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Sobia P, Archary D. Preventive HIV Vaccines-Leveraging on Lessons from the Past to Pave the Way Forward. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091001. [PMID: 34579238 PMCID: PMC8472969 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost four decades on, since the 1980’s, with hundreds of HIV vaccine candidates tested in both non-human primates and humans, and several HIV vaccines trials later, an efficacious HIV vaccine continues to evade us. The enormous worldwide genetic diversity of HIV, combined with HIV’s inherent recombination and high mutation rates, has hampered the development of an effective vaccine. Despite the advent of antiretrovirals as pre-exposure prophylaxis and preventative treatment, which have shown to be effective, HIV infections continue to proliferate, highlighting the great need for a vaccine. Here, we provide a brief history for the HIV vaccine field, with the most recent disappointments and advancements. We also provide an update on current passive immunity trials, testing proof of the concept of the most clinically advanced broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for HIV prevention. Finally, we include mucosal immunity, the importance of vaccine-elicited immune responses and the challenges thereof in the most vulnerable environment–the female genital tract and the rectal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract for heterosexual and men who have sex with men transmissions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Sobia
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
| | - Derseree Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-(0)-31-655-0540
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Rezaei T, Khalili S, Baradaran B, Mosafer J, Rezaei S, Mokhtarzadeh A, de la Guardia M. Recent advances on HIV DNA vaccines development: Stepwise improvements to clinical trials. J Control Release 2019; 316:116-137. [PMID: 31669566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
According to WHO (World Health Organization) reports, more than 770,000 people died from HIV and almost 1.7 million people becoming newly infected in the worldwide in 2018. Therefore, many attempts should be done to produce a forceful vaccine to control the AIDS. DNA-based vaccines have been investigated for HIV vaccination by researches during the recent 20 years. The DNA vaccines are novel approach for induction of both type of immune responses (cellular and humoral) in the host cells and have many advantages including high stability, fast and easy of fabrication and absence of severe side effects when compared with other vaccination methods. Recent studies have been focused on vaccine design, immune responses and on the use of adjuvants as a promising strategy for increased level of responses, delivery approaches by viral and non-viral methods and vector design for different antigens of HIV virus. In this review, we outlined the aforementioned advances on HIV DNA vaccines. Then we described the future trends in clinical trials as a strong strategy even in healthy volunteers and the potential developments in control and prevention of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Rezaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Rajee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Mosafer
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Sarah Rezaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Yuan X, Lin H, Li B, He K, Fan H. Swinepox virus vector-based vaccines: attenuation and biosafety assessments following subcutaneous prick inoculation. Vet Res 2018; 49:14. [PMID: 29415767 PMCID: PMC5804073 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Swinepox virus (SPV) has several advantages as a potential clinical vector for a live vector vaccine. In this study, to obtain a safer and more efficient SPV vector, three SPV mutants, Δ003, Δ010, and ΔTK were successfully constructed. A virus replication experiment showed that these SPV mutants had lower replication abilities compared to wtSPV in 10 different host-derived cell lines. Animal experiments with mouse and rabbit models demonstrate that these three mutants and wtSPV did not cause any clinical signs of dermatitis. No fatalities were observed during a peritoneal challenge assay with these mutants and wtSPV in a mouse model. Additionally, the three mutants and wtSPV were not infectious at 60 h after vaccination in rabbit models. Furthermore, we evaluated biosafety, immunogenicity and effectiveness of the three mutants in 65 1-month-old piglets. The results show that there were no clinical signs of dermatitis in the Δ003 and ΔTK vaccination groups. However, mild signs were observed in the Δ010 vaccination groups when virus titres were high, and apparent clinical signs were observed at the sites of inoculation. Samples from all experimental pig groups were assessed by qPCR, and no SPV genomic DNA was found in five organs, faeces or blood. This suggests that the infectious abilities of wtSPV and the SPV mutants were poor and limited. In summary, this study indicates that two mutants of SPV, Δ003 and ΔTK, may be promising candidates for an attenuated viral vector in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yuan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huixing Lin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Bagley K, Xu R, Ota-Setlik A, Egan M, Schwartz J, Fouts T. The catalytic A1 domains of cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin are potent DNA adjuvants that evoke mixed Th1/Th17 cellular immune responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:2228-40. [PMID: 26042527 PMCID: PMC4635876 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1026498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA encoded adjuvants are well known for increasing the magnitude of cellular and/or humoral immune responses directed against vaccine antigens. DNA adjuvants can also tune immune responses directed against vaccine antigens to better protect against infection of the target organism. Two potent DNA adjuvants that have unique abilities to tune immune responses are the catalytic A1 domains of Cholera Toxin (CTA1) and Heat-Labile Enterotoxin (LTA1). Here, we have characterized the adjuvant activities of CTA1 and LTA1 using HIV and SIV genes as model antigens. Both of these adjuvants enhanced the magnitude of antigen-specific cellular immune responses on par with those induced by the well-characterized cytokine adjuvants IL-12 and GM-CSF. CTA1 and LTA1 preferentially enhanced cellular responses to the intracellular antigen SIVmac239-gag over those for the secreted HIVBaL-gp120 antigen. IL-12, GM-CSF and electroporation did the opposite suggesting differences in the mechanisms of actions of these diverse adjuvants. Combinations of CTA1 or LTA1 with IL-12 or GM-CSF generated additive and better balanced cellular responses to both of these antigens. Consistent with observations made with the holotoxin and the CTA1-DD adjuvant, CTA1 and LTA1 evoked mixed Th1/Th17 cellular immune responses. Together, these results show that CTA1 and LTA1 are potent DNA vaccine adjuvants that favor the intracellular antigen gag over the secreted antigen gp120 and evoke mixed Th1/Th17 responses against both of these antigens. The results also indicate that achieving a balanced immune response to multiple intracellular and extracellular antigens delivered via DNA vaccination may require combining adjuvants that have different and complementary mechanisms of action.
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Wang X, Meng D. Innate endogenous adjuvants prime to desirable immune responses via mucosal routes. Protein Cell 2014; 6:170-84. [PMID: 25503634 PMCID: PMC4348248 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent infectious or immune related diseases, which has made remarkable contribution in human history. Recently increasing attentions have been paid to mucosal vaccination due to its multiple advantages over conventional ways. Subunit or peptide antigens are more reasonable immunogens for mucosal vaccination than live or attenuated pathogens, however adjuvants are required to augment the immune responses. Many mucosal adjuvants have been developed to prime desirable immune responses to different etiologies. Compared with pathogen derived adjuvants, innate endogenous molecules incorporated into mucosal vaccines demonstrate prominent adjuvanticity and safety. Nowadays, cytokines are broadly used as mucosal adjuvants for participation of signal transduction of immune responses, activation of innate immunity and polarization of adaptive immunity. Desired immune responses are promptly and efficaciously primed on basis of specific interactions between cytokines and corresponding receptors. In addition, some other innate molecules are also identified as potent mucosal adjuvants. This review focuses on innate endogenous mucosal adjuvants, hoping to shed light on the development of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,
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Abstract
Purpose of review To summarize the role of adjuvants in eliciting desirable antibody responses against HIV-1 with particular emphasis on both historical context and recent developments. Recent findings Increased understanding of the role of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors in recruiting and directing the immune system has increased the variety of adjuvant formulations being tested in animal models and humans. Across all vaccine platforms, adjuvant formulations have been shown to enhance desirable immune responses such as higher antibody titers and increased functional activity. Although no vaccine formulation has yet succeeded in eliciting broad neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, the ability of adjuvants to direct the immune response to immunogens suggests they will be critically important in any successful HIV-1 vaccine. Summary The parallel development of adjuvants along with better HIV-1 immunogens will be needed for a successful AIDS vaccine. Additional comparative testing will be required to determine the optimal adjuvant and immunogen regimen that can elicit antibody responses capable of blocking HIV-1 transmission.
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Mohit E, Rafati S. Chemokine-based immunotherapy: delivery systems and combination therapies. Immunotherapy 2013; 4:807-40. [PMID: 22947009 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A major role of chemokines is to mediate leukocyte migration through interaction with G-protein-coupled receptors. Various delivery systems have been developed to utilize the chemokine properties for combating disease. Viral and mutant viral vectors expressing chemokines, genetically modified dendritic cells with chemokine or chemokine receptors, engineered chemokine-expressing tumor cells and pDNA encoding chemokines are among these methods. Another approach for inducing a targeted immune response is fusion of a targeting antibody or antibody fragment to a chemokine. In addition, chemokines induce more effective antitumor immunity when used as adjuvants. In this regard, chemokines are codelivered along with antigens or fused as a targeting unit with antigenic moieties. In this review, several chemokines with their role in inducing immune response against different diseases are discussed, with a major emphasis on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mohit
- Molecular Immunology & Vaccine Research Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
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8
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Immunomodulatory effects of IP-10 chemokine along with PEI600-Tat delivery system in DNA vaccination against HPV infections. Mol Immunol 2013; 53:149-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Yin J, Dai A, LeCureux J, Arango T, Kutzler MA, Yan J, Lewis MG, Khan A, Sardesai NY, Montefiore D, Ruprecht R, Weiner DB, Boyer JD. High antibody and cellular responses induced to HIV-1 clade C envelope following DNA vaccines delivered by electroporation. Vaccine 2011; 29:6763-70. [PMID: 21195801 PMCID: PMC10839813 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clade C is the predominant HIV-1 strain infecting people in sub-Saharan Africa, India, and China and there is a critical need for a vaccine targeted to these areas. In this study we tested a DNA based vaccine that encodes the SIVgag, SIVpol and HIV-1 envelope clade C. METHODS Rhesus macaques were immunized by electroporation with the DNA plasmid encoding optimized SIVgag, SIVpol and an HIV-1 env clade C with or without the adjuvant RANTES. Animals were monitored for immune responses and challenged following the final immunization with 25 animal infectious doses (AID) of SHIV-1157ipd3N4. RESULTS We found that the vaccine induced high levels of antigen specific IFN-γ producing effector cells and the capacity for CD4+ and CD8+ to proliferate upon antigen stimulation. Importantly, we found that the vaccine induced antibody titers as high as 1/4000. These antibodies were capable of neutralizing tier 1 HIV-1 viruses. Finally, when macaques were challenged with SHIV, viral loads were controlled in vaccinated groups. CONCLUSION We conclude that immunization with a simian/human immunodeficiency virus DNA-based vaccine delivered by electroporation can induce cellular and humoral immune responses that are able to control viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Anlan Dai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Jonathan LeCureux
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Tatiana Arango
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Michele A. Kutzler
- Drexel University, College of Medicine, 245N 15 Street, Philadelphia PA, 19102
| | - Jian Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | | | - Amir Khan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, 1787 Sentry Parkway West, Blue Bell, PA 19422
| | | | | | - Ruth Ruprecht
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, 02115
| | - David B. Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
| | - Jean D. Boyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104
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10
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Thompson AL, Staats HF. Cytokines: the future of intranasal vaccine adjuvants. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:289597. [PMID: 21826181 PMCID: PMC3150188 DOI: 10.1155/2011/289597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to its potential as an effective, needle-free route of immunization for use with subunit vaccines, nasal immunization continues to be evaluated as a route of immunization in both research and clinical studies. However, as with other vaccination routes, subunit vaccines often require the addition of adjuvants to induce potent immune responses. Unfortunately, many commonly used experimental vaccine adjuvants, such as cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile toxin, are too toxic for use in humans. Because new adjuvants are needed, cytokines have been evaluated for their ability to provide effective adjuvant activity when delivered by the nasal route in both animal models and in limited human studies. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the potential of cytokines as nasal vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afton L. Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Herman F. Staats
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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11
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Belisle SE, Yin J, Shedlock DJ, Dai A, Yan J, Hirao L, Kutzler MA, Lewis MG, Andersen H, Lank SM, Karl JA, O'Connor DH, Khan A, Sardesai N, Chang J, Aicher L, Palermo RE, Weiner DB, Katze MG, Boyer J. Long-term programming of antigen-specific immunity from gene expression signatures in the PBMC of rhesus macaques immunized with an SIV DNA vaccine. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19681. [PMID: 21701683 PMCID: PMC3119060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While HIV-1-specific cellular immunity is thought to be critical for the suppression of viral replication, the correlates of protection have not yet been determined. Rhesus macaques (RM) are an important animal model for the study and development of vaccines against HIV/AIDS. Our laboratory has helped to develop and study DNA-based vaccines in which recent technological advances, including genetic optimization and in vivo electroporation (EP), have helped to dramatically boost their immunogenicity. In this study, RMs were immunized with a DNA vaccine including individual plasmids encoding SIV gag, env, and pol alone, or in combination with a molecular adjuvant, plasmid DNA expressing the chemokine ligand 5 (RANTES), followed by EP. Along with standard immunological assays, flow-based activation analysis without ex vivo restimulation and high-throughput gene expression analysis was performed. Strong cellular immunity was induced by vaccination which was supported by all assays including PBMC microarray analysis that identified the up-regulation of 563 gene sequences including those involved in interferon signaling. Furthermore, 699 gene sequences were differentially regulated in these groups at peak viremia following SIVmac251 challenge. We observed that the RANTES-adjuvanted animals were significantly better at suppressing viral replication during chronic infection and exhibited a distinct pattern of gene expression which included immune cell-trafficking and cell cycle genes. Furthermore, a greater percentage of vaccine-induced central memory CD8+ T-cells capable of an activated phenotype were detected in these animals as measured by activation analysis. Thus, co-immunization with the RANTES molecular adjuvant followed by EP led to the generation of cellular immunity that was transcriptionally distinct and had a greater protective efficacy than its DNA alone counterpart. Furthermore, activation analysis and high-throughput gene expression data may provide better insight into mechanisms of viral control than may be observed using standard immunological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jiangmei Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Devon J. Shedlock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anlan Dai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jian Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren Hirao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michele A. Kutzler
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark G. Lewis
- Research Section, Bioqual, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hanne Andersen
- Research Section, Bioqual, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Lank
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Karl
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David H. O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amir Khan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Niranjan Sardesai
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jean Chang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lauri Aicher
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Palermo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David B. Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Katze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jean Boyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Adjuvant activity of the catalytic A1 domain of cholera toxin for retroviral antigens delivered by GeneGun. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:922-30. [PMID: 21508173 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05019-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most DNA-encoded adjuvants enhance immune responses to DNA vaccines in small animals but are less effective in primates. Here, we characterize the adjuvant activity of the catalytic A1 domain of cholera toxin (CTA1) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) antigens in mice and macaques delivered by GeneGun. The inclusion of CTA1 with SIVmac239 Gag dramatically enhanced anti-Gag antibody responses in mice. The adjuvant effects of CTA1 for the secreted antigen HIV gp120 were much less pronounced than those for Gag, as the responses to gp120 were high in the absence of an adjuvant. CTA1 was a stronger adjuvant for Gag than was granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and it also displayed a wider dose range than GM-CSF in mice. In macaques, CTA1 modestly enhanced the antibody responses to SIV Gag but potently primed for a recombinant Gag protein boost. The results of this study show that CTA1 is a potent adjuvant for SIV Gag when delivered by GeneGun in mice and that CTA1 provides a potent GeneGun-mediated DNA prime for a heterologous protein boost in macaques.
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13
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Chege GK, Shephard EG, Meyers A, van Harmelen J, Williamson C, Lynch A, Gray CM, Rybicki EP, Williamson AL. HIV-1 subtype C Pr55gag virus-like particle vaccine efficiently boosts baboons primed with a matched DNA vaccine. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2214-2227. [PMID: 18753231 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A DNA vaccine expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) southern African subtype C Gag (pTHGag) and a recombinant baculovirus Pr55gag virus-like particle prepared using a subtype C Pr55gag protein (Gag VLP) was tested in a prime-boost inoculation regimen in Chacma baboons. The response of five baboons to Gag peptides in a gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay after three pTHGag immunizations ranged from 100 to 515 spot-forming units (s.f.u.) per 10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), whilst the response of two baboons to the Gag VLP vaccine ranged from 415 to 465 s.f.u. per 10(6) PBMCs. An increase in the Gag-specific response to a range of 775-3583 s.f.u. per 10(6) PBMCs was achieved by boosting with Gag VLPs the five baboons that were primed with pTHGag. No improvement in Gag responses was achieved in this prime-boost inoculation regimen by increasing the number of pTHGag inoculations to six. IFN-gamma responses were mapped to several peptides, some of which have been reported to be targeted by PBMCs from HIV-1 subtype C-infected individuals. Gag VLPs, given as a single-modality regimen, induced a predominantly CD8+ T-cell IFN-gamma response and interleukin-2 was a major cytokine within a mix of predominantly Th1 cytokines produced by a DNA-VLP prime-boost modality. The prime-boost inoculation regimen induced high serum p24 antibody titres in all baboons, which were several fold above that induced by the individual vaccines. Overall, this study demonstrated that these DNA prime/VLP boost vaccine regimens are highly immunogenic in baboons, inducing high-magnitude and broad multifunctional responses, providing support for the development of these products for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald K Chege
- Institute of Primate Research, PO Box 24481, Karen 00502, Nairobi, Kenya.,Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Enid G Shephard
- MRC/UCT Liver Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ann Meyers
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joanne van Harmelen
- Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alisson Lynch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clive M Gray
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.,Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Engineered CCR5 superagonist chemokine as adjuvant in anti-tumor DNA vaccination. Vaccine 2008; 26:3252-60. [PMID: 18479788 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are promising targets for enhancing T-cell immunity and anti-cancer therapy. CCL5 is a potential adjuvant for DNA vaccination. We postulated that CCR5 superagonists could be even more effective. A CCR5 superagonist derived from natural CCL5 by directed in vitro evolution, namely 1P7, is used as a DNA vaccine adjuvant and expressed as fused chemokine-Ig (1P7-Ig). We show that OVA+1P7-Ig DNA co-inoculation induced higher frequencies of OVA-specific CD8 lymphocytes than OVA+CCL5-Ig or controls and gave an even better protection against tumor growth in a CCR5-dependant manner. Our results indicate that CCR5-superagonists may provide potent adjuvants for vaccines.
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15
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Irvine DJ, Stachowiak AN, Hori Y. Lymphoid tissue engineering: Invoking lymphoid tissue neogenesis in immunotherapy and models of immunity. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:137-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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16
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Ma K, Xu W, Shao X, Hu L, Xu H, Yuan Z, Zheng X, Xiong S. Coimmunization with RANTES plasmid polarized Th1 immune response against hepatitis B virus envelope via recruitment of dendritic cells. Antiviral Res 2007; 76:140-9. [PMID: 17655942 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2007] [Revised: 06/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Induction of T help cell type 1 (Th1) response seems to be a prerequisite of HBV clearance. DNA vaccines have shown its potential to elicit Th1-biased immune response. However, its immunogenicity needs to be improved. Regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) is an inflammatory chemokine that promotes the accumulation and activation of CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and dendritic cells (DCs), which would favor antiviral immunity. In this study, the efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS2 plus S protein was enhanced through co-injection of a plasmid encoding RANTES in a BALB/c model. Co-injection of RANTES gene resulted in a moderate increase in the HBV specific humoral and cellular immune responses and a significant increase following an HBsAg booster vaccination compared to DNA encoding HBsAg alone. This enhancement was due to an enrichment of DCs in the draining lymph node and an up-regulation of DCs maturation by RANTES. More importantly, RANTES polarized the specific immunity towards a dominant Th1 profile and even converted an established Th2 response to a Th1 phenotype. Our study suggested the feasibility of using a plasmid-encoded RANTES as a modulatory Th1 adjuvant in genetic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ma
- Institute for ImmunoBiology and Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138, Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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17
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Song R, Liu S, Leong KW. Effects of MIP-1 alpha, MIP-3 alpha, and MIP-3 beta on the induction of HIV Gag-specific immune response with DNA vaccines. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1007-1015. [PMID: 17356539 PMCID: PMC2365720 DOI: 10.1038/mt.sj.6300129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfection of DNA vaccines with chemokines may recruit dendritic cells (DCs) locally to capture the antigenic genes and their gene products to generate enhanced CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In this study, we investigated the effects of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, MIP-3 alpha, and MIP-3beta on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Gag DNA vaccination. The chemokine plasmids markedly enhanced the local infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased the presence of CD11c(+) B7.2(+)-activated DCs. MIP-1 alpha and MIP-3 alpha were potent adjuvants in augmenting CTLs and afforded strong protection to immunized animals against challenge with vaccinia virus expressing Gag (vv-Gag). However, decreased humoral response was observed. MIP-3beta plasmid did not dramatically alter immunity. The chemokine inoculation time with respect to DNA vaccine priming was also investigated. The injection of pMIP-3 alpha three days before Gag plasmid (pGag) vaccination markedly increased specific CTLs compared with simultaneous injection and led to higher protection against vv-Gag. Immunity was also shifted toward a T-helper type-1 (Th1) response. In contrast, inoculation with pMIP-3 alpha three days after pGag vaccination shifted immunity toward a Th2 response. Our data suggest that administration of a chemokine with DNA vaccines offers a valuable strategy to modulate the efficacy and polarization of specific immunity and that chemokine-antigen timing is critical in determining overall biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiang Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Combadière B, Combadière C, Deterre P. Les chimiokines : un réseau sophistiqué de guidage cellulaire. Med Sci (Paris) 2007; 23:173-9. [PMID: 17291427 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2007232173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system relies on the motility on various cell types that roam the host through the blood, the peripheral tissues and the lymphoid organs, looking for pathogens. Along their maturation and/or activation, the cell migratory capacities change in order to allow them to leave organs where they have been produced such as thymus and bone marrow, to locate in strategic sites to sense surrounding microbes, to meet and interact with other cells, and finally to access peripheral tissues and organs to eradicate the pathogens. This cell traffic is a highly organized process that involves numerous protein families such as adhesion molecules, proteases and chemotactic factors. Among the latter, chemokines are in the front line. We will here summarize the recent findings stressing out their physiopathological relevance and will describe thereafter their possible therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béhazine Combadière
- Laboratoire d'immunologie cellulaire, Inserm U543, Université Pierre-et-Marie Curie, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
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19
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Shimizu Y, Inaba K, Kaneyasu K, Ibuki K, Himeno A, Okoba M, Goto Y, Hayami M, Miura T, Haga T. A genetically engineered live-attenuated simian-human immunodeficiency virus that co-expresses the RANTES gene improves the magnitude of cellular immunity in rhesus macaques. Virology 2006; 361:68-79. [PMID: 17157892 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regulated-on-activation-normal-T-cell-expressed-and-secreted (RANTES), a CC-chemokine, enhances antigen-specific T helper (Th) type-1 responses against HIV-1. To evaluate the adjuvant effects of RANTES against HIV vaccine candidate in SHIV-macaque models, we genetically engineered a live-attenuated SHIV to express the RANTES gene (SHIV-RANTES) and characterized the virus's properties in vivo. After the vaccination, the plasma viral loads were same in the SHIV-RANTES-inoculated monkeys and the parental nef-deleted SHIV (SHIV-NI)-inoculated monkeys. SHIV-RANTES provided some immunity in monkeys by remarkably increasing the antigen-specific CD4+ Th cell-proliferative response and by inducing an antigen-specific IFN-gamma ELISpot response. The magnitude of the immunity in SHIV-RANTES-immunized animals, however, failed to afford greater protection against a heterologous pathogenic SHIV (SHIV-C2/1) challenge compared to control SHIV-NI-immunized animals. SHIV-RANTES immunized monkeys, elicited robust cellular CD4+ Th responses and IFN-gamma ELISpot responses after SHIV-C2/1 challenge. These findings suggest that the chemokine RANTES can augment vaccine-elicited, HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Shimizu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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20
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Abstract
HIV poses a serious health threat in the world. Mucosal transmission of HIV through the genitourinary tract may be the most important route of transmission. Intranasal immunisations induce vaginal and systemic immune responses. Various protein-, DNA- and RNA-based immunopotentiating adjuvants/delivery systems and live bacterial and viral vectors are available for intranasal immunisations, and these systems may differ in their ability to induce a specific type of immune response (e.g., a cytotoxic T cell versus an antibody response). As the protection against HIV may require both cytotoxic T cell and antibodies, a combination of adjuvants/delivery systems for combinations of mucosal and parenteral immunisations may be required in order to develop a protective anti-HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vajdy
- Chiron Vaccines, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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21
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Vajdy M. Current Efforts on Generation of Optimal Immune Responses against HIV through Mucosal Immunisations. Drugs R D 2006; 7:267-88. [PMID: 16922589 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200607050-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, over 40 million HIV-infected individuals are found around the globe, with an additional 15,000 daily infections. There is a general consensus that the most effective way to prevent new infections is to introduce a prophylactic vaccine. It is also generally agreed that both cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and neutralising antibodies are important to mediate protection. The neutralising antibodies must be broadly reactive to neutralise multiple primary isolates. There is also increasing agreement that CTLs and neutralising antibodies should be present at mucosal sites of HIV entry, the draining lymph nodes and systemically. The route of immunisation is important when determining the site where protection is desired, i.e. the female genitourinary tract versus the male or female rectum versus systemic tissues, as are the type of HIV-related antigens, immunopotentiating adjuvants and delivery systems. Finally, multiple vaccine delivery systems may be required to be administered through both mucosal and parenteral routes to induce optimal immune responses and protection against HIV infection through rectal, vaginal or systemic routes of transmission. This review discusses current efforts on the generation of optimal immune responses against HIV in the genitourinary and intestinal tracts using mucosal immunisations alone or combinations of mucosal and parenteral immunisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vajdy
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
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22
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Shimizu Y, Okoba M, Yamazaki N, Goto Y, Miura T, Hayami M, Hoshino H, Haga T. Construction and in vitro characterization of a chimeric simian and human immunodeficiency virus with the RANTES gene. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:105-13. [PMID: 16203167 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) containing the env gene of HIV-1 infects macaque monkeys and provides basic information that is useful for the development of HIV-1 vaccines. Regulated-on-activation-normal-T-cell-expressed-and-secreted (RANTES), a CC-chemokine, enhances antigen-specific T helper type-1 responses against HIV-1. With the final goal of testing the adjuvant effects of RANTES in SHIV-macaque models, we constructed a SHIV having the RANTES gene (SHIV-RANTES) and characterized its properties in vitro. SHIV-RANTES replicated both in human and monkey T cell lines. Along with SHIV-RANTES replication, RANTES was detected in the supernatant of human and monkey cell cultures, at maximal levels of 98.5 and 4.1 ng/ml, respectively. A flow cytometric analysis showed that the expressed RANTES down-modulated CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) on PM1 cells, which was restored by adding anti-RANTES antibody. UV-irradiated culture supernatants from the SHIV-RANTES-infected cells suppressed replication of CCR5-tropic HIV-1 BaL in PM-1 cells. Differentiating real-time RT-PCR showed that pre-infection of SHIV-RANTES in C8166 cells expressing CCR5 suppressed the replication of HIV-1 BaL. Biological activity of the expressed RANTES and the inserted RANTES gene in SHIV-RANTES remained stable after 10 passages. These results suggest that SHIV-RANTES is worth testing in macaque models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Shimizu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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23
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Abstract
Development of a vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the main hope for controlling the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic. An ideal HIV vaccine should induce neutralizing antibodies, CD4+ helper T cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. While the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies remains a highly challenging goal, there are a number of technologies capable of inducing potent cell-mediated responses in animal models, which are now starting to be tested in humans. Naked DNA immunization is one of them. This review focuses on the stimulation of HIV-specific T cells and discusses in the context of the current 'state-of-art' of DNA vaccines, the areas where this technology might assist either alone or as a part of more complex vaccine formulations in the HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Estcourt
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
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24
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Ramakrishna L, Anand KK, Mohankumar KM, Ranga U. Codon optimization of the tat antigen of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 generates strong immune responses in mice following genetic immunization. J Virol 2004; 78:9174-89. [PMID: 15308713 PMCID: PMC506957 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.17.9174-9189.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been successful in eliciting potent immune responses in mice. Their efficiency, however, is restricted in larger animals. One reason for the limited performance of the DNA vaccines is the lack of molecular strategies to enhance immune responses. Additionally, genes directly cloned from pathogenic organisms may not be efficiently translated in a heterologous host expression system as a consequence of codon bias. To evaluate the influence of codon optimization on the immune response, we elected to use the Tat antigens of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (subtype C) and HIV-2, as these viral antigens are poorly immunogenic in natural infection and in experimental immunization and they are functionally important in viral infectivity and pathogenesis. Substituting codons that are optimally used in the mammalian system, we synthetically assembled Tat genes and compared them with the wild-type counterparts in two different mouse strains. Codon-optimized Tat genes induced qualitatively and quantitatively superior immune responses as measured in a T-cell proliferation assay, enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and chromium release assay. Importantly, while the wild-type genes promoted a mixed Th1-Th2-type cytokine profile, the codon-optimized genes induced a predominantly Th1 profile. Using a pepscan strategy, we mapped an immunodominant T-helper epitope to the core and basic domains of HIV-1 Tat. We also identified cross-clade immune responses between HIV-1 subtype B and C Tat proteins mapped to this T-helper epitope. Developing molecular strategies to optimize the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines is critical for inducing strong immune responses, especially to antigens like Tat. Our identification of a highly conserved T-helper epitope in the first exon of HIV-1 Tat of subtype C and the demonstration of a cross-clade immune response between subtypes B and C are important for a more rational design of an HIV vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Division
- Codon/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Products, tat/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, tat/chemistry
- Gene Products, tat/genetics
- Gene Products, tat/immunology
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- HIV Antibodies/analysis
- HIV Antigens/biosynthesis
- HIV Antigens/chemistry
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV-1/classification
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Immunization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Ramakrishna
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, India
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25
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Calarota SA, Weiner DB. Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-DNA vaccine potency through incorporation of T-helper 1 molecular adjuvants. Immunol Rev 2004; 199:84-99. [PMID: 15233728 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that the development of a safe and effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains a crucial goal for controlling the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic. At present, it is not clear what arm of the immune response correlates with protection from HIV-1 infection or disease. Therefore, a strong cellular and humoral immune response will likely be needed to control this infection. Among different vaccine alternatives, DNA vaccines appeared more than a decade ago, demonstrating important qualities of inducing both humoral and cellular immune responses in animal models. However, after several years and various clinical studies in humans, supporting the safety of the HIV-DNA vaccine strategies, it has become clear that their potency should be improved. One way to modulate and enhance the immune responses induced by a DNA vaccine is by including genetic adjuvants such as cytokines, chemokines, or T-cell costimulatory molecules as part of the vaccine itself. Particularly, vaccine immunogenicity can be modulated by factors that attract professional antigen-presenting cells, provide additional costimulation, or enhance the uptake of plasmid DNA. This review focuses on developments in the coadministration of molecular adjuvants for the enhancement of HIV-1 DNA-vaccine potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Calarota
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA
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26
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Giri M, Ugen KE, Weiner DB. DNA vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the past decade. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:370-89. [PMID: 15084506 PMCID: PMC387404 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.2.370-389.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews advances in the field of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and AIDS vaccine development over the last decade, with an emphasis on the DNA vaccination approach. Despite the discovery of HIV-1 and AIDS in humans nearly 20 years ago, there is no vaccine yet that can prevent HIV-1 infection. The focus has shifted toward developing vaccines that can control virus replication and disease progression by eliciting broadly cross-reactive T-cell responses. Among several approaches evaluated, the DNA-based modality has shown considerable promise in terms of its ability to elicit cellular immune responses in primate studies. Of great importance are efforts aimed at improvement of the potency of this modality in the clinic. The review discusses principles of DNA vaccine design and the various mechanisms of plasmid-encoded antigen presentation. The review also outlines current DNA-based vaccine strategies and vectors that have successfully been shown to control virus replication and slow disease progression in animal models. Finally, it lists recent strategies that have been developed as well as novel approaches under consideration to enhance the immunogenicity of plasmid-encoded HIV-1 antigen in various animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Giri
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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27
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Pinto AR, Reyes-Sandoval A, Ertl HCJ. Chemokines and TRANCE as genetic adjuvants for a DNA vaccine to rabies virus. Cell Immunol 2003; 224:106-13. [PMID: 14609576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An adaptive immune response is initiated by mature dendritic cells presenting processed antigen to nai;ve T cells. Assuming that the magnitude of the immune response is influenced by the number and type of antigen-presenting dendritic cells and by the duration of antigen presentation, we tested if chemokines that bind to receptors expressed on immature dendritic cells or TRANCE, a survival factor for mature dendritic cells, can serve as adjuvants. None of the immunomodulaters given as genetic adjuvants with a DNA vaccine encoding the full-length rabies virus glycoprotein augmented the transgene product-specific response. However, RANTES, MCP-1, MIP 1-beta, and TRANCE given together with a DNA vaccine expressing a truncated and thus secreted version of the rabies virus glycoprotein enhanced the response suggesting that the tested genetic adjuvants promoted preferentially presentation of reprocessed antigen originating from transduced tissue cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Pinto
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Room 283, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4205, USA
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28
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Bagley KC, Shata MT, Onyabe DY, DeVico AL, Fouts TR, Lewis GK, Hone DM. Immunogenicity of DNA vaccines that direct the coincident expression of the 120 kDa glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus and the catalytic domain of cholera toxin. Vaccine 2003; 21:3335-41. [PMID: 12804865 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Passive antibody studies unequivocally demonstrate that sterilizing immunity against lentiviruses is obtainable through humoral mechanisms. In this regard, DNA vaccines represent an inexpensive alternative to subunit vaccine for mass vaccination programs designed to induce such responses to human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1). At present, however, this vaccine modality has proven relatively ineffective at inducing humoral responses. In this report, we describe the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines that direct the coincident expression of the cholera toxin catalytic domain (CTA1) with that of the human immunodeficiency virus type I gp120 through genes either encoded in individual plasmids or in a single dicistronic plasmid. In BALB/cJ mice, coincident expression of CTA1 in either a separate plasmid or in the dicistronic plasmid in the DNA vaccines induced serum IgG responses to gp120 that were at least 1000-fold greater, and remained elevated longer than, the analogous responses in mice vaccinated with a DNA vaccine that expressed gp120 alone. In addition, mice vaccinated with CTA1 and gp120 produced significantly more gp120-specific IFN-gamma ELISPOTs than mice vaccinated with the gp120 DNA vaccine. Combined, these data show that the adjuvant properties of cholera toxin can be harnessed in DNA vaccine modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Bagley
- Division of Vaccine Research and Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 212001, USA
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29
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Xin KQ, Ooki T, Jounai N, Mizukami H, Hamajima K, Kojima Y, Ohba K, Toda Y, Hirai SI, Klinman DM, Ozawa K, Okuda K. A DNA vaccine containing inverted terminal repeats from adeno-associated virus increases immunity to HIV. J Gene Med 2003; 5:438-45. [PMID: 12731092 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA vaccines have been used to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses against infectious microorganisms. This study explores whether DNA vaccine immunogenicity can be improved by introducing inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) from adeno-associated virus (AAV) into the regulatory region of the DNA plasmid. METHODS CMV promoter-driven HIV Env expressing plasmid (pCMV-HIV) and the pCMV-HIV plasmid introduced ITRs (pITR/CMV-HIV) were transfected in HEK293 cells with LipofectAmine. The HIV Env expression was quantified with Western blot. Fifty micro g of pCMV-HIV or pITR/CMV-HIV plasmid with RIBI adjuvant were immunized to BALB/c mice on days 0, 14 and 28 by intramuscular route, and HIV-specific serum IgG titer was detected 2, 6, 10, 14 and 18 weeks after the first immunization. HIV-specific tetramer assay and HIV-specific IFN-gamma ELIspot assay were performed 1 week after the last immunization. The immune mice were intravenously challenged with a vaccinia virus expressing the HIV env gene 1 week after the last immunization. RESULTS Significantly higher level of HIV Env expression was achieved by pITR/CMV-HIV plasmid. BALB/c mice immunized with pITR/CMV-HIV plasmid generated significantly higher HIV-specific antibody, higher cellular immune responses and lower viral loading than animals immunized with pCMV-HIV plasmid. CONCLUSIONS AAV ITRs enhance CMV-dependent up-regulation of transgene expression and immunogenicity of DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qin Xin
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Japan
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30
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Kojima Y, Xin KQ, Ooki T, Hamajima K, Oikawa T, Shinoda K, Ozaki T, Hoshino Y, Jounai N, Nakazawa M, Klinman D, Okuda K. Adjuvant effect of multi-CpG motifs on an HIV-1 DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2002; 20:2857-65. [PMID: 12126895 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger an immune response characterized by the activation of B cells, NK cells and monocytes/macrophages. Based on evidence that the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines can be augmented by the addition of CpG motifs, 5-20 additional CpG motifs were cloned into a pUC-derived plasmid. Treating bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) with CpG-enriched plasmids in vitro boosted their expressions of MHC class II molecules, the CD40 and CD86 activation markers. Co-administering the CpG-enriched plasmids with a DNA vaccine encoding the envelope glycoprotein of HIV to BALB/c mice significantly increased HIV-specific cell mediated and humoral immunity. A significant boost was observed when the CpG plasmid was administered either 2 or 4 days after DNA vaccination. Plasmids containing 20 CpG copies were the most effective immune enhancers both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that plasmids containing multiple CpG motifs may improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Kojima
- Department of Bacteriology, University School of Medicine, Yokohama City, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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31
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McKenzie BS, Corbett AJ, Brady JL, Dyer CM, Strugnell RA, Kent SJ, Kramer DR, Boyle JS, Lew AM. Nucleic acid vaccines: tasks and tactics. Immunol Res 2002; 24:225-44. [PMID: 11817323 DOI: 10.1385/ir:24:3:225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There are no adequate vaccines against some of the new or reemerged infectious scourges such as HIV and TB. They may require strong and enduring cell-mediated immunity to be elicited. This is quite a task, as the only known basis of protection by current commercial vaccines is antibody. As DNA or RNA vaccines may induce both cell-mediated and humoral immunity, great interest has been shown in them. However, doubt remains whether their efficacy will suffice for their clinical realization. We look at the various tactics to increase the potency of nucleic acid vaccines and divided them broadly under those affecting delivery and those affecting immune induction. For delivery, we have considered ways of improving uptake and the use of bacterial, replicon or viral vectors. For immune induction, we considered aspects of immunostimulatory CpG motifs, coinjection of cytokines or costimulators and alterations of the antigen, its cellular localization and its anatomical localization including the use of ligand-targeting to lymphoid tissue. We also thought that mucosal application of DNA deserved a separate section. In this review, we have taken the liberty to discuss these enhancement methods, whenever possible, in the context of the underlying mechanisms that might argue for or against these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S McKenzie
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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32
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Abstract
Safe nasal vaccines capable of promoting both mucosal and systemic immunity are needed for effective protection against bacterial and viral pathogens. While parenteral cytokine treatment could lead to unwanted toxicity, the nasal delivery route results in low but biologically active serum cytokine levels. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 and IL-12, which promote either Th2- or Th1-type responses, respectively, also enhance systemic immunity to co-administered antigens. The chemoattractants lymphotactin (Lptn), RANTES and defensins also exerted adjuvant activity for systemic immunity when nasally administered with antigens. However, each cytokine or innate factor promoted a distinct pattern of T helper cell responses and corresponding IgG subclass response. Interleukin-12, IL-1, and the chemokines Lptn and RANTES promote mucosal immunity. In contrast, nasal IL-6 and defensins failed to induce mucosal S-IgA Ab responses, suggesting that mechanisms more complex than T cell activation and chemotaxis are required for the development of mucosal immunity after nasal delivery of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Boyaka
- The Department of Microbiology and The Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Bevill Biomedical Research Building, Room 761, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, USA
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33
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Xin KQ, Urabe M, Yang J, Nomiyama K, Mizukami H, Hamajima K, Nomiyama H, Saito T, Imai M, Monahan J, Okuda K, Ozawa K, Okuda K. A novel recombinant adeno-associated virus vaccine induces a long-term humoral immune response to human immunodeficiency virus. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:1047-61. [PMID: 11399227 DOI: 10.1089/104303401750214276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) has attracted tremendous interest as a promising vector for gene delivery. In this study we have developed an HIV-1 vaccine, using an AAV vector expressing HIV-1 env, tat, and rev genes (AAV-HIV vector). A single injection of the AAV-HIV vector induced strong production of HIV-1-specific serum IgG and fecal secretory IgA antibodies as well as MHC class I-restricted CTL activity in BALB/c mice. The titer of HIV-1-specific serum IgG remained stable for 10 months. When AAV-HIV vector was coadministered with AAV-IL2 vector, the HIV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was significantly enhanced. Boosting with AAV-HIV vector strongly enhanced the humoral response. Furthermore, the mouse antisera neutralized an HIV-1 homologous strain, and BALB/c mice immunized via the intranasal route with an AAV vector expressing the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene showed protective immunity against homologous influenza virus challenge. These results demonstrate that AAV-HIV vector immunization may provide a novel and promising HIV vaccination strategy.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Dependovirus/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Products, rev/immunology
- Gene Products, tat/immunology
- Genes, env/genetics
- Genes, tat/genetics
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Sera/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- K Q Xin
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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34
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Arai H, Xin KQ, Hamajima K, Lu Y, Watabe S, Takahashi T, Toda S, Okuda K, Kudoh I, Suzuki M, Okuda K. 8 Br-cAMP enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by an HIV-1 DNA vaccine. Gene Ther 2000; 7:694-702. [PMID: 10800093 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
From a series of preclinical studies and animal experiments, we have been able to demonstrate that DNA vaccines are a promising tool in strategies for protecting hosts from a variety of infectious diseases. Since the promoter activity of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter/ enhancer (CMV promoter) is known to be responsive to an elevation in the level of intracellular cAMP, we hypothesized that use of cAMP analogue (8-Bromo adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate, 8 Br-cAMP) would increase the level of transgene expression supported by the CMV, and enhance the ability of DNA vaccines to evoke an immune response against the transgene product in vivo. To evaluate this hypothesis, immune responses against HIV-1 envelope protein, gp160, an immunogenic HIV-1 component expressed under the control of the CMV promoter, were evaluated in BALB/c mice with or without stimulation by 8 Br-cAMP. DNA vaccine with 8 Br-cAMP was intramuscularly (i.m.) or intranasally (i.n.) administered to BALB/c mice twice on days 0 and 14. Regardless of which route was used, the combination increased the serum IgG antibody (Ab) titer, HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity and the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, compared with the effect of using the vaccine alone. When administered via the i.n. route, the combination also remarkably increased the titer of secretory IgA (sIgA). Moreover, it induced increased production of interferon-gamma with reduction in IL-4 synthesis, and decreased the ratio of serum IgG1/IgG2a. However, these enhancements were not observed when 8 Br-cAMP was coadministered with peptide vaccine or protein antigen. These data suggest that 8 Br-cAMP is able to enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses induced by the DNA vaccine. The induction of T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity against HIV-1 was also enhanced by coadministration of 8 Br-cAMP. A CAT assay study demonstrated that the adjuvant effect of 8 Br-cAMP may be due to the activation of the CMV promoter in the DNA vaccine. The virus challenge experiment in a mouse influenza model also proved our hypothesis.
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MESH Headings
- 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/therapeutic use
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/drug therapy
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/analysis
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- H Arai
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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