1
|
Miyata S, Tsuda M, Mitsui S. Overexpression of Motopsin, an Extracellular Serine Protease Related to Intellectual Disability, Promotes Adult Neurogenesis and Neuronal Responsiveness in the Dentate Gyrus. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03890-y. [PMID: 38153682 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Motopsin, a serine protease encoded by PRSS12, is secreted by neuronal cells into the synaptic clefts in an activity-dependent manner, where it induces synaptogenesis by modulating Na+/K+-ATPase activity. In humans, motopsin deficiency leads to severe intellectual disability and, in mice, it disturbs spatial memory and social behavior. In this study, we investigated mice that overexpressed motopsin in the forebrain using the Tet-Off system (DTG-OE mice). The elevated agrin cleavage or the reduced Na+/K+-ATPase activity was not detected. However, motopsin overexpression led to a reduction in spine density in hippocampal CA1 basal dendrites. While motopsin overexpression decreased the ratio of mature mushroom spines in the DG, it increased the ratio of immature thin spines in CA1 apical dendrites. Female DTG-OE mice showed elevated locomotor activity in their home cages. DTG-OE mice showed aberrant behaviors, such as delayed latency to the target hole in the Barnes maze test and prolonged duration of sniffing objects in the novel object recognition test (NOR), although they retained memory comparable to that of TRE-motopsin littermates, which normally express motopsin. After NOR, c-Fos-positive cells increased in the dentate gyrus (DG) of DTG-OE mice compared with that of DTG-SO littermates, in which motopsin overexpression was suppressed by the administration of doxycycline, and TRE-motopsin littermates. Notably, the numbers of doublecortin- and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-labeled cells significantly increased in the DG of DTG-OE mice, suggesting increased adult neurogenesis. Importantly, our results revealed a new function in addition to modulating neuronal responsiveness and spine morphology in the DG: the regulation of neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Miyata
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Science Research Center, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Shinichi Mitsui
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deconstruction of Neurotrypsin Reveals a Multi-factorially Regulated Activity Affecting Myotube Formation and Neuronal Excitability. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:7466-7485. [PMID: 36197591 PMCID: PMC9616769 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrypsin (NT) is a highly specific nervous system multi-domain serine protease best known for its selective processing of the potent synaptic organizer agrin. Its enzymatic activity is thought to influence processes of synaptic plasticity, with its deregulation causing accelerated neuromuscular junction (NMJ) degeneration or contributing to forms of mental retardation. These biological effects are likely to stem from NT-based regulation of agrin signaling. However, dissecting the exact biological implications of NT-agrin interplay is difficult, due to the scarce molecular detail regarding NT activity and NT-agrin interactions. We developed a strategy to reliably produce and purify a catalytically competent engineered variant of NT called "NT-mini" and a library of C-terminal agrin fragments, with which we performed a thorough biochemical and biophysical characterization of NT enzyme functionality. We studied the regulatory effects of calcium ions and heparin, identified NT's heparin-binding domain, and discovered how zinc ions induce modulation of enzymatic activity. Additionally, we investigated myotube differentiation and hippocampal neuron excitability, evidencing a dose-dependent increase in neuronal activity alongside a negative impact on myoblast fusion when using the active NT enzyme. Collectively, our results provide in vitro and cellular foundations to unravel the molecular underpinnings and biological significance of NT-agrin interactions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang X, Yin H, Peng L, Zhang D, Li K, Cui F, Xia C, Huang H, Li Z. The Global Status and Trends of Enteropeptidase: A Bibliometric Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:779722. [PMID: 35223895 PMCID: PMC8866687 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.779722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEnteropeptidase (EP) is a type II transmembrane serine protease and a physiological activator of trypsinogen. Extensive studies related to EP have been conducted to date. However, no bibliometric analysis has systematically investigated this theme. Our study aimed to visualize the current landscape and frontier trends of scientific achievements on EP, provide an overview of the past 120 years and insights for researchers and clinicians to facilitate future collaborative research and clinical intervention.MethodsQuantitative analysis of publications relating to EP from 1900 to 2020 was interpreted and graphed through the Science Citation Index Expanded of Web of Science Core Collection (limited to SCIE). Microsoft office 2019, GraphPad Prism 8, VOSviewer, and R-bibliometrix were used to conduct the bibliometric analysis.ResultsFrom 1900 to 2020, a total of 1,034 publications were retrieved. The USA had the largest number of publications, making the greatest contribution to the topic (n = 260, 25.15%). Active collaborations between countries/regions were also enrolled. Grant and Hermontaylor were perhaps the most impactful researchers in the landscape of EP. Protein Expression and Purification and the Journal of Biological Chemistry were the most prevalent (79/1,034, 7.64%) and cited journals (n = 2,626), respectively. Using the top 15 citations and co-citations achievements clarified the theoretical basis of the EP research field. Important topics mainly include the structure of EP, the affective factors for activating substrates by EP, EP-related disorders, and inhibitors of EP.ConclusionBased on the bibliometric analysis, we have gained a comprehensive analysis of the global status and research frontiers of studies investigating EP, which provides some guidance and reference for researchers and clinicians engaged in EP research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisi Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Deyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Keliang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanchao Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Haojie Huang
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Zhaoshen Li
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miyata S, Kashio T, Tsuchiya K, Mitsui S. Motopsin deficiency imparts partial insensitivity to doxorubicin-induced hippocampal impairments in adult mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 763:136181. [PMID: 34416345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Motopsin is a serine protease that plays a crucial role in synaptic functions. Loss of motopsin function causes severe intellectual disability in humans. In this study, we evaluated the role of motopsin in the neuropathological development of cognitive impairments following chemotherapy, also known as chemobrain. Motopsin knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were intravenously injected with doxorubicin (Dox) or saline four times every 8 days and were evaluated for open field, novel object recognition, and passive avoidance tests. Parvalbumin-positive neurons in the hippocampus were immunohistochemically analyzed. Dox administration significantly decreased the total distance in the open field test in both WT and motopsin KO mice without affecting the duration spent in the center square. A significant interaction between the genotype and drug treatment was detected in the recognition index (the rate to investigate a novel object) in the novel object recognition test, although Dox treatment did not affect the total investigation time. Additionally, Dox treatment significantly decreased the recognition index in WT mice, whereas it tended to increase the recognition index in motopsin KO mice. Dox treatment did not affect the latency to enter a dark compartment in either WT or motopsin KO mice in the passive avoidance test. Interestingly, Dox treatment increased the parvalbumin-positive neurons in the stratum oriens of the hippocampus CA1 region of only WT mice, not motopsin KO mice. Our data suggest that motopsin deficiency imparted partial insensitivity to Dox-induced hippocampal impairments. Alternatively, motopsin may contribute to the neuropathology of chemobrain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Miyata
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Taiki Kashio
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsuchiya
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan
| | - Shinichi Mitsui
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yao X, Chen C, Zhang J, Xu Y, Xiong S, Gu Q, Xu X, Suo Y. Novel Peptide NT/K-CFY Derived from Kringle Structure of Neurotrypsin Inhibits Neovascularization. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1551-1558. [PMID: 33870816 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1907417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the anti-neovascularization effect of a novel peptide NT/K-CFY derived from the kringle domain of neurotrypsin.Materials and Methods: Cell migration, lumen formation and cell proliferation assays were performed to determine the anti-neovascularization effect of NT/K-CFY in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) models were established to assess the anti-angiogenic role of NT/K-CFY in vivo. The retinal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was examined by western blot and real-time PCR in OIR model.Results: The in vitro results showed that NT/K-CFY effectively and safely decreased VEGF-induced cell migration, cell proliferation and tube formation in HUVECs. In addition, NT/K-CFY showed certain efficacy in angiogenesis inhibition in chicken embryos and oxygen-treated mouse pups. Moreover, the CFY peptide also improved retinal blood perfusion and reversed the abnormal expression of VEGF and PEDF in OIR mouse model.Conclusion: NT/K-CFY peptide strongly inhibits neovascularization in vitro and vivo. This novel peptide may become a promising therapeutic agent for ocular angiogenesis-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xieyi Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yupeng Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyu Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Suo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention and Treatment Center/Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guarino SR, Canciani A, Forneris F. Dissecting the Extracellular Complexity of Neuromuscular Junction Organizers. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 6:156. [PMID: 31998752 PMCID: PMC6966886 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse formation is a very elaborate process dependent upon accurate coordination of pre and post-synaptic specialization, requiring multiple steps and a variety of receptors and signaling molecules. Due to its relative structural simplicity and the ease in manipulation and observation, the neuromuscular synapse or neuromuscular junction (NMJ)-the connection between motor neurons and skeletal muscle-represents the archetype junction system for studying synapse formation and conservation. This junction is essential for survival, as it controls our ability to move and breath. NMJ formation requires coordinated interactions between motor neurons and muscle fibers, which ultimately result in the formation of a highly specialized post-synaptic architecture and a highly differentiated nerve terminal. Furthermore, to ensure a fast and reliable synaptic transmission following neurotransmitter release, ligand-gated channels (acetylcholine receptors, AChRs) are clustered on the post-synaptic muscle cell at high concentrations in sites opposite the presynaptic active zone, supporting a direct role for nerves in the organization of the post-synaptic membrane architecture. This organized clustering process, essential for NMJ formation and for life, relies on key signaling molecules and receptors and is regulated by soluble extracellular molecules localized within the synaptic cleft. Notably, several mutations as well as auto-antibodies against components of these signaling complexes have been related to neuromuscular disorders. The recent years have witnessed strong progress in the understanding of molecular identities, architectures, and functions of NMJ macromolecules. Among these, prominent roles have been proposed for neural variants of the proteoglycan agrin, its receptor at NMJs composed of the lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) and the muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), as well as the regulatory soluble synapse-specific protease Neurotrypsin. In this review we summarize the current state of the art regarding molecular structures and (agrin-dependent) canonical, as well as (agrin-independent) non-canonical, MuSK signaling mechanisms that underscore the formation of neuromuscular junctions, with the aim of providing a broad perspective to further stimulate molecular, cellular and tissue biology investigations on this fundamental intercellular contact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Federico Forneris
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Canciani A, Catucci G, Forneris F. Structural characterization of the third scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain of murine neurotrypsin. Protein Sci 2019; 28:746-755. [PMID: 30748049 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrypsin (NT) is a multi-domain serine protease of the nervous system with only one known substrate: the large proteoglycan Agrin. NT has seen to be involved in the maintenance/turnover of neuromuscular junctions and in processes of synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Roles which have been tied to its enzymatic activity, localized in the C-terminal serine-protease (SP) domain. However the purpose of NT's remaining 3-4 scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains is still unclear. We have determined the crystal structure of the third SRCR domain of murine NT (mmNT-SRCR3), immediately preceding the SP domain and performed a comparative structural analysis using homologous SRCR structures. Our data and the elevated degree of structural conservation with homologous domains highlight possible functional roles for NT SRCRs. Computational and experimental analyses suggest the identification of a putative binding region for Ca2+ ions, known to regulate NT enzymatic activity. Furthermore, sequence and structure comparisons allow to single out regions of interest that, in future studies, might be implicated in Agrin recognition/binding or in interactions with as of yet undiscovered NT partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anselmo Canciani
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Forneris
- The Armenise-Harvard Laboratory of Structural Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9/A, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Soualmia F, Bosc E, Amiri SA, Stratmann D, Magdolen V, Darmoul D, Reboud-Ravaux M, El Amri C. Insights into the activity control of the kallikrein-related peptidase 6: small-molecule modulators and allosterism. Biol Chem 2018; 399:1073-1078. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe activity of kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) is deregulated in various diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. KLK6 is thus considered as an attractive therapeutical target. In this short report, we depict some novel findings on the regulation of the KLK6 activity. Namely, we identified mechanism-based inhibitors (suicide substrates) from an in-house library of 6-substituted coumarin-3-carboxylate derivatives. In addition, a molecular dynamics study evidenced the allosteric behavior of KLK6 similar to that previously observed for some trypsin-like serine proteases. This allosteric behavior together with the coumarinic scaffold bring new opportunities for the design of KLK6 potent activity modulators, useful as therapeutics or activity-based probes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Khan MA, Khan S, Windpassinger C, Badar M, Nawaz Z, Mohammad RM. The Molecular Genetics of Autosomal Recessive Nonsyndromic Intellectual Disability: a Mutational Continuum and Future Recommendations. Ann Hum Genet 2017; 80:342-368. [PMID: 27870114 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a clinical manifestation of the central nervous system without any major dysmorphologies of the brain. Biologically it affects learning capabilities, memory, and cognitive functioning. The basic defining features of ID are characterized by IQ<70, age of onset before 18 years, and impairment of at least two of the adaptive skills. Clinically it is classified in a syndromic (with additional abnormalities) and a nonsyndromic form (with only cognitive impairment). The study of nonsyndromic intellectual disability (NSID) can best explain the pathophysiology of cognition, intelligence and memory. Genetic analysis in autosomal recessive nonsyndrmic ID (ARNSID) has mapped 51 disease loci, 34 of which have revealed their defective genes. These genes play diverse physiological roles in various molecular processes, including methylation, proteolysis, glycosylation, signal transduction, transcription regulation, lipid metabolism, ion homeostasis, tRNA modification, ubiquitination and neuromorphogenesis. High-density SNP array and whole exome sequencing has increased the pace of gene discoveries and many new mutations are being published every month. The lack of uniform criteria has assigned multiple identifiers (or accession numbers) to the same MRT locus (e.g. MRT7 and MRT22). Here in this review we describe the molecular genetics of ARNSID, prioritize the candidate genes in uncharacterized loci, and propose a new nomenclature to reorganize the mutation data that will avoid the confusion of assigning duplicate accession numbers to the same ID locus and to make the data manageable in the future as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzammil Ahmad Khan
- Genomic Core Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar.,Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050 KPK, Pakistan
| | - Saadullah Khan
- Genomic Core Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KPK, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Badar
- Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan, 29050 KPK, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Nawaz
- Genomic Core Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Genomic Core Facility, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mitsui S, Osako Y, Yuri K. Mental retardation-related protease, motopsin (prss12), binds to the BRICHOS domain of the integral membrane protein 2a. Cell Biol Int 2013; 38:117-23. [PMID: 23955961 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Motopsin (prss12), a mosaic serine protease secreted by neuronal cells, is believed to be important for cognitive function, as the loss of its function causes severe nonsyndromic mental retardation. To understand the molecular role of motopsin, we identified the integral membrane protein 2a (Itm2a) as a motopsin-interacting protein using a yeast two-hybrid system. A pull-down assay showed that the BRICHOS domain of Itm2a was essential for this interaction. Motopsin and Itm2a co-localized in COS cells and in cultured neurons when transiently expressed in these cells. Both proteins were co-immunoprecipitated from lysates of these transfected COS cells. Itm2a was strongly detected in a brain lysate prepared between postnatal day 0 and 10, during which period motopsin protein was also enriched in the brain. Immunohistochemistry detected Itm2a as patchy spots along endothelial cells of brain capillaries (which also expressed myosin II regulatory light chain [RLC]), and on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive processes in the developing cerebral cortex. The data raise the possibility that secreted motopsin interacts with endothelial cells in the developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Mitsui
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Showa, Maebashi, 371-8514, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mitsui S, Hidaka C, Furihata M, Osako Y, Yuri K. A mental retardation gene, motopsin/prss12, modulates cell morphology by interaction with seizure-related gene 6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:638-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
Ali Z, Babar ME, Ahmad J, Yousaf MZ, Asif M, Shah SA. Molecular investigation of mental retardation locus gene PRSS12 by linkage analysis. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2011; 17:65-9. [PMID: 22090715 PMCID: PMC3214320 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.86178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of families having mental retardation in Pakistani population. We enrolled seven mentally retarded (MR) families with two or more affected individuals. Family history was taken to minimize the chances of other abnormalities. Pedigrees were drawn using the Cyrillic software (version 2.1). The structure of pedigrees shows that all the marriages are consanguineous and the families have recessive mode of inheritance. All the families were studied by linkage analysis to mental retardation locus (MRT1)/gene PRSS12. Three STR markers (D4S191, D4S2392, and D4S3024) in vicinity of mental retardation (MR) locus (MRT1)/gene PRSS12 were amplified on all the sample of each family by PCR. The PCR products were then genotyped on non denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The Haplotype were constructed to determine the pattern of inheritance and also to determine that a family was linked or unlinked to gene PRSS12. One out of the seven families was potentially linked to gene PRSS12, while the other six families remain unlinked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Martínez VG, Moestrup SK, Holmskov U, Mollenhauer J, Lozano F. The conserved scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily in therapy and diagnosis. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:967-1000. [PMID: 21880988 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily of soluble or membrane-bound protein receptors is characterized by the presence of one or several repeats of an ancient and highly conserved protein module, the SRCR domain. This superfamily (SRCR-SF) has been in constant and progressive expansion, now up to more than 30 members. The study of these members is attracting growing interest, which parallels that in innate immunity. No unifying function has been described to date for the SRCR domains, this being the result of the limited knowledge still available on the physiology of most members of the SRCR-SF, but also of the sequence versatility of the SRCR domains. Indeed, involvement of SRCR-SF members in quite different functions, such as pathogen recognition, modulation of the immune response, epithelial homeostasis, stem cell biology, and tumor development, have all been described. This has brought to us new information, unveiling the possibility that targeting or supplementing SRCR-SF proteins could result in diagnostic and/or therapeutic benefit for a number of physiologic and pathologic states. Recent research has provided structural and functional insight into these proteins, facilitating the development of means to modulate the activity of SRCR-SF members. Indeed, some of these approaches are already in use, paving the way for a more comprehensive use of SRCR-SF members in the clinic. The present review will illustrate some available evidence on the potential of well known and new members of the SRCR-SF in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Gabriela Martínez
- Center Esther Koplowitz, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Almonte AG, Sweatt JD. Serine proteases, serine protease inhibitors, and protease-activated receptors: roles in synaptic function and behavior. Brain Res 2011; 1407:107-22. [PMID: 21782155 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases, serine protease inhibitors, and protease-activated receptors have been intensively investigated in the periphery and their roles in a wide range of processes-coagulation, inflammation, and digestion, for example-have been well characterized (see Coughlin, 2000; Macfarlane et al., 2001; Molinari et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2008; Di Cera, 2009 for reviews). A growing number of studies demonstrate that these protein systems are widely expressed in many cell types and regions in mammalian brains. Accumulating lines of evidence suggest that the brain has co-opted the activities of these interesting proteins to regulate various processes underlying synaptic activity and behavior. In this review, we discuss emerging roles for serine proteases in the regulation of mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine G Almonte
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mitsui S, Osako Y, Yokoi F, Dang MT, Yuri K, Li Y, Yamaguchi N. A mental retardation gene, motopsin/neurotrypsin/prss12, modulates hippocampal function and social interaction. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:2368-78. [PMID: 20092579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Motopsin is a mosaic serine protease secreted from neuronal cells in various brain regions, including the hippocampus. The loss of motopsin function causes nonsyndromic mental retardation in humans and impairs long-term memory formation in Drosophila. To understand motopsin's function in the mammalian brain, motopsin knockout (KO) mice were generated. Motopsin KO mice did not have significant deficits in memory formation, as tested using the Morris water maze, passive avoidance and Y-maze tests. A social recognition test showed that the motopsin KO mice had the ability to recognize two stimulator mice, suggesting normal social memory. In a social novelty test, motopsin KO mice spent a longer time investigating a familiar mouse than wild-type (WT) mice did. In a resident-intruder test, motopsin KO mice showed prolonged social interaction as compared with WT mice. Consistent with the behavioral deficit, spine density was significantly decreased on apical dendrites, but not on basal dendrites, of hippocampal pyramidal neurons of motopsin KO mice. In contrast, pyramidal neurons at the cingulate cortex showed normal spine density. Spatial learning and social interaction induced the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) in hippocampal neurons of WT mice, whereas the phosphorylation of CREB was markedly decreased in mutant mouse brains. Our results indicate that an extracellular protease, motopsin, preferentially affects social behaviors, and modulates the functions of hippocampal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Mitsui
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Okoh, Nankoku, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ozhogina OA, Grishaev A, Bominaar EL, Patthy L, Trexler M, Llinás M. NMR solution structure of the neurotrypsin Kringle domain. Biochemistry 2009; 47:12290-8. [PMID: 18956887 DOI: 10.1021/bi800555z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrypsin is a multidomain protein that serves as a brain-specific serine protease. Here we report the NMR structure of its kringle domain, NT/K. The data analysis was performed with the BACUS (Bayesian analysis of coupled unassigned spins) algorithm. This study presents the first application of BACUS to the structure determination of a 13C unenriched protein for which no prior experimental 3D structure was available. NT/K adopts the kringle fold, consisting of an antiparallel beta-sheet bridged by an overlapping pair of disulfides. The structure reveals the presence of a surface-exposed left-handed polyproline II helix that is closely packed to the core beta-structure. This feature distinguishes NT/K from other members of the kringle fold and points toward a novel functional role for a kringle domain. Functional divergence among kringle domains is discussed on the basis of their surface and electrostatic characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Ozhogina
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mitsui S, Yamaguchi N, Osako Y, Yuri K. Enzymatic properties and localization of motopsin (PRSS12), a protease whose absence causes mental retardation. Brain Res 2007; 1136:1-12. [PMID: 17223089 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Motopsin (PRSS12) is a mosaic protease expressed in the central nervous system. Truncation of the human motopsin gene causes nonsyndromic mental retardation. Understanding the enzymatic properties and localization of motopsin protein in the central nervous system will help identify the molecular mechanism by which the loss of motopsin function causes mental retardation. Recombinant motopsin showed amidolytic activity against the synthetic substrate benzyloxycarbonyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-arginine 4-methyl-coumaryl-7-amide. Motopsin activated the single-chain tissue plasminogen activator precursor and exhibited gelatinolytic activity. This enzymatic activity was inhibited by typical serine protease inhibitors such as aprotinin, leupeptin, and (4-amidinophenyl) methanesulfonyl fluoride. Immunocytochemistry using anti-motopsin IgG revealed that both human and mouse motopsin proteins were distributed in discrete puncta along the dendrites and soma as well as axons in cultured hippocampal neurons. In the limbic system, including the cingulate and hippocampal pyramidal neurons and piriform cortex, high level of motopsin protein was expressed at postnatal day 10, but a very low level at 10-week-old mice. Motopsin and tissue plasminogen activator were co-expressed in the cingulate pyramidal neurons at postnatal day 10 and were distributed along dendrites of cultured pyramidal neurons. In cranial nuclei, a moderate level of motopsin protein was detected independently on the developmental stage. Our results suggest that motopsin has multiple functions, such as axon outgrowth, arranging perineuronal environment, and maintaining neuronal plasticity, partly in coordination with other proteases including tissue plasminogen activator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Mitsui
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Oko-cho, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Numajiri T, Mitsui S, Hisa Y, Ishida T, Nishino K, Yamaguchi N. The expression of a motoneuron-specific serine protease, motopsin (PRSS12), after facial nerve axotomy in mice. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006; 59:393-7. [PMID: 16756256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Motopsin (PRSS12) is a mosaic serine protease that is preferentially expressed in motor neurons. To study the relationship between motopsin and motoneuron function, we investigated the expression of motopsin mRNA in facial nerve nuclei after facial nerve axotomy at the anterior margin of the parotid gland in mice. Neuronal function was monitored by assessing vibrissal motion in 3 months. Vibrissal behaviour on the injured side disappeared until the day 14 post-operation, and then recovered between the day 21 and 35. Motopsin expression decreased at the day 14, but markedly recovered by the day 21. In contrast, expression of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) was induced at the day 3. These results suggest that the recovery of motopsin expression is correlated with the recovery of the facial motor neuronal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Numajiri
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mitsui S, Okui A, Kominami K, Konishi E, Uemura H, Yamaguchi N. A novel serine protease highly expressed in the pancreas is expressed in various kinds of cancer cells. FEBS J 2005; 272:4911-23. [PMID: 16176265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated a cDNA that encodes a novel serine protease, prosemin, from human brain. The cDNA of human prosemin is 1306 bp, encoding 317 amino acids. It showed significant homology with the sequence of a chromosome 16 cosmid clone (accession no. NT_037887.4). The prosemin gene contains six exons and five introns. The amino acid sequence of prosemin shows significant homology to prostasin, gamma-tryptase, and testisin (43%, 41%, and 38% identity, respectively), the genes of which are also located on chromosome 16. Northern hybridization showed that prosemin is expressed predominantly in the pancreas and weakly in the prostate and cerebellum. However, western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that prosemin is expressed and secreted from various kinds of cancer cells, such as glioma, pancreas, prostate, and ovarian cell lines. Prosemin is secreted in the cystic fluid of clinical ovarian cancers. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry showed prosemin protein localized in the apical parts of ovarian carcinomas. Recombinant prosemin was expressed in COS cells and was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography. Recombinant prosemin preferentially cleaved benzyloxycarbonyl (Z)-His-Glu-Lys-methylcoumaryl amidide (MCA) and t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc)-Gln-Ala-Arg-MCA. Our results suggest that prosemin is a novel serine protease of the chromosome 16 cluster that is highly expressed in the pancreas. The usefulness of this serine protease as a candidate tumor marker should be further examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Mitsui
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu HL, Su B. Genetic evidence of a strong functional constraint of neurotrypsin during primate evolution. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 108:303-9. [PMID: 15627749 DOI: 10.1159/000081523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrypsin is one of the extra-cellular serine proteases that are predominantly expressed in the brain and involved in neuronal development and function. Mutations in humans are associated with autosomal recessive non-syndromic mental retardation (MR). We studied the molecular evolution of neurotrypsin by sequencing the coding region of neurotrypsin in 11 representative non-human primate species covering great apes, lesser apes, Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. Our results demonstrated a strong functional constraint of neurotrypsin that was caused by strong purifying selection during primate evolution, an implication of an essential functional role of neurotrypsin in primate cognition. Further analysis indicated that the purifying selection was in fact acting on the SRCR domains of neurotrypsin, which mediate the binding activity of neurotrypsin to cell surface or extra-cellular proteins. In addition, by comparing primates with three other mammalian orders, we demonstrated that the absence of the first copy of the SRCR domain (exon 2 and 3) in mouse and rat was due to the deletion of this segment in the murine lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
A number of molecules have been postulated to be involved in long-term potentiation, an experimental model for learning and short-term memory. Although the molecular mechanisms of the long-term potentiation have been considerably well understood, it is not yet known why and how real memory can last very long with outstanding stability. A mechanical change of synaptic morphology at acquisition, consolidation and retention of memory is hypothesized to explain long-lasting memory. Changes in the synaptic morphology may be due, at least in part, to local extracellular proteolysis of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules. Some extracellular serine proteases of the Clan PA family may modulate synaptic adhesion and associate with long-term potentiation and learning behavior. In the present review, candidate proteases that are involved in the hippocampal memory are overviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadao Shiosaka
- Division of Structural Cell Biology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Watanabe Y, Okui A, Mitsui S, Kawarabuki K, Yamaguchi T, Uemura H, Yamaguchi N. Molecular cloning and tissue-specific expression analysis of mouse spinesin, a type II transmembrane serine protease 5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:333-40. [PMID: 15465023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported novel serine proteases isolated from cDNA libraries of the human and mouse central nervous system (CNS) by PCR using degenerate oligodeoxyribonucleotide primers designed on the basis of the serine protease motifs, AAHC and DSGGP. Here we report a newly isolated serine protease from the mouse CNS. This protease is homologous (77.9% identical) to human spinesin type II transmembrane serine protease 5. Mouse spinesin (m-spinesin) is also composed of (from the N-terminus) a short cytoplasmic domain, a transmembrane domain, a stem region containing a scavenger-receptor-like domain, and a serine protease domain, as is h-spinesin. We also isolated type 1, type 2, and type 3 variant cDNAs of m-spinesin. Full-length spinesin (type 4) and type 3 contain all the domains, whereas type 1 and type 2 variants lack the cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and scavenger-receptor-like domains. Subcellular localization of the variant forms was analyzed using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion proteins. EGFP-type 4 fusion protein was predominantly localized to the ER, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane, whereas EGFP-type 1 was localized to the cytoplasm, reflecting differential classification of m-spinesin variants into transmembrane and cytoplasmic types. We analyzed the distribution of m-spinesin variants in mouse tissues, using RT-PCR with variant-specific primer sets. Interestingly, transmembrane-type spinesin, types 3 and 4, was specifically expressed in the spinal cord, whereas cytoplasmic type, type 1, was expressed in multiple tissues, including the cerebrum and cerebellum. Therefore, m-spinesin variants may have distinct biological functions arising from organ-specific variant expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Balcaitis S, Xie Y, Weinstein JR, Andersen H, Hanisch UK, Ransom BR, Möller T. Expression of proteinase-activated receptors in mouse microglial cells. Neuroreport 2003; 14:2373-7. [PMID: 14663194 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200312190-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS: they are activated rapidly by CNS damage and perform the function of tissue macrophages. The first steps during microglial activation are currently under intense study, and it is widely believed that substances released from damaged brain tissue can trigger this process. We recently reported that the blood coagulation factor thrombin, which enters the CNS during breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, activates microglial cells. The cellular effects of thrombin and trypsin-like proteases are mediated by proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). Based on our prior data we hypothesized that microglial cells express these receptors. Using RT-PCR and flow cytometry, we report that primary mouse microglial cells, as well as the murine microglial cell lines BV-2 and N9, indeed express PARs, albeit at different levels. Demonstrating multiple PARs on microglia may enhance the attractiveness of PARs as therapeutic targets in neuroinflammatory disorders.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) is a cholesterol-enriched lipoprotein, consisting of a covalent linkage joining the unique and highly polymorphic apolipoprotein(a) to apolipoprotein B100, the main protein moiety of low-density lipoproteins. Although the concentration of lipoprotein(a) in humans is mostly genetically determined, acquired disorders might influence synthesis and catabolism of the particle. Raised concentration of lipoprotein(a) has been acknowledged as a leading inherited risk factor for both premature and advanced atherosclerosis at different vascular sites. The strong structural homologies with plasminogen and low-density lipoproteins suggest that lipoprotein(a) might represent the ideal bridge between the fields of atherosclerosis and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of vascular occlusive disorders. Unfortunately, the exact mechanisms by which lipoprotein(a) promotes, accelerates, and complicates atherosclerosis are only partially understood. In some clinical settings, such as in patients at exceptionally low risk for cardiovascular disease, the potential regenerative and antineoplastic properties of lipoprotein(a) might paradoxically counterbalance its athero-thrombogenicity, as attested by the compatibility between raised plasma lipoprotein(a) levels and longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Istituto di Chimica e Microscopia Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Molinari F, Rio M, Meskenaite V, Encha-Razavi F, Augé J, Bacq D, Briault S, Vekemans M, Munnich A, Attié-Bitach T, Sonderegger P, Colleaux L. Truncating neurotrypsin mutation in autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation. Science 2002; 298:1779-81. [PMID: 12459588 DOI: 10.1126/science.1076521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A 4-base pair deletion in the neuronal serine protease neurotrypsin gene was associated with autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation (MR). In situ hybridization experiments on human fetal brains showed that neurotrypsin was highly expressed in brain structures involved in learning and memory. Immuno-electron microscopy on adult human brain sections revealed that neurotrypsin is located in presynaptic nerve endings, particularly over the presynaptic membrane lining the synaptic cleft. These findings suggest that neurotrypsin-mediated proteolysis is required for normal synaptic function and suggest potential insights into the pathophysiological bases of mental retardation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Molinari
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U-393, et Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mitsui S, Okui A, Uemura H, Mizuno T, Yamada T, Yamamura Y, Yamaguchi N. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid levels of neurosin (KLK6), an aging-related protease, as a possible new risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 977:216-23. [PMID: 12480753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurosin is a kallikrein-like serine protease expressed preferentially in the human brain. It is localized in senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in Lewy bodies in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosin is present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a proenzyme and does not show any enzymatic activity. We have developed a sandwich ELISA system using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against human neurosin and have measured neurosin levels in the CSF from AD and non-CNS disease patients. Both male and female patients with peripheral neuropathy showed statistically positive correlations between CSF neurosin concentrations and age (males, n = 52, r = 0.482, p < 0.005; females, n = 43, r = 0.365, p < 0.005). In contrast, such positive correlation was not observed in the CSF from patients with AD. Further, some such patients showed extremely low levels of CSF neurosin. Our results suggest that neurosin is an aging-related protease and that a decreased CSF concentration of neurosin may be a risk factor for developing AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Mitsui
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sogame Y, Kataoka K, Kato M, Sakagami J, Osawa S, Takatera A, Mitsuyoshi M, Usui N, Mitsui S, Yamaguchi N. Molecular cloning and characterization of chymopasin, a novel serine protease from rat pancreas. Pancreas 2002; 25:378-86. [PMID: 12409833 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200211000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreas secretes many enzymes for food digestion into the pancreatic juice. We cloned a novel serine protease, chymopasin, from rat pancreas. AIMS To know the localization of this enzyme in the pancreas and to analyze the enzymatic characteristics. METHODOLOGY We cloned chymopasin cDNA using 3' and 5' RACEs. Northern blot and in situ hybridization were used to study the expression of this enzyme. Recombinant chymopasin protein produced by was analyzed by Western blot using specific antibody, and its enzymatic characteristics were examined using commercially available synthetic substrates, fibrin and gelatin. RESULTS The open reading frame of rat chymopasin consisted of 792 bp encoding 264 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence contained the essential catalytic triad characteristic of the serine protease family. There was no putative N-glycosylation site. The amino acid sequence of rat chymopasin showed 54.5% identity to rat chymotrypsin B. Northern blot analysis showed that the transcript was strongly expressed in the pancreas. In situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probe showed that the positive signals were observed in the acinar cells, but not in the islet or duct cells. Chymopasin protein was detected in the pancreas homogenate and bile-pancreatic juice. Further, cerulein stimulated the secretion of rat chymopasin into bile-pancreatic juice. CONCLUSION These results suggested that rat chymopasin might be a digestive enzyme secreted from the acinar cells. From the enzyme assay using synthetic substrates, the purified recombinant chymopasin expressed in showed chymotrypsin-like activity. In addition, rat recombinant chymopasin showed fibrinolytic and gelatinolytic activities. These results suggested a role in the pathogenesis of pancreatic damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Sogame
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute for Neurological Disease and Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yamaguchi N, Okui A, Yamada T, Nakazato H, Mitsui S. Spinesin/TMPRSS5, a novel transmembrane serine protease, cloned from human spinal cord. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:6806-12. [PMID: 11741986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103645200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a novel serine protease, which we designated spinesin, has been cloned from human spinal cord. The longest open reading frame was 457 amino acids. A homology search revealed that the human spinesin gene was located at chromosome 11q23 and contained 13 exons, the gene structure being similar to that of TMPRSS3 whose gene is also located on 11q23. Spinesin has a simple type II transmembrane structure, consisting of, from the N terminus, a short cytoplasmic domain, a transmembrane domain, a stem region containing a scavenger receptor-like domain, and a serine protease domain. Unlike TMPRSS3, it carries no low density lipoprotein receptor domain in the stem region. The extracellular region carries five N-glycosylation sites. The sequence of the protease domain carried the essential triad His, Asp, and Ser and showed some similarity to that of TMPRSS2, hepsin, HAT, MT-SP1, TMPRSS3, and corin, sharing 45.5, 41.9, 41.3, 40.3, 39.1, and 38.5% identity, respectively. The putative mature protease domain preceded by H(6)DDDDK was produced in Escherichia coli, purified, and successfully activated by immobilized enterokinase. Its optimal pH was about 10. It cleaved synthetic substrates for trypsin, which is inhibited by p-amidinophenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride but not by antipain or leupeptin. Northern blot analysis against mRNA from human tissues including liver, lung, placenta, and heart demonstrated a specific expression of spinesin mRNA in the brain. Immunohistochemically, spinesin was predominantly expressed in neurons, in their axons, and at the synapses of motoneurons in the spinal cord. In addition, some oligodendrocytes were clearly stained. These results indicate that spinesin is transported to the synapses through the axons after its synthesis in the cytoplasm and may play important roles at the synapses. Further analyses are required to clarify its roles at the synapses and in oligodendrocytes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acids/chemistry
- Bacteria/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Exons
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins
- Open Reading Frames
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Serine Endopeptidases/chemistry
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
- Tosyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Trypsin/chemistry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Neurological Diseases and Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ozhogina OA, Trexler M, Bányai L, Llinás M, Patthy L. Origin of fibronectin type II (FN2) modules: structural analyses of distantly-related members of the kringle family idey the kringle domain of neurotrypsin as a potential link between FN2 domains and kringles. Protein Sci 2001; 10:2114-22. [PMID: 11567102 PMCID: PMC2374232 DOI: 10.1110/ps.15801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of complete genome sequences has made it clear that fibronectin type II (FN2) modules are present only in the vertebrate lineage, raising intriguing questions about the origin of this module type. Kringle domains display many similarities to FN2 domains; therefore it was suggested previously that they are highly divergent descendants of the same ancestral protein-fold. Since kringles are present in arthropodes, nematodes, and invertebrate chordates as well as in vertebrates, it is suggested that the FN2 domain arose in the vertebrate lineage through major structural modification of the more ancestral kringle fold. To explore this structural transition, in the present work we compare key structural features of two highly divergent kringle domains (the kringle of Caenorhabditis elegans Ror receptor tyrosine kinase and the kringle of rat neurotrypsin) with those of plasminogen kringles and FN2 domains. Our NMR conformation fingerprinting analysis indicates that characteristic (1)H-NMR markers of kringle or FN2 native folding, such as the dispersion of Trp aromatic connectivities and shifts of the Leu(46)/Thr(16) methyl signals, both decrease in the order kringles > neurotrypsin kringle > FN2 domains. These results suggest that the neurotrypsin kringle may represent an intermediate form between typical kringles and FN2 domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O A Ozhogina
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Okui A, Kominami K, Uemura H, Mitsui S, Yamaguchi N. Characterization of a brain-related serine protease, neurosin (human kaillikrein 6), in human cerebrospinal fluid. Neuroreport 2001; 12:1345-50. [PMID: 11388408 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200105250-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurosin (also known as zyme or protease M) is a trypsin-like serine protease dominantly expressed in the human brain. According to the official nomenclature, this gene is now designated as human kallikrein 6 (KLK6) and the protein is designated hK6. To investigate the metabolism of neurosin in human brain, neurosin contained in the human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was analyzed. Neurosin was detected in the all CSFs tested by Western blot analysis using an anti-neurosin monoclonal antibody. We purified neurosin from CSF (CSF-neurosin) using an immunoaffinity chromatography and an anion-exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE revealed that the purified protein has a relative mol. mass (Mr) of 25,000 Da. The observed sequence of the N-terminal amino acids, Glu-Glu-Gln-Asn-Lys, of the purified CSF-neurosin was identical to the sequence of N-terminal of the pro-enzyme form, which is presumed to have no enzyme activity. CSF-neurosin neither showed any enzyme activity to Boc-Phe-Ser-Arg-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide, which is known to be degraded by the mature neurosin, nor cleaved gelatin. To confirm that the major portion of CSF-neurosin is present in the pro-enzyme form, Western blot analysis using antibodies specific to the pro- or mature enzyme was carried out. The antibody against the mature neurosin fragment did not react with CSF-neurosin. Only the antibody against the pro-enzyme fragment detected CSF-neurosin. Thus, our results suggest that neurosin is present as an inactive pro-enzyme in the human CSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Okui
- Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mitsui S, Okui A, Kominami K, Uemura H, Yamaguchi N. cDNA cloning and tissue-specific splicing variants of mouse hippostasin/TLSP (PRSS20). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1494:206-10. [PMID: 11072088 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two splicing variants of mouse hippostasin/TLSP (PRSS20) were identified and termed brain-type and prostate-type, respectively. Mouse hippostasin/TLSP showed 76.8% identity to the human homologue. Transient expression showed that both translational products were secreted into the conditioned medium. Mouse hippostasin/TLSP was expressed preferentially in the fetal brain and the prostate, but not in the neonatal brain. The brain expressed only brain-type hippostasin/TLSP, while the prostate expressed both types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mitsui
- Department of Cell BIology, Research Institute for Neurological Diseases and Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mitsui S, Yamada T, Okui A, Kominami K, Uemura H, Yamaguchi N. A novel isoform of a kallikrein-like protease, TLSP/hippostasin, (PRSS20), is expressed in the human brain and prostate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 272:205-11. [PMID: 10872828 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
cDNAs encoding two splicing variants of a serine protease, termed hippostasin, were isolated by a PCR-based cloning strategy. The difference of 5' nucleotide sequence resulted in the variation in the amino terminal ends of the two, brain and prostate, types of human hippostasin. The longest ORF of the brain-type was 250 amino acids with a putative signal peptide, while that of the prostate-type was 282 amino acids. Homology search using the amino acid sequence revealed that prostate-type hippostasin was identical to TLSP (PRSS20), which is expressed in human primary keratinocytes (1). Transient expression analysis showed that both brain- and prostate-type TLSP/hippostasin were secreted into the conditioned medium as about 40 kDa proteins. Human TLSP/hippostasin showed 47% and 45% identity to trypsinogen II and kallikrein, respectively. In fact, the recombinant human TLSP/hippostasin efficiently cleaved Bz-Phe-Arg-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide, a kallikrein substrate, and weakly cleaved other substrates for kallikrein and trypsin. Northern blot analysis detected a 1.3 kb band in the whole brain and a 1.4 kb band in the prostate and the lung. In situ hybridization revealed that it was expressed preferentially by the pyramidal neurons in the human hippocampus and secretory epithelial cells in the prostate. These results indicated that TLSP/hippostasin is involved in the functions of the human central nervous system and prostate and that it is a multifunctional protease present in various organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mitsui
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Neurological Diseases and Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Iijima N, Tanaka M, Mitsui S, Yamamura Y, Yamaguchi N, Ibata Y. Expression of a serine protease (motopsin PRSS12) mRNA in the mouse brain: in situ hybridization histochemical study. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 66:141-9. [PMID: 10095086 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases are considered to play several important roles in the brain. In an attempt to find novel brain-specific serine proteases (BSSPs), motopsin (PRSS-12) was cloned from a mouse brain cDNA library by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the postnatal 10-day mouse brain contained the most amount of motopsin mRNA. At this developmental stage, in situ hybridization histochemistry showed that motopsin mRNA was specifically expressed in the following regions: cerebral cortical layers II/III, V and VIb, endopiriform cortex and the limbic system, particularly in the CA1 region of the hippocampal formation. In addition, in the brainstem, the oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, mecencephalic and motor nuclei of trigeminal nerve (N), abducens nucleus, facial nucleus, nucleus of the raphe pontis, dorsoral motor nucleus of vagal N, hypoglossal nucleus and ambiguus nucleus showed motopsin mRNA expression. Expression was also found in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. The above findings strongly suggest that neurons in almost all motor nuclei, particularly in the brainstem and spinal cord, express motopsin mRNA, and that motopsin seems to have a close relation to the functional role of efferent neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Iijima
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto 602, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mitsui S, Tsuruoka N, Yamashiro K, Nakazato H, Yamaguchi N. A novel form of human neuropsin, a brain-related serine protease, is generated by alternative splicing and is expressed preferentially in human adult brain. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 260:627-34. [PMID: 10102990 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned cDNAs encoding two isoforms of a human novel serine protease. They encoded sequences of 260 and 305 amino acids, and both showed significant homology to mouse neuropsin. Mouse neuropsin has been reported to be involved in hippocampal plasticity, therefore we designated the proteins as type 1 and type 2 neuropsin, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the two types of human neuropsin were identical, except that type 2 carried an insert of 45 amino acids at the C-terminus of the leader sequence. The essential three amino acids in the active site triad, His, Asp, and Ser, and the single putative N-glycosylation site were conserved in human and mouse neuropsin. Sequence analysis of the 946 bp genomic DNA spanning the region encoding the insertion sequence revealed that two isoforms were generated in human brain by alternative splicing. However, the mouse genomic sequence did not conserve the 3' acceptor consensus sequence at the corresponding position, suggesting that type 2 neuropsin was a species-specific splice variant. When the open reading frames of human neuropsin were expressed in insect cells, both types of neuropsin were detected in the conditioned media by western blot analysis using anti-human neuropsin serum. Northern blot hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed predominant expression of type 1 neuropsin in pancreas. Type 2 neuropsin was preferentially expressed in human adult brain and hippocampus, although both types were expressed in fetal brain and placenta in comparable amounts. Dot blot hybridization showed that neuropsin was expressed in various regions of adult brain, including the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and also in various fetal tissues. These results suggest that human type 2 neuropsin may be important to the adult brain plasticity, although both types may be necessary for the development of the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mitsui
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Neurological Diseases and Geriatrics, Kawaramachi Hirokaji, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|