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Dias Junior PCG, dos Santos IJ, do Nascimento FL, Paternina EA, Alves BA, Pereira IG, Ramos AL, Alvarenga TI, Furusho-Garcia IF. Macadamia oil and vitamin E for lambs: performance, blood parameters, meat quality, fatty acid profile and gene expression. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zheng L, Jin J, Shi L, Huang J, Chang M, Wang X, Zhang H, Jin Q. Gamma tocopherol, its dimmers, and quinones: Past and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 60:3916-3930. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1711704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyou Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Longkai Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ming Chang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Thompson MD, Cooney RV. The Potential Physiological Role of γ-Tocopherol in Human Health: A Qualitative Review. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:808-825. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1653472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mika D. Thompson
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robert V. Cooney
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Chai W, Maskarinec G, Franke AA, Monroe KR, Park SY, Kolonel LN, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Cooney RV. Association of serum γ-tocopherol levels with mortality: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 74:87-96. [PMID: 31243335 PMCID: PMC6930982 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES γ-Tocopherol has unique properties that protect against nitrogen oxide-mediated cellular damage. To elucidate the potential role of γ-tocopherol in the aging process, we examined the associations of serum γ-tocopherol levels with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. SUBJECTS/METHODS Among participants in the biorepository subcohort of the Multiethnic Cohort Study, pre-cancer diagnostic serum γ-tocopherol levels were measured in a subset of 3904 men and 4461 women. Of these, 22.7% of men and 13.5% of women died during a mean follow-up time of 9.6 ± 2.6 years. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for mortality associated with γ-tocopherol were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS Positive associations of serum γ-tocopherol with all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality (CVD) (Ptrend < 0.05) were detected after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and serum cholesterol levels. The respective HRs (95% CIs) for the highest versus the lowest sex-specific γ-tocopherol quartile were 1.43 (1.17-1.74), 1.79 (1.22-2.64), and 1.52 (1.10-2.11) for men and 1.58 (1.25-2.00), 1.59 (1.05-2.41), and 1.59 (1.07-2.37) for women. Associations remained significant for all-cause mortality among women after further adjusting for smoking variables and history of cancer, CVD, diabetes, and hypertension at cohort entry (highest vs. lowest γ-tocopherol quartile: HR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.08-1.75; Ptrend = 0.005). Overall, associations with all-cause mortality were consistent across race/ethnicity and were significant in three of ten sex-specific racial/ethnic groups in the fully adjusted models, with no interactions between ethnicity and γ-tocopherol. CONCLUSIONS The positive association between γ-tocopherol and mortality suggests a potential physiological role for γ-tocopherol in response to pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Chai
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | | | - Adrian A Franke
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kristine R Monroe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Song-Yi Park
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Laurence N Kolonel
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robert V Cooney
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Venturini PR, Thomazini BF, Oliveira CA, Alves AA, Camargo TF, Domingues CEC, Barbosa-Sampaio HCL, do Amaral MEC. Vitamin E supplementation and caloric restriction promotes regulation of insulin secretion and glycemic homeostasis by different mechanisms in rats. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:777-785. [PMID: 30481061 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E and caloric restriction have antioxidant effects in mammals. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of vitamin E supplementation and caloric restriction upon insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis in rats. Male Wistar rats were distributed among the following groups: C, control group fed ad libitum; R, food quantity reduction of 40%; CV, control group supplemented with vitamin E [30 mg·kg-1·day-1]; and RV, food-restricted group supplemented with vitamin E. The experiments ran for 21 days. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity was higher in the CV, R, and RV groups. Insulin secretion stimulated with different glucose concentrations was lower in the R and RV groups, compared with C and CV. In the presence of glucose and secretagogues, insulin secretion was higher in the CV group and was lower in the R and RV groups. An increase in insulin receptor occurred in the fat pad and muscle tissue of groups CV, R, and RV. Levels of hepatic insulin receptor and phospho-Akt protein were higher in groups R and RV, compared with C and CV, while muscle phospho-Akt was increased in the CV group. There was a reduction in hepatic RNA levels of the hepatocyte growth factor gene and insulin degrading enzyme in the R group, and increased levels of insulin degrading enzyme in the CV and RV groups. Thus, vitamin E supplementation and caloric restriction modulate insulin secretion by different mechanisms to maintain glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Venturini
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fontana Thomazini
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Andréa Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Armindo A Alves
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís Furtado Camargo
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio E C Domingues
- School of Biology, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C L Barbosa-Sampaio
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Esméria C do Amaral
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, UNIARARAS, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kim JE, Ferruzzi MG, Campbell WW. Egg Consumption Increases Vitamin E Absorption from Co-Consumed Raw Mixed Vegetables in Healthy Young Men. J Nutr 2016; 146:2199-2205. [PMID: 27655756 PMCID: PMC5086793 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.236307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most people living in the United States underconsume vitamin E, and dietary approaches to increase the absorption of vitamin E may help individuals to meet their body's needs. OBJECTIVE We assessed the effect of adding cooked whole egg to a raw mixed-vegetable salad on α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol absorption. METHODS With the use of a randomized-crossover design, 16 healthy young men [mean ± SD age: 24 ± 4 y; mean ± SD body mass index (in kg/m2): 24 ± 2] consumed the same salad (all served with 3 g canola oil) with no egg [control (CON)], with 75 g cooked egg [low egg (LE)], or with 150 g cooked egg [high egg (HE)]; a 1-wk dietary washout period was included between trials. For the first 7 d of each trial, participants consumed a low-vitamin E diet to reduce plasma vitamin E concentrations. Blood was collected hourly for 10 h and the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fractions (TRLs) were isolated. α-Tocopherol and γ-tocopherol concentrations in TRLs were analyzed and composite areas under the curve (AUCs) were calculated. RESULTS The α-tocopherol 0- to 10-h AUCs (AUCs0-10 h) in TRLs was higher (P < 0.05) for the HE trial (least-squares mean ± SE: 981 ± 162 nmol/L ⋅ 10 h) than for the LE (311 ± 162 nmol/L ⋅ 10 h) and CON (117 ± 162 nmol/L ⋅10 h) trials, which did not differ from one another. The γ-tocopherol AUCs0-10 h in TRLs was also higher (P < 0.05) for the HE trial (402 ± 54 nmol/L ⋅ 10 h) than for the CON trial (72 ± 54 nmol/L ⋅ 10 h). CONCLUSION The consumption of cooked whole eggs is an effective way to increase the absorption of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol from a co-consumed meal that naturally contains vitamin E, such as a raw mixed-vegetable salad, in healthy young men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01951313.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Departments of Nutrition Science and,Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Seed oil from Harmal (Rhazya stricta Decne) grown in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia): A potential source of δ-tocopherol. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bellahcen S, Mekhfi H, Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Hakkou A, Aziz M, Bnouham M. Prevention of chemically induced diabetes mellitus in experimental animals by virgin argan oil. Phytother Res 2011; 26:180-5. [PMID: 21584872 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The argan tree plays an important socioeconomic and ecologic role in South Morocco. Moreover, there is much evidence for the beneficial effects of virgin argan oil (VAO) on human health. Thus, this study investigated whether administering VAO to rats can prevent the development of diabetes. VAO extracted by a traditional method from the almonds of Argania spinosa (2 mL/kg) was administered orally (for 7 consecutive days) to rats before and during intraperitoneal alloxan administration (75 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days). An alloxan diabetic-induced untreated group and treated by table oil were used as control groups. Body mass, blood glucose and hepatic glycogen were evaluated. In the present study, subchronic treatment with VAO at a dose of 2 mL/kg, before the experimental induction of diabetes, prevented the body mass loss, induced a significant reduction of blood glucose and a significant increase of hepatic glycogen level (p < 0.001) compared with the untreated diabetic group. In conclusion, the present study shows that argan oil should be further investigated in a human study to clarify its possible role in reducing weight loss in diabetics, and even in inhibiting the development or progression of diabetes. This antidiabetic effect could be due to the richness of VAO in tocopherols, phenolic compounds and unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Bellahcen
- Laboratory of Physiology and Ethnopharmacology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed Ist, Boulevard Mohamed IV, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
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Crim WS, Wu R, Carter JD, Cole BK, Trace AP, Mirmira RG, Kunsch C, Nadler JL, Nunemaker CS. AGI-1067, a novel antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, enhances insulin release and protects mouse islets. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 323:246-55. [PMID: 20211684 PMCID: PMC2875300 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound AGI-1067 (succinobucol) has potential as an oral anti-diabetic agent. AGI-1067 reduces H(b)A1c, improves fasting plasma glucose, and reduces new-onset diabetes. We investigated AGI-1067 for possible effects on mouse pancreatic islets in vitro. Pretreatment with 10 microM AGI-1067 increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (11 mM) without affecting secretion in basal (3 mM) glucose. AGI-1067 enhanced the intracellular calcium response to glucose stimulation in 7 mM and 11 mM glucose, but had no effect in 28 mM or basal glucose. AGI-1067-pretreated islets also showed enhanced calcium responses to methyl pyruvate and alpha-ketoisocaproate at low doses, but not high doses. The AGI-1067-mediated effects on glucose-stimulated calcium were maintained during continuous diazoxide exposure, suggesting effects on the K(ATP)-channel-independent pathway. AGI-1067 also reduced cytokine-induced islet cell death and expression of iNOS, a key component in cytokine signaling. This is the first report of direct stimulatory and protective effects of a first-in-class potential anti-diabetic agent on pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Crim
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, VA 22908, USA
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Cooney RV, Franke AA, Wilkens LR, Gill J, Kolonel LN. Elevated plasma gamma-tocopherol and decreased alpha-tocopherol in men are associated with inflammatory markers and decreased plasma 25-OH vitamin D. Nutr Cancer 2009; 60 Suppl 1:21-9. [PMID: 19003577 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802404162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for many diseases of aging. Endogenous oxidants are thought to mediate the effects of inflammation and gamma-Tocopherol (gamma-Toc) may mitigate damage from nitrogen-based oxidants; however, no physiological requirement for gamma-Toc has been established. Regulation of tocopherols and their functional significance are poorly defined, thereby limiting their application in prevention. Using stored plasma samples from 657 male control subjects in a previous study of prostate cancer, we have analyzed associations of the tocopherols, inflammation markers, and 25-hydroxy (OH) vitamin D. Plasma alpha-Toc and gamma-Toc were inversely correlated, whereas delta-Toc and alpha-Toc levels were positively correlated, suggesting a unique regulatory mechanism. gamma-Toc levels were positively and alpha-Toc negatively associated with plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and urinary isoprostane F(2t), which are markers of inflammation and oxidation. Ethnic variability in tocopherols was observed; however, this may be explained by differences in plasma 25-OH vitamin D, as gamma-Toc levels varied inversely and alpha-Toc positively with 25-OH vitamin D. In these data, all-cause mortality appeared to be positively associated with CRP and inversely with 25-OH vitamin D. We hypothesize that plasma levels of tocopherols may serve as markers of systemic inflammation, complicating epidemiologic assessment of their role in cancer etiology.
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Noguchi A, Takada M, Nakayama K, Ishikawa T. cGMP-independent anti-apoptotic effect of nitric oxide on thapsigargin-induced apoptosis in the pancreatic beta-cell line INS-1. Life Sci 2008; 83:865-70. [PMID: 18957297 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Low concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) produced by constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) in pancreatic beta-cells have been suggested to be a physiological regulator of insulin secretion. In contrast, excessive NO produced by inducible NO synthase is known to mediate beta-cell apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of low concentrations of NO on beta-cell apoptosis. MAIN METHODS Apoptosis of the pancreatic beta-cell line INS-1 was quantitatively determined by Annexin V flow cytometry. KEY FINDINGS The 24-h incubation with 1 mM DETA/NO, a long half-life NO donor, induced beta-cell apoptosis, which was insensitive to the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor ODQ. In contrast, DETA/NO at lower concentrations until 300 microM concentration-dependently decreased the apoptosis induced by thapsigargin, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. ODQ did not affect the anti-apoptotic effect of DETA/NO. Moreover, neither the cGMP analogue 8-Br-cGMP nor the sGC activator YC-1 mimicked the anti-apoptotic effect of DETA/NO. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that low levels of NO protect beta-cells from thapsigargin-induced apoptosis in a cGMP-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Noguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Huang Z, Sjöholm A. Ethanol acutely stimulates islet blood flow, amplifies insulin secretion, and induces hypoglycemia via nitric oxide and vagally mediated mechanisms. Endocrinology 2008; 149:232-6. [PMID: 17916634 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia induced by alcohol ingestion is a well-known problem in diabetic patients. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have largely remained elusive. Because insulin secretion in vivo can be rapidly tuned by changes in pancreatic microcirculation, we evaluated the influence of acute alcohol administration on pancreatic islet blood flow (IBF), and dynamic changes in insulin secretion and glycemia in the rat. Ethanol (10%) or saline was iv injected as a bolus into Wistar rats, yielding serum ethanol concentrations of approximately 8 mmol/liter. Measurements of pancreatic blood flow (PBF) were performed by a microsphere technique in combination with a freeze-thawing technique after 10-min injection. Ethanol preferentially and significantly increased pancreatic IBF approximately 4-fold, whereas not influencing whole PBF. The alcohol also augmented late-phase insulin secretion and induced late hypoglycemia upon ip glucose tolerance tests. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-w-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and atropine prevented the increased pancreatic IBF, enhanced insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia evoked by ethanol. Thus, our findings demonstrate that ethanol acutely exerts substantial influences on pancreatic microcirculation by evoking a massive redistribution of PBF from the exocrine into the endocrine part via mechanisms mediated by nitric oxide and vagal stimuli, augmenting late-phase insulin secretion, and thereby evoking hypoglycemia. This effect may in part underlie the well-known hypoglycemic properties of alcohol in diabetic patients or in alcoholics with hepatic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Internal Medicine, Stockholm South Hospital, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
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Desel C, Hubbermann EM, Schwarz K, Krupinska K. Nitration of gamma-tocopherol in plant tissues. PLANTA 2007; 226:1311-22. [PMID: 17619201 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitration of gamma-tocopherol has been suggested to be an important mechanism for the regulation and detoxification of reactive nitrogen oxide species in animal tissues. To investigate whether this reaction does also occur in plants, reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used for analysis of 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol (5-NgammaT) in leaves and seeds. 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol (5-NgammaT) could be detected in an in vitro system where it was most likely generated by the reaction of gamma-tocopherol with a nitric oxide radical. In vivo 5-NgammaT was identified in leaves of the Arabidopsis mutant line (vte4), which has insertion in the gene encoding gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase and consequently lacks alpha-tocopherol and accumulates high levels of gamma-tocopherol. Quantification of NOx in leaves revealed that the vte4 mutant in comparison to wild type and the mutant vte1, which does not contain any tocopherol, has a reduced NOx concentration. The level of 5-NgammaT in leaves of the vte4 mutant was shown to depend on the developmental stage and on the duration of light exposure. 5-NgammaT was also detectable in germinating seeds of Brassica napus, Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana. These seeds have in common high gamma-tocopherol contents. The rate of germination at two days after imbibition inversely correlated with the gamma-tocopherol content of the seeds. The result suggests that gamma-tocopherol or its respective derivative, 5-NgammaT, may prolong early development by reducing the level of NOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Desel
- Institute of Botany, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Ajani UA, Liu S. Associations between concentrations of α- and γ-tocopherol and concentrations of glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, insulin and C-peptide among US adults. Br J Nutr 2007; 93:249-55. [PMID: 15788118 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to study the cross-sectional associations between concentrations of α- and γ-tocopherol and concentrations of glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, insulin and C-peptide among US adults. We used data for 1289 participants without self-reported diabetes who were aged ≥20 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2000. α-Tocopherol concentration was inversely associated with glucose concentration (β per mmol/l=−0·01064, se 0·00356, P=0·004) after adjusting for age, sex, race or ethnicity, education, smoking status, concentrations of total cholesterol and triacylglycerols, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, alcohol use, physical activity, time watching television or videos or using a computer, and use of vitamin/mineral/dietary supplements. Among 659 participants who did not report using supplements, this association was no longer significant whereas the concentration of α-tocopherol was inversely associated with concentration of C-peptide (β per mmol/l=−0·01121, se 0·00497, P=0·024). γ-Tocopherol concentration was positively associated with concentration of glucose (β per mmol/l=0·09169, se 0·02711, P=0·001) and glycosylated haemoglobin (β per mmol/l=0·04954, se 0·01284, P<0·001), but not insulin or C-peptide. The relationships between physiologic concentrations of the various forms of vitamin E and measures of glucose intolerance deserve additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Ford
- Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS K66, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Lara-Padilla E, Kormanovski A, Grave PA, Olivares-Corichi IM, Santillan RM, Hicks JJ. Increased antioxidant capacity in healthy volunteers taking a mixture of oral antioxidants versus vitamin C or E supplementation. Adv Ther 2007; 24:50-9. [PMID: 17526461 DOI: 10.1007/bf02849992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the capacity of human plasma that had been obtained from healthy adult volunteers before and after they ingested vitamin E or C to inhibit induced lipoperoxidation in vitro (antioxidant capacity of plasma [ACP]), and (2) to compare the efficiency of these vitamins with that of a commercial mixture of antioxidant vitamins, cofactors, and minerals (MAOx). Seventy-nine healthy individuals between 19 and 23 y of age were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. Each received a daily dose of antioxidants for 7 d: vitamin C (n=18; 500 mg), vitamin E (n=21; 400 IU), vitamins C and E (n=19), or MAOx (n=21; 1.2 g). ACP and plasma malondialdehyde were measured at 4 and 24 h and 7 d. ACP increased significantly (P<.05) in all 4 groups within 4 h of antioxidant intake, and this effect was sustained throughout supplementation. Plasma ACP increased significantly over basal values in the group taking MAOx; relative increases were 42%, 44%, and 55% at 4 h, 24 h, and 7 d, respectively (P<.001). Smaller increases in plasma ACP were observed in the vitamin C group (25%, 32%, and 36%) and, specifically, in the vitamin E group (17%, 24%, and 28%) (P<.05). The mixture of vitamins and minerals was comparatively more efficient than vitamin C or E alone, presumably because MAOx contains various antioxidant compounds with different redox potentials, leading to the possible development of chain reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Lara-Padilla
- Postgraduate Department, Medical School of High Studies, National Politechnical Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
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Saldeen K, Saldeen T. Importance of tocopherols beyond α-tocopherol: evidence from animal and human studies. Nutr Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2005.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Desel C, Krupinska K. The impact of tocochromanols on early seedling development and NO release. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 162:771-6. [PMID: 16008102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant seeds and fruits are the main source for tocochromanols (tocopherols and tocotrienols) collectively known as Vitamin E in human nutrition. Seeds are particularly rich in gamma-tocopherol. The reason for the abundance of gamma-tocopherol in seeds is not yet clear. We analysed the influence of endogenous gamma-tocopherols on early development of seedlings from various barley cultivars. For this purpose progression of seedling development was monitored by the mean root length 48 h after imbibition. Our observations suggest that endogenous gamma-tocopherol has a negative impact on seedling development by controlling germination and postgermination events. We propose that gamma-tocopherol exerts its influence on seedling development by controlling the content of nitric oxide (NO) in germinating seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Desel
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Stone WL, Krishnan K, Campbell SE, Qui M, Whaley SG, Yang H. Tocopherols and the treatment of colon cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1031:223-33. [PMID: 15753148 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1331.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Vitamin E (VE) and other antioxidants may help prevent colon cancer by decreasing the formation of mutagens arising from the free radical oxidation of fecal lipids or by "non-antioxidant" mechanisms. VE is not a single molecule, but refers to at least eight different molecules, that is, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. METHODS Both animal models and human colon cancer cell lines were used to evaluate the chemopreventive potential of different forms of VE. Rats were fed diets deficient in tocopherols or supplemented with either alpha-tocopherol or gamma-tocopherol. Half the rats in each of these groups received normal levels of dietary Fe and the other half Fe at eight times the normal level. In our cell experiments, we looked at the role of gamma-tocopherol in upregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) in the SW 480 human cell line. RESULTS Rats fed the diets supplemented with alpha-tocopherol had higher levels of VE in feces, colonocytes, plasma, and liver than did rats fed diets supplemented with gamma-tocopherol. Dietary Fe levels did not influence tocopherol levels in plasma, liver, or feces. For colonocytes, high dietary Fe decreased tocopherol levels. Rats fed the gamma-tocopherol-supplemented diets had lower levels of fecal lipid hydroperoxides than rats fed the alpha-tocopherol-supplemented diets. Ras-p21 levels were significantly lower in rats fed the gamma-tocopherol-supplemented diets compared with rats fed the alpha-tocopherol-supplemented diets. High levels of dietary Fe were found to promote oxidative stress in feces and colonocytes. Our data with the SW480 cells suggest that both alpha- and gamma-tocopherol upregulate PPAR-gamma mRNA and protein expression. gamma-tocopherol was, however, found to be a better enhancer of PPAR-gamma expression than alpha-tocopherol at the concentrations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Stone
- East Tennessee State University, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Hui H, Dotta F, Di Mario U, Perfetti R. Role of caspases in the regulation of apoptotic pancreatic islet beta-cells death. J Cell Physiol 2004; 200:177-200. [PMID: 15174089 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The homeostatic control of beta-cell mass in normal and pathological conditions is based on the balance of proliferation, differentiation, and death of the insulin-secreting cells. A considerable body of evidence, accumulated during the last decade, has emphasized the significance of the disregulation of the mechanisms regulating the apoptosis of beta-cells in the sequence of events that lead to the development of diabetes. The identification of agents capable of interfering with this process needs to be based on a better understanding of the beta-cell specific pathways that are activated during apoptosis. The aim of this article is fivefold: (1) a review of the evidence for beta-cell apoptosis in Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes, and islet transplantation, (2) to review the common stimuli and their mechanisms in pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis, (3) to review the role of caspases and their activation pathway in beta-cell apoptosis, (4) to review the caspase cascade and morphological cellular changes in apoptotic beta-cells, and (5) to highlight the putative strategies for preventing pancreatic beta-cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Hui
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Wagner KH, Kamal-Eldin A, Elmadfa I. Gamma-tocopherol--an underestimated vitamin? ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2004; 48:169-88. [PMID: 15256801 DOI: 10.1159/000079555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The main research activities of the last decades on tocopherols were mainly focused on alpha-tocopherol, in particular when considering the biological activities. However, recent studies have increased the knowledge on gamma-tocopherol, which is the major form of vitamin E in the diet in the USA, but not in Europe. gamma-Tocopherol provides different antioxidant activities in food and in-vitro studies and showed higher activity in trapping lipophilic electrophiles and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. The lower plasma levels of gamma- compared to alpha-tocopherol might be discussed in the light of different bioavailability, but also in a potential transformation from gamma- into alpha-tocopherol. From the metabolism end product, only that of gamma-tocopherol (2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman), but not that of alpha-tocopherol, was identified to provide natriuretic activity. Studies also indicate that only the gamma-tocopherol plasma level served as biomarker for cancer and cardiovascular risk. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review on gamma-tocopherol with emphasis on its chemistry, biosynthesis, occurrence in food, different intake linking to different plasma levels in USA and Europe, absorption and metabolism, biological activities, and possible role in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Colivicchi MA, Raimondi L, Bianchi L, Tipton KF, Pirisino R, Della Corte L. Taurine prevents streptozotocin impairment of hormone-stimulated glucose uptake in rat adipocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 495:209-15. [PMID: 15249172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptozotocin-treated rats were used as models of type 1 diabetes to study the effects of dietary taurine on insulin- and adrenergic-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake by isolated adipocytes. In addition to the well-established impairment of basal and insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptakes in adipocytes prepared from streptozotocin-diabetic rats, the alpha-(phenylephrine) and beta-(isoproterenol) adrenergic stimulations of glucose uptake were also abolished. The insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in adipocytes was selectively abolished by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin, whereas that by the adrenergic agonists, phenylephrine and isoproterenol, was inhibited by prazosin and propranolol, respectively. Dietary taurine, 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after streptozotocin administration, prevented the loss of both insulin and adrenergic agonist stimulations of 2-deoxyglucose uptake, without affecting hyperglycaemia. Because insulin and adrenergic activations of glucose transport by adipocytes are coupled to different signalling pathways, it is unlikely that these effects of taurine are related to these disparate postreceptor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alessandra Colivicchi
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology Mario Aiazzi Mancini, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy
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Nagata Y, Matsumoto Y, Kanazawa H. Products of the reaction between α- or γ-tocopherol and nitrogen oxides analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-visible and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1036:177-82. [PMID: 15146919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The reaction products of alpha- or gamma-tocopherol with nitric oxide in the presence of molecular oxygen were isolated and characterized. The consumption of tocopherols and the formation of the major products were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by a gradient elution method. The quantitative analysis of these compounds with UV-Vis detectors, however, was interfered by several minor products having similar UV spectra and retention times as those of the major ones. In order to establish a quantitative analytical method for the products, we investigated other detection methods, and found that atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), LC-MS was a more selective and better analytical method for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Nagata
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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Campbell S, Stone W, Whaley S, Krishnan K. Development of gamma (gamma)-tocopherol as a colorectal cancer chemopreventive agent. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2003; 47:249-59. [PMID: 12962899 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(03)00042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional factors play an important role in the prevention and promotion of colorectal cancer. Vitamin E is a generic term that describes a group of lipid-soluble chain-breaking antioxidants that includes tocopherols and tocotrienols. Vitamin E occurs in nature as eight structurally related forms that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Vitamin E is a potent membrane-soluble antioxidant. Antioxidants like vitamin E (tocopherols) may prevent colon cancer through several different cellular and molecular mechanisms. Vitamin E in the American diet is primarily available in plant-oil rich foods such as vegetable oils, seeds and nuts and these foods vary widely in their content of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol. Vitamin E may help prevent colon cancer by decreasing the formation of mutagens arising from the oxidation of fecal lipids, by decreasing oxidative stress in the epithelial cells of the colon and by molecular mechanisms that influence cell death, cell cycle and transcriptional events. Most epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies have evaluated the alpha-isoform and not the gamma-isoform of vitamin E. Recent epidemiological, experimental and mechanistic evidence suggests that gamma-tocopherol may be a more potent cancer chemopreventive agent than alpha-tocopherol. The differences in chemical reactivity, metabolism and biological activity may contribute to these differences in the effects of gamma-tocopherol when compared with alpha-tocopherol. The rationale supporting the development of gamma-tocopherol as a colorectal cancer preventive agent is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Campbell
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Box 70622, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Mayer-Davis EJ, Costacou T, King I, Zaccaro DJ, Bell RA. Plasma and dietary vitamin E in relation to incidence of type 2 diabetes: The Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Diabetes Care 2002; 25:2172-7. [PMID: 12453956 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.25.12.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of vitamin E with incidence of type 2 diabetes and to do so separately among individuals who did and those who did not report regular use of vitamin supplementation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) included 895 nondiabetic adults at baseline (including 303 with impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]), 148 of whom developed type 2 diabetes according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria during the 5-year follow-up. At baseline, dietary vitamin E was estimated by a validated food frequency interview, usual supplement use was confirmed by supplement label, and plasma alpha-tocopherol was measured. Analyses were conducted separately for individuals who did (n = 318) and did not (n = 577) use vitamin E supplements. RESULTS Among supplement nonusers, reported mean intake of vitamin E (mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents [alpha-TE]) did not differ between those who remained nondiabetic (n = 490) and those who developed diabetes (n = 87) (10.5 +/- 5.5 vs. 9.5 +/- 4.8 [means +/- SD], respectively, NS). After adjustment for demographic variables, obesity, physical activity, and other nutrients, the association remained nonsignificant (odds ratio [OR] 0.80, 95% CI 0.13-5.06) for the highest level of intake (> or =20 mg alpha-TE) compared with the lowest level (1-4 alpha-TE). However, results for plasma concentration of alpha-tocopherol showed a significant protective effect both before and after adjustment for potential confounders (adjusted OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02-0.68, for the highest quintile vs. the lowest quintile; overall test for trend, P < 0.01). Among individuals who reported habitual use of vitamin E supplements (at least once per month in the year before baseline; 259 remained nondiabetic and 59 developed diabetes), no protective effect was observed for either reported intake of vitamin E or plasma concentration of alpha-tocopherol CONCLUSIONS A protective effect of vitamin E may exist within the range of intake available from food. This effect may go undetected within studies of high-dose supplement use, which appears to hold no additional protective benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Mayer-Davis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA.
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Jiang Q, Christen S, Shigenaga MK, Ames BN. gamma-tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74:714-22. [PMID: 11722951 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/74.6.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
gamma-tocopherol is the major form of vitamin E in many plant seeds and in the US diet, but has drawn little attention compared with alpha-tocopherol, the predominant form of vitamin E in tissues and the primary form in supplements. However, recent studies indicate that gamma-tocopherol may be important to human health and that it possesses unique features that distinguish it from alpha-tocopherol. gamma-Tocopherol appears to be a more effective trap for lipophilic electrophiles than is alpha-tocopherol. gamma-Tocopherol is well absorbed and accumulates to a significant degree in some human tissues; it is metabolized, however, largely to 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman (gamma-CEHC), which is mainly excreted in the urine. gamma-CEHC, but not the corresponding metabolite derived from alpha-tocopherol, has natriuretic activity that may be of physiologic importance. Both gamma-tocopherol and gamma-CEHC, but not alpha-tocopherol, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity and, thus, possess antiinflammatory properties. Some human and animal studies indicate that plasma concentrations of gamma-tocopherol are inversely associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer. These distinguishing features of gamma-tocopherol and its metabolite suggest that gamma-tocopherol may contribute significantly to human health in ways not recognized previously. This possibility should be further evaluated, especially considering that high doses of alpha-tocopherol deplete plasma and tissue gamma-tocopherol, in contrast with supplementation with gamma-tocopherol, which increases both. We review current information on the bioavailability, metabolism, chemistry, and nonantioxidant activities of gamma-tocopherol and epidemiologic data concerning the relation between gamma-tocopherol and cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Jiang
- University of California, the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, USA
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