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Early life exposure to lead and its association with parent-reported aggression and conduct problems during childhood and adolescence. Neurotoxicology 2022; 93:265-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Osorio-Yáñez C, Sanchez-Guerra M, Solano M, Baccarelli A, Wright R, Sanders AP, Tellez-Rojo MM, Tamayo-Ortiz M. Metal exposure and bone remodeling during pregnancy: Results from the PROGRESS cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 282:116962. [PMID: 33823308 PMCID: PMC11064930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is characterized by high bone remodeling and might be a window of susceptibility to the toxic effects of metals on bone tissue. The aim of this study was to assess associations between metals in blood [lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd)and arsenic (As)] and bone remodeling during pregnancy. We studied pregnant woman from the PROGRESS Cohort (Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, and Environment and Social Stress). We measured concentrations of metals in blood and obtained measures of bone remodeling by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) at the radius in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. To account for chronic lead exposure, we measured lead in tibia and patella one-month postpartum with K-shell X-ray fluorescence. We assessed cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between multiple-metal concentrations and QUS z-scores using linear regression models and linear mixed models adjusted for potential confounders. Third trimester blood Cd concentrations were marginal associated with lower QUS z-scores [-0.16 (95% CI: -0.33, 0.007); P-Value = 0.06]. Mixed models showed that blood Cd was longitudinally and marginally associated with an average of -0.10 z-score (95% CI: -0.21, 0.002; P-Value = 0.06) over the course of pregnancy. Associations for Pb and As were all inverse however none reached significance. Additionally, bone Pb concentrations in patella, an index of cumulative exposure, were significantly associated with -0.06 z-score at radius (95% CI: -0.10, -0.01; P-Value = 0.03) during pregnancy. Pb and Cd blood levels are associated with lower QUS distal radius z-scores in pregnant women. Bone Pb concentrations in patella were negatively associated with z-score at radius showing the long-term effects of Pb on bone tissue. However, we cannot exclude the possibility of reverse causality for patella Pb and radius z-score associations. Our results support the importance of reducing women's metal exposure during pregnancy, as metals exposure during pregnancy may have consequences for bone strength later in life. The main finding of our study is the association between Cd blood levels and radius z-score during pregnancy. Bone lead in patella was also negatively associated with radius z-scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlalli Osorio-Yáñez
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria S/N, Mexico
| | - Marco Sanchez-Guerra
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute of Perinatology, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Mexico City, 1100, Mexico
| | - Maritsa Solano
- Center for Evaluation Research & Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62100, Mexico
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alison P Sanders
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Martha Maria Tellez-Rojo
- Center for Evaluation Research & Surveys, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62100, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz
- Occupational Research Unit, Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
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Johnson KM, Specht AJ, Hart JM, Salahuddin S, Erlinger AL, Hacker MR, Woolf AD, Hauptman M, Karumanchi SA, Wylie BJ, O'Brien K. Lead exposure and association with angiogenic factors and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens 2020; 22:93-98. [PMID: 32763807 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lead exposure has been associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Angiogenic factors, including soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) and placental growth factor (PlGF), are aberrant in preeclampsia, but have not been correlated with lead levels. We evaluated the association of lead exposure with angiogenic factors. STUDY DESIGN This cross sectional study utilized a convenience sample of singleton pregnancies ≥34 weeks' gestation. Blood lead and angiogenic factors were measured before delivery; bone lead was measured postpartum. We dichotomized bone and blood lead into the top tertile versus the bottom tertiles and used log-binomial regression to assess the association between lead and a high angiogenic ratio. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The outcomes were high sFlt1 to PlGF ratio and development of a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. RESULTS We enrolled 102 participants, of whom 98 had at least one lead measurement and an angiogenic factor result. Median bone lead was 3.8 ug/g (2.0 - 6.6) and median blood lead was 0.2 ug/dL (0.2 - 0.4). Incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was 31%. When comparing the highest tertile of bone lead to the bottom two tertiles, there was no association with a high sFlt1/PlGF ratio or hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Similar results were observed for the exposure of blood lead. CONCLUSIONS Lead exposure was not an important contributor to an elevated angiogenic factor ratio or hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in our U.S. POPULATION However, lead exposure was modest in our population and we cannot exclude a relationship with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Aaron J Specht
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jessica M Hart
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saira Salahuddin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, RN 359, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Adrienne L Erlinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michele R Hacker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alan D Woolf
- Pediatric Environmental Health Center, Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA; Region 1 Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marissa Hauptman
- Pediatric Environmental Health Center, Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA; Region 1 Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Ananth Karumanchi
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, RN 359, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Blair J Wylie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Region 1 Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen O'Brien
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Mousavi-Mirzaei SM, Khorasani EY, Amirabadizadeh A, Nakhaee S, Baharshahi A, Rajabpour-Sanati A, Talebi A, Lamarine RJ, Mehrpour M, Mehrpour O. Comparison of blood lead concentrations in patients with acute ischemic stroke and healthy subjects. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 61:126532. [PMID: 32361683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Stroke is the main cause of mortality and long-term disability in the general population. With the increased application of metals in industries and human environment, lead has become a health hazard. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the blood concentration of lead and the incidence of acute stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed this study during 2016-17 at Vali-e-Asr Hospital in Birjand, Iran, among 80 ischemic stroke patients visiting the hospital and 80 healthy gender- and age-matched controls. Blood lead concentration (BLC) was measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS BLC medians in the case and control groups were 20.65 [5.37-34.87] μg/dL and 2.65 [1.75-13.85] μg/dL, respectively (p < 0.05). The case group had significantly lower mean levels of HDL and phosphors, whereas the mean levels of white blood cells and uric acid were higher in this group. After adjusting for lipid profile and fasting blood sugar, multiple logistic regression indicated that the serum levels of uric acid and BLC were significant for predicting ischemic stroke. It is estimated that the odds ratio of ischemic stroke increases by 1.04 per 1 μg/dl increase in BLC. CONCLUSION This study showed that lead can be a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Since it does not have any beneficial effects on the health of individuals, screening serum concentrations of lead can be considered as a preventive strategy for those at risk of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alireza Amirabadizadeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Samaneh Nakhaee
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amin Baharshahi
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ali Rajabpour-Sanati
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Talebi
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Student research committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Roland J Lamarine
- Professor of Public Health, California State University Chico, California, USA
| | - Mahsa Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver, CO, USA
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Yabe J, Nakayama SM, Nakata H, Toyomaki H, Yohannes YB, Muzandu K, Kataba A, Zyambo G, Hiwatari M, Narita D, Yamada D, Hangoma P, Munyinda NS, Mufune T, Ikenaka Y, Choongo K, Ishizuka M. Current trends of blood lead levels, distribution patterns and exposure variations among household members in Kabwe, Zambia. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125412. [PMID: 31995873 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Childhood lead (Pb) poisoning has devastating effects on neurodevelopment and causes overt clinical signs including convulsions and coma. Health effects including hypertension and various reproductive problems have been reported in adults. Historical Pb mining in Zambia's Kabwe town left a legacy of environmental pollution and childhood Pb poisoning. The current study aimed at establishing the extent of Pb poisoning and exposure differences among family members in Kabwe as well as determining populations at risk and identify children eligible for chelation therapy. Blood samples were collected in July and August 2017 from 1190 household members and Pb was measured using a portable LeadCare-II analyser. Participants included 291 younger children (3-months to 3-years-old), 271 older children (4-9-years-old), 412 mothers and 216 fathers from 13 townships with diverse levels of Pb contamination. The Blood Lead Levels (BLL) ranged from 1.65 to 162 μg/dL, with residents from Kasanda (mean 45.7 μg/dL) recording the highest BLL while Hamududu residents recorded the lowest (mean 3.3 μg/dL). Of the total number of children sampled (n = 562), 23% exceeded the 45 μg/dL, the threshold required for chelation therapy. A few children (5) exceeded the 100 μg/dL whereas none of the parents exceeded the 100 μg/dL value. Children had higher BLL than parents, with peak BLL-recorded at the age of 2-years-old. Lead exposure differences in Kabwe were attributed to distance and direction from the mine, with younger children at highest risk. Exposure levels in parents were equally alarming. For prompt diagnosis and treatment, a portable point-of-care devise such as a LeadCare-II would be preferable in Kabwe.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Yabe
- The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Shouta Mm Nakayama
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hokuto Nakata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Haruya Toyomaki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yared B Yohannes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kaampwe Muzandu
- The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Andrew Kataba
- The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Golden Zyambo
- The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Masato Hiwatari
- Faculty of Economics & Business, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0809, Japan
| | - Daiju Narita
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Daichi Yamada
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Peter Hangoma
- The University of Zambia, School of Public Health, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Tiza Mufune
- Ministry of Health, District Health Office, P.O. Box 80735, Kabwe, Zambia
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kennedy Choongo
- The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
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6
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Cherkani-Hassani A, Ghanname I, Benitez-Rexach AM, Mouane N. Systematic Review of the Literature of Factors Affecting the Exposure and the Levels of Lead in Human Breast Milk. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 252:97-129. [PMID: 31346776 DOI: 10.1007/398_2019_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human milk may sometimes contain chemical contaminants, which could have adverse effects on neonates or nursing infants. Lead (Pb) is of considerable interest due to its toxicity and occurrence. Furthermore, it has been suggested that human milk is a significant potential source of lead exposure to nursing infants. A systematic literature search in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases was performed to identify relevant studies, published in English until 2017, that investigated and explored common factors affecting the level of lead in human milk among lactating women around the world. Forty-nine papers were rated and explored the effect of one or several factors on the level of lead in human milk from 28 countries and carried out over a wide time frame from 1983 to 2017 and through Europe, Asia, America, and Africa, reviewing more than 5,000 subjects. Place of residence, maternal age, stage of lactation, smoking habits, maternal dietary intakes, and parity were the mostly assessed factors among the studies and considered as the main factors affecting Pb levels in BM. Other factors were not studied well enough and considered minor because few surveys evaluated their impacts. However, the literature findings are very controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Cherkani-Hassani
- Unit of Training and Research in Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.
- Center of Doctoral Studies in Life Sciences and Health CEDoc-SVS, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Imane Ghanname
- Team Research of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmacoepidemiology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
- Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Nezha Mouane
- Unit of Training and Research in Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition-P III, Rabat Children's Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
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7
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Chettle DR, McNeill FE. Elemental analysis in living human subjects using biomedical devices. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:12TR01. [PMID: 31816604 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Today, patients undergoing dialysis are at low risk for aluminum-induced dementia. Workers are unlikely to experience cadmium-induced emphysema and the public's exposure to lead is an order of magnitude lower than in 1970. The research field of in vivo elemental analysis has played a role in these occupational and environmental health improvements by allowing the effects of people's chronic exposure to elements to be studied using non-invasive, painless, and relatively low-cost technology. From the early 1960s to the present day, researchers have developed radiation-based systems to measure the elemental content of organs at risk or storage organs. This reduces the need for (sometimes painful) biopsy and the risk of infection. Research and development has been undertaken on forty-nine in vivo measurement system designs. Twenty-nine different in vivo elemental analysis systems, measuring 22 different elements, have been successfully taken from design and testing through to human measurement. The majority of these systems employ either neutron activation analysis or x-ray fluorescence analysis as the basis of the measurement. In this review, we discuss eight of the successful systems, explaining the rationale behind their development, the methodology, the health data that has resulted from application of these tools, and provide our opinion on potential future technical developments of these systems. We close by discussing four technologies that may lead to new directions and advances in the whole field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Chettle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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8
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Tsuji M, Koriyama C, Ishihara Y, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto-Hanada K, Kanatani K, Bamai YA, Onishi K, Senju A, Araki S, Shibata E, Morokuma S, Sanefuji M, Kitazawa H, Saito M, Umezawa M, Onoda A, Kusuhara K, Tanaka R, Kawamoto T. Associations Between Metal Levels in Whole Blood and IgE Concentrations in Pregnant Women Based on Data From the Japan Environment and Children's Study. J Epidemiol 2019; 29:478-486. [PMID: 30643099 PMCID: PMC6859078 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20180098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metal exposures could possibly affect allergic responses in pregnant women, although no studies have yet shown a clear relationship between the two, and such exposures might also affect the development of allergic diseases in children. Methods We investigated the relationship between metal concentrations in whole blood and immunoglobulin E (IgE; total and specific) in 14,408 pregnant women who participated in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. The subjects submitted self-administered questionnaires, and blood samples were collected from them twice, specifically, during the first trimester and again during the second/third trimester. Concentrations of the metals Cd, Pb, Hg, Se, and Mn, as well as serum total and allergen-specific IgEs for egg white, house dust-mites (HDM), Japanese cedar pollen (JCP), animal dander, and moth, were measured. Allergen-specific IgE(s) were divided based on concentrations <0.35 or ≥0.35 UA/mL, and the metal levels were divided into quartiles. Results Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between HDM- and animal dander-specific IgEs and Hg and Mn concentrations. Conversely, there was a significant positive relationship between JCP-specific IgE and Hg and Se concentrations. Conclusions Metal exposures may be related to both increases and decreases in allergen-specific IgEs in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Tsuji
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Chihaya Koriyama
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Megumi Yamamoto
- Department of Environment and Public Health, National Institute for Minamata Disease
| | - Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada
- Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Kumiko Kanatani
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sciences
| | - Kazunari Onishi
- Center for Birth Cohort Studies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
| | - Ayako Senju
- Japan Environment and Children's Study, UOEH Subunit Center, University of Occupational and Environmental Health.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Shunsuke Araki
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Eiji Shibata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Seiichi Morokuma
- Research Center for Environmental and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Masafumi Sanefuji
- Research Center for Environmental and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Hiroshi Kitazawa
- Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Mayako Saito
- Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Atsuto Onoda
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital.,Postdoctoral Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Koichi Kusuhara
- Japan Environment and Children's Study, UOEH Subunit Center, University of Occupational and Environmental Health.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Rie Tanaka
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Toshihiro Kawamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
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9
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Zidane M, Ren Y, Xhaard C, Leufroy A, Côte S, Dewailly E, Noël L, Guérin T, Bouisset P, Bernagout S, Paaoafaite J, Iltis J, Taquet M, Suhas E, Rachédi F, Boissin JL, Sebbag J, Shan L, Bost-Bezeaud F, Petitdidier P, Rubino C, Gardon J, de Vathaire F. Non-Essential Trace Elements Dietary Exposure in French Polynesia: Intake Assessment, Nail Bio Monitoring and Thyroid
Cancer Risk. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:355-367. [PMID: 30803193 PMCID: PMC6897028 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.2.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In French Polynesia, thyroid cancer mortality and incidence is reported to be the highest in the world. Excessive levels of non-essential trace elements (nETE) in the body are associated with several types of cancer. Objective: The present study aims to provide quantitative information on food contamination by mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in French Polynesia and its potential correlation with measurements performed in fingernails of Polynesians, and then to investigate the potential association between these nETE and different thyroid cancer risks. Methods: The study population included 229 interviewed cases and 373 interviewed controls We performed a descriptive analysis of Polynesian food and examined the association between thyroid cancer risk and daily intake levels of nETE and with fingernail nETE levels. Results: Hg contamination was mainly present in sea products, Pb contamination was present in almost all samples, Cd was detectable in starchy food and As was detectable in all sea products. No patient exceeded dietary contamination WHO limits for Pb, 2 participants exceeded it for Hg and 3 individuals (0.5%) for cadmium. In fingernail clippings, the most detectable pollutant was Pb (553 participants), then Hg (543 participants) then Cd (only in 130 participants). Thyroid cancer risk was increased more than 4 times by Pb daily intake in patients with a history of cancer in first-degree relatives than in ones without (p for interaction =0.01), and 2 times more in women with more than 3 pregnancies than in those with none or less (p for interaction =0.005); it was also increased following As intake by more than 30% in patients with a history of cancer in first-degree relatives than in ones without (p for interaction =0.05). Conclusion: Locally produced foods are not a source of nETE exposure in French Polynesia. Dieatry nETE exposure and fingernail nETE concentration are not associated to differentiated thyroid cancer risk. No correlation found between nETE dietary exposure and fingernail nETE concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Zidane
- Radiation Epidemiology Group, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), UMR 1018 Inserm, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Sud 11, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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10
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Vahidinia A, Samiee F, Faradmal J, Rahmani A, Taravati Javad M, Leili M. Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, and Barium Levels in Human Breast Milk and Factors Affecting Their Concentrations in Hamadan, Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:32-40. [PMID: 29700700 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk is considered the best source of nutrition for all infants. However, exposure of newborns to toxic metals is of special interest due to their potential harmful effects. Thus, the primary aims of this study were to determine the concentration of toxic heavy metals including lead, mercury, cadmium, and barium in breast milk samples from Hamadan, Iran, in relation to some sociodemographic variables. A total of 100 breast milk samples were collected and their heavy metal contents were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The median breast milk concentrations of Pb, Hg, and Ba were 41.9, 2.8, and 1.95 μg/L, respectively. Cd levels were < 1 μg/L in all samples. The Pb level in 94% of the samples was higher than the recommended Pb limit of < 5 μg/L in breast milk suggested by World Health Organization (WHO). Hg levels in 54% of the breast milk samples were higher than the normal mean concentration (1.7 μg/L) suggested by WHO. We found no correlation between Hg levels in breast milk and sociodemographic factors. Ba levels in all the breast milk samples were lower than the WHO's proposed health-based drinking water guideline (0.7 mg/L). Considering the results of the present study and the vulnerability of infants, along with the well-known toxicity of these metals, further studies are warranted to identify the main sources of exposure that contribute their concentration in breast milk, establish harmless intake values of toxic metals in breast milk, and develop preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliasghar Vahidinia
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Nutrition Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fateme Samiee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Javad Faradmal
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Rahmani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Taravati Javad
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Leili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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11
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Matsukawa T, Yokoyama K, Vigeh M, Nishioka E. [Effects of Trace Environmental Chemicals on Child Health-Lead as an Example]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2018; 73:210-214. [PMID: 29848873 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.73.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The low birthrate and aging population of Japan are entering a serious phase. As measures against the declining birthrate, improvement of the environment is promoted to support childbirth and child-rearing, but even if the birthrate increases in the future, it will take time before the effect is observed as an increase in the population. As the number of children and young people is decreasing, in order to maintain a wealthy and sustainable society, we should create an environment wherein each child can grow healthily and demonstrate sufficient abilities in participating in society. The authors have been studying the influence of exposure to environmental chemical substances on the development of children. Lead is especially considered to impair neurological development even at low concentrations of exposure. In this paper, using lead as an example, we discuss risk assessment and countermeasures for the health effects of trace chemical substances on a society with a declining birthrate. Substances that show neurotoxicity increase social costs even at low concentrations of exposure. To preserve and promote social vitality in Japan despite the declining birthrate and aging population, it is essential that measures are taken on the basis of scientifically reasonable cost/benefit assessment. For this purpose, we think that it is necessary to analyze costs and benefits in addition to the risk assessment of low concentrations of chemical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Matsukawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kazuhito Yokoyama
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mohsen Vigeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine.,Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Emiko Nishioka
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine.,Department of Maternal Nursing, Division of Nursing, National Defense Medical College
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12
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Parnia A, Chakravartty D, Wiseman CLS, Archbold J, Copes R, Zawar N, Chen SX, Cole DC. Environmental factors associated with blood lead among newcomer women from South and East Asia in the Greater Toronto Area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:558-566. [PMID: 29268227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newcomers bring with them histories of environmental exposure in their home countries and may have different sources of lead (Pb) exposure compared to other residents of their adopted country. AIMS To describe past and current factors associated with Pb exposure and blood Pb among South and East Asian newcomer women of reproductive age in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Ontario, Canada. METHODS In collaboration with public health units and community organizations a community-based research model was utilized by recruiting peer researchers to assist in all aspects of the study. Blood samples were taken and phone interviews were conducted. Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) cycles 1, 2, and 3 data was used to contextualize the distribution blood Pb levels. Multiple regression was applied to log-transformed blood lead measurements, using a hierarchical model building process. RESULTS In total, 211 participants were recruited from Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The distribution of the blood Pb varied by country of origin, and higher blood Pb values were found above 75th percentile compared to the CHMS. Distal factors significantly influencing blood Pb concentrations related to life history, such as duration of stay in Canada (RR=0.91; 95% CI 0.86-0.97), living near agricultural fields (RR=0.78; 95% CI 0.62-0.93), and country of origin. Proximal factors with significant contribution were use of cosmetics, traditional remedies, and smoking cigarettes. RECOMMENDATIONS Different past and current exposures may be important in various newcomer populations, informing international stakeholders, public health agencies, and primary care practitioners to adapt health education and exposure reduction programs to consider pre- and post-migration factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abtin Parnia
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Dolon Chakravartty
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clare L S Wiseman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Ray Copes
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - Noureen Zawar
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shirley X Chen
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Donald C Cole
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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13
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Özbolat G, Tuli A. Ağır Metal Toksisitesinin İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri. ARSIV KAYNAK TARAMA DERGISI 2016. [DOI: 10.17827/aktd.253562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Rebelo FM, Caldas ED. Arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium: Toxicity, levels in breast milk and the risks for breastfed infants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:671-688. [PMID: 27619212 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Metals are ubiquitous in nature, being found in all environmental compartments, and have a variety of applications in human activities. Metals are transferred by maternal blood to the fetus via the placenta, and exposure continues throughout life. For the general population, exposure comes mainly from water and food consumption, including breast milk. In this paper, we reviewed studies on the toxicity of arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium, the toxic metals of most concern to human health, focusing on the potential risks to newborns and infants. A total of 75 studies published since 2000 reporting the levels of these metals in breast milk were reviewed. Lead was the metal most investigated in breast milk (43 studies), and for which the highest levels were reported (up to 1515µg/L). Arsenic was the least investigated (18 studies), with higher levels reported for breast milk (up to 149µg/L) collected in regions with high arsenic concentrations in water (>10µg/L). Data from 34 studies on mercury showed that levels in breast milk were generally higher in populations with high fish consumption, where it may be present mainly as MeHg. Cadmium levels in breast milk were the lowest, with means <2µg/L in most of the 29 studies reviewed. Results of risk assessments indicated that the intake of arsenic, lead and mercury by infants through breastfeeding can be considered a health concern in most regions of the world. Although the potential risks to infants are mostly outweighed by the benefits of breast milk consumption, it is essential that contaminants be continuously monitored, especially in the most critical regions, and that measures be implemented by health authorities to reduce exposure of newborns and infants to these metals, and thus avoid unnecessary health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Maciel Rebelo
- Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Dutra Caldas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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Shawahna R, Zyoud A, Dwikat J, El-Helo M, Yacoub B, Hilal H. Breast Milk Lead Levels in 3 Major Regions of the West Bank of Palestine. J Hum Lact 2016; 32:455-61. [PMID: 27161259 DOI: 10.1177/0890334416646566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead is a neurotoxic pollutant that is ubiquitously spread in our environment. Breast milk contaminated with lead poses a potential risk of exposing a recipient infant to lead. OBJECTIVES The primary aims of this study were to evaluate the breast milk lead levels (BMLLs) in breastfeeding mothers in 3 major regions of the West Bank of Palestine and to investigate the effects of some sociodemographic variables on the BMLLs. METHODS Breast milk samples were collected from 89 breastfeeding mothers from the Nablus, Ramallah, and Jerusalem regions and analyzed for their BMLLs using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Breastfeeding mothers were interviewed and responded to a sociodemographic questionnaire. RESULTS The median BMLL was 4.0 µg/L, ranging from 2.0 to 12.0 µg/L. Breast milk lead levels in 19.1% of the samples analyzed were higher than the World Health Organization's safety limits of 2.0 to 5.0 µg/L for an occupationally unexposed population. Breast milk lead levels were significantly higher in breast milk of mothers who lived in cities and refugee camps (P < .01), had lower monthly household income levels (P < .05), lived close to paint shops (P < .05), lived in houses with peeling or chipping paint (P < .05), used eye kohl (P < .01), and worked in agriculture for a duration longer than 3 years (P < .01). CONCLUSION Breast milk lead levels were higher than the safety limits for occupationally unexposed populations. Authorities need to implement measures to eliminate or reduce lead exposure, especially in refugee camps and cities. Marketed eye kohl preparations should be tested for their lead contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Shawahna
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine An-Najah BioSciences Unit, Center for Poisons Control, Chemical and Biological Analyses, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ahed Zyoud
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Jamela Dwikat
- An-Najah BioSciences Unit, Center for Poisons Control, Chemical and Biological Analyses, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Maram El-Helo
- An-Najah BioSciences Unit, Center for Poisons Control, Chemical and Biological Analyses, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Bayan Yacoub
- An-Najah BioSciences Unit, Center for Poisons Control, Chemical and Biological Analyses, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Hikmat Hilal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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Shen W, Zhang B, Liu S, Wu H, Gu X, Qin L, Tian P, Zeng Y, Ye L, Ni Z, Wang Q. Association of blood lead levels with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms among Chinese pregnant women in Wuhan city. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117366. [PMID: 25723397 PMCID: PMC4344240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is an important stimulus of bone lead release. Elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) may cause adverse pregnancy outcomes for mothers and harmful lead effects on fetuses. However, the reports about maternal BLL changes during pregnancy are conflicting to some extent. This article is to explore the variations in BLLs among pregnant women. The relationships of BLLs with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T, A1298C, and G1793A polymorphisms, which are associated with bone resorption, were also studied. A total of 973 women, including 234, 249, and 248 women in their first, second, and third trimesters, respectively, and 242 non-pregnant women, were recruited at the Wuhan Women and Children Medical Health Center. METHODS BLLs were determined using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of MTHFR were identified with the TaqMan probe method. RESULTS The geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) of BLLs was 16.2 (1.78) μg/L for all participants. All the studied MTHFR alleles were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Multiple-linear regression analysis revealed the following results. Among the pregnant women, those that carried MTHFR 677CC (i.e. wild-genotype homozygote) and 1298CC (i.e. mutant-genotype homozygote) exhibited higher BLLs than those that carried 677CT/TT (standardized β = 0.074, P = 0.042) and 1298AC/AA (standardized β = 0.077, P = 0.035) when other covariates (e.g., age, no. of children, education and income, etc.) were adjusted. The BLLs of pregnant women consistently decreased during the pregnancy and these levels positively correlated with BMI (standard β = 0.086-0.096, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The 1298CC mutant-type homozygote in the MTHFR gene is a risk factor for high BLLs among low-level environmental lead-exposed Chinese pregnant women, whose BLLs consistently decreased during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center, Wuhan 430016, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongling Wu
- Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center, Wuhan 430016, China
| | - Xue Gu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lingzhi Qin
- Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center, Wuhan 430016, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center, Wuhan 430016, China
| | - Yun Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Linxiang Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zemin Ni
- Women and Children Medical Center of Jiang-an District, Wuhan 430017, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Perkins M, Wright RO, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Jayawardene I, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E. Very low maternal lead level in pregnancy and birth outcomes in an eastern Massachusetts population. Ann Epidemiol 2014; 24:915-9. [PMID: 25444892 PMCID: PMC4254591 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maternal lead exposure is associated with poor birth outcomes in populations with moderate to high blood levels. However, no studies have looked at exposure levels commonly experienced by US women. METHODS We evaluated the relationship between maternal red blood cell (RBC) lead levels in midpregnancy and birth outcomes in 949 mother-child pairs in a prebirth cohort. We used multiple linear regression and logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders including maternal age, race, prepregnancy body mass index, and smoking to relate maternal lead to infant birth size and risk for preterm birth (<37 weeks). RESULTS Mean RBC lead level was 1.2 μg/dL (range, 0.0-5.0). Mean (standard deviation) birthweight was 3505 (520) g, birthweight for gestational age z-score 0.22 (0.93), and length of gestation 39.5 (1.7) weeks. Mothers in the highest versus lowest lead quartile did not have higher odds (OR, 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79-4.34) of preterm delivery; after stratifying by child sex, there was an association among males (OR, 5.51; 95% CI, 1.21-25.15) but not females (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.24-2.85). Maternal RBC lead was not associated with any continuous outcomes in combined or sex-stratified analyses. CONCLUSIONS Maternal lead exposure, even at very low levels, may adversely affect some childbirth outcomes, particularly preterm birth among males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Perkins
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Innocent Jayawardene
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women׳s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Emily Oken
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA.
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Cao J, Li M, Wang Y, Yu G, Yan C. Environmental lead exposure among preschool children in Shanghai, China: blood lead levels and risk factors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113297. [PMID: 25436459 PMCID: PMC4249952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine blood lead levels and to identify related risk factors among children in Shanghai; to explore the lead change trend of children after industrial transformation and to provide data for policy development to control environmental lead pollution in Shanghai. Methods A stratified-clustered-random sampling method was used. A tungsten atomizer absorption spectrophotometer was employed to determine blood lead levels. Results The arithmetic mean, geometric mean and median of blood lead levels of 0- to 6-year-old children from Shanghai were 22.49 µg/L, 19.65 µg/L and 19.5 µg/L, including 0.26% (6/2291) with concentrations ≥100 µg/L and 2.7% (61/2291) with concentrations ≥50 µg/L. Boys' levels (23.57 µg/L) were greater than those of girls (21.2 µg/L). The blood lead levels increased with age. This survey showed that the Chongming district was the highest and Yangpu district was the lowest, this result is completely opposite with the earlier survey in Shanghai. Risk factors for lead contamination included housing environment, parents' education levels, social status, hobbies, and children's nutritional status. Conclusions The blood lead levels of children in Shanghai were lower than the earlier data of Shanghai and those of published studies in China, but higher than the blood lead levels of developed countries. The blood lead levels of urban districts are higher than the central districts with the industrial transformation. Society and the government should take an active interest in childhood lead poisoning of urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cao
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minming Li
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Children's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangjun Yu
- Children's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (GY); (CY)
| | - Chonghuai Yan
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (GY); (CY)
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Vigeh M, Yokoyama K, Matsukawa T, Shinohara A, Ohtani K. Low level prenatal blood lead adversely affects early childhood mental development. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:1305-11. [PMID: 24532811 DOI: 10.1177/0883073813516999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of prenatal lead exposure on child development has been a topic of public health concern for decades. To estimate prenatal lead exposure effects on early childhood development, maternal blood (n = 364) and umbilical cord blood (n = 224) samples were collected during pregnancy and at delivery. Mental development was assessed using the Harold Ireton Early Child Development Inventory from 174 children. Maternal whole blood lead levels in the first trimester were significantly higher in children with developmental scores <20% than in those with normal scores (mean ± standard deviation: 6.3 ± 1.9 vs 4.0 ± 2.4 µg/dL, respectively, P = .01). Maternal blood lead levels in the first trimester were also inversely associated with the development scores (r = -0.155, P = .041). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between increasing maternal blood lead levels in the first trimester with low development scores (odds ratio = 1.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.18-2.57, P = .005). The findings of the present study showed a relatively low level of prenatal lead exposure (mean < 6.5 µg/dL) associated with lower developmental scores in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Vigeh
- Department of Hazard Assessment, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kanagawa, Japan Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Yokoyama
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehisa Matsukawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Shinohara
- Research Institute for Cultural Studies, Seisen University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Ohtani
- Department of Hazard Assessment, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kanagawa, Japan
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Forde MS, Dewailly E, Robertson L, Laouan Sidi EA, Côté S, Sandy L, Dumas P, Ayotte P. Mercury and lead blood concentrations in pregnant women from 10 caribbean countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:2184-2190. [PMID: 24986471 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00239c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) blood concentrations were measured in a total of 442 samples taken from pregnant and delivering women in 10 Caribbean countries. Hg was detected in all 10 countries with the geometric mean ranging from a low of 0.83 μg L(-1) (Jamaica) to a high of 3.13 μg L(-1) (Grenada). When compared to comparable U.S. and Canadian data, Hg concentrations in Caribbean women are on average more than 2 times higher. With the exception of St. Kitts & Nevis, Pb was detected in at least one of the samples taken from the other 9 countries with two countries-Grenada and St. Vincent - having Pb detected in ≥60% of those sampled. In these two countries, the Pb concentrations ranged from a low of 1.17 μg dL(-1) (Grenada) to a high of 1.98 μg dL(-1) (St. Vincent). Compared to comparable U.S. and Canadian data, Pb concentrations in Caribbean women are generally higher than that measured in North America. This study confirms that neonates in the Caribbean are being exposed to both Hg and Pb and highlights the need to implement surveillance programs that continuously monitor, intervene, and evaluate the levels of these toxic elements to ensure that they are reduced as far as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Forde
- Department of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, St. George's University, PO Box 7, St. George, Grenada, West Indies.
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Liu J, Gao D, Chen Y, Jing J, Hu Q, Chen Y. Lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy and neurobehavioral development of neonates. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:1-7. [PMID: 24704588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our pilot studies showed that there was a significant relationship between blood lead levels of women at the first trimester and scores of neonatal behavioral neurological assessment (NBNA). This study went further (1) to determine particular neurotoxicity during a specific trimester, (2) to analyze "safe" levels of Pb in neonates, and (3) to identify influencing factors for prenatal Pb exposure. METHOD A total of 415 mothers with newborn located Shenzhen, Guangdong, China participated in the study: 219 in the high lead group [blood lead levels (BLLs) at first trimester≥4.89μg/dl] and 196 in the low lead group [BLLs≤1.96μg/dl]. The maternal BLLs at each stage of pregnancy and delivery were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, equipped with a graphite furnace. The developmental functioning of newborns was assessed with NBNA in 3 days. The children's birth outcome and the rest of information was obtained from their medical records or a comprehensive questionnaire from their parents, which contained demographic characteristics, lifestyle, IQ, occupation and influencing factors for lead exposure during and before first trimester, etc. RESULTS Of 415 newborns, 332 (80.00%) had complete data collection for all variables at four-stage follow-up. The maternal mean BLL at first trimester for 332 newborns was 3.98±1.15μg/dl (0.38-15.86μg/dl) and the geometric mean (GM) was 3.63±0.35μg/dl (95%CI: 2.98-4.32μg/dl). In total, about 4.82% of newborns had maternal BLLs>10μg/dl. Significant inverse associations have been found between the maternal BLLs at the first trimester and the NBNA scores (P<0.05). Drinking milk and supplements of Ca, Fe, or Zn are protective factors of high BLLs (OR=0.363, P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrate that fetal lead exposure as low as 5μg/dl has an adverse effect on neurodevelopment, most expressed during the first trimester and best arrested by measuring maternal BLLs. The collective evidence indicates that screening and intervention after the first trimester may be too late to prevent the fetal neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian'an Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingguo Gao
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qiansheng Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and aluminium concentrations in human milk at early stages of lactation. Pediatr Neonatol 2014; 55:127-34. [PMID: 24231114 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is considered to be the best nutrition for all infants because it provides the optimal source of nutritional, immunological, developmental, psychological, economic, practical, and environmental benefits in both the short and long terms. To the best of our knowledge, few studies in Taiwan have examined the toxicant levels in breast milk and associated factors. METHODS The research was carried out over a 6-month period. Forty-five healthy lactating women, who delivered full-term newborns at our maternity ward, were recruited, and all participants had been living in coastal urban areas of mid-Taiwan for at least 3 years. One hundred and eighty human milk samples were collected on four occasions, which were classified into four lactation stages as follows: colostrums, transitional milk, early mature milk, and mature milk. RESULTS We found that lead, cadmium, aluminium, and arsenic concentrations were the highest in colostrums: 13.22 ± 3.58 ng/mL, 1.37 ± 0.94 ng/mL, 56.45 ± 22.77 ng/mL, and 1.50 ± 1.50 ng/mL, respectively. The results of lead, cadmium, aluminium, and arsenic determination in human milk samples demonstrated a trend of decline of microelement concentrations with advancing stages of lactation. We found that the infants of smoking mothers were exposed to more cadmium than infants of nonsmoking mothers (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION According to our findings, frequent routine sampling of breast milk is worthwhile. Prevention strategies including behavior modification and education on proper nutrition should be provided to women who are at high risk of toxicant exposure. In summary, breastfeeding is still generally encouraged and recommended.
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Liu KS, Hao JH, Shi J, Dai CF, Guo XR. Blood Lead Levels During Pregnancy and Its Influencing Factors in Nanjing, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 28:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(13)60029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Check L, Marteel-Parrish A. The fate and behavior of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals: examining lead (Pb) as a PBT metal. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2013; 28:85-96. [PMID: 24192495 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2013-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals are a class of chemicals that resist degradation and persist in the environment for extensive periods. As a result of their persistence, when these chemicals are consumed, they bioaccumulate in the fat tissues, bones, and brain of organisms. Lead (Pb) is a PBT metal with the ability to bind irreversibly to neurons and to mimic natural minerals like calcium and zinc. The aim of this review is to examine the unique properties of a PBT, like Pb, as well as the analytic methods of detecting and characterizing PBTs. This review offers sections that explore Pb's persistence in the environment, bioaccumulation in fish and birds, and toxic characteristics in the human body. It further examines how Pb's effects on transcription factors could explain the observed Pb lines in Pb-poisoned individuals. This review also evaluates the relationship between the properties of persistence and bioaccumulation as a means to determine whether or not they are interconnected, interdependent, or independent of one another.
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Kennedy DA, Woodland C, Koren G. Lead exposure, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia: A systematic review of cause and effect. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2012; 32:512-7. [DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2012.693987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jiang Y, Wang H, Chen J, Zhang G, Chen L, Dai W, Zhou W, Yang H, Shi H. Blood lead levels during different trimesters of pregnancy and the possible influencing factors in Chengdu, China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:27-35. [PMID: 21448565 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lead is a toxic element. It can damage multiple human organs and systems. In present study, we detected the blood lead levels (BLLs) during the whole pregnancy period and 6-12th weeks after delivery and analyzed their influencing factors by healthy pregnant women. We recruited 128 healthy pregnant women absent of pregnancy or obstetric complications or abnormal pregnancy outcomes as the gravida group. The control group consisted of 120 healthy non-pregnant women. The lead concentrations of all the three pregnancy trimesters and postpartum were: 5.95 ± 2.27, 5.51 ± 1.93, 5.57 ± 1.85, and 6.88 ± 1.90 μg/dl; and the mean lead concentration of control group was 6.87 ± 2.29 μg/dl. We found that the BLLs of the gravida group were lower than that of control group during all three trimesters and occupations, supplement nutrition elements, and time of house painted could affect blood lead levels of pregnant women. Lead-related occupations, using cosmetics, and living in a house painted <1 year are risk factors of high BLLs among pregnant women, while calcium, iron, zinc, and milk supplements are protective factors. These may help people especially pregnant women to reduce lead exposure via supplement of calcium, iron, zinc, and milk or avoiding contacting above risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Lu, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Hicken M, Gragg R, Hu H. How cumulative risks warrant a shift in our approach to racial health disparities: the case of lead, stress, and hypertension. Health Aff (Millwood) 2011; 30:1895-901. [PMID: 21976332 PMCID: PMC3915245 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Blacks have persistently higher rates of high blood pressure, or hypertension, compared to whites, resulting in higher health costs and mortality rates. Recent research has shown that social and environmental factors-such as high levels of stress and exposure to lead-may explain racial disparities in hypertension. Based on these findings, we recommend a fundamental shift in approaches to health disparities to focus on these sorts of cumulative risks and health effects. Federal and state agencies and research institutions should develop strategic plans to learn more about these connections and apply the broader findings to policies to reduce health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Hicken
- Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholar at the Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Raafat BM, Hassan NS, Aziz SW. Bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis risk factor in Egyptian male and female battery manufacturing workers. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:245-52. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711410912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to estimate the relation between lead exposure and the risk of various symptoms of osteoporosis in male and female battery manufacturing workers by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. A total of 18 female and 24 male workers were chosen with the same age range, duty hours per day, work history and weight. A total of 15 healthy controls were chosen with no previous history of bone illness and normal blood lead concentration. Blood lead concentration was measured in all workers and controls. Non-lead elevated subjects were excluded. Bone mineral density was measured by X-ray-based dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan machine. Spine, femur neck and radius sites were studied. Results showed that both male and female workers recorded significant elevated levels of lead concentration accompanied by osteoporosis when compared with control. Interestingly, the data revealed that fracture risk in female was significantly higher than male workers. It was concluded that lead poisoning may act as osteoporosis risk factor or co-factor in female workers by activating the conversion of osteopenia to osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem M Raafat
- Biophysics Group, Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nahed S Hassan
- Biophysics Group, Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - S W Aziz
- Biophysics Group, Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Amaral JH, Rezende VB, Quintana SM, Gerlach RF, Barbosa F, Tanus-Santos JE. The relationship between blood and serum lead levels in peripartum women and their respective umbilical cords. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 107:971-5. [PMID: 20629654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Foetal exposure to lead (Pb) during pregnancy is a major problem. However, no previous study has examined whether Pb concentrations in blood (Pb-B) and in serum (Pb-S) from pregnant women correlate with Pb-B and Pb-S in the foetuses. This hypothesis was tested in the present study. We measured Pb-B and Pb-S in 120 healthy pregnant women (more than 38 weeks of gestation) and their respective umbilical cord samples. The analyses were carried out with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. We found higher Pb-B levels in the women compared with their respective umbilical cord samples (1.736 ± 0.090 μg/dL and 1.194 ± 0.062 μg/dL, respectively; p < 0.05). In parallel, we found higher Pb-S levels in the women compared with their respective umbilical cord samples (0.042 ± 0.003 μg/dL and 0.032 ± 0.003 μg/dL, respectively; p < 0.05). However, similar %Pb-S/Pb-B ratios were found in the women compared with their respective umbilical cord samples (2.414 ± 0.210% and 2.740 ± 0.219%, respectively; p > 0.05). Interestingly, we found positive correlations between Pb-B in the umbilical cords and Pb-B in the respective pregnant women (rs = 0.5714; p < 0.0001), and between Pb-S in the umbilical cords and Pb-S in the respective pregnant women (rs = 0.3902; p < 0.0001) as well as between %Pb-B/Pb-S in the umbilical cords and %Pb-B/Pb-S in the respective pregnant women (rs = 0.3767; p < 0.0001). These results indicate that the assessment of Pb-B and Pb-S in pregnant women provides relevant indexes of foetal exposure to Pb. Moreover, the similar %Pb-S/Pb-B in pregnant women and in the umbilical cords shows that the foetuses are directly exposed to the rapidly exchangeable Pb fraction found in their mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson H Amaral
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Rezende VB, Amaral JH, Quintana SM, Gerlach RF, Barbosa F, Tanus-Santos JE. Vitamin D receptor haplotypes affect lead levels during pregnancy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:4955-4960. [PMID: 20692022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to toxic effects associated with lead (Pb) exposure. Pb accumulates in bone tissue and is rapidly mobilized from bones during pregnancy, thus resulting in fetal contamination. While vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms modify bone mineralization and affect Pb biomarkers including blood (Pb-B) and serum (Pb-S) Pb concentrations, and %Pb-S/Pb-B ratio, the effects of these polymorphisms on Pb levels in pregnant women are unknown. This study aimed at examining the effects of three (FokI, BsmI and ApaI) VDR polymorphisms (and VDR haplotypes) on Pb levels in pregnant women. Pb-B and Pb-S were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in samples from 256 healthy pregnant women and their respective umbilical cords. Genotypes for the VDR polymorphisms were determined by PCR and restriction fragment length digestion. While the three VDR polymorphisms had no significant effects on Pb-B, Pb-S or %Pb-S/Pb-B ratio, the haplotype combining the f, a, and b alleles for the FokI, ApaI and BsmI polymorphisms, respectively, was associated with significantly lower Pb-S and %Pb-S/Pb-B (P<0.05). However, maternal VDR haplotypes had no effects on Pb levels in the umbilical cords. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that a combination of genetic polymorphisms (haplotype) commonly found in the VDR gene affects Pb-S and %Pb-S/Pb-B ratios in pregnant women. These findings may have major implications for Pb toxicity because they may help to predict the existence of a group of subjects that is genetically less prone to Pb toxicity during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania B Rezende
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, 13081-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Koyashiki GAK, Paoliello MMB, Tchounwou PB. Lead levels in human milk and children's health risk: a systematic review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2010; 25:243-53. [PMID: 21038758 PMCID: PMC3086649 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2010.25.3.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), a naturally-occurring element and industrially-produced metal, is highly toxic to children, causing intellectual and behavioral deficits, hyperactivity, fine motor function deficits, decreased intelligence quotient, alteration of hand-eye coordination, and problems in reaction time. Children's exposure to Pb occurs mainly through ingestion of contaminated food, water and soil. Few discussions have been held on the magnitude and potential risk associated with exposure from the consumption of breast milk. Hence, this research was designed to systematically review the scientific literature on published epidemiologic studies, with an emphasis on the study designs and analytical procedures used for Pb assessment in breast milk. From a total of 112 selected articles published since the 1980s, 11 met the inclusion criteria. A review of the data indicated that Pb levels varied from 0.15 to 6.1 microg L(-1) in mature milk samples, from 0.48 to 14.6 microg L(-1) in colostrum samples, and were non-detectable in some samples. The milk/blood ratio, which estimates the mean efficiency transfer of lead from blood to milk, varied between 0.01 and 0.48. The heterogeneity of methods revealed by our assessment of published studies underscores the need for harmonization of study designs and sample collection and analysis protocols to reflect specific exposure scenarios. Human milk seems to be one of the relevant biological matrices for use as a biomarker for assessing children's health risk to Pb poisoning.
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Koyashiki GAK, Paoliello MMB, Matsuo T, de Oliveira MMB, Mezzaroba L, Carvalho MDF, Sakuma AM, Turini C, Vannuchi MTO, Barbosa CSD. Lead levels in milk and blood from donors to the Breast Milk Bank in Southern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:265-271. [PMID: 20079491 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brazilian scientific literature on the adverse effects of lead on the general population is still very limited. Lead, a potentially toxic substance, has become a public health problem due to its effects, mainly those affecting the central nervous system and on the synthesis of heme. The aim of this study is to evaluate the level of lead exposure of donors to the Breast Milk Bank in the city of Londrina, Parana, by estimating the levels of that metal in milk and blood samples. This is a cross-sectional study conducted during the period between January and July 2007. All mothers enrolled as donors in the Breast Milk Bank were included in this study. A total of 92 volunteers presenting the following inclusion criteria were evaluated in the project: volunteers who were healthy, without any chronic disease, full-term pregnancy, breastfeeding between the 15th and 210 th day after giving birth, and living in the city of the study. Lead in milk and blood was quantified using the inductive coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) technique. All mothers signed a consent form approved by the Research Ethics Committee from Londrina State University. The median lead concentration in milk samples was 3.0 microg/L, varying from 1.0 to 8.0 microg/L. The median of lead in blood was of 2.7 microg/dl, varying from 1.0 to 5.5 microg/dl. In Spearman correlation analysis, significant but modest correlations could be observed between the concentration of lead in blood and in milk (r(s)=0.207, p=0.048), hemoglobin and ALAD activity (r(s)=-0.264, p=0.011), level of lead in blood and mother's age (r(s)=0.227, p=0.029). However, for hematocrit and hemoglobin, the correlation was higher (r(s)=0.837, p<0.001). No statistically significant associations were found between concentrations of lead in milk and blood and demographic variables studied, obtained through interviews and validated questionnaire. The mean of milk/blood lead ratio was equal to 0.11. In general, the values found in the present study are similar to those obtained in populations in other countries, and are within background levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Ayumi Kobayashi Koyashiki
- Department of Collective Health, Health Science Center, State University of Londrina, Rua Espírito Santo, 1678 apto, 1201 - 86020-420 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Leiss JK, Kotch JB. The importance of children's environmental health for the field of maternal and child health: a wake-up call. Matern Child Health J 2010; 14:307-17. [PMID: 20091109 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-009-0560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack K Leiss
- Epidemiology Research Program, Cedar Grove Institute for Sustainable Communities, 6919 Lee Street, Mebane, NC 27302, USA.
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Bone lead and endogenous exposure in an environmentally exposed elderly population: the normative aging study. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 51:848-57. [PMID: 19528829 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181aa0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the mobilization of lead from bone to blood (endogenous exposure) in a large epidemiologic population. METHODS Study subjects were 776 participants in the Normative Aging Study. The subjects had their tibia lead, patella lead, blood lead, and urinary N-telopeptide (NTx) levels measured 1 to 4 times from 1991 to 2002. Regression models were estimated to quantify the association between tibia and patella lead and blood lead. We studied nonlinearity of the association, and explored possible factors that may modify it, including age and NTx levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS There is significant association between bone lead and blood lead, and the association is nonlinear. The nonlinear associations between blood lead and bone lead are not significantly modified by age and NTx.
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Brown RW, Longoria T. Multiple risk factors for lead poisoning in Hispanic sub-populations: a review. J Immigr Minor Health 2009; 12:715-25. [PMID: 19330449 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-009-9245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a result of recent media attention to lead (Pb) in consumer products, Pb exposure and toxicity to children has been placed back on the national agenda. This review presents the current literature on sources of Pb in Hispanic sub-populations in the broader context of national lead poisoning trends, sources, and exposure pathways. Pb poisoning among Hispanics is a multi-dimensional issue that is far more complex than for the general population in terms of environmental, cultural, and social dimensions. As a result, a higher percentage of Hispanic children have elevated blood lead levels compared to the general population. Given the additional risks that Hispanics face, all Hispanic children should be defined as "at risk" for lead exposure and included in targeted screening programs. This review concludes with specific public policy recommendations that directly address the increased risk of Pb poisoning to Hispanic children so that Pb will poison fewer children in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray W Brown
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA.
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Rastogi S, Nandlike K, Fenster W. Elevated blood lead levels in pregnant women: identification of a high-risk population and interventions. J Perinat Med 2008; 35:492-6. [PMID: 18052836 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2007.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There has been a significant decrease in the number of preschool children with elevated blood lead levels (BLL), from 88.2 to 4.4 per 10,000 children over the last three decades as shown by National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) data. However, there are still certain high-risk populations that have not been well studied. One such group is that of pregnant women. During pregnancy, BLL tends to increase due to greater bone turnover, which causes release of lead stored in bone. This increase may not affect the pregnant woman's health directly but could be extremely harmful to the rapidly developing central nervous system in the fetus as it crosses the placenta easily. This current study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of elevated BLL in pregnant women in a community hospital, monitor the effect of routine preventive practices on maternal BLL, and to elucidate the relationship between maternal and neonatal BLL and their anthropometric indices. A retrospective chart review was conducted on all hospital deliveries occurring in the first six years after the initiation of universal blood lead screening of pregnant women (n=6880). The prevalence of elevated lead (> or =10 microg/dL) in our patient population was 1.7%. The factors associated with elevated lead levels were recent immigration to the US, poor socioeconomic status and low educational levels. Simple interventions such as hand washing as well as calcium and iron supplementation significantly reduced maternal BLL from 16.82+/-9.5 to 11.48+/-9.3 microg/dL (P<0.0001). A significant correlation (r=0.4, P<0.007) is present between the post-intervention but not the pre-intervention maternal BLL and the neonatal BLL. Given the vulnerability of the developing fetal brain and that CNS complications are associated with elevated lead levels, antenatal lead screening should be part of routine prenatal care. Simple preventive measures may play a role in decreasing maternal BLL and thereby decreasing transplacental transfer of lead to the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Rastogi
- Department of Pediatrics, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA.
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Ettinger AS, Hu H, Hernandez-Avila M. Dietary calcium supplementation to lower blood lead levels in pregnancy and lactation. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 18:172-8. [PMID: 17296490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy and lactation are states known to be accompanied by physiologically up regulated bone resorption in response to the calcium demands of the developing fetus and nursing infant. The role of calcium supplements in altering maternal responses to fetal demand for calcium is not fully understood. Exposure to the toxicant lead is known to pose a major hazard to fetal neurodevelopment and growth. Since >95% of maternal lead is stored in the bone, mobilization of cumulative maternal lead stores into the circulation represents an endogenous source of exposure, which may pose a significant hazard for the fetus and infant. Maternal dietary calcium supplementation has been associated with reductions in lead levels in both animal and human studies when administered during pregnancy and lactation. Therefore, supplementation of the maternal diet with calcium may represent an important secondary prevention strategy aimed not only at reducing circulating levels of lead in the mother but also at reducing lead exposure to the developing fetus and nursing infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne S Ettinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
This review focuses on the impacts of lead exposure on reproductive health and outcomes. High levels of paternal lead exposure (>40 microg/dl or >25 microg/dl for a period of years) appear to reduce fertility and to increase the risks of spontaneous abortion and reduced fetal growth (preterm delivery, low birth weight). Maternal blood lead levels of approximately 10 microg/dl have been linked to increased risks of pregnancy hypertension, spontaneous abortion, and reduced offspring neurobehavioral development. Somewhat higher maternal lead levels have been linked to reduced fetal growth. Some studies suggest a link between increased parental lead exposure and congenital malformations, although considerable uncertainty remains regarding the specific malformations and the dose-response relationships. Common methodological weaknesses of studies include potential exposure misclassifications due to the frequent unavailability of exposure biomarker measurements at biologically appropriate times and uncertainty regarding the best exposure biomarker(s) for the various outcomes. A special concern with regard to the pregnant woman is the possibility that a fetus might be exposed to lead mobilized from bone stores as a result of pregnancy-related metabolic changes, making fetal lead exposure the result of exposure to exogenous lead during pregnancy and exposure to endogenous lead accumulated by the woman prior to pregnancy. By reducing bone resorption, increased calcium intake during the second half of pregnancy might reduce the mobilization of lead from bone compartments, even at low blood lead levels. Subgroups of women who incurred substantial exposures to lead prior to pregnancy should be considered to be at increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bellinger
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, Farley Basement Box 127, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Gulson BL, Mizon KJ, Palmer JM, Korsch MJ, Taylor AJ, Mahaffey KR. Blood lead changes during pregnancy and postpartum with calcium supplementation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:1499-507. [PMID: 15531434 PMCID: PMC1247613 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2003] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy and lactation are times of physiologic stress during which bone turnover is accelerated. Previous studies have demonstrated that there is increased mobilization of lead from the maternal skeleton at this time and that calcium supplementation may have a protective effect. Ten immigrants to Australia were provided with either calcium carbonate or a complex calcium supplement (approximately 1 g/day) during pregnancy and for 6 months postpartum. Two immigrant subjects who did not conceive acted as controls. Sampling involved monthly venous blood samples throughout pregnancy and every 2 months postpartum, and quarterly environmental samples and 6-day duplicate diets. The geometric mean blood lead at the time of first sampling was 2.4 microg/dL (range, 1.4-6.5). Increases in blood lead during the third trimester, corrected for hematocrit, compared with the minimum value observed, varied from 10 to 50%, with a geometric mean of 25%. The increases generally occurred at 6-8 months gestation, in contrast with that found for a previous cohort, characterized by very low calcium intakes, where the increases occurred at 3-6 months. Large increases in blood lead concentration were found during the postpartum period compared with those during pregnancy; blood lead concentrations increased by between 30 and 95% (geometric mean 65%; n = 8) from the minimum value observed during late pregnancy. From late pregnancy through postpartum, there were significant increases in the lead isotopic ratios from the minimum value observed during late pregnancy for 3 of 8 subjects (p < 0.01). The observed changes are considered to reflect increases in mobilization of lead from the skeleton despite calcium supplementation. The identical isotopic ratios in maternal and cord blood provide further confirmation of placental transfer of lead. The extra flux released from bone during late pregnancy and postpartum varies from 50 to 380 microg lead (geometric mean, 145 microg lead) compared with 330 microg lead in the previous cohort. For subjects replete in calcium, the delay in increase in blood lead and halving of the extra flux released from bone during late pregnancy and postpartum may provide less lead exposure to the developing fetus and newly born infant. Nevertheless, as shown in several other studies on calcium relationships with bone turnover, calcium supplementation appears to provide limited benefit for lead toxicity during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Gulson
- Graduate School of the Environment, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Ettinger AS, Téllez-Rojo MM, Amarasiriwardena C, Bellinger D, Peterson K, Schwartz J, Hu H, Hernández-Avila M. Effect of breast milk lead on infant blood lead levels at 1 month of age. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:1381-5. [PMID: 15471729 PMCID: PMC1247564 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nursing infants may be exposed to lead from breast milk, but relatively few data exist with which to evaluate and quantify this relationship. This route of exposure constitutes a potential infant hazard from mothers with current ongoing exposure to lead as well as from mothers who have been exposed previously due to the redistribution of cumulative maternal bone lead stores. We studied the relationship between maternal breast milk lead and infant blood lead levels among 255 mother-infant pairs exclusively or partially breast-feeding through 1 month of age in Mexico City. A rigorous, well-validated technique was used to collect, prepare, and analyze the samples of breast milk to minimize the potential for environmental contamination and maximize the percent recovery of lead. Umbilical cord and maternal blood lead were measured at delivery; 1 month after delivery (+/- 5 days) maternal blood, bone, and breast milk and infant blood lead levels were obtained. Levels of lead at 1 month postpartum were, for breast milk, 0.3-8.0 microg/L (mean +/- SD, 1.5 +/- 1.2); maternal blood lead, 2.9-29.9 microg/dL (mean +/- SD, 9.4 +/- 4.5); and infant blood lead, 1.0-23.1 microg/dL (mean +/- SD, 5.5 +/- 3.0). Infant blood lead at 1 month postpartum was significantly correlated with umbilical cord (Spearman correlation coefficient rS = 0.40, p < 0.0001) and maternal (rS= 0.42, p < 0.0001) blood lead at delivery and with maternal blood (rS= 0.67, p < 0.0001), patella rS = 0.19, p = 0.004), and breast milk (rS = 0.32, p < 0.0001) lead at 1 month postpartum. Adjusting for cord blood lead, infant weight change, and reported breast-feeding status, a difference of approximately 2 microg/L (ppb; from the midpoint of the lowest quartile to the midpoint of the highest quartile) breast milk lead was associated with a 0.82 microg/dL increase in blood lead for breast-feeding infants at 1 month of age. Breast milk lead accounted for 12% of the variance of infant blood lead levels, whereas maternal blood lead accounted for 30%. Although these levels of lead in breast milk were low, they clearly have a strong influence on infant blood lead levels over and above the influence of maternal blood lead. Additional information on the lead content of dietary alternatives and interactions with other nutritional factors should be considered. However, because human milk is the best and most complete nutritional source for young infants, breast-feeding should be encouraged because the absolute values of the effects are small within this range of lead concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne S Ettinger
- Environmental Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Landmark Center, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Juárez-Pérez CA, Aguilar-Madrid G, Smith DR, Lacasaña-Navarro M, Téllez-Rojo MM, Piacitteli G, Hu H, Hernández-Avila M. Predictors of plasma lead among lithographic print shop workers in Mexico City. Am J Ind Med 2004; 46:245-52. [PMID: 15307123 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma lead is considered a biological marker that reflects the fraction of lead in blood that is toxicologically available. We examined the relationship between plasma lead and other biomarkers of lead exposure in 69 lithographic print shop workers. METHODS Lead was measured in plasma and whole blood (by inductively coupled plasma-magnetic sector mass spectrometry), in bone (by 109Cd X-ray fluorescence), and in hand wipes and occupational air samples. Personal hygiene habits at work were surveyed. RESULTS Mean age was 47 years and 86% (n=59) were men. Mean lead levels were 0.3 microg/L in plasma, 11.9 microg/dL in blood, 46.7 microg/g in patella, and 27.6 microg/g in tibia. Taken together, two multivariate linear models explained 57% of variability in plasma lead levels. Predictors for the first model were lead in patella (beta = 0.006), blood (beta = 0.008), and hygiene index (beta = -0.11). Predictors for the second model were lead in tibia (beta = 0.008), blood (beta = 0.008), and hygiene index (beta = -0.13). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that accumulated bone stores and hygiene habits are both significant independent predictors of plasma lead levels in active workers at this print shop.
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Moreira FR, Moreira JC. A cinética do chumbo no organismo humano e sua importância para a saúde. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232004000100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
O chumbo é um dos contaminantes ambientais mais comuns, tóxico para os homens e animais, e sem nenhuma função fisiológica conhecida no organismo. Seus efeitos nocivos podem afetar praticamente todos os órgãos e sistemas do organismo humano. O chumbo entra no corpo principalmente por inalação ou ingestão, sendo diretamente absorvido, distribuído e excretado. Os tratos gastrointestinal e respiratório são os principais sítios de absorção do chumbo que, uma vez absorvido, é encontrado no sangue, tecidos moles e mineralizados. Cerca de 90% do chumbo corpóreo se armazena nos ossos, principal depósito do metal no corpo. Aproximadamente 5% da concentração do chumbo no sangue se situa no plasma, representando a fração lábil e biologicamente ativa do chumbo, capaz de cruzar as membranas celulares e causar seus efeitos tóxicos. O chumbo absorvido é excretado principalmente pela urina e fezes. Assim, o conhecimento da cinética do chumbo é importante para maior compreensão da toxicidade deste metal, uma vez que os riscos de efeitos adversos à saúde estão relacionados com o conteúdo corpóreo total do chumbo.
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Bernard SM, McGeehin MA. Prevalence of blood lead levels >or= 5 micro g/dL among US children 1 to 5 years of age and socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with blood of lead levels 5 to 10 micro g/dL, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Pediatrics 2003; 112:1308-13. [PMID: 14654602 DOI: 10.1542/peds.112.6.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As part of an investigation into the impact of a potential revision in federal childhood lead poisoning prevention policy that would result in screening children for blood lead levels (BLLs) >or=5 micro g/dL rather than the current 10 micro g/dL, we analyzed the most recent available, nationally representative data to identify prevalence of BLLs >or=5 micro g/dL and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of 1- to 5-year-old children with BLLs >or=5 but <10 micro g/dL. METHODS We performed statistical analyses on data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) (1988-1994) to describe trends in BLLs >or=5 micro g/dL overall and among subpopulations of children <6 years old and to compare risk factors for falling within 1 of 3 groups of children (those with BLLs >or=5 but <10 micro g/dL; >or=10 but <20 micro g/dL; and >or=20 micro g/dL) using the group reported as 0.7 to <5 micro g/dL as the referent. RESULTS Overall prevalence of BLLs >or=5 micro g/dL among 1- to 5-year-old children was 25.6%, although most (76%) of these children had BLLs <10 micro g/dL. Children with BLLs >or=5 micro g/dL included 46.8% of non-Hispanic black children, 27.9% of Mexican American children, and 18.7% of non-Hispanic white children; 42.5% of children in housing built before 1946, 38.9% of children in housing built between 1946 and 1973, and 14.1% of children in housing built after 1973 had BLLs >or=5 micro g/dL. Compared with non-Hispanic white children, non-Hispanic black children were 3 times more likely to have a BLL >or=5 but <10 micro g/dL, 7 times more likely to have a BLL of 10-20 micro g/dL, and 13.5 times more likely to have a BLL >or=20 micro g/dL. Similar increases in the association between risk factor and BLL were seen with respect to other known risk factors including age of housing, region of the country, and poverty. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of BLLs >or=5 micro g/dL overall and within US subpopulations will be an important variable in any change in screening and intervention criteria. However, most children with BLLs >or=5 micro g/dL are below the current intervention level of 10 micro g/dL. Exposure to lead from multiple sources is suggested by the prevalence of BLLs >or=5 micro g/dL but <10 micro g/dL among children with uncertain risk factors. The probable presence of one or more known risk factors for childhood lead poisoning increases as BLL increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Bernard
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2198, USA.
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Burger J, Diaz-Barriga F, Marafante E, Pounds J, Robson M. Methodologies to examine the importance of host factors in bioavailability of metals. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2003; 56:20-31. [PMID: 12915137 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-6513(03)00047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailability provides a link between intrinsic toxicity and the ability to produce that toxic effect in an organism. Biomonitoring tools are essential to assess the health of ecosystems and their component parts, including humans. While field and laboratory data are available, two critical issues to our understanding of bioavailability are often missing: 1) knowing the relationship between dose and tissue concentrations, and 2) species extrapolations. Understanding of high to low dose extrapolation is also critical. Methods to understand the importance of host factors in bioavailability of metals must assess gender, age, nutritional status, individual variability, temporal changes, and critical habitat effects. Methods to examine these variables include correlational, observational, experimental, epidemiological, and modeling studies, or a combination of these. Data gaps include developing more representative studies of human and animal populations, better analytical tools for rapid determination of metal content in the field, improved analytical characterization of metal bioavailability, and concurrent studies of different metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Burger
- Nelson Biological Laboratories, Division of Life Sciences, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, USA.
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Manton WI, Angle CR, Stanek KL, Kuntzelman D, Reese YR, Kuehnemann TJ. Release of lead from bone in pregnancy and lactation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2003; 92:139-51. [PMID: 12854694 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-9351(03)00020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and isotope ratios of lead in blood, urine, 24-h duplicate diets, and hand wipes were measured for 12 women from the second trimester of pregnancy until at least 8 months after delivery. Six bottle fed and six breast fed their infants. One bottle feeder fell pregnant for a second time, as did a breast feeder, and each was followed semicontinuously for totals of 44 and 54 months, respectively. Bone resorption rather than dietary absorption controls changes in blood lead, but in pregnancy the resorption of trabecular and cortical bone are decoupled. In early pregnancy, only trabecular bone (presumably of low lead content) is resorbed, causing blood leads to fall more than expected from hemodilution alone. In late pregnancy, the sites of resorption move to cortical bone of higher lead content and blood leads rise. In bottle feeders, the cortical bone contribution ceases immediately after delivery, but any tendency for blood leads to fall may be compensated by the effect of hemoconcentration produced by the postpartum loss of plasma volume. In lactation, the whole skeleton undergoes resorption and the blood leads of nursing mothers continue to rise, reaching a maximum 6-8 months after delivery. Blood leads fall from pregnancy to pregnancy, implying that the greatest risk of lead toxicity lies with first pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Manton
- Department of Geology, University of Texas at Dallas, Mail Drop FO21, P.O. Box 830688, Richardson, TX 75083-0688, USA.
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Hou SF, Li HR, Wang LZ, Li DZ, Yang LS, Li CZ. Contents of chemical elements in stomach during prenatal development: different age-dependent dynamical changes and their significance. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:1063-6. [PMID: 12717857 PMCID: PMC4611373 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i5.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe dynamic of different chemical elements in stomach tissue during fetal development.
METHODS: To determine contents of the 21 chemical elements in each stomach samples from fetus aging four to ten months. The content values were compared to those from adult tissue samples, and the values for each month group were also analyzed for dynamic changes.
RESULTS: Three representations were found regarding the relationship between contents of the elements and ages of the fetus, including the positive correlative (K), reversely correlative (Na, Ca, P, Al, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Sr, Li, Cd, Ba, Se) and irrelevant groups (Mg, Co, Ni, V, Pb, Ti).
CONCLUSION: The chemical elements’ contents in stomach tissues were found to change dynamically with the stomach weights. The age-dependent representations for different chemical elements during the prenatal development may be of some significance for assessing development of fetal stomach and some chemical elements. The data may be helpful for the nutritional balance of fetus and mothers during prenatal development and even the perinatal stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Fan Hou
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China.
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Todd AC, Moshier EL, Arnold M, Aro A, Chettle DR, McNeill FE, Nie H, Flemming DEB, Stronach IM. Corrections to "How to calculate lead concentration and concentration uncertainty in XRF in vivo bone lead analysis" by Kondrashov and Rothenberg. Appl Radiat Isot 2003; 58:41-50; author reply 51-4. [PMID: 12485662 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8043(02)00267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kondrashov and Rothenberg (Appl. Radiat. Isot. 55 (2001) 799) have published "a substantial correction for calculating estimates of lead concentration and uncertainty for in vivo X-ray fluorescent bone analysis with Cd-109 source" (sic). Our paper shows that their correction fails to consider two important points that render it (i) a correction to a superseded method and (ii) of limited effect. Also, their approach to a "crude" estimate produces measurement uncertainties that are implausibly small. In order that they not be propagated in the literature, our paper also corrects several misstatements and errors in Kondrashov and Rothenberg.
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48
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Hernandez-Avila M, Peterson KE, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Sanin LH, Aro A, Schnaas L, Hu H. Effect of maternal bone lead on length and head circumference of newborns and 1-month-old infants. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2002; 57:482-8. [PMID: 12641193 DOI: 10.1080/00039890209601441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The authors evaluated the effects that maternal bone lead stores have in anthropometry at birth in 223 mother-infant pairs. The participants were recruited between April and November 1994. Anthropometric data were collected within the first 12 hr following delivery. Maternal information was obtained 1 mo after delivery occurred. Bone lead burden was determined with in-vivo K-x-ray fluorescence of the tibia (cortical bone) and the patella (trabecular bone). The authors transformed anthropometric measurements to an ordinal 5-category scale, and the association of measurements with other factors was evaluated with ordinal logistic-regression models. Mean bone lead levels were 9.8 microgram/gm bone mineral and 14.4 microgram/gm bone mineral for the tibia and patella, respectively. Birth length of newborns decreased as tibia lead levels increased. Compared with women in the lower quintiles of the distribution of tibia lead, those in the upper quintile had a 79% increase in risk of having a lower birth length newborn (odds ratio = 1.79; 95% confidence interval = 1.10, 3.22). The authors adjusted by birth weight, and the effect was attenuated--but nonetheless significant. Patella lead was positively and significantly related to the risk of a low head circumference score; this score remained unaffected by inclusion of birth weight. The authors estimated the increased risk to be 1.02 per microgram lead/gm bone mineral (95% confidence interval = 1.01, 1.04 per microgram lead/gm bone mineral). Odds ratios did not vary substantially after the authors adjusted for birth weight and other important determinants of head circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Hernandez-Avila
- Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Morelos, Mexico
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Gomaa A, Hu H, Bellinger D, Schwartz J, Tsaih SW, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Schnaas L, Peterson K, Aro A, Hernandez-Avila M. Maternal bone lead as an independent risk factor for fetal neurotoxicity: a prospective study. Pediatrics 2002; 110:110-8. [PMID: 12093955 DOI: 10.1542/peds.110.1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A number of prospective studies have examined lead levels in umbilical cord blood at birth as predictors of infant mental development. Although several have found significant inverse associations, others have not. Measurement of lead levels in maternal bone, now recognized as the source of much fetal exposure, has the potential to serve as a better or complementary predictor of lead's effect on the fetus. Our objective was to compare lead levels in umbilical cord blood and maternal bone as independent predictors of infant mental development using a prospective design. METHODS We recruited women who were giving birth at 3 maternity hospitals in Mexico City that serve a homogeneous middle-class community. Umbilical cord blood lead levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, and maternal lead levels in cortical (tibial) and trabecular (patellar) bone were measured within 4 weeks of giving birth using a 109-Cd K-x-ray fluorescence instrument. At 24 months of age, each infant was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II (Spanish Version). RESULTS A total of 197 mother-infant pairs completed this portion of the study and had data on all variables of interest. After adjustment for other well-known determinants of infant neurodevelopment, including maternal age, IQ, and education; paternal education; marital status; breastfeeding duration; infant gender; and infant illness, lead levels in umbilical cord blood and trabecular bone were significantly, independently, and inversely associated with the Mental Development Index (MDI) scores of the Bayley Scale. In relation to the lowest quartile of trabecular bone lead, the second, third, and fourth quartiles were associated with 5.4-, 7.2-, and 6.5-point decrements in adjusted MDI scores. A 2-fold increase in cord blood lead level (eg, from 5 to 10 micro g/dL) was associated with a 3.1-point decrement in MDI score, which is comparable to the magnitude of effect seen in previous studies. CONCLUSION Higher maternal trabecular bone lead levels constitute an independent risk factor for impaired mental development in infants at 24 months of age. This effect is probably attributable to mobilization of maternal bone lead stores, a phenomenon that may constitute a significant public health problem in view of the long residence time of lead in bone.
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MESH Headings
- Bone and Bones/chemistry
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Child, Preschool
- Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis
- Developmental Disabilities/epidemiology
- Developmental Disabilities/etiology
- Female
- Fetal Blood/chemistry
- Fetal Diseases/diagnosis
- Fetal Diseases/epidemiology
- Fetal Diseases/etiology
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Lead/analysis
- Lead/blood
- Lead Poisoning, Nervous System/diagnosis
- Lead Poisoning, Nervous System/epidemiology
- Lead Poisoning, Nervous System/etiology
- Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/diagnosis
- Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/epidemiology
- Lead Poisoning, Nervous System, Childhood/etiology
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Prospective Studies
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gomaa
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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50
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Sánchez-Fructuoso AI, Cano M, Arroyo M, Fernández C, Prats D, Barrientos A. Lead mobilization during calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate chelation therapy in treatment of chronic lead poisoning. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40:51-8. [PMID: 12087561 DOI: 10.1053/ajkd.2002.33913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has long been established that chronic lead (Pb) poisoning is a cause of renal insufficiency. However, although easily diagnosed, there is still no treatment available that will revert this type of poisoning. We report a study performed on 56 male Wistar rats administered Pb in drinking water (500 ppm Pb acetate) over a 90-day period. Twenty-one non-Pb-exposed animals served as the control group. Seven animals from each group were killed days 60 and 90. At the end of the 90-day period, 21 of the Pb-exposed animals were treated with disodium monocalcium EDTA (50 mg/kg/d for 5 days) intraperitoneally and 21 animals were administered serum saline by the same route. Three treatment courses were administered, separated by 9 days free of treatment. Seven animals from each subgroup were killed at the end of each treatment course. Pb levels were determined in blood, urine, liver, brain, kidney, and bone. Treatment with EDTA led to a greater and more rapid reduction in Pb contents in the brain and kidney. The decrease in hepatic Pb levels in the treated group of animals was similar to that in the group administered placebo. Bone Pb levels also failed to show a response to the chelating agent. Use of EDTA appears to result in a reduction in Pb deposits in such critical organs as the kidney and brain. However, the chelating agent does not seem to have access to bone Pb deposits, such that the skeleton becomes a permanent source of poisoning for other tissues.
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