modifications (H3K27me3 and H3K9me2) and that EZH2 inhibition with 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) resulted in AR expression and growth inhibition in AR(-)SCPC cell lines. We conclude that the epigenome of AR(-) is distinct from that of AR(+) castration-resistant prostate carcinomas, and that the AR(-) phenotype can be reversed with epigenetic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Kleb
- a Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology Unit 1374 , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston , Texas
| | - Marcos R H Estécio
- b Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis , Unit 0081, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston , Texas
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- c Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology , Unit 1410, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston , Texas
| | - Vassiliki Tzelepi
- d Department of Pathology , University of Patras, Panepistimioupoli Patron , Greece
| | - Woonbok Chung
- e Fels Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University , 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia , PA
| | - Jaroslav Jelinek
- e Fels Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University , 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia , PA
| | - Nora M Navone
- f Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology , Unit 1374, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston , Texas
| | - Salahaldin Tahir
- f Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology , Unit 1374, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston , Texas
| | - Victor E Marquez
- g Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 376 Frederick , MD
| | - Jean-Pierre Issa
- e Fels Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University , 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia , PA
| | - Sankar Maity
- f Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology , Unit 1374, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston , Texas
| | - Ana Aparicio
- f Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology , Unit 1374, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston , Texas
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Inhibition of FOXC2 restores epithelial phenotype and drug sensitivity in prostate cancer cells with stem-cell properties. Oncogene 2016; 35:5963-5976. [PMID: 26804168 PMCID: PMC5116559 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced prostate adenocarcinomas enriched in stem-cell features, as well as variant androgen receptor (AR)-negative neuroendocrine (NE)/small-cell prostate cancers are difficult to treat, and account for up to 30% of prostate cancer-related deaths every year. While existing therapies for prostate cancer such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), destroy the bulk of the AR-positive cells within the tumor, eradicating this population eventually leads to castration-resistance, owing to the continued survival of AR-/lo stem-like cells. In this study, we identified a critical nexus between p38MAPK signaling, and the transcription factor Forkhead Box Protein C2 (FOXC2) known to promote cancer stem-cells and metastasis. We demonstrate that prostate cancer cells that are insensitive to ADT, as well as high-grade/NE prostate tumors, are characterized by elevated FOXC2, and that targeting FOXC2 using a well-tolerated p38 inhibitor restores epithelial attributes and ADT-sensitivity, and reduces the shedding of circulating tumor cells in vivo with significant shrinkage in the tumor mass. This study thus specifies a tangible mechanism to target the AR-/lo population of prostate cancer cells with stem-cell properties.
Collapse
|
40
|
Lawrence MG, Pook DW, Wang H, Porter LH, Frydenberg M, Kourambas J, Appu S, Poole C, Beardsley EK, Ryan A, Norden S, Papargiris MM, Risbridger GP, Taylor RA. Establishment of primary patient-derived xenografts of palliative TURP specimens to study castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:1475-83. [PMID: 26177841 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fresh patient specimens of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are invaluable for studying tumor heterogeneity and responses to current treatments. They can be used for primary patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) or serially transplantable PDXs, but only a small proportion of samples grow successfully. To improve the efficiency and quality of PDXs, we investigated the factors that determine the initial engraftment of patient tissues derived from TURP specimens. METHODS Fresh tissue was collected from castrate patients who required a TURP for urinary symptoms. Tissue was grafted under the renal capsule of immune-compromised mice for up to 14 weeks. The abundance of cancer in ungrafted and grafted specimens was compared using histopathology. Mice were castrated or implanted with testosterone pellets to determine the androgen-responsiveness of CRPC PDXs from TURP tissue. RESULTS Primary PDXs were successfully established from 7 of 10 patients that underwent grafting. Of the 112 grafts generated from these 10 patients, 21% contained cancer at harvest. Grafts were most successful when the original patient specimens contained high amounts of viable cancer, defined as samples with (i) at least 50% cancer cells, (ii) no physical damage, and (iii) detectable Ki67 expression. PDX grafts survived in castrated hosts and proliferated in response to testosterone, confirming that they were castrate resistant but androgen-responsive. CONCLUSIONS Primary PDXs of CRPC can be established from TURP specimens with modest success. The take rate can be increased if the original tissues contain sufficient numbers of actively proliferating cancer cells. Selecting specimens with abundant viable cancer will maximize the rate of engraftment and increase the efficiency of establishing PDXs that can be serially transplanted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G Lawrence
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Pook
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Oncology, Monash Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura H Porter
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Frydenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Kourambas
- Department of Urology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sree Appu
- Department of Urology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine Poole
- Department of Urology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma K Beardsley
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Ryan
- TissuPath Pathology, Melbourne, Mount Waverley, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sam Norden
- TissuPath Pathology, Melbourne, Mount Waverley, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa M Papargiris
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Varkaris A, Corn PG, Parikh NU, Efstathiou E, Song JH, Lee YC, Aparicio A, Hoang AG, Gaur S, Thorpe L, Maity SN, Bar Eli M, Czerniak BA, Shao Y, Alauddin M, Lin SH, Logothetis CJ, Gallick GE. Integrating Murine and Clinical Trials with Cabozantinib to Understand Roles of MET and VEGFR2 as Targets for Growth Inhibition of Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:107-21. [PMID: 26272062 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We performed parallel investigations in cabozantinib-treated patients in a phase II trial and simultaneously in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models to better understand the roles of MET and VEGFR2 as targets for prostate cancer therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In the clinical trial, radiographic imaging and serum markers were examined, as well as molecular markers in tumors from bone biopsies. In mice harboring PDX intrafemurally or subcutaneously, cabozantinib effects on tumor growth, MET, PDX in which MET was silenced, VEGFR2, bone turnover, angiogenesis, and resistance were examined. RESULTS In responsive patients and PDX, islets of viable pMET-positive tumor cells persisted, which rapidly regrew after drug withdrawal. Knockdown of MET in PDX did not affect tumor growth in mice nor did it affect cabozantinib-induced growth inhibition but did lead to induction of FGFR1. Inhibition of VEGFR2 and MET in endothelial cells reduced the vasculature, leading to necrosis. However, each islet of viable cells surrounded a VEGFR2-negative vessel. Reduction of bone turnover was observed in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that MET in tumor cells is not a persistent therapeutic target for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), but inhibition of VEGFR2 and MET in endothelial cells and direct effects on osteoblasts are responsible for cabozantinib-induced tumor inhibition. However, vascular heterogeneity represents one source of primary therapy resistance, whereas induction of FGFR1 in tumor cells suggests a potential mechanism of acquired resistance. Thus, integrated cross-species investigations demonstrate the power of combining preclinical models with clinical trials to understand mechanisms of activity and resistance of investigational agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Varkaris
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul G Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nila U Parikh
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eleni Efstathiou
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jian H Song
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yu-Chen Lee
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ana Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anh G Hoang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sanchaika Gaur
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Programs in Cancer Biology and Cancer Metastasis, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Lynnelle Thorpe
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Programs in Cancer Biology and Cancer Metastasis, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Sankar N Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Menashe Bar Eli
- Programs in Cancer Biology and Cancer Metastasis, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas. Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bogdan A Czerniak
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yiping Shao
- Department of Imaging Physics-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mian Alauddin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gary E Gallick
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Programs in Cancer Biology and Cancer Metastasis, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mouse is an important, though imperfect, organism with which to model human disease and to discover and test novel drugs in a preclinical setting. Many experimental strategies have been used to discover new biological and molecular targets in the mouse, with the hopes of translating these discoveries into novel drugs to treat prostate cancer in humans. Modeling prostate cancer in the mouse, however, has been challenging, and often drugs that work in mice have failed in human trials. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss the similarities and differences between mice and men; the types of mouse models that exist to model prostate cancer; practical questions one must ask when using a mouse as a model; and potential reasons that drugs do not often translate to humans. They also discuss the current value in using mouse models for drug discovery to treat prostate cancer and what needs are still unmet in field. EXPERT OPINION With proper planning and following practical guidelines by the researcher, the mouse is a powerful experimental tool. The field lacks genetically engineered metastatic models, and xenograft models do not allow for the study of the immune system during the metastatic process. There remain several important limitations to discovering and testing novel drugs in mice for eventual human use, but these can often be overcome. Overall, mouse modeling is an essential part of prostate cancer research and drug discovery. Emerging technologies and better and ever-increasing forms of communication are moving the field in a hopeful direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Valkenburg
- The Johns Hopkins University, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology , 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Russell PJ, Russell P, Rudduck C, Tse BWC, Williams ED, Raghavan D. Establishing prostate cancer patient derived xenografts: lessons learned from older studies. Prostate 2015; 75:628-36. [PMID: 25560784 PMCID: PMC4415460 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the progression of prostate cancer to androgen-independence/castrate resistance and development of preclinical testing models are important for developing new prostate cancer therapies. This report describes studies performed 30 years ago, which demonstrate utility and shortfalls of xenografting to preclinical modeling. METHODS We subcutaneously implanted male nude mice with small prostate cancer fragments from transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) from 29 patients. Successful xenografts were passaged into new host mice. They were characterized using histology, immunohistochemistry for marker expression, flow cytometry for ploidy status, and in some cases by electron microscopy and response to testosterone. Two xenografts were karyotyped by G-banding. RESULTS Tissues from 3/29 donors (10%) gave rise to xenografts that were successfully serially passaged in vivo. Two, (UCRU-PR-1, which subsequently was replaced by a mouse fibrosarcoma, and UCRU-PR-2, which combined epithelial and neuroendocrine features) have been described. UCRU-PR-4 line was a poorly differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma derived from a patient who had undergone estrogen therapy and bilateral castration after his cancer relapsed. Histologically, this comprised diffusely infiltrating small acinar cell carcinoma with more solid aggregates of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The xenografted line showed histology consistent with a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and stained positively for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and the cytokeratin cocktail, CAM5.2, with weak staining for prostate specific antigen (PSA). The line failed to grow in female nude mice. Castration of three male nude mice after xenograft establishment resulted in cessation of growth in one, growth regression in another and transient growth in another, suggesting that some cells had retained androgen sensitivity. The karyotype (from passage 1) was 43-46, XY, dic(1;12)(p11;p11), der(3)t(3:?5)(q13;q13), -5, inv(7)(p15q35) x2, +add(7)(p13), add(8)(p22), add(11)(p14), add(13)(p11), add(20)(p12), -22, +r4[cp8]. CONCLUSIONS Xenografts provide a clinically relevant model of prostate cancer, although establishing serially transplantable prostate cancer patient derived xenografts is challenging and requires rigorous characterization and high quality starting material. Xenografting from advanced prostate cancer is more likely to succeed, as xenografting from well differentiated, localized disease has not been achieved in our experience. Strong translational correlations can be demonstrated between the clinical disease state and the xenograft model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Russell
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - QueenslandInstitute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of Technology, Translational Research InstituteBrisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
- *Correspondence to: Pamela J. Russell, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia. E-mail:
| | - Peter Russell
- GynaePath, Douglass Hanly Moir PathologyMacquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology and Neonatology, University of Sydney, SydneyNew South Wales, Australia
| | - Christina Rudduck
- Cytogenetics Department, The Children's HospitalSydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian W-C Tse
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - QueenslandInstitute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of Technology, Translational Research InstituteBrisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - QueenslandInstitute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of Technology, Translational Research InstituteBrisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the USA and most western countries. Prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed form of prostate cancer. Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is less frequently identified at the time of initial diagnosis, but this highly aggressive form of prostate cancer is increasingly observed in patients who have failed first- and second-line hormone therapy. Thus, developing and exploring models of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NePC) are of increasing importance. This review examines the relevant xenograft tumor and genetically engineered mouse models of NePC, with the aim of addressing salient features and clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Berman-Booty
- Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tagawa ST. Neuroendocrine prostate cancer after hormonal therapy: knowing is half the battle. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:3360-4. [PMID: 25225431 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.57.5100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
46
|
Androgen receptor splice variants in the era of enzalutamide and abiraterone. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:265-73. [PMID: 25048254 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The FDA approvals of enzalutamide and abiraterone have rapidly changed the clinical landscape of prostate cancer treatment. Both drugs were designed to further suppress androgen receptor (AR) signaling, which is restored following first-line androgen deprivation therapies. Resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone, however, is again marked by a return of AR signaling, indicating a remarkable "addiction" of prostate cancer cells to the AR pathway. Several mechanisms of castration resistance have been uncovered in the past decades, featuring a wide spectrum of molecular alterations that may explain sustained AR signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPC). Among these, the androgen receptor splice variants (AR-Vs), particularly variant 7 (AR-V7), have been implicated in resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in preclinical studies, and they cannot be targeted by currently available AR-directed drugs. Drug development for AR-V-associated CRPC may therefore be necessary to augment the preexisting treatment repertoire. In this mini-review, we will discuss general mechanisms of resistance to AR-directed therapies, with a focus on the role of androgen receptor splice variants in the new era of treating advanced prostate cancer with enzalutamide and abiraterone.
Collapse
|
47
|
Lapuk AV, Volik SV, Wang Y, Collins CC. The role of mRNA splicing in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:515-21. [PMID: 24830689 PMCID: PMC4104073 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.127825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a crucial step in gene expression. It is subject to intricate regulation, and its deregulation in cancer can lead to a wide array of neoplastic phenotypes. A large body of evidence implicates splice isoforms in most if not all hallmarks of cancer, including growth, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, and metabolism. AS has important clinical implications since it can be manipulated therapeutically to treat cancer and represents a mechanism of resistance to therapy. In prostate cancer (PCa) AS also plays a prominent role and this review will summarize the current knowledge of alternatively spliced genes with important functional consequences. We will highlight accumulating evidence on AS of the components of the two critical pathways in PCa: androgen receptor (AR) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). These observations together with data on dysregulation of splice factors in PCa suggest that AR and PI3K pathways may be interconnected with previously unappreciated splicing regulatory networks. In addition, we will discuss several lines of evidence implicating splicing regulation in the development of the castration resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Lapuk
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stanislav V Volik
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin C Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Proposed morphologic classification of prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38:756-67. [PMID: 24705311 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
On July 31, 2013, the Prostate Cancer Foundation assembled a working committee on the molecular biology and pathologic classification of neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in prostate cancer. New clinical and molecular data emerging from prostate cancers treated by contemporary androgen deprivation therapies, as well as primary lesions, have highlighted the need for refinement of diagnostic terminology to encompass the full spectrum of NE differentiation. The classification system consists of: Usual prostate adenocarcinoma with NE differentiation; 2) Adenocarcinoma with Paneth cell NE differentiation; 3) Carcinoid tumor; 4) Small cell carcinoma; 5) Large cell NE carcinoma; and 5) Mixed NE carcinoma - acinar adenocarcinoma. The article also highlights "prostate carcinoma with overlapping features of small cell carcinoma and acinar adenocarcinoma" and "castrate-resistant prostate cancer with small cell cancer-like clinical presentation". It is envisioned that specific criteria associated with the refined diagnostic terminology will lead to clinically relevant pathologic diagnoses that will stimulate further clinical and molecular investigation and identification of appropriate targeted therapies.
Collapse
|
49
|
Li L, Chang W, Yang G, Ren C, Park S, Karantanos T, Karanika S, Wang J, Yin J, Shah PK, Takahiro H, Dobashi M, Zhang W, Efstathiou E, Maity SN, Aparicio AM, Li Ning Tapia EM, Troncoso P, Broom B, Xiao L, Lee HS, Lee JS, Corn PG, Navone N, Thompson TC. Targeting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and the c-Myb-regulated DNA damage response pathway in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra47. [PMID: 24847116 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation is the standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa), but most patients ultimately develop resistance and tumor recurrence. We found that MYB is transcriptionally activated by androgen deprivation therapy or genetic silencing of the androgen receptor (AR). MYB silencing inhibited PCa growth in culture and xenografts in mice. Microarray data revealed that c-Myb and AR shared a subset of target genes that encode DNA damage response (DDR) proteins, suggesting that c-Myb may supplant AR as the dominant regulator of their common DDR target genes in AR inhibition-resistant or AR-negative PCa. Gene signatures including AR, MYB, and their common DDR-associated target genes positively correlated with metastasis, castration resistance, tumor recurrence, and decreased survival in PCa patients. In culture and in xenograft-bearing mice, a combination strategy involving the knockdown of MYB, BRCA1, or TOPBP1 or the abrogation of cell cycle checkpoint arrest with AZD7762, an inhibitor of the checkpoint kinase Chk1, increased the cytotoxicity of the poly[adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-ribose] polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib in PCa cells. Our results reveal new mechanism-based therapeutic approaches for PCa by targeting PARP and the DDR pathway involving c-Myb, TopBP1, ataxia telangiectasia mutated- and Rad3-related (ATR), and Chk1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Likun Li
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Wenjun Chang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Chengzhen Ren
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Theodoros Karantanos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Styliani Karanika
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Parantu K Shah
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Hirayama Takahiro
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Masato Dobashi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Eleni Efstathiou
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Sankar N Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Ana M Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Elsa M Li Ning Tapia
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Patricia Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Bradley Broom
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Lianchun Xiao
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Hyun-Sung Lee
- Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Paul G Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Nora Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Timothy C Thompson
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Characterization of prostate neuroendocrine cancers and therapeutic management: a literature review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2014; 17:220-6. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2014.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|