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Catto MA, Labadie PE, Jacobson AL, Kennedy GG, Srinivasan R, Hunt BG. Pest status, molecular evolution, and epigenetic factors derived from the genome assembly of Frankliniella fusca, a thysanopteran phytovirus vector. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:343. [PMID: 37344773 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds; family Thripidae; order Thysanoptera) is an important pest that can transmit viruses such as the tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus to numerous economically important agricultural row crops and vegetables. The structural and functional genomics within the order Thysanoptera has only begun to be explored. Within the > 7000 known thysanopteran species, the melon thrips (Thrips palmi Karny) and the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergrande) are the only two thysanopteran species with assembled genomes. RESULTS A genome of F. fusca was assembled by long-read sequencing of DNA from an inbred line. The final assembly size was 370 Mb with a single copy ortholog completeness of ~ 99% with respect to Insecta. The annotated genome of F. fusca was compared with the genome of its congener, F. occidentalis. Results revealed many instances of lineage-specific differences in gene content. Analyses of sequence divergence between the two Frankliniella species' genomes revealed substitution patterns consistent with positive selection in ~ 5% of the protein-coding genes with 1:1 orthologs. Further, gene content related to its pest status, such as xenobiotic detoxification and response to an ambisense-tripartite RNA virus (orthotospovirus) infection was compared with F. occidentalis. Several F. fusca genes related to virus infection possessed signatures of positive selection. Estimation of CpG depletion, a mutational consequence of DNA methylation, revealed that F. fusca genes that were downregulated and alternatively spliced in response to virus infection were preferentially targeted by DNA methylation. As in many other insects, DNA methylation was enriched in exons in Frankliniella, but gene copies with homology to DNA methyltransferase 3 were numerous and fragmented. This phenomenon seems to be relatively unique to thrips among other insect groups. CONCLUSIONS The F. fusca genome assembly provides an important resource for comparative genomic analyses of thysanopterans. This genomic foundation allows for insights into molecular evolution, gene regulation, and loci important to agricultural pest status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Catto
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Paul E Labadie
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Alana L Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University College of Agriculture, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - George G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - Brendan G Hunt
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, USA.
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Yates-Stewart AD, Yorke BT, Willse A, Fridley J, Head GP. Using Sentinel Plots to Monitor for Changes in Thrips Susceptibility to MON 88702 Cotton Containing the Cry51Aa2.834_16 Bt Protein. INSECTS 2023; 14:497. [PMID: 37367313 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic Bt crops are important tools for growers to manage insect pests, but their durability is threatened by the evolution of insect resistance. Implementing a resistance monitoring program is essential to detect and mitigate resistance. For non-high-dose Bt crops, resistance monitoring is challenging, because insect control is not complete, so targeted insects and insect damage will be present even without resistance. Given these challenges, sentinel plots have been used to monitor for insect resistance to non-high-dose crops by assessing changes in the efficacy of a Bt crop over time relative to a non-Bt control. We optimized a sentinel plot resistance monitoring approach for MON 88702 ThryvOn™ cotton, a new non-high-dose Bt product targeting two sucking pest taxa-Lygus (L. lineolaris and L. hesperus) and thrips (Frankliniella fusca and F. occidentalis)-and report here on the thrips monitoring methods and results. Quantifying thrips immatures was the best metric to characterize the impact of the trait, with at least a 40-60% average reduction of thrips immatures on ThryvOn relative to the control cotton at all sites with higher thrips densities. These data can be used within a ThryvOn resistance monitoring program and represent a case study for establishing a resistance monitoring approach for a non-high-dose trait product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan Willse
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
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3
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Krob JL, Stewart SD, Brown SA, Kerns D, Graham SH, Perkins C, Huseth AS, Kennedy GG, Reisig DD, Taylor SV, Towles TB, Kerns DL, Thrash BC, Lorenz GM, Bateman NR, Cook DR, Crow WD, Gore J, Catchot AL, Musser FR, Catchot B. Standardized Field Trials in Cotton and Bioassays to Evaluate Resistance of Tobacco Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Insecticides in the Southern United States. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1693-1702. [PMID: 36099406 PMCID: PMC9554785 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Foliar-applied insecticide treatments may be necessary to manage thrips in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under severe infestations or when at-planting insecticide seed treatments do not provide satisfactory protection. The most common foliar-applied insecticide is acephate. Field observations in Tennessee suggest that the performance of acephate has declined. Thus, the first objective was to perform leaf-dip bioassays to assess if tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in cotton production regions have evolved resistance to foliar-applied insecticides. A second objective was to assess the performance of commonly applied foliar insecticides for managing thrips in standardized field trials in Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Texas. For both objectives, several insecticides were evaluated including acephate, dicrotophos, dimethoate, lambda-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, and spinetoram. Field trials and bioassays were completed from 2018 to 2021. Dose-response bioassays with acephate were performed on tobacco thrips field populations and a susceptible laboratory population. Bioassay results suggest that tobacco thrips have developed resistance to acephate and other organophosphate insecticides; however, this resistance seems to be most severe in Arkansas, Tennessee, and the Delta region of Mississippi. Resistance to other classes of insecticides were perhaps even more evident in these bioassays. The performance of these insecticides in field trials was variable, with tobacco thrips only showing consistent signs of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin. However, it is evident that many populations of tobacco thrips are resistant to multiple classes of insecticides. Further research is needed to determine heritability and resistance mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott D Stewart
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, 605 Airways Boulevard, Jackson, TN 38301, USA
| | - Sebe A Brown
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, 605 Airways Boulevard, Jackson, TN 38301, USA
| | - Dawson Kerns
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Scott H Graham
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Clay Perkins
- Research and Development Crop Protection Specialist at Helena Agri-Enterprises, LLC, Memphis, TN 38120, USA
| | - Anders S Huseth
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - George G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dominic D Reisig
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, Plymouth, NC 27962, USA
| | - Sally V Taylor
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Suffolk, VA 23437, USA
| | - Tyler B Towles
- Macon Ridge Research Station, Louisiana State University, 212A Macon Ridge Road, Winnsboro, LA 71295, USA
| | - David L Kerns
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Benjamin C Thrash
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, 2001 Highway 70 E., Lonoke, AR 72086, USA
| | - Gus M Lorenz
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, 2001 Highway 70 E., Lonoke, AR 72086, USA
| | - Nick R Bateman
- Department of Entomology, The University of Arkansas, Rice Research and Extension Center, Stuttgart, AR 72160, USA
| | - Don R Cook
- Delta REC, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 197, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Whitney D Crow
- Delta REC, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 197, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gore
- Delta REC, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 197, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Angus L Catchot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 9775, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Fred R Musser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 9775, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Beverly Catchot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 9775, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Chen Q, Zhang Y, Su G. Comparative study of neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) and NNI-Related substances (r-NNIs) in foodstuffs and indoor dust. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107368. [PMID: 35779283 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies of neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) and NNI-related substances (r-NNIs) in foodstuffs and indoor dust are rare. Herein, we investigated the feature fragmentations of nine NNIs in high-energy collision dissociation cells via high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry and observed that NNIs can consistently generate several feature fragments (e.g., C6H5NCl+, C4H3NSCl+, and C6H5NF3+). Consequently, NNIs and r-NNIs were comprehensively (targeted, suspect, and feature fragment-dependent) detected in 107 foodstuff and 49 indoor dust samples collected from Nanjing City (eastern China). We fully or tentatively identified 9 target NNIs and 5 r-NNIs in these samples. NNIs and r-NNIs were detected in 93.5% of the analyzed foodstuff samples, and high concentrations were detected in vegetables (mean: 409 ng/g wet weight [ww]) and fruits (127 ng/g ww). Regarding indoor dust, imidacloprid and acetamiprid exhibited extremely high detection frequencies and contamination levels, and the highest mean concentrations of NNIs and r-NNIs were detected in dormitory samples. Based on the NNI and r-NNI concentrations in the analyzed samples, the mean estimated daily intake values for Chinese adults and children via dietary intake and dust ingestion were 2080-8190 ng/kg bw/day and 378-2680 pg/kg bw/day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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Gulzar S, Usman M, Wakil W, Wu S, Oliveira-Hofman C, Srinivasan R, Toews M, Shapiro-Ilan D. Virulence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Pupae of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2018-2023. [PMID: 34240150 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) is an economically significant pest. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have shown promise as biocontrol agents against certain thrips species, but they have not been explored for suppression of F. fusca. We investigated the potential of EPNs to manage F. fusca by conducting three different bioassays: 1) a small cup dose-response bioassay (25, 50, and 100 IJs cm-2) with four EPN species, 2) a broad virulence bioassay with eight EPN species at 100 IJs cm-2, and 3) a potted soil bioassay testing with four EPN species (100 IJs cm-2). In the dose-response bioassay, all treatments showed relatively lower adult emergence when compared with the control group, but the minimum adult emergence (30%) was observed at 7 d post-treatment when Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (FL1-1) was applied at the highest rate (100 IJs cm-2). In the broad virulence study, all EPN treatments caused significant reductions in F. fusca adult emergence (18.3-75.0%) in comparison with the control. H. bacteriophora (Fl1-1) was more virulent than other nematode treatments but statistically not different from Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema riobrave, while Steinernema rarum was the least virulent. In the potted soil bioassay, the lowest emergence (10.6%) was observed in H. bacteriophora (Fl1-1) treatment, followed by S. feltiae (SN), S. riobrave (355), and Heterorhabditis indica (HOM1) treatments. These results indicate that EPNs have the ability to suppress the soil dwelling stage of F. fusca and should be explored further under greenhouse and field conditions for biocontrol potential within an integrated pest management (IPM) context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Gulzar
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Wakil
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Shaohui Wu
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA,USA
| | | | | | - Michael Toews
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA,USA
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6
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Yannuzzi IM, Moretti EA, Nault BA. Comparison of Bioassays Used to Determine Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Susceptibility to Spinetoram. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2236-2240. [PMID: 34289041 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) is one of onion's most damaging insect pests and has a history of developing resistance across insecticide classes. The susceptibility of T. tabaci populations to insecticides can be determined using laboratory bioassays. Three types of bioassays have been documented in the literature specifically for use with T. tabaci: vial assay (contact only), feeding assay (ingestion only), and leaf-dip assay (contact + ingestion). The objectives of this study were to 1) compare insecticide susceptibility levels of a T. tabaci population using these three assays and 2) determine which bioassay's results were most similar to those generated from exposing thrips to whole plants treated with insecticide. All experiments were conducted using a colony of T. tabaci known to be susceptible to insecticides and all were evaluated for their susceptibility to spinetoram (Radiant SC). Results indicated that 1) each bioassay generated a unique concentration-mortality relationship and LC50 value (0.01, 0.03 and 1.6 ppm for leaf-dip, vial, and feeding assays, respectively), and 2) all bioassays overestimated the susceptibility of the population relative to the whole-plant assay (LC50 = 5.3 ppm). Attributes of these bioassays are discussed relative to their future use in insecticide resistance monitoring programs for T. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M Yannuzzi
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, 15 Castle Creek Drive, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Erica A Moretti
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, 15 Castle Creek Drive, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Brian A Nault
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, 15 Castle Creek Drive, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
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7
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Gupta M, Singh S, Kaur G, Pandher S, Kaur N, Goel N, Kaur R, Rathore P. Transcriptome analysis unravels RNAi pathways genes and putative expansion of CYP450 gene family in cotton leafhopper Amrasca biguttula (Ishida). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4383-4396. [PMID: 34091816 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cotton Leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula is an important pest of cotton and okra in the Indian subcontinent. Presently limited genomic/transcriptomic information is available for this insect in any of open source databases. The present study reports the first assembled and annotated de novo transcriptome of cotton leafhopper. Out of 75,551 transcripts, 39,613 CDS (Coding Sequence) were predicted with 35,282 showing positive blast hits with NCBI nr database. The Gene ontology (GO) analysis annotated 7431 CDS with KEGG pathway categorizing these CDS into 22 different functional groups. The majority of CDS were annotated in signal transduction and transport catabolism pathways. The sequence data was screened for RNAi pathway genes and presence of 37 transcripts associated with this process confirmed the existence of robust RNAi machinery. The role of core RNAi machinery genes (Dicer-2, Ago-2, Piwi and Staufen) has been validated through dsRNA feeding studies. The data resource has also been used to identify potential RNAi targets and genes associated with insecticide detoxification specifically CYP 450 family. The current study provides a useful sequence resource which can be used to initiate molecular studies in this insect with emphasis on insecticide resistance, RNAi and functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Gupta
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Circular Road, Faridko, 151203, Punjab, India.,Department of Poultry Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Satnam Singh
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Circular Road, Faridko, 151203, Punjab, India.
| | - Gurmeet Kaur
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Circular Road, Faridko, 151203, Punjab, India
| | - Suneet Pandher
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Circular Road, Faridko, 151203, Punjab, India
| | | | - Neha Goel
- Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248195, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Circular Road, Faridko, 151203, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Rathore
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Circular Road, Faridko, 151203, Punjab, India
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Furlan L, Pozzebon A, Duso C, Simon-Delso N, Sánchez-Bayo F, Marchand PA, Codato F, Bijleveld van Lexmond M, Bonmatin JM. An update of the Worldwide Integrated Assessment (WIA) on systemic insecticides. Part 3: alternatives to systemic insecticides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11798-11820. [PMID: 29478160 PMCID: PMC7921064 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Over-reliance on pesticides for pest control is inflicting serious damage to the environmental services that underpin agricultural productivity. The widespread use of systemic insecticides, neonicotinoids, and the phenylpyrazole fipronil in particular is assessed here in terms of their actual use in pest management, effects on crop yields, and the development of pest resistance to these compounds in many crops after two decades of usage. Resistance can only be overcome in the longterm by implementing methods that are not exclusively based on synthetic pesticides. A diverse range of pest management tactics is already available, all of which can achieve efficient pest control below the economic injury level while maintaining the productivity of the crops. A novel insurance method against crop failure is shown here as an example of alternative methods that can protect farmer's crops and their livelihoods without having to use insecticides. Finally, some concluding remarks about the need for a new framework for a truly sustainable agriculture that relies mainly on natural ecosystem services instead of chemicals are included; this reinforcing the previous WIA conclusions (van der Sluijs et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:148-154, 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Pozzebon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Carlo Duso
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Noa Simon-Delso
- Beekeeping Research and Information Centre, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Bayo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW, 2015, Australia
| | - Patrice A Marchand
- Institut Technique de l'Agriculture Biologique (ITAB), 149 Rue de Bercy, 75595, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Codato
- Condifesa Veneto, Associazione regionale dei ccnsorzi di difesa del Veneto, Via F.S. Orologio 6, 35129, Padova (PD), Italy
| | | | - Jean-Marc Bonmatin
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France.
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9
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Chappell TM, Ward RV, DePolt KT, Roberts PM, Greene JK, Kennedy GG. Cotton thrips infestation predictor: a practical tool for predicting tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) infestation of cotton seedlings in the south-eastern United States. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:4018-4028. [PMID: 32520443 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrips (order Thysanoptera) infestations of cotton seedlings result in plant injury, increasing the detrimental consequences of other challenges to production agriculture, such as abiotic stress or infestation by other pests. Using Frankliniella fusca as a thrips species of focus, we empirically developed a composite model of thrips phenology and cotton seedling susceptibility to predict site-specific infestation risk so that monitoring and other resources can be allocated efficiently, to optimize the timing of thrips control measures to maximize effectiveness, and to inform stakeholders about the dynamics of thrips infestation and cotton seedling injury at a time when thrips are evolving resistance to commonly-used pesticides. RESULTS A mixture distribution model of thrips infestation potential, fit to data describing F. fusca adult dispersal in time, proved best for predicting infestations of F. fusca on cotton seedlings. Thrips generations occurring each year as a function of weather are represented as a probability distribution. A model of cotton seedling growth was also developed to predict susceptibility as a function of weather. Combining these two models resulted in a model of seedling injury, which was validated and developed for implementation as a software tool. CONCLUSIONS Experimental validation of the implemented model demonstrated the utility of its output in predicting infestation risk. Successful implementation and use of the software tool derived from this model was enabled by close cooperation with university extension personnel, agricultural consultants, and growers, underscoring the importance of stakeholder and expert input to the success of applied analytical research. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Chappell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca V Ward
- State Climate Office of North Carolina, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kelley T DePolt
- State Climate Office of North Carolina, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Jeremy K Greene
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Blackville, SC, USA
| | - George G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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10
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Huseth AS, D’Ambrosio DA, Kennedy GG. Understanding the potential impact of continued seed treatment use for resistance management in Cry51Aa2.834_16 Bt cotton against Frankliniella fusca. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239910. [PMID: 33002075 PMCID: PMC7529216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic cotton expressing Cry51Aa2.834_16 Bt toxin (hereafter referred to as MON 88702) has the potential to be an important tool for pest management due to its unique activity against tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca. Unlike other Bt toxins targeting lepidopteran cotton pests, MON 88702 does not cause direct mortality but has an antixenotic effect that suppresses F. fusca oviposition. Previous work has shown neonicotinoid seed treated (NST) crops have similar behavioral effects on thrips. This study used non-choice and common garden experiments to examine how the presence of MON 88702 cotton and soybean (another F. fusca host) with and without NSTs might alter F. fusca infestation distributions. In a no-choice environment, significant larval establishment differences were observed, with untreated soybean plants becoming most heavily infested. In choice experiments, plants expressing MON 88702 or were neonicotinoid treated had significantly lower larval establishment. Larval density decreased as dispersal distance increased, suggesting reproductive decisions were negatively related to distance from the release point. Understanding how F. fusca responds to MON 88702 in an environment where adults can choose among multiple host plants will provide valuable context for projections regarding design of MON 88702 resistance refuges. Reduced larval establishment on NST cotton and soybean suggests that area-wide use of NSTs could reduce the number of susceptible F. fusca generated in unstructured crop refuges for MON 88702. These results also suggest that although the presence of NST MON 88702 could suppress reproduction and resistance selection, over time this benefit could erode resulting in increased larval establishment on NST cotton and soybean due to increased frequency of neonicotinoid resistant F. fusca populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S. Huseth
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Damon A. D’Ambrosio
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George G. Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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11
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Huseth AS, D Ambrosio DA, Yorke BT, Head GP, Kennedy GG. Novel mechanism of thrips suppression by Cry51Aa2.834_16 Bt toxin expressed in cotton. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:1492-1499. [PMID: 31659844 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically engineered (GE) crops that express insecticidal traits have improved the sustainability of insect pest management worldwide, but many important pest orders are not controlled by commercially available toxins. Development of the first transgenic thysanopteran- and hemipteran-active Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry51Aa2.834_16 toxin expressed in MON 88702 cotton will significantly expand the diversity of pests controlled in the crop. Here, we examined MON 88702 cotton activity against two thrips species within the same genera, Frankliniella fusca and Frankliniella occidentalis. We used a multi-component cotton tissue assay approach to understand effects on adult longevity, fecundity, and larval development. RESULTS We found that in no-choice assays, cotton plants expressing MON 88702 suppress oviposition, when compared to a non-Bt cotton. MON 88702 did not kill a large proportion of F. fusca larvae or adults but killed most F. occidentalis larvae. Time series experiments with F. occidentalis larvae documented significant developmental lags for MON 88702 exposed individuals. We also found that female thrips preferred to oviposit on non-Bt cotton when provided a choice. CONCLUSION Together these results describe the activity of MON 88702 against thrips. They document clear differences in toxin performance between different thrips species and throughout the insects' life cycle. Most importantly, we show that MON 88702 was associated with reduced oviposition via behavioral avoidance to the toxin. This is a novel mechanism of action for pest control for a Bt crop plant. Together, these results provide a basis to describe the mechanism of population control for MON 88702 cotton. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S Huseth
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Damon A D Ambrosio
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | - George G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Andongma AA, Greig C, Dyson PJ, Flynn N, Whitten MMA. Optimization of dietary RNA interference delivery to western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and onion thrips Thrips tabaci. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21645. [PMID: 31742774 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In insect reverse genetics, dietary delivery of interfering RNAs is a practical approach in nonmodel species, such as thrips, whose small size, and feeding behavior restricts the use of other delivery methods. In a laboratory context, an unsuitable diet could confound the interpretation of an RNA interference (RNAi) phenotype, however well-formulated artificial diets can minimize experimental variability, reduce the need for insect handling, and can further be used for roles, such as delivering double-strand RNA (dsRNA)-expressing recombinant bacteria. In this study, artificial diets for oral delivery of dsRNA were developed for two important pest thrips species, western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and onion thrips (Thrips tabaci), with the goal of (a) stimulating feeding behavior, (b) supporting optimal growth rates of dsRNA-expressing symbiotic bacteria, and (c) nutritionally supporting the thrips for sufficient periods to observe RNAi phenotypes. The efficacy of artificial diets for ingesting "naked" dsRNA or dsRNA-expressing symbionts and dsRNA delivery via host plant uptake was evaluated. Compared with previously published diet formulations, new combinations based on tryptone, yeast, and soy were superior for enhancing feeding and longevity. However, simply adding "naked" dsRNA to an artificial diet was an unreliable form of RNAi delivery in our hands due to dsRNA degradation. Delivery via host plants was more successful, and the new diet formulation was suitable for symbiont-mediated dsRNA delivery, which we believe is the most convenient approach for large-scale knockdown experiments. This study, therefore, provides alternative methodologies for thrips rearing, dietary RNAi delivery, and insights into the challenges of performing dietary RNAi in nonmodel insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awawing A Andongma
- Applied Molecular Microbiology Group, Swansea University School of Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea, UK
| | - Carolyn Greig
- Applied Molecular Microbiology Group, Swansea University School of Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea, UK
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Applied Molecular Microbiology Group, Swansea University School of Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea, UK
| | - Natasha Flynn
- Applied Molecular Microbiology Group, Swansea University School of Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea, UK
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Miranda M A Whitten
- Applied Molecular Microbiology Group, Swansea University School of Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea, UK
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Jones AG, Hoover K, Pearsons K, Tooker JF, Felton GW. Potential Impacts of Translocation of Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum (Malvales: Malvaceae)) Extrafloral Nectar on Parasitoids. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:159-168. [PMID: 31880775 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid seed treatments are frequently used in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. [Malvales: Malvaceae]) production to provide protection against early-season herbivory. However, there is little known about how these applications affect extrafloral nectar (EFN), an important food resource for arthropod natural enemies. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, we found that neonicotinoids were translocated to the EFN of clothianidin- and imidacloprid-treated, greenhouse-grown cotton plants at concentrations of 77.3 ± 17.3 and 122.6 ± 11.5 ppb, respectively. We did not find differences in the quantity of EFN produced by neonicotinoid-treated cotton plants compared to untreated controls, either constitutively or after mechanical damage. Metabolomic analysis of sugars and amino acids from treated and untreated plants did not detect differences in overall composition of EFN. In bioassays, female Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoid wasps that fed on EFN from untreated, clothianidin-treated, or imidacloprid-treated plants demonstrated no difference in mortality or parasitization success. We also conducted acute toxicity assays for C. marginiventris fed on honey spiked with clothianidin and imidacloprid and established LC50 values for male and female wasps. Although LC50 values were substantially higher than neonicotinoid concentrations detected in EFN, caution should be used when translating these results to the field where other stressors could alter the effects of neonicotinoids. Moreover, there are a wide range of possible sublethal impacts of neonicotinoids, none of which were explored here. Our results suggest that EFN is a potential route of exposure of neonicotinoids to beneficial insects and that further field-based studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher G Jones
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kirsten Pearsons
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - John F Tooker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Reay-Jones FPF, Greene JK, Bauer PJ. Spatial Distributions of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cotton. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5625616. [PMID: 31725879 PMCID: PMC6855143 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A 4-yr study was conducted to determine the degree of aggregation of thrips and injury in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and their spatial association with a multispectral vegetation index (normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) and soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa). Using the Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs analyses (SADIE), adult thrips were significantly (P < 0.05) aggregated in 4 out of 24 analyses for adult thrips (17%), 4 out of 24 analyses for immature thrips (17%), and 2 out of 15 analyses for injury (13%). The SADIE association tool showed that NDVI values were associated with adult thrips in 2 out of 20 paired datasets (10%), with immature thrips in 3 out of 20 paired datasets (15%), and with thrips injury in 1 out of 14 paired datasets (7.1%). Soil ECa values were generally more associated with thrips variables than NDVI, with shallow ECa positively associated with adult thrips in 6 out of 21 paired datasets (28.6%), with immature thrips in 8 out of 21 paired datasets (40.0%), and with thrips injury in 8 out of 14 paired datasets (57.1%). The greater frequency of positive associations between thrips variables and soil ECa suggests a greater potential for site-specific management, particularly in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, where soil types are highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis P F Reay-Jones
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC
| | - Jeremy K Greene
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edisto Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Blackville, SC
| | - Philip J Bauer
- USDA-ARS Coastal Plain Soil, Water and Plant Conservation Research, Florence, SC
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Graham SH, Musser FM, Jacobson AL, Chitturi A, Catchot B, Stewart SD. Behavioral Responses of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) to a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16 in Cotton. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:1695-1704. [PMID: 30920619 PMCID: PMC6678072 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae), are among the most important insect pests of cotton, Gosssypium hirsutum, in the mid-southern United States. These pests are currently managed primarily by insecticides; however, a new Bt toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16 is under evaluation for control of thrips and tarnished plant bug. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavioral response of thrips and tarnished plant bug to Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16. Adult thrips avoided Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton in field choice tests and in separate field tests of Bt and non-Bt cotton not treated with insecticides. In a greenhouse choice test, approximately twice as many adult thrips and eggs were found on non-Bt compared with Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton. Similarly, in a field test of nontreated Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 and non-Bt cotton, 68% of adult thrips collected were found on non-Bt cotton. In cotton that was not sprayed with insecticides, Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 did not affect the distribution of tarnished plant bug within the canopy, although more square and flower injury was caused by tarnished plant bug in non-Bt cotton. Adult tarnished plant bug exhibited a nonpreference for diet containing lyophilized Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 leaves and for excised Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 squares in choice tests with non-Bt squares. The behavioral responses of these pests when exposed to this new Bt toxin will play a key role in the efficacy and potential resistance management strategies if this new technology is incorporated in an overall cotton insect pest management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Graham
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Jackson, TN
| | - Fred M Musser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Alana L Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Anitha Chitturi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
| | - Beverly Catchot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Scott D Stewart
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Jackson, TN
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Chappell TM, Huseth AS, Kennedy GG. Stability of neonicotinoid sensitivity in Frankliniella fusca populations found in agroecosystems of the southeastern USA. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1539-1545. [PMID: 30610765 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance arises at a given location in response to selection acting on novel genotypes or standing variation, or allelic migration. Fitness costs of resistance may slow resistance evolution or result in reversion to susceptibility, but consistent and geographically widespread use of insecticides may provide sufficient selection to offset the fitness costs of resistance. Understanding this relationship is important to the success of insecticide resistance management. We report the existence of fitness costs of neonicotinoid resistance in field-collected populations of the tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca), which increasingly challenge upland cotton production in the southeastern USA. RESULTS Populations (14 of 15 in 2015; 4 of 5 in 2016) investigated showed a loss of resistance to imidacloprid after multiple generations without exposure to the insecticide. Populations studied in 2016 were each split into two colonies, and one of each pair was repeatedly exposed to imidacloprid. In three of the four populations that lost resistance, imidacloprid-exposed colonies lost resistance significantly more slowly than did corresponding unexposed colonies. CONCLUSION For imidacloprid resistance to be broadly increasing in the landscapes of the southeastern USA despite fitness costs of resistance, selection for resistance must be sufficient to overcome the costs. Findings encourage investigation into why costs are overcome in this system, potentially including geographic extent of neonicotinoid use or prevalence of low-dose exposure. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Chappell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Anders S Huseth
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - George G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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17
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Umina PA, McDonald G, Maino J, Edwards O, Hoffmann AA. Escalating insecticide resistance in Australian grain pests: contributing factors, industry trends and management opportunities. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1494-1506. [PMID: 30506966 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is an ever-increasing problem that threatens food production globally. Within Australia, the grain industry has a renewed focus on resistance due to diminishing chemical options available to farmers and the increasing prevalence and severity of resistance encountered in the field. Chemicals are too often used as the major tool for arthropod pest management, ignoring the potent evolutionary forces from chemical selection pressures that lead to resistance. A complex array of factors (biological, social, economic, political, climatic) have contributed to current trends in insecticide usage and resistance in the Australian grain industry. We review the status of insecticide resistance and provide a context for how resistance is currently managed. We discuss emerging technologies and research that could be applied to improve resistance management. This includes generating baseline sensitivity data for insecticides before they are launched, developing genetic diagnostics for the full complement of known resistances, expanding resistance monitoring programs, and utilizing new technologies. Additional benefits are likely to be achieved through a combination of industry awareness and engagement, risk modeling, adoption of integrated pest management tactics, greater collaboration between industry stakeholders, and policy changes around chemical use and record keeping. The Australian grain context provides lessons for other agricultural industries. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Umina
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- CESAR, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Garrick McDonald
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James Maino
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- CESAR, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Owain Edwards
- CSIRO Land & Water, Underwood Ave, Floreat, WA 6014 Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Moretti EA, Harding RS, Scott JG, Nault BA. Monitoring Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Susceptibility to Spinetoram in New York Onion Fields. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:1493-1497. [PMID: 30805650 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) is a severe pest of onion (Allium cepa L.). Their management relies on frequent applications of foliar insecticides, including spinetoram (Radiant® SC), which has a novel mode of action and is effective at controlling large populations. However, despite being widely used for the past 10 yr, susceptibility to spinetoram has not been evaluated formally in New York state, where nearly 3,000 hectares of onion are planted annually. Over 2 yr (2017-2018), the susceptibility of onion thrips to spinetoram was assessed from populations collected in commercial onion fields in New York. LC50s for adults were generated from feeding assays and ranged from 2.07 to 5.08 ppm, but grower reports indicate that onion thrips populations continue to be susceptible to spinetoram. Moreover, both regional and temporal variations in susceptibility were similar among these populations based on survival at individual concentrations tested, despite significant differences in LC50s. These results suggest some genetic heterogeneity among onion thrips populations and serve as a valuable reference for the continued monitoring of onion thrips susceptibility to spinetoram, contributing to ongoing efforts to manage insecticide resistance in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Moretti
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY
| | - Riley S Harding
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY
| | | | - Brian A Nault
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY
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Kerns CD, Greene JK, Reay-Jones FPF, Bridges WC. Effects of Planting Date on Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cotton. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:699-707. [PMID: 30597059 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
At-plant applications of insecticides are the most common method to manage thrips in upland cotton, Gossypium hirstutum L. Because the primary pest species, tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), has developed resistance to commonly used neonicotinoid insecticides used in producing cotton, alternative control options are needed for sustainable thrips management programs. A 3-year study (2015-2017) showed that densities of thrips, feeding injury from thrips, cotton growth, and yield varied among 10 planting dates. Densities of thrips were lowest in seedling cotton planted after mid-May in all years. Thrips injury ratings in all years were highest in cotton planted in April, lowest in cotton planted in June, and below intermediate injury (intermediate corresponded to a 3 on the 0-5 scale) levels in cotton planted after mid-May. Cotton planted during May, rather than in April or June, had the highest yield potential, regardless of variety. Results of the study indicated that altering planting date could potentially be useful in mitigating injury and losses from thrips in upland cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody D Kerns
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville
| | - Jeremy K Greene
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville
| | - Francis P F Reay-Jones
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence
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D'Ambrosio DA, Huseth AS, Kennedy GG. Determining Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Egg Distribution in Neonicotinoid Seed-Treated Cotton. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:827-834. [PMID: 30566645 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an early-season cotton pest. Seedlings are injured by larvae, which hatch from eggs oviposited into seedlings and feed on developing plant tissue. Better understanding F. fusca oviposition in cotton may improve their management and address new challenges such as resistance to neonicotinoid seed treatments (NSTs). Cotton seedlings exposed to F. fusca were either cleared and stained to determine egg density and location, or dissected and washed to determine larval distribution. Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse with a susceptible population and field with a NST-resistant population. Eggs of both populations were recovered predominantly in cotyledons. Larvae were more uniformly distributed on seedlings. On NST seedlings, oviposition by the susceptible population was reduced and preference shifted to true leaves. NSTs did not alter egg placement by the resistant population. These findings suggest that injury to cotton seedlings is primarily caused by F. fusca emerging on the cotyledons, and then moving to developing leaves. The oviposition shift in NST plants correlates with how systemic NSTs have been reported to concentrate in cotyledons. This can better inform management tactics in cotton, such as well-timed foliar sprays, which, given the current resistance issue, are needed to maintain effective thrips management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon A D'Ambrosio
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Anders S Huseth
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - George G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Akbar W, Gowda A, Ahrens JE, Stelzer JW, Brown RS, Bollman SL, Greenplate JT, Gore J, Catchot AL, Lorenz G, Stewart SD, Kerns DL, Greene JK, Toews MD, Herbert DA, Reisig DD, Sword GA, Ellsworth PC, Godfrey LD, Clark TL. First transgenic trait for control of plant bugs and thrips in cotton. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:867-877. [PMID: 30324740 PMCID: PMC6590345 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant bugs (Lygus spp.) and thrips (Thrips spp.) are two of the most economically important insect pest groups impacting cotton production in the USA today, but are not controlled by current transgenic cotton varieties. Thus, seed or foliar-applied chemical insecticides are typically required to protect cotton from these pest groups. Currently, these pests are resistant to several insecticides, resulting in fewer options for economically viable management. Previous publications documented the efficacy of transgenic cotton event MON 88702 against plant bugs and thrips in limited laboratory and field studies. Here, we report results from multi-location and multi-year field studies demonstrating efficacy provided by MON 88702 against various levels of these pests. RESULTS MON 88702 provided a significant reduction in numbers of Lygus nymphs and subsequent yield advantage. MON 88702 also had fewer thrips and minimal injury. The level of control demonstrated by this transgenic trait was significantly better compared with its non-transgenic near-isoline, DP393, receiving insecticides at current commercial rates. CONCLUSION The level of efficacy demonstrated here suggests that MON 88702, when incorporated into existing IPM programs, could become a valuable additional tool for management of Lygus and thrips in cotton agroecosystems experiencing challenges of resistance to existing chemical control strategies. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Gore
- The Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, & Plant PathologyMississippi State UniversityStonevilleMSUSA
| | - Angus L Catchot
- The Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, & Plant PathologyMississippi State UniversityStonevilleMSUSA
| | - Gus Lorenz
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of ArkansasFayatvilleNCUSA
| | - Scott D Stewart
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyUniversity of TennesseeJacksonTNUSA
| | - David L Kerns
- Department of EntomologyLouisiana State UniversityWinnsboroLAUSA
| | - Jeremy K Greene
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSAUSA
| | | | - David A Herbert
- Department of EntomologyVirginia Tech UniversitySuffolkVAUSA
| | - Dominic D Reisig
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityPlymouthNCUSA
| | - Gregory A Sword
- Department of EntomologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | | | - Larry D Godfrey
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
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Sâmia RR, Gontijo PC, Oliveira RL, Carvalho GA. Sublethal and transgenerational effects of thiamethoxam applied to cotton seed on Chrysoperla externa and Harmonia axyridis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:694-701. [PMID: 30094903 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiamethoxam, when applied as a seed treatment, can contaminate plant products, such as extrafloral nectar, and have non-target effects on beneficial arthropods. This study assessed the non-target effects of thiamethoxam applied to cotton seed on the life history parameters of the predators Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). RESULTS Exposure of C. externa larvae to plants grown from thiamethoxam-treated seeds caused sublethal and transgenerational effects. Thiamethoxam treatment doubled the proportion of pharate adults and reduced egg fertility in C. externa F0 and F1 generations. In addition, the insecticide prolonged pupal developmental time in the C. externa F1 generation. Thiamethoxam treatment also had a transgenerational effect on exposed H. axyridis larvae, reducing pupal survival in the F1 generation. In the adult bioassay, thiamethoxam treatment reduced egg fertility of C. externa, prolonged the larval period, and reduced both fecundity and egg fertility of the F1 generation. Thiamethoxam also caused transgenerational effect on H. axyridis adults, reducing larval survival of the F1 generation. CONCLUSION Thiamethoxam seed treatment was harmful for both predators, but C. externa was more affected by the insecticide than H. axyridis. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella R Sâmia
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Pablo C Gontijo
- School of Agronomy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Singh S, Gupta M, Pandher S, Kaur G, Goel N, Rathore P, Palli SR. RNA sequencing, selection of reference genes and demonstration of feeding RNAi in Thrips tabaci (Lind.) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). BMC Mol Biol 2019; 20:6. [PMID: 30777032 PMCID: PMC6380046 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-019-0123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thrips tabaci is a severe pest of onion and cotton. Due to lack of information on its genome or transcriptome, not much is known about this insect at the molecular level. To initiate molecular studies in this insect, RNA was sequenced; de novo transcriptome assembly and analysis were performed. The RNAseq data was used to identify reference and RNAi pathway genes in this insect. Additionally, feeding RNAi was demonstrated in T. tabaci for the first time. Results From the assembled transcriptome, 27,836 coding sequence (CDS) with an average size of 1236 bp per CDS were identified. About 85.4% of CDS identified showed positive Blast hits. The homologs of most of the core RNAi machinery genes were identified in this transcriptome. To select reference genes for reverse-transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) experiments, 14 housekeeping genes were identified in the transcriptome and their expression was analyzed by (RT-qPCR). UbiCE in adult, 28s in nymphs and SOD under starvation stress were identified as the most stable reference genes for RT-qPCR. Feeding dsSNF7 and dsAQP caused 16.4- and 14.47-fold reduction in SNF7 and AQP mRNA levels respectively, when compared to their levels in dsGFP fed control insects. Feeding dsSNF7 or dsAQP also caused 62 and 72% mortality in T. tabaci. Interestingly, simultaneous feeding of dsRNAs targeting SNF7 or AQP and one of the RNAi pathway genes (Dicer-2/Aubergine/Staufen) resulted in a significant reduction in RNAi of target genes. These data suggest the existence of robust RNAi machinery in T. tabaci. Conclusion The current research is the first report of the assembled, analyzed and annotated RNAseq resource for T. tabaci, which may be used for future molecular studies in this insect. Reference genes validated across stages and starvation stress provides first-hand information on stable genes in T. tabaci. The information on RNAi machinery genes and significant knockdown of the target gene through dsRNA feeding in synthetic diet confirms the presence of efficient RNAi in this insect. These data provide a solid foundation for further research on developing RNAi as a method to manage this pest. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12867-019-0123-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satnam Singh
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Faridkot, Punjab, 151203, India.
| | - Mridula Gupta
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Faridkot, Punjab, 151203, India
| | - Suneet Pandher
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Faridkot, Punjab, 151203, India
| | - Gurmeet Kaur
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Faridkot, Punjab, 151203, India
| | - Neha Goel
- Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttaranchal, India
| | - Pankaj Rathore
- Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Faridkot, Punjab, 151203, India
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Lahiri S, Roberts PM, Toews MD. Role of Tillage, Thiamethoxam Seed Treatment, and Foliar Insecticide Application for Management of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Seedling Cotton. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:181-187. [PMID: 30321379 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thrips are early-season pests of cotton and can cause yield and stand losses if not managed. Strip tillage into a winter cover crop, use of a neonicotinoid seed treatment, and foliar insecticide applications are all reliable pest management tactics, but how these methods interact with each other in a thrip-cotton agroecosystem needs to be further understood. A 2-yr field study was conducted to compare thrip counts and thrip-induced plant injury as a function of tillage practice (conventional vs strip tillage with heavy rolled rye), thiamethoxam seed treatment, and foliar insecticide application for managing thrips in cotton. Adult and nymph density, seedling biomass, true leaf formation, stand count, and lint yield were assessed. Results indicate that heavy rolled rye was effective for mitigating thrips on seedling cotton. On conventionally tilled fields, the neonicotinoid seed treatment and a foliar insecticide application were necessary for maximizing yield. Spinetoram was more efficacious than either acephate or cyantraniliprole for management of immature thrips; however, there were no yield effects attributed to foliar insecticide application. These data suggest that growers can mitigate early-season thrips using both cultural and chemically based management tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriyanka Lahiri
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA
| | - Phillip M Roberts
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA
| | - Michael D Toews
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA
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Graham SH, Stewart SD. Field Study Investigating Cry51Aa2.834_16 in Cotton for Control of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tarnished Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2717-2726. [PMID: 30137474 PMCID: PMC6294225 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Tennessee to evaluate the effects of a novel Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-transgenic toxin, Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16, on thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot De Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), in cotton. Protection from thrips injury with the Bt trait was as good or better than an insecticide-based approach. The use of the Bt trait resulted in reduced numbers of immature tarnished plant bug, particularly large nymphs, and partial protection from plant bug injury. Cotton that expressed Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 had greater yields than the non-Bt isoline when insecticides were not used. Although Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 reduced the need for insecticide applications, foliar-applied insecticide applications were needed to provide adequate plant protection from tarnished plant bug. The currently recommended treatment thresholds for tarnished plant bug performed similarly well for Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 and non-Bt isolines. Insecticide applications for tarnished plant bug increased fiber quality, while Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 had minor effects. The Bt-transgenic toxin Cry51Aa2.834_16 is expected to reduce the need for insecticide applications targeting thrips and tarnished plant bug and could be a valuable addition to an overall insect management program in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Graham
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, The University of Tennessee, Airways Boulevard, Jackson, TN
| | - Scott D Stewart
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, West Tennessee Research and Education Center, The University of Tennessee, Airways Boulevard, Jackson, TN
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Darnell-Crumpton C, Catchot AL, Cook DR, Gore J, Dodds DM, Morsello SC, Musser FR. Neonicotinoid Insecticide Resistance in Tobacco Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of Mississippi. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2824-2830. [PMID: 30277513 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insecticidal efficacy of neonicotinoid insecticides used against tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in cotton, Gossypium hirisutum L. (Malvales: Malvaceae), was evaluated for field populations collected in Mississippi during 2014-2016. Resistance was documented in 16 and 57% of populations to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, respectively. Resistance levels did not vary by host plant for any neonicotinoid, but resistance levels varied between the two main agricultural areas (Delta and Hills) of Mississippi and among years for some neonicotinoids. In spite of documented resistance, neonicotinoid seed treatments are still used on cotton in the midsouthern United States due to the lack of reliable alternative management strategies. The development of alternative thrips management strategies is critical to the sustainability of cotton production in the midsouthern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie Darnell-Crumpton
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Angus L Catchot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Donald R Cook
- Mississippi State University, Delta REC, Stoneville, MS
| | - Jeffrey Gore
- Mississippi State University, Delta REC, Stoneville, MS
| | - Darrin M Dodds
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | | | - Fred R Musser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
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Srinivasan R, Abney MR, Lai PC, Culbreath AK, Tallury S, Leal-Bertioli SCM. Resistance to Thrips in Peanut and Implications for Management of Thrips and Thrips-Transmitted Orthotospoviruses in Peanut. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1604. [PMID: 30459792 PMCID: PMC6232880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thrips are major pests of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) worldwide, and they serve as vectors of devastating orthotospoviruses such as Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV). A tremendous effort has been devoted to developing peanut cultivars with resistance to orthotospoviruses. Consequently, cultivars with moderate field resistance to viruses exist, but not much is known about host resistance to thrips. Integrating host plant resistance to thrips in peanut could suppress thrips feeding damage and reduce virus transmission, will decrease insecticide usage, and enhance sustainability in the production system. This review focuses on details of thrips resistance in peanut and identifies future directions for incorporating thrips resistance in peanut cultivars. Research on thrips-host interactions in peanut is predominantly limited to field evaluations of feeding damage, though, laboratory studies have revealed that peanut cultivars could differentially affect thrips feeding and thrips biology. Many runner type cultivars, field resistant to TSWV, representing diverse pedigrees evaluated against thrips in the greenhouse revealed that thrips preferred some cultivars over others, suggesting that antixenosis "non-preference" could contribute to thrips resistance in peanut. In other crops, morphological traits such as leaf architecture and waxiness and spectral reflectance have been associated with thrips non-preference. It is not clear if foliar morphological traits in peanut are associated with reduced preference or non-preference of thrips and need to be evaluated. Besides thrips non-preference, thrips larval survival to adulthood and median developmental time were negatively affected in some peanut cultivars and in a diploid peanut species Arachis diogoi (Hoehne) and its hybrids with a Virginia type cultivar, indicating that antibiosis (negative effects on biology) could also be a factor influencing thrips resistance in peanut. Available field resistance to orthotospoviruses in peanut is not complete, and cultivars can suffer substantial yield loss under high thrips and virus pressure. Integrating thrips resistance with available virus resistance would be ideal to limit losses. A discussion of modern technologies such as transgenic resistance, marker assisted selection and RNA interference, and future directions that could be undertaken to integrate resistance to thrips and to orthotospoviruses in peanut cultivars is included in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R. Abney
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Pin-Chu Lai
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - Albert K. Culbreath
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Shyam Tallury
- United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Griffin, GA, United States
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Kaur B, Kuraparthy V, Bacheler J, Fang H, Bowman DT. Screening Germplasm and Quantification of Components Contributing to Thrips Resistance in Cotton. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2426-2434. [PMID: 29986081 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three hundred and ninety-one Gossypium hirsutum and 34 Gossypium barbadense accessions were screened for thrips resistance under field conditions at the Upper Coastal Plain Research Station in Rocky Mount, North Carolina in years 2014 and 2015. Visual damage ratings, thrips counts, and seedling dry weights were recorded at 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 wk after planting, respectively. Population density and thrips arrival times varied between years. Data from the three separate damage scoring dates provided a better estimate of resistance or susceptibility to thrips than ratings from the individual dates over the season. Tobacco thrips [Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)], followed by western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)], were the dominant thrips species observed in the study. Five resistant G. barbadense accessions and five moderately resistant upland cotton accessions were identified from field evaluations. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in Fall 2015 and Spring 2016 to determine if plant height, growth rate, leaf pubescence, and leaf area were significantly different in resistant and susceptible groups of G. hirsutum and G. barbadense accessions identified from the field screenings. Leaf pubescence and relative growth rate were significantly higher in resistant accessions compared with susceptible accessions in absence of thrips. There was no difference for plant height and leaf area between resistant and susceptible groups. Results suggest thrips-resistant plants have a possible competitive advantage through faster growth and higher trichome density, which limits thrips movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Kaur
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Vasu Kuraparthy
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Jack Bacheler
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Daryl T Bowman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Khanal C, McGawley EC, Overstreet C, Stetina SR. The Elusive Search for Reniform Nematode Resistance in Cotton. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:532-541. [PMID: 29116883 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-17-0320-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira) has emerged as the most important plant-parasitic nematode of cotton in the United States cotton belt. Success in the development of reniform nematode-resistant upland cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has not been realized despite over three decades of breeding efforts. Research approaches ranging from conventional breeding to triple species hybrids to marker-assisted selection have been employed to introgress reniform nematode resistance from other species of cotton into upland cultivars. Reniform nematode-resistant breeding lines derived from G. longicalyx were developed in 2007. However, these breeding lines displayed stunting symptoms and a hypersensitive response to reniform nematode infection. Subsequent breeding efforts focused on G. barbadense, G. aridum, G. armoreanum, and other species that have a high level of resistance to reniform nematode. Marker-assisted selection has greatly improved screening of reniform nematode-resistant lines. The use of advanced molecular techniques such as CRISPER-Cas9 systems and alternative ways such as delivery of suitable "cry" proteins and specific double-stranded RNA to nematodes will assist in developing resistant cultivars of cotton. In spite of the efforts of cotton breeders and nematologists, successes are limited only to the development of reniform nematode-resistant breeding lines. In this article, we provide an overview of the approaches employed to develop reniform nematode-resistant upland cotton cultivars in the past, progress to date, major obstacles, and some promising future research activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Churamani Khanal
- First, second, and third authors: Louisiana State University AgCenter, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Baton Rouge 70803; and fourth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crop Genetics Research Unit, P.O. Box 345, Stoneville, MS 38776
| | - Edward C McGawley
- First, second, and third authors: Louisiana State University AgCenter, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Baton Rouge 70803; and fourth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crop Genetics Research Unit, P.O. Box 345, Stoneville, MS 38776
| | - Charles Overstreet
- First, second, and third authors: Louisiana State University AgCenter, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Baton Rouge 70803; and fourth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crop Genetics Research Unit, P.O. Box 345, Stoneville, MS 38776
| | - Salliana R Stetina
- First, second, and third authors: Louisiana State University AgCenter, Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Baton Rouge 70803; and fourth author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crop Genetics Research Unit, P.O. Box 345, Stoneville, MS 38776
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Wang H, Kennedy GG, Reay-Jones FPF, Reisig DD, Toews MD, Roberts PM, Herbert DA, Taylor S, Jacobson AL, Greene JK. Molecular Identification of Thrips Species Infesting Cotton in the Southeastern United States. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:892-898. [PMID: 29506223 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional identification of thrips species based on morphology is difficult, laborious, and especially challenging for immature thrips. To support monitoring and management efforts of thrips as consistent and widespread pests of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), a probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay with crude DNA extraction was developed to allow efficient and specific identification of the primary species of thrips infesting cotton. The assay was applied to identify over 5,000 specimens of thrips (including 3,366 immatures) collected on cotton seedlings from Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia in 2016. One half of all adult samples were examined by morphological identification, which provided a statistically equivalent species composition as the qPCR method. Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was the dominant species across all the locations (76.8-94.3% of adults and 81.6-98.0% of immatures), followed by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia (4.6-19% of adults and 1.7-17.3% of immatures) or Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in South Carolina (10.8% of adults and 7.8% of immatures). Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) were occasionally found among adults but were rarely present among immature thrips. These five species of thrips represented 98.2-100% of samples collected across the Southeast. The qPCR assay was demonstrated to be a valuable tool for large-scale monitoring of species composition of thrips at different life stages in cotton. The tool will contribute to a better understanding of thrips population structure in cotton and could assist with development and application of improved management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehe Wang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC
| | - George G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Francis P F Reay-Jones
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC
| | - Dominic D Reisig
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, Plymouth, NC
| | | | | | - D Ames Herbert
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Suffolk, VA
| | - Sally Taylor
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Suffolk, VA
| | - Alana L Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, AL
| | - Jeremy K Greene
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC
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D'Ambrosio DA, Huseth AS, Kennedy GG. Temporal efficacy of neonicotinoid seed treatments against Frankliniella fusca on cotton. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2110-2115. [PMID: 29536656 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports of neonicotinoid seed treatment (NST) failure against Frankliniella fusca in the mid-south and southeastern USA led to the discovery of widespread resistance in these insect populations. Previous studies of NSTs in other crops have shown the concentration of the insecticide to change over time, which could reduce its efficacy. To understand this temporal effect in cotton with F. fusca, our study examined how plant age alters the effects of NSTs (imidacloprid, imidacloprid + thiodicarb and thiamethoxam) by examining larval establishment at multiple seedling ages during the period of cotton seedling susceptibility to this insect. Additionally, we used F. fusca populations with differing neonicotinoid sensitivity levels to understand how resistance impacts this changing efficacy. RESULTS Greenhouse studies showed that larval numbers were significantly greater on older NST-grown cotton seedlings. The population with elevated neonicotinoid resistance had a more rapid increase in larval number on thiamethoxam-treated plants over time. CONCLUSION NSTs reduce the number of F. fusca larvae on younger seedlings, but this effect declines as seedlings age. The duration of efficacy is shorter against neonicotinoid-resistant populations. Neonicotinoid resistance in cotton-infesting F. fusca populations may be accelerated by this time-dependent decrease in efficacy, which likely encourages low-dose exposure to these insecticides. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon A D'Ambrosio
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anders S Huseth
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - George G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Huseth AS, Chappell TM, Chitturi A, Jacobson AL, Kennedy GG. Insecticide Resistance Signals Negative Consequences of Widespread Neonicotinoid Use on Multiple Field Crops in the U.S. Cotton Belt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2314-2322. [PMID: 29360354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of industrial agriculture has been enabled by improved crop varieties, genetically engineered crops, fertilizers, and pesticides. Over the past 15 years, neonicotinoid seed treatments have been adopted worldwide and are used on a large proportion of U.S. field crops. Although neonicotinoids are used widely, little is known about how large-scale deployment affects pest populations over long periods. Here, we report a positive relationship between the deployment of neonicotinoid seed-dressings on multiple crops and the emergence of insecticide resistance in tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca), a polyphagous insect herbivore that is an important pest of seedling cotton but not soybean or maize. Using a geospatial approach, we studied the relationship between neonicotinoid resistance measured in 301 F. fusca populations to landscape-scale crop production patterns across nine states in the southeastern U.S. cotton production region, in which soybean, maize and cotton are the dominant crops. Our research linked the spatiotemporal abundance of cotton and soybean production to neonicotinoid resistance in F. fusca that is leading to a dramatic increase in insecticide use in cotton. Results demonstrate that cross-crop resistance selection has important effects on pests and, in turn, drives pesticide use and increases environmental impacts associated with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S Huseth
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University , Campus Box 7630, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Thomas M Chappell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University , 435 Nagle Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Anitha Chitturi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University , 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Alana L Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University , 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - George G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University , Campus Box 7630, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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North JH, Gore J, Catchot AL, Stewart SD, Lorenz GM, Musser FR, Cook DR, Kerns DL, Dodds DM. Value of Neonicotinoid Insecticide Seed Treatments in Mid-South Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum [Malvales: Malvaceae]) Production Systems. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:10-15. [PMID: 29281077 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides are currently one of two classes of chemicals available as a seed treatment for growers to manage early season insect pests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvales: Malvaceae), and they are used on nearly 100% of cotton hectares in the midsouthern states. An analysis was performed on 100 seed-treatment trials from Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee to determine the value of neonicotinoid seed treatments in cotton production systems. The analysis compared seed treated with neonicotinoid insecticides seed treatments plus a fungicide with seed only treated with fungicide. When analyzed by state, cotton yields were significantly greater when neonicotinoid seed treatments were used compared with fungicide-only treatments. Cotton treated with neonicotinoid seed treatments yielded 123, 142, 95, and 104 kg ha-1, higher than fungicide only treatments for Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee, respectively. Across all states, neonicotinoid seed treatments provided an additional 115 kg lint ha-1 comparedwith fungicide only treated seed. Average net returns from cotton with a neonicotinoid seed treatment were $1,801 per ha-1 compared with $1,660 per ha-1 for cottonseed treated with fungicide only. Economic returns for cotton with neonicotinoid seed treatments were significantly greater than cottonseed treated with fungicide only in 8 out of 15 yr representing every state. These data show that neonicotinoid seed treatments provide significant yield and economic benefits in Mid-South cotton compared with fungicide only treated seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H North
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - J Gore
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS
| | - A L Catchot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - S D Stewart
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Jackson, TN
| | - G M Lorenz
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Lonoke, AR
| | - F R Musser
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - D R Cook
- Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS
| | - D L Kerns
- Department of Entomology, 103J Entomological Research Laboratory, Texas A&M University, TX
| | - D M Dodds
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS
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Huseth AS, D'Ambrosio DA, Kennedy GG. Responses of neonicotinoid resistant and susceptible Frankliniella fusca life stages to multiple insecticide groups in cotton. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2118-2130. [PMID: 28401732 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of neonicotinoid resistance in populations of tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds, throughout the southeastern USA has motivated an examination of alternative insecticides to control problematic infestations on seedling cotton. The objective of this study was to refine understanding of stage-specific mortality and reduced oviposition of several common insecticides (acephate, abamectin, cyantraniliprole, spinetoram, imidacloprid, imidacloprid+thiodicarb, thiamethoxam) on neonicotinoid resistant and susceptible F. fusca populations under laboratory and field conditions. RESULTS Laboratory studies revealed that the average number of eggs per female and larval or adult survivorship responses differed by insecticide and were dependent on the resistance status of the population. In the presence of neonicotinoids, the resistant F. fusca populations exhibited lower mortality and higher egg counts than the susceptible population. In the field study, similar patterns of oviposition suppression were observed, indicating that some insecticides may impact reproductive rate. CONCLUSION This study shows that insecticides have different effects on F. fusca oviposition events, larval and adult mortality that are dependent on neonicotinoid resistance status. Because insecticides tested in this study have varied activity on specific F. fusca life stages (e.g. oviposition suppression, larvicidal activity, adulticidal activity), knowledge of stage-specific activity can be used to improve control and enhance long-term product stewardship. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S Huseth
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Campus Box 7630, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Damon A D'Ambrosio
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Campus Box 7630, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - George G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Campus Box 7630, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
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Langdon KW, Rogers ME. Neonicotinoid-Induced Mortality of Diaphorina Citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is Affected by Route of Exposure. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:2229-2234. [PMID: 28961723 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of neonicotinoids in citrus (Rutaceae) has increased substantially to help manage the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), a vector of the devastating citrus disease, huanglongbing (HLB). In citrus pest management programs, neonicotinoids are most often applied to the soil as a drench and move through xylem channels from the roots into the foliage. We developed a novel assay to quantify the dose required to kill D. citri following ingestion and compare it with the dose required to kill by contact. The LC50 of the laboratory strain for ingestion of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin were each approximately 10-fold greater than the respective LC50 by contact exposure. Four field populations were tested to validate comparative exposure of the laboratory strain to imidacloprid and determine the relative susceptibility of field populations to imidacloprid by exposure through ingestion and contact. The contact assay exhibited low (<10) RR50 values for the Vero Beach and Labelle populations when compared to the ingestion assay method. High (>10) RR50 values were observed for the Lake Placid and Lake Alfred populations using the contact and the ingestion method. This research demonstrates that the ingestion assay method described herein is more sensitive in detection of low-level resistance and should be the standard methodology used in monitoring for resistance to systemic insecticides for this global pest. We found D. citri populations with a lower than expected susceptibility to neonicotinoids in the field, which warrants the implementation of resistance management practices to preserve the utility of soil-applied neonicotinoids in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Langdon
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Michael E Rogers
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
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In-Field Habitat Management to Optimize Pest Control of Novel Soil Communities in Agroecosystems. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8030082. [PMID: 28783074 PMCID: PMC5620702 DOI: 10.3390/insects8030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The challenge of managing agroecosystems on a landscape scale and the novel structure of soil communities in agroecosystems both provide reason to focus on in-field management practices, including cover crop adoption, reduced tillage, and judicial pesticide use, to promote soil community diversity. Belowground and epigeal arthropods, especially exotic generalist predators, play a significant role in controlling insect pests, weeds, and pathogens in agroecosystems. However, the preventative pest management tactics that dominate field-crop production in the United States do not promote biological control. In this review, we argue that by reducing disturbance, mitigating the effects of necessary field activities, and controlling pests within an Integrated Pest Management framework, farmers can facilitate the diversity and activity of native and exotic arthropod predators.
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Reay-Jones FPF, Greene JK, Herbert DA, Jacobson AL, Kennedy GG, Reisig DD, Roberts PM. Within-Plant Distribution and Dynamics of Thrips Species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cotton. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1563-1575. [PMID: 28475718 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 2-yr study in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was conducted to determine the abundance and species composition of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on different plant parts throughout the season in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Plant parts sampled included seedlings, terminals with two expanded leaves, leaves from the upper, middle, and lower sections of the canopy, white flowers, and medium-sized bolls. Adult thrips were significantly more abundant on seedlings and flowers in 2014, and on flowers followed by seedlings and leaves from the middle canopy in 2015. Immature thrips were significantly more abundant on seedlings, followed by flowers in 2014, and on seedlings followed by leaves from the lower canopy and flowers in 2015. Across locations and plant parts, thrips consisted of Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (46.8%), Frankliniella fusca Hinds (23.5%), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (17.1%), Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach) (7.4%), Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (1.8%), and other species (3.4%). Frankliniella fusca represented 86.7% of all thrips on seedlings, while F. tritici was more abundant on terminals (51.6%), squares (57.5%), and flowers (75.1%). Across all leaf positions, F. fusca was the most abundant species (28.8%), followed by F. tritici (19.2%), N. variabilis (18.8%), F. occidentalis (12.9%), and T. tabaci (5.2%), as well as other species (15.0%). As neonicotinoid insecticides remain a primary tool to manage seedling infestations of F. fusca, our data indicate that mid- to late-season applications of neonicotinoid insecticides targeting other insect pests will intensify selection pressure for resistance on F. fusca, the primary pest of seedling cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis P F Reay-Jones
- Clemson University, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, 2200 Pocket Rd., Florence, SC 29506
| | - Jeremy K Greene
- Clemson University, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC 29817
| | - D Ames Herbert
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Suffolk, VA 23437
| | - Alana L Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - George G Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Dominic D Reisig
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G. James Research and Extension Center, Plymouth, NC 27962
| | - Phillip M Roberts
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, P.O. Box 748, Tifton, GA 31793
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Rahman MU, Khan AQ, Rahmat Z, Iqbal MA, Zafar Y. Genetics and Genomics of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease, Its Viral Causal Agents and Whitefly Vector: A Way Forward to Sustain Cotton Fiber Security. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1157. [PMID: 28725230 PMCID: PMC5495822 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) after its first epidemic in 1912 in Nigeria, has spread to different cotton growing countries including United States, Pakistan, India, and China. The disease is of viral origin-transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, which is difficult to control because of the prevalence of multiple virulent viral strains or related species. The problem is further complicated as the CLCuD causing virus complex has a higher recombination rate. The availability of alternate host crops like tomato, okra, etc., and practicing mixed type farming system have further exaggerated the situation by adding synergy to the evolution of new viral strains and vectors. Efforts to control this disease using host plant resistance remained successful using two gene based-resistance that was broken by the evolution of new resistance breaking strain called Burewala virus. Development of transgenic cotton using both pathogen and non-pathogenic derived approaches are in progress. In future, screening for new forms of host resistance, use of DNA markers for the rapid incorporation of resistance into adapted cultivars overlaid with transgenics and using genome editing by CRISPR/Cas system would be instrumental in adding multiple layers of defense to control the disease-thus cotton fiber production will be sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehboob-ur- Rahman
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Q. Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Rahmat
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Iqbal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yusuf Zafar
- Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilIslamabad, Pakistan
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Srinivasan R, Abney MR, Culbreath AK, Kemerait RC, Tubbs RS, Monfort WS, Pappu HR. Three decades of managing Tomato spotted wilt virus in peanut in southeastern United States. Virus Res 2017; 241:203-212. [PMID: 28549856 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Southeastern states namely Georgia, Florida, and Alabama produce two-thirds of the peanuts in the United States. Thrips-transmitted Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which causes spotted wilt disease, has been a major impediment to peanut production for the past three decades. The cultivars grown in the 1980s were extremely susceptible to TSWV. Early yield losses extended to tens of millions of dollars each year (up to 100% loss in many fields). This situation led to the creation of an interdisciplinary team known as "SWAT: Spotted Wilt Action Team". Initial efforts focused on risk mitigation using a combination of chemical and cultural management practices along with a strong investment in breeding programs. Beginning in the mid 1990s, cultivars with field resistance were developed and integrated with cultural and chemical management options. A Risk Mitigation Index (Peanut Rx) was made available to growers to assess risks, and provide options for mitigating risks such as planting field resistant cultivars with in-furrow insecticides, planting after peak thrips incidence, planting in twin rows, and increasing seeding rates. These efforts helped curtail losses due to spotted wilt. The Peanut Rx continues to be refined every year based on new research findings. Breeding efforts, predominantly in Georgia and Florida, continue to develop cultivars with incremental field resistance. The present-day cultivars (third-generation TSWV-resistant cultivars released after 2010) possess substantially greater field resistance than second-generation (cultivars released from 2000 to 2010) and first-generation (cultivars released from 1994 to 2000) TSWV resistant cultivars. Despite increased field resistance, these cultivars are not immune to TSWV and succumb under high thrips and TSWV pressure. Therefore, field resistant cultivars cannot serve as a 'stand-alone' option and have to be integrated with other management options. The mechanism of resistance is also unknown in field resistant cultivars. Recent research in our laboratory evaluated field resistant cultivars against thrips and TSWV. Results revealed that some resistant cultivars suppressed thrips feeding and development, and they accumulated fewer viral copies than susceptible cultivars. Transcriptomes developed with the aid of Next Generation Sequencing revealed differential gene expression patterns following TSWV infection in susceptible than field resistant cultivars. Results revealed that the upregulation of transcripts pertaining to constitutive and induced plant defense proteins in TSWV resistant cultivars was more robust over susceptible cultivars. On the flipside, the long-term effects of using such resistant cultivars on TSWV were assessed by virus population genetics studies. Initial results suggest lack of positive selection pressure on TSWV, and that the sustainable use of resistant cultivars is not threatened. Follow up research is being conducted. Improvements in TSWV management have enhanced sustainability and contributed to increased yields from <2800kg/ha before 1995 to ∼5000kg/ha in 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Srinivasan
- University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - M R Abney
- University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | - A K Culbreath
- University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | - R C Kemerait
- University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | - R S Tubbs
- University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | - W S Monfort
- University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | - H R Pappu
- Washington State University, 345 Johnson hall, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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