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Samimi M, Benlalam H, Aumond P, Gaboriaud P, Fradin D, Kervarrec T, Florenceau L, Vignard V, Blom A, Touzé A, Gervois N, Labarriere N. Viral and tumor antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses in Merkel cell carcinoma. Cell Immunol 2019; 344:103961. [PMID: 31472938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive cutaneous cancer, which is immunogenic, regardless of the presence of MCPyV (80% of cases). The identification of MCC-specific epitopes recognized by CD8 T cells is crucial to expand the arsenal of immunotherapeutic treatments. Until now, most efforts focused on the identification of virus-specific epitopes, whereas immune responses directed against shared cellular tumor-specific antigens have not been evidenced. In this study, we measured T-cell responses against viral (n = 3) and tumor antigens (n = 47) from TILs derived from 21 MCC tumors. Virus-specific CD8 T-cell responses dominated MCC-specific immune responses, and we identified two new HLA-peptide complexes derived from the LT antigen, located in a region encompassing 3 previously identified epitopes. Finally, we show that MAGE-A3 antigen, frequently expressed by MCC tumors, was recognized by CD8 TILs from a virus-negative MCC tumor and thus could be a target for immunotherapy in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Samimi
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Laboratoire "Biologie des infections à polyomavirus", ISP1282 INRA Université de Tours, France; Dermatology Department, University of Tours, CHU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Houssem Benlalam
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France.
| | - Pascal Aumond
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Pauline Gaboriaud
- Laboratoire "Biologie des infections à polyomavirus", ISP1282 INRA Université de Tours, France
| | - Delphine Fradin
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Thibault Kervarrec
- Laboratoire "Biologie des infections à polyomavirus", ISP1282 INRA Université de Tours, France; Pathology Department, University of Tours, CHU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Laetitia Florenceau
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Vignard
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Astrid Blom
- Dermatology Department, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Touzé
- Laboratoire "Biologie des infections à polyomavirus", ISP1282 INRA Université de Tours, France
| | - Nadine Gervois
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Labarriere
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
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Identifying Antigens Recognized by Cytolytic T Lymphocytes on Tumors. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31147940 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9450-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Identification of antigenic peptides recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) is a prerequisite for the development of targeted cancer immunotherapy approaches. This chapter provides a global approach for the identification of peptides recognized by CTL. It implies the identification of the HLA molecule presenting the peptide as well as the design and screening of a cDNA library derived from the tumor cells. Methods used for the identification of spliced peptides on tumors are also described.
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Shaw VE, Naisbitt DJ, Costello E, Greenhalf W, Park BK, Neoptolemos JP, Middleton GW. Current status of GV1001 and other telomerase vaccination strategies in the treatment of cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 9:1007-16. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Identification of antigenic peptides recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) is a prerequisite for the development of targeted cancer immunotherapy approaches. This chapter provides a global approach for the identification of peptides recognized by CTL. It implies the identification of the HLA molecule presenting the peptide as well as the design and screening of a cDNA library derived from the tumor cells.
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Adequate antigen availability: a key issue for novel approaches to tumor vaccination and tumor immunotherapy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 8:28-36. [PMID: 23224729 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A crucial parameter for activation of the anti-tumor immune response is an adequate antigen availability (AAA) defined here as the optimal tumor antigen dose and related antigen processing and MHC-II-restricted presentation necessary to efficiently trigger tumor-specific TH cells. We will discuss two distinct experimental systems: a) a preventive anti-tumor vaccination system; b) a therapy-induced anti-tumor vaccination approach. In the first case tumor cells are rendered constitutively MHC-II+ by transfecting them with the MHC-II transcriptional activator CIITA. Here AAA is generated by the function of tumor's newly expressed MHC-II molecules to present tumor-associated antigens to tumor-specific TH cells. In the second case, AAA is generated by treating established tumors with neovasculature-targeted TNFα. In conjuction with Melphalan, targeted TNFα delivery produces extensive areas of tumor necrosis that generate AAA capable of optimally activate tumor-specific TH cells which in turn activate CTL immune effectors. In both experimental systems tumor rejection and persistent and long-lived TH cell anti-tumor memory, responsible of defending the animals from subsequent challenges with tumor cells, are achieved. Based on these and other investigators' results we propose that AAA is a key element for triggering adaptive immune functions resulting in subversion from a pro-tumor to an anti-tumor microenvironment, tumor rejection and acquisition of anti-tumor immune memory. Hypotheses of neuro-immune networks involved in these approaches are discussed. These considerations are important also for the comprehension of how chemotherapy and/or radiation therapies may help to block and/or to eradicate the tumor and for the construction of suitable anti-tumor vaccine strategies.
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Allard M, Tonnerre P, Nedellec S, Oger R, Morice A, Guilloux Y, Houssaint E, Charreau B, Gervois N. HLA-E-restricted cross-recognition of allogeneic endothelial cells by CMV-associated CD8 T cells: a potential risk factor following transplantation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50951. [PMID: 23226431 PMCID: PMC3511380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although association between CMV infection and allograft rejection is well admitted, the precise mechanisms involved remain uncertain. Here, we report the characterization of an alloreactive HLA-E-restricted CD8 T cell population that was detected in the PBL of a kidney transplant patient after its CMV conversion. This monoclonal CD8 T cell population represents a sizable fraction in the blood (3% of PBL) and is characterized by an effector-memory phenotype and the expression of multiple NK receptors. Interestingly, these unconventional T cells display HLA-E-dependent reactivity against peptides derived from the leader sequences of both various HCMV-UL40 and allogeneic classical HLA-I molecules. Consequently, while HLA-E-restricted CD8 T cells have potential to contribute to the control of CMV infection in vivo, they may also directly mediate graft rejection through recognition of peptides derived from allogeneic HLA-I molecules on graft cells. Therefore, as HLA-E expression in nonlymphoid organs is mainly restricted to endothelial cells, we investigated the reactivity of this HLA-E-restricted T cell population towards allogeneic endothelial cells. We clearly demonstrated that CMV-associated HLA-E-restricted T cells efficiently recognized and killed allogeneic endothelial cells in vitro. Moreover, our data indicate that this alloreactivity is tightly regulated by NK receptors, especially by inhibitory KIR2DL2 that strongly prevents TCR-induced activation through recognition of HLA-C molecules. Hence, a better evaluation of the role of CMV-associated HLA-E-restricted T cells in transplantation and of the impact of HLA-genotype, especially HLA-C, on their alloreactivity may determine whether they indeed represent a risk factor following organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Allard
- Inserm, U892, Nantes, France
- Univ Nantes, Nantes, France
- CNRS, UMR 6299, Nantes, France
| | | | - Steven Nedellec
- Inserm, U892, Nantes, France
- Univ Nantes, Nantes, France
- CNRS, UMR 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Romain Oger
- Inserm, U892, Nantes, France
- Univ Nantes, Nantes, France
- CNRS, UMR 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis Morice
- Inserm, U892, Nantes, France
- Univ Nantes, Nantes, France
- CNRS, UMR 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Yannick Guilloux
- Inserm, U892, Nantes, France
- Univ Nantes, Nantes, France
- CNRS, UMR 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Elisabeth Houssaint
- Inserm, U892, Nantes, France
- Univ Nantes, Nantes, France
- CNRS, UMR 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Béatrice Charreau
- Univ Nantes, Nantes, France
- Inserm, U1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nadine Gervois
- Inserm, U892, Nantes, France
- Univ Nantes, Nantes, France
- CNRS, UMR 6299, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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Accolla RS, Tosi G. Optimal MHC-II-restricted tumor antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells: the key issue for development of anti-tumor vaccines. J Transl Med 2012; 10:154. [PMID: 22849661 PMCID: PMC3478985 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Present immunoprevention and immunotherapeutic approaches against cancer suffer from the limitation of being not “sterilizing” procedures, as very poor protection against the tumor is obtained. Thus newly conceived anti-tumor vaccination strategies are urgently needed. In this review we will focus on ways to provide optimal MHC class II-restricted tumor antigen presentation to CD4+ T helper cells as a crucial parameter to get optimal and protective adaptive immune response against tumor. Through the description of successful preventive or therapeutic experimental approaches to vaccinate the host against the tumor we will show that optimal activation of MHC class II-restricted tumor specific CD4+ T helper cells can be achieved in various ways. Interestingly, the success in tumor eradication and/or growth arrest generated by classical therapies such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy in some instances can be re-interpreted on the basis of an adaptive immune response induced by providing suitable access of tumor-associated antigens to MHC class II molecules. Therefore, focussing on strategies to generate better and suitable MHC class II–restricted activation of tumor specific CD4+ T helper cells may have an important impact on fighting and defeating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto S Accolla
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi, n.9, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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Ciantar JP, Mannering SI. An improved method for growing and analysing human antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell clones. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:906-12. [PMID: 22069283 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell clones are valuable tools for investigating T-cell specificity in type 1 diabetes. Efficient methods for isolating T-cell clones have been developed, but growing enough cells to undertake a detailed analysis remains a challenge. METHODS We optimized the conditions for isolating and growing antigen-specific human CD4+ effector T-cell clones. T-cell clones were isolated by FACS sorting antigen-responsive cells identified by carboxylfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution. The cloning efficiency was compared between T cells cloned in the presence of 21 different combinations of cytokines. Following cloning, the growth of cloned T cells in the presence of seven different combinations of cytokines was compared. Finally, we sought a quicker and more sensitive assay to measure cloned T cells' responses to antigen. RESULTS IL-2+IL-4 were optimal for cloning antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Following cloning, the most antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell clones grew in the presence of IL-15+IL-21. Antigen recognition by T cells cloned and grown under these conditions was readily detected by the increase in the expression of CD25. Induction of CD25 was a more sensitive measure of antigen recognition than 3H-thymidine incorporation assays. These findings were confirmed with two proinsulin-specific CD4+ T-cell clones isolated from an individual with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSION The optimal cytokines for isolating, and growing, proinsulin-specific human, CD4+ T-cell clones are IL-2+IL-4 and IL-15+IL-21, respectively. Antigen recognition, by clones isolated and grown under these conditions is best detected by the induction of CD25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Ciantar
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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Hamilton D, Ismail N, Kroeger D, Rudulier C, Bretscher P. Macroimmunology and immunotherapy of cancer. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:367-83. [PMID: 20635957 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), associated with Th1 responses, are the most important mediators of resistance against most tumors. We argue that most murine tumors grow progressively when a significant Th2 component to their immune response develops, which is associated with the downregulation of the CTL response. We outline recent evidence that strongly supports this Th2-skewing hypothesis as the prevalent mechanism of tumor escape in murine systems. We describe the conceptual grounds and evidence for the 'threshold hypothesis' that proposes how the Th1/Th2 phenotype of an immune response generated against 'nonliving' antigens is determined. We suggest that this threshold hypothesis also accurately describes how the Th1/Th2 phenotype of murine antitumor immune responses is determined, as this hypothesis can account for the critical and known features of these immune responses. The efficacy of several manipulations that prevent or arrest progressive tumor growth in murine models, through their effects on the antitumor immune response, can be understood within the context of the threshold hypothesis. Indirect evidence supports the view that similar relationships between cancers and the immune system are present in humans. We propose means by which these insights can be employed to optimize the harnessing of protective Th1 CTL immunity against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane Hamilton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Abstract
The pathogenic Theileria species Theileria parva and T. annulata infect bovine leukocytes and erythrocytes causing acute, often fatal lymphoproliferative diseases in cattle. The parasites are of interest not only because of their economic importance as pathogens, but also because of their unique ability to transform the leukocytes they infect. The latter property allows parasitized leukocytes to be cultured as continuously growing cell lines in vitro, thus providing an amenable in vitro system to study the parasite/host cell relationship and parasite-specific cellular immune responses. This paper summarizes important advances in knowledge of the immunobiology of these parasites over the last 40 years, focusing particularly on areas of relevance to vaccination.
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11
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Godet Y, Bonnin A, Guilloux Y, Vignard V, Schadendorf D, Dreno B, Jotereau F, Labarriere N. A new tyrosinase epitope recognized in the HLA-B*4002 context by CTL from melanoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:271-80. [PMID: 18612636 PMCID: PMC11031056 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma reactive CTL were obtained by stimulating PBL from a melanoma patient in remission since 1994 following adjuvant TIL immunotherapy, with the autologous melanoma cell line. They were cloned by limiting dilution. One CTL clone recognized melanoma cell lines expressing tyrosinase and the B*4002 molecule, either spontaneously or upon transfection. We demonstrated that this clone recognizes the tyrosinase-derived nonapeptide 316-324 (ADVEFCLSL) and the overlapping decapeptide 315-324 (SADVEFCLSL). We derived two distinct additional specific CTL clones from this same patient that were also reactive against B*4002 melanoma cell lines, suggesting a relative diversity of this specific repertoire in this patient. Stimulating PBMC derived from four additional B*4002 melanoma patients with the tyrosinase 316-324 nonapeptide induced the growth of specific cells for two of the patients, demonstrating the immunogenicity of this new epitope. Our data show that this nonapeptide is a new tool that could be used to generate melanoma-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy or serve as a peptide vaccine for HLA-B*4002 melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Godet
- INSERM U892, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France
| | | | - Yannik Guilloux
- INSERM U892, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté des Sciences, 44322 Nantes, France
| | | | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center and University Hospital Mannheim, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brigitte Dreno
- INSERM U892, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France
- CHU of Nantes, Unit of Skin Cancer, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Francine Jotereau
- INSERM U892, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France
- Université de Nantes, Faculté des Sciences, 44322 Nantes, France
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Hamilton DH, Bretscher PA. Different immune correlates associated with tumor progression and regression: implications for prevention and treatment of cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1125-36. [PMID: 18188562 PMCID: PMC11029879 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Observations show that humans and animals respond immunologically to most cancers. Why does the immune system then fail to control cancer? We argue from the literature that there is a commonality in the regulation of responses against most murine tumors, and that a major mechanism of escape may be deviation of an effective Th1, cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to a less effective response with a Th2 component. We examined this hypothesis with two well-studied murine tumors. We found, following primary tumor implantation, that resistance correlates with Th1 responses and IgG2a antibody production and progression with mixed Th1/Th2 responses and production of IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. Resistance is associated with a modulation of the anti-tumor response towards the Th1 pole in both systems. We conclude that the immune responses against these two tumors are in accord with our hypothesis, and argue that this is likely to be true of many human and murine tumors. The correlation of IgG isotype of anti-tumor antibody with the Th1/Th2 nature of the anti-tumor response readily allows one to longitudinally monitor the changing nature of the anti-tumor response. We suggest that such monitoring can guide immunotherapy to maximize the effectiveness of the host's immune response against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane H. Hamilton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Peter A. Bretscher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5E5
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Morrison WI, McKeever DJ. Current status of vaccine development against Theileria parasites. Parasitology 2007; 133 Suppl:S169-87. [PMID: 17274845 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The tick-borne protozoan parasites Theileria parva and Theileria annulata cause economically important diseases of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Because of shortcomings in disease control measures based on therapy and tick control, there is a demand for effective vaccines against these diseases. Vaccines using live parasites have been available for over two decades, but despite their undoubted efficacy they have not been used on a large scale. Lack of infrastructure for vaccine production and distribution, as well as concerns about the introduction of vaccine parasite strains into local tick populations have curtailed the use of these vaccines. More recently, research has focused on the development of subunit vaccines. Studies of immune responses to different stages of the parasites have yielded immunological probes that have been used to identify candidate vaccine antigens. Immunisation of cattle with antigens expressed in the sporozoite, schizont or merozoite stages has resulted in varying degrees of protection against challenge. Although the levels of protection achieved have not been sufficient to allow exploitation for vaccination, there are clearly further lines of investigation, relating to both the choice of antigens and the antigen delivery systems employed, that need to be pursued to fully explore the potential of the candidate vaccines. Improved knowledge of the molecular biology and immunology of the parasites gained during the course of these studies has also opened up opportunities to refine and improve the quality of live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Morrison
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Abstract
Several mechanisms that impair the immune response to promote tumour progression are reported. These mechanisms aim to reduce the ability of antigen-presenting cells to present antigen and activate naïve T cells to support an active immune response or to create a suppressive environment that induce non-functional tumour-associated antigen-specific T cells. Prostate cancer (PC) alone accounts for 33% of incident cancer cases and about 9% of all cancer-related deaths among men in the USA during 2006. Whereas androgen deprivation has remained the first line of therapy for advanced PC, other therapies are still required due to progression to an androgen-resistant state and eventually loss of control in patients receiving hormonal therapy. Immunotherapy seems to be a promising approach to enhance tumour-specific T-cell responses in different cancers including prostate. More importantly, clinical trials in advanced PC patients have shown that immunotherapy may generate significant clinical responses. Immunology and immunotherapy aspects of PC with focus on prostate-specific antigen will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elkord
- CRUK Immunology Department, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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15
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Benlalam H, Vignard V, Khammari A, Bonnin A, Godet Y, Pandolfino MC, Jotereau F, Dreno B, Labarrière N. Infusion of Melan-A/Mart-1 specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes enhanced relapse-free survival of melanoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:515-26. [PMID: 16874485 PMCID: PMC11030260 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive therapy of cancer has been mostly tested in advanced cancer patients using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Following discouraging results likely due to poor tumor-specificity of TIL and/or high tumor burden, recent studies reiterate the enormous potential of this therapy, particularly in melanoma. We had performed a phase II/III randomised trial on 88 stage III melanoma patients, who received autologous TIL plus IL-2 or IL-2 alone, after complete tumour resection. We reported previously clinical and immunological results supporting the ability of tumor reactive TIL infusion to prevent further development of the melanoma disease and to increase overall survival of patients bearing only one tumor invaded lymph node. The absence of correlation between overall and disease-free survival and the amount of infused tumor-specific TIL suggested that therapeutic efficiency might depend on other parameters such as antigen specificity, function or persistence of TIL. Here we studied the recognition of a panel of 38 shared tumor-associated antigens (TAA) by TIL infused to the patients included in this assay, in order to determine if treatment outcome could correlate with particular antigen specificities of infused TIL. Results show that the infusion of Melan-A/MART-1 reactive TIL appears to be associated with a longer relapse-free survival for HLA-A2 patients. These results further support the relevance of Melan-A/MART-1 antigen as a prime target for immunotherapy protocols in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amir Khammari
- INSERM U601, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
- CHU of Nantes, Unit of Skin Cancer, 44093 Nantes, France
| | | | - Yann Godet
- INSERM U601, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | | | - Francine Jotereau
- INSERM U601, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
- Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Brigitte Dreno
- INSERM U601, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
- CHU of Nantes, Unit of Skin Cancer, 44093 Nantes, France
- CHU of Nantes, Unit of cell and gene therapy, 44093 Nantes, France
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16
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Graham SP, Honda Y, Pellé R, Mwangi DM, Glew EJ, de Villiers EP, Shah T, Bishop R, van der Bruggen P, Nene V, Taracha ELN. A novel strategy for the identification of antigens that are recognised by bovine MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T cells in a protozoan infection using reverse vaccinology. Immunome Res 2007; 3:2. [PMID: 17291333 PMCID: PMC1802067 DOI: 10.1186/1745-7580-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunity against the bovine protozoan parasite Theileria parva has previously been shown to be mediated through lysis of parasite-infected cells by MHC class I restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. It is hypothesized that identification of CTL target schizont antigens will aid the development of a sub-unit vaccine. We exploited the availability of the complete genome sequence data and bioinformatics tools to identify genes encoding secreted or membrane anchored proteins that may be processed and presented by the MHC class I molecules of infected cells to CTL. Results Of the 986 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) encoded by chromosome 1 of the T. parva genome, 55 were selected based on the presence of a signal peptide and/or a transmembrane helix domain. Thirty six selected ORFs were successfully cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector, transiently transfected into immortalized bovine skin fibroblasts and screened in vitro using T. parva-specific CTL. Recognition of gene products by CTL was assessed using an IFN-γ ELISpot assay. A 525 base pair ORF encoding a 174 amino acid protein, designated Tp2, was identified by T. parva-specific CTL from 4 animals. These CTL recognized and lysed Tp2 transfected skin fibroblasts and recognized 4 distinct epitopes. Significantly, Tp2 specific CD8+ T cell responses were observed during the protective immune response against sporozoite challenge. Conclusion The identification of an antigen containing multiple CTL epitopes and its apparent immunodominance during a protective anti-parasite response makes Tp2 an attractive candidate for evaluation of its vaccine potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Graham
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Yoshikazu Honda
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Roger Pellé
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Duncan M Mwangi
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - E Jane Glew
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Trushar Shah
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Richard Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Pierre van der Bruggen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research – Brussels branch, Avenue Hippocrate 74 – UCL 7459, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Evans LN Taracha
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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17
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Slager EH, Honders MW, van der Meijden ED, van Luxemburg-Heijs SAP, Kloosterboer FM, Kester MGD, Jedema I, Marijt WAE, Schaafsma MR, Willemze R, Falkenburg JHF. Identification of the angiogenic endothelial-cell growth factor-1/thymidine phosphorylase as a potential target for immunotherapy of cancer. Blood 2006; 107:4954-60. [PMID: 16497972 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the antigens recognized by tumor-reactive T cells isolated from patients successfully treated with allogeneic HLA-matched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) can lead to the identification of clinically relevant target molecules. We isolated tumor-reactive cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cell (CTL) clones from a patient successfully treated with donor lymphocyte infusion for relapsed multiple myeloma after allogeneic HLA-matched SCT. Using cDNA expression cloning, the target molecule of an HLA-B7-restricted CTL clone was identified. The CTL clone recognized a minor histocompatibility antigen produced by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the angiogenic endothelial-cell growth factor-1 (ECGF1) gene also known as thymidine phosphorylase. The SNP leads to an Arg-to-His substitution in an alternatively translated peptide that is recognized by the CTL. The ECGF1 gene is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells, although low expression can also be detected in other tissues. The patient from whom this CTL clone was isolated had mild graft-versus-host disease despite high numbers of circulating ECGF-1-specific T cells as detected by tetramer staining. Because solid tumors expressing ECGF-1 could also be lysed by the CTL, ECGF-1 is an interesting target for immunotherapy of both hematologic and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth H Slager
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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18
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Graham SP, Pellé R, Honda Y, Mwangi DM, Tonukari NJ, Yamage M, Glew EJ, de Villiers EP, Shah T, Bishop R, Abuya E, Awino E, Gachanja J, Luyai AE, Mbwika F, Muthiani AM, Ndegwa DM, Njahira M, Nyanjui JK, Onono FO, Osaso J, Saya RM, Wildmann C, Fraser CM, Maudlin I, Gardner MJ, Morzaria SP, Loosmore S, Gilbert SC, Audonnet JC, van der Bruggen P, Nene V, Taracha ELN. Theileria parva candidate vaccine antigens recognized by immune bovine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3286-91. [PMID: 16492763 PMCID: PMC1413922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511273103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
East Coast fever, caused by the tick-borne intracellular apicomplexan parasite Theileria parva, is a highly fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle. The pathogenic schizont-induced lymphocyte transformation is a unique cancer-like condition that is reversible with parasite removal. Schizont-infected cell-directed CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) constitute the dominant protective bovine immune response after a single exposure to infection. However, the schizont antigens targeted by T. parva-specific CTL are undefined. Here we show the identification of five candidate vaccine antigens that are the targets of MHC class I-restricted CD8(+) CTL from immune cattle. CD8(+) T cell responses to these antigens were boosted in T. parva-immune cattle resolving a challenge infection and, when used to immunize naïve cattle, induced CTL responses that significantly correlated with survival from a lethal parasite challenge. These data provide a basis for developing a CTL-targeted anti-East Coast fever subunit vaccine. In addition, orthologs of these antigens may be vaccine targets for other apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Graham
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Roger Pellé
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Yoshikazu Honda
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Duncan M. Mwangi
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Mat Yamage
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - E. Jane Glew
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Trushar Shah
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Richard Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Evelyne Abuya
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Elias Awino
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - James Gachanja
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Anthony E. Luyai
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Ferdinand Mbwika
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Anthony M. Muthiani
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - David M. Ndegwa
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Moses Njahira
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - John K. Nyanjui
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Fredrick O. Onono
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Julius Osaso
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Rosemary M. Saya
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Claude Wildmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Avenue Hippocrate 74, UCL 7459, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claire M. Fraser
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Ian Maudlin
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J. Gardner
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Subhash P. Morzaria
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Sheena Loosmore
- Sanofi Pasteur, Connaught Campus, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, North York, Toronto, ON, Canada M2R 3T4; and
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Christophe Audonnet
- Discovery Research, Merial SAS, Lyon Gerland Laboratory, 254, Rue Marcel Merieux, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Pierre van der Bruggen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Avenue Hippocrate 74, UCL 7459, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Evans L. N. Taracha
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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19
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Corvaisier M, Moreau-Aubry A, Diez E, Bennouna J, Mosnier JF, Scotet E, Bonneville M, Jotereau F. V gamma 9V delta 2 T cell response to colon carcinoma cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5481-8. [PMID: 16210656 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During analysis of CD8 T cells derived from ascites of a colon cancer patient, we isolated a Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell clone showing strong reactivity against autologous tumor cell lines. This clone killed a large fraction of allogeneic colon carcinoma and melanoma cell lines, but did not affect a normal colon cell line, colon fibroblasts, or melanocytes. Tumor cell recognition was TCR and NKG2D dependent and induced TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma secretion by the clone; accordingly, tumor targets expressed several NKG2D ligands, such as MHC class I chain-related gene A and UL16-binding protein molecules. Colon tumor recognition by Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells was highly dependent on isopentenyl pyrophosphate production and ICAM-1 expression by target cells. Finally, similar reactivity patterns against colon carcinoma cell lines were observed using polyclonal Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells of various origins, and Vgamma9Vdelta2 lymphocytes were present in the majority of colon tumor samples studied. Together, these results suggest that Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells contribute to the natural immune surveillance against colon cancers. Therefore, this study provides a strong rationale for the use of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell agonists in immunotherapies targeting colon tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Corvaisier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 601, Nantes, France
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20
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Türeci O, Mack U, Luxemburger U, Heinen H, Krummenauer F, Sester M, Sester U, Sybrecht GW, Sahin U. Humoral immune responses of lung cancer patients against tumor antigen NY-ESO-1. Cancer Lett 2005; 236:64-71. [PMID: 15992994 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 05/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cancer-associated antigen NY-ESO-1 is expressed in a number of malignancies of different histological type. Patients with NY-ESO-1 expressing tumors have been shown to bear circulating autoantibodies against this antigen. In this study, we have assessed the NY-ESO-I autoantibody response in patients with lung cancer by a serum ELISA. Using a serum dilution of 1:400 we detected seroreactivity in 35 of 175 (20%) of patients. Incidence of autoantibodies was significantly higher in patients suffering from non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, 23%) as compared to those with small cell lung cancer (SCLC, 9%). In the NSCLC group, NY-ESO-I antibody was significantly more frequent in patients with undifferentiated tumors (40%) as compared to patients with either adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma (15 and 29%). Our observations indicate that induction of NY-ESO-I autoantibodies depends on the histological subtype within a given tumor entity.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Aged
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/blood
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/blood
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Female
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/blood
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Middle Aged
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Türeci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacherstr.63, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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21
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Vigneron N, Ooms A, Morel S, Ma W, Degiovanni G, Van den Eynde BJ. A peptide derived from melanocytic protein gp100 and presented by HLA-B35 is recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes on melanoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 65:156-62. [PMID: 15713214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A panel of autologous cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones have been isolated from blood lymphocytes of a melanoma patient after in vitro stimulation with autologous tumor cells. We previously reported the molecular definition of three distinct antigens recognized by some of these CTL clones. We describe here, the identification of a fourth antigenic peptide expressed by this melanoma line and recognized by a CTL clone restricted by HLA-B*3503. The antigenic peptide, which is nine-amino acid long, has the sequence LPHSSSHWL and is derived from melanocyte differentiation antigen gp100. As HLA-B35 is one of the most frequent HLA-B alleles, being present in 20% of the Caucasian individuals, this peptide may be a good target for peptide-based immunotherapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vigneron
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Benlalam H, Linard B, Guilloux Y, Moreau-Aubry A, Derré L, Diez E, Dreno B, Jotereau F, Labarrière N. Identification of five new HLA-B*3501-restricted epitopes derived from common melanoma-associated antigens, spontaneously recognized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:6283-9. [PMID: 14634146 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.6283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously described HLA-B35-restricted melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte responses to frequently expressed melanoma-associated Ags: tyrosinase, Melan-A/MART-1, gp100, MAGE-A3/MAGE-A6, and NY-ESO-1. Using clones derived from these TIL, we identified in this study the corresponding epitopes. We show that five of these epitopes are new and that melanoma cells naturally present all the six epitopes. Interestingly, five of these epitopes correspond to or encompass melanoma-associated Ag epitopes presented in other HLA contexts, such as A2, A1, B51, and Cw3. In particular, the HLA-B35-restricted Melan-A epitope is mimicked by the peptide 26-35, already known as the most immunodominant melanoma epitope in the HLA-A*0201 context. Because this peptide lacked adequate anchor amino acid residues for efficient binding to HLA-B35, modified peptides were designed. Two of these analogues were found to induce higher PBL- and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte-specific responses than the parental peptide, suggesting that they could be more immunogenic in HLA-B*3501 melanoma patients. These data have important implications for the formulation of polypeptide-based vaccines as well as for the monitoring of melanoma-specific CTL response in HLA-B*3501 melanoma patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- COS Cells
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/isolation & purification
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- HLA-B35 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-B35 Antigen/isolation & purification
- HLA-B35 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- MART-1 Antigen
- Melanoma/enzymology
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Monophenol Monooxygenase/immunology
- Monophenol Monooxygenase/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Proteins/immunology
- Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssem Benlalam
- Unit Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 463, Nantes, France
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23
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Zhang T, He X, Tsang TC, Harris DT. SING: a novel strategy for identifying tumor-specific, CTL-recognized tumor antigens. FASEB J 2004; 18:600-2. [PMID: 14734636 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0881fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional methods for identifying T cell-recognized tumor antigens (Ags) are laborious and time-consuming. In an attempt to simplify the procedure, a novel strategy, SING (SIgnal transduction molecule-mediated, NFAT-controlled, GFP expression) was established as a direct approach for cloning T cell-recognized tumor Ags. In the SING system, a mouse T cell line (BW5147) was transduced with a chimeric H-2Kb construct containing T cell-signaling domains and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene under the transcriptional control of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). The resultant BW5147 cells were named BS cells. This cell line could "sense" TCR stimulation through the T cell-signaling domains after coculture with Ag-specific T cells and then become fluorescent (expressing green fluorescence protein, GFP+) in the presence of Ag peptides. The interaction between BS cells and Ag-specific T cells could be enhanced by addition of costimulatory signals. Currently, BS cells have been optimized to "sense" TCR stimulation after being pulsed with the relevant peptides at concentrations as low as 10(-9) M. Endogenous Ag-expressing BS cells could also become fluorescent after coculture with Ag-specific T cells. Our results provide a proof of principle for using the SING system to directly isolate Ag-expressing BS cells from BS cell repertoires, which are retrovirally transduced with tumor-derived cDNA libraries. Once tumor Ag-marked BS cells are identified, the sequences encoding tumor Ags could be easily retrieved by PCR amplification of the genomic DNA using vector-specific primers.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- Coculture Techniques
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Egg Proteins/immunology
- Exocytosis/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Hybridomas/pathology
- Ionomycin/pharmacology
- Luminescent Proteins/biosynthesis
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Macrolides/pharmacology
- Mice
- NFATC Transcription Factors
- Nuclear Proteins
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Gene Therapy Group, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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24
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Zöller M. Immunotherapy of cancer by active vaccination: does allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after non-myeloablative conditioning provide a new option? Technol Cancer Res Treat 2003; 2:237-60. [PMID: 12779354 DOI: 10.1177/153303460300200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of antigen-specific T cells in cancer immunotherapy has been amply demonstrated in many model systems. Though success of clinical trials still remains far behind expectation, the continuous improvement in our understanding of the biology of the immune response will provide the basis of optimized cancer vaccines and allow for new modalities of cancer treatment. This review focuses on the current status of active therapeutic vaccination and future prospects. The latter will mainly be concerned with allogeneic bone marrow cell transplantation after non-myeloablative conditioning, because it is my belief that this approach could provide a major breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy. Concerning active vaccination protocols the following aspects will be addressed: i) the targets of immunotherapeutic approaches; ii) the response elements needed for raising a therapeutically successful immune reaction; iii) ways to achieve an optimal confrontation of the immune system with the tumor and iv) supportive regimen of immunomodulation. Hazards which one is most frequently confronted with in trials to attack tumors with the inherent weapon of immune defense will only be briefly mentioned. Many question remain to be answered in the field of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after non-myeloablative conditioning to optimize the therapeutic setting for this likely very powerful tool of cancer therapy. Current considerations to improve engraftment and to reduce graft versus host disease while strengthening graft versus tumor reactivity will be briefly reviewed. Finally, I will discuss whether tumor-reactive T cells can be "naturally" maintained during the process of T cell maturation in the allogeneic host. Provided this hypothesis can be substantiated, a T cell vaccine will meet a pool of virgin T cells in the allogeneically reconstituted host, which are tolerant towards the host, but not anergised towards tumor antigens presented by MHC molecules of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Zöller
- Dept. of Tumor Progression & Immune Defense, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Castelli
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
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26
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Ponsaerts P, Van den Bosch G, Cools N, Van Driessche A, Nijs G, Lenjou M, Lardon F, Van Broeckhoven C, Van Bockstaele DR, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VFI. Messenger RNA electroporation of human monocytes, followed by rapid in vitro differentiation, leads to highly stimulatory antigen-loaded mature dendritic cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:1669-75. [PMID: 12165485 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.4.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional Ag-capturing and -presenting cells of the immune system. Because of their exceptional capability of activating tumor-specific T cells, cancer vaccination research is now shifting toward the formulation of a clinical human DC vaccine. We developed a short term and serum-free culture protocol for rapid generation of fully mature, viable, and highly stimulatory CD83(+) DC. Human monocytes were cultured for 24 h in serum-free AIM-V medium, followed by 24-h maturation by polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (polyI:C). Short term cultured, polyI:C-maturated DC, far more than immature DC, showed typical mature DC markers and high allogeneic stimulatory capacity and had high autologous stimulatory capacity in an influenza model system using peptide-pulsed DC. Electroporation of mRNA as an Ag-loading strategy in these cells was optimized using mRNA encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Monocytes electroporated with EGFP mRNA, followed by short term, serum-free differentiation to mature DC, had a phenotype of DC, and all showed positive EGFP fluorescence. Influenza matrix protein mRNA-electroporated monocytes cultured serum-free and maturated with polyI:C showed high stimulatory capacity in autologous T cell activation experiments. In conclusion, the present short term and serum-free ex vivo DC culture protocol in combination with mRNA electroporation at the monocyte stage imply an important reduction in time and consumables for preparation of Ag-loaded mature DC compared with classical DC culture protocols and might find application in clinical immunotherapy settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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27
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Yang S, Linette GP, Longerich S, Haluska FG. Antimelanoma activity of CTL generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after stimulation with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with melanoma gp100 peptide G209-2M is correlated to TCR avidity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:531-9. [PMID: 12077285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Anchor residue-modified peptides derived from tumor-associated Ag have demonstrated success in engendering immune responses in clinical studies. However, tumor regression does not always correlate with immune responses. One hypothesis to explain this is that CTL resulting from such immunization approaches are variable in antitumor potency. In the present study, we evaluated this hypothesis by characterizing the activity of tumor-associated Ag-specific CTL. We chose an anchor residue-modified peptide from gp100, G209-2M, and used peptide-pulsed dendritic cells to generate CTL from PBMC of HLA-A2(+) normal donors. The specificities and avidities of the resulting CTL were evaluated. The results demonstrate that CTL generated by G209-2M can be classified into three categories: G209-2M-specific CTL which are cytotoxic only to G209-2M-pulsed targets; peptide-specific CTL which recognize both G209 and G209-2M peptides but not melanomas; and melanoma-reactive CTL which recognize peptide-pulsed targets as well as HLA-A2(+)gp100(+) melanomas. CTL that kill only peptide-pulsed targets require a higher peptide concentration to mediate target lysis, whereas CTL that lyse melanomas need a lower peptide concentration. Increasing peptide density on melanomas by loading exogenous G209 peptide enhances their sensitivity to peptide-specific CTL. High avidity CTL clones also demonstrate potent antimelanoma activity in melanoma model in nude mice. Injection of G209 peptide around transplanted tumors significantly enhances the antitumor activity of low avidity CTL. These results suggest that peptide stimulation causes expansion of T cell populations with a range of avidities. Successful immunotherapy may require selective expansion of the higher-avidity CTL and intratumor injection of the peptide may enhance the effect of peptide vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/pharmacology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Melanoma/therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/administration & dosage
- Neoplasm Proteins/pharmacology
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptides
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixun Yang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Jungbluth AA, Chen YT, Busam KJ, Coplan K, Kolb D, Iversen K, Williamson B, Van Landeghem FKH, Stockert E, Old LJ. CT7 (MAGE-C1) antigen expression in normal and neoplastic tissues. Int J Cancer 2002; 99:839-45. [PMID: 12115486 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CT7 (MAGE-C1) is a member of the cancer testis (CT) antigen family. The present study describes the generation of CT7-33, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to CT7, and the preliminary protein expression analysis of CT7 in normal tissues and in a limited number of neoplastic lesions. CT7-33 was effective in frozen as well as formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, and immunohistochemistry/reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) co-typing demonstrated antibody specificity. CT7-33 immunoreactivity in normal adult tissues is restricted to testicular germ cells. In neoplastic lesions, CT7-33 immunostaining is confined to tumor cells, and the frequency of CT7 protein expression mostly parallels previous mRNA analyses. Whereas colorectal and renal cell carcinomas, as well as sarcomas, exhibit poor or no CT7-33 staining, carcinomas of the mammary gland and ovary, nonsmall cell lung carcinoma and metastatic melanomas exhibit a high incidence of CT7 protein expression. However, as seen in previous analyses of other CT antigens, the expression pattern is mostly heterogeneous, and tumors with more than 50% of tumor staining are only infrequently encountered. In summary, our study presents a new serologic reagent for the analysis of CT7 on a protein level and confirms what is known with regard to the expression pattern of other CT antigens in tumors: frequent heterogeneity of antigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim A Jungbluth
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Linard B, Bézieau S, Benlalam H, Labarrière N, Guilloux Y, Diez E, Jotereau F. A ras-mutated peptide targeted by CTL infiltrating a human melanoma lesion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4802-8. [PMID: 11971032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ags derived from commonly mutated oncogenic proteins seem ideally suited as targets for tumor immunotherapy. Nonetheless, only a few mutated epitopes efficiently presented by human tumors have thus far been identified. We describe here an approach to identify such epitopes. This approach involves: 1) identifying tumors expressing a ras mutation and isolating the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL); 2) transfecting COS cells to induce expression of unknown mutated peptides in the context of a patient's HLA class I molecules; and 3) screening epitope recognition by using TIL from the tumors expressing a ras mutation. By using this approach, there appeared to be a N-ras mutation (a glutamine-to-arginine exchange at residue 61 (Q61R)), detected in a melanoma lesion, which was recognized specifically by the autologous TIL in the HLA-A*0101 context. The ras peptide 55-64(Q61R) was the epitope of these TIL and was regularly presented by Q61R-mutated HLA-A*0101(+) melanoma cell lines. This peptide and its wild-type homolog (55-64(wt)) bound to HLA-A*0101 with similar affinities. However, only the mutated peptide could induce specific CTL expansion from PBL. All the CTL clones specific to the mutated peptide, failed to recognize the wild-type sequence on both COS and melanoma cells. These data thus show that oncogenic protein mutations can create shared tumor-specific CTL epitopes, efficiently presented by tumor cells, and that screening for oncogene-transfected COS cell recognition by TIL (from tumors containing mutations) is a powerful approach for the identification of these epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Linard
- Institut de Biologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 463, and Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Barker PA, Salehi A. The MAGE proteins: emerging roles in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and neurogenetic disease. J Neurosci Res 2002; 67:705-12. [PMID: 11891783 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of the first MAGE gene in 1991, the MAGE family has expanded dramatically, and over 25 MAGE genes have now been identified in humans. The focus of studies on the MAGE proteins has been their potential for cancer immunotherapy, as a result of the finding that peptides derived from MAGE gene products are bound by major histocompatibility complexes and presented on the cell surface of cancer cells. However, the normal physiological role of MAGE proteins has remained a mystery. Recent studies are now beginning to provide insights into MAGE gene function. Necdin acts as a cell cycle regulatory protein and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Prader-Willi syndrome, a neurogenetic disorder. MAGE-D1, identified as a binding partner for the p75 neurotrophin receptor, the apoptosis inhibitory protein XIAP, and Dlx/MSX homeodomain proteins, blocks cell cycle progression and enhances apoptosis. This review provides an overview of the human MAGE genes and proteins, summarizes recent findings on their cellular roles, and provides a baseline for future studies on this intriguing gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Barker
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Radoja S, Saio M, Schaer D, Koneru M, Vukmanovic S, Frey AB. CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating T cells are deficient in perforin-mediated cytolytic activity due to defective microtubule-organizing center mobilization and lytic granule exocytosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5042-51. [PMID: 11673513 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are well known to be functionally impaired typified by the inability to lyse cognate tumor cells in vitro. We have investigated the basis for defective TIL lytic function in transplantable murine tumor models. CD8(+) TIL are nonlytic immediately on isolation even though they express surface activation markers, contain effector phase cytokine mRNAs, and contain perforin and granzyme B proteins which are packaged into lytic granules. Ag-specific lytic capability is rapidly recovered if purified TIL are briefly cultured in vitro and tumor lysis is perforin-, but not Fas ligand mediated. In response to TCR ligation of nonlytic TIL in vitro, proximal and distal signaling events are normal; calcium flux is rapid; mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-related kinase kinase, extracellular regulatory kinase 2, phosphoinositide-3 kinase, and protein kinase C are activated; and IL-2 and IFN-gamma is secreted. However, on conjugate formation between nonlytic TIL and cognate tumor cells in vitro, the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) does not localize to the immunological synapse, thereby precluding exocytosis of preformed lytic granules and accounting for defective TIL lytic function. Recovery of TCR-mediated, activation-dependent MTOC mobilization and lytic activity requires proteasome function, implying the existence of an inhibitor of MTOC mobilization. Our findings show that the regulated release of TIL cytolytic granules is defective despite functional TCR-mediated signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Radoja
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Akilesh S, Dudley ME, Eden PA, Roopenian DC. Efficient chromosomal mapping of a methylcholanthrene-induced tumor antigen by CTL immunoselection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5143-9. [PMID: 11673526 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been difficult to genetically map the genes encoding tumor Ags because they arise as a consequence of somatic mutational events. CTL-mediated immunoselection can impose potent immunoselective pressure against tumor cells, resulting in the survival of rare tumor Ag-loss variants. We subjected a heterozygous 3-methylcholanthrene-induced murine sarcoma cell line to CTL immunoselection, selecting for the loss of a tumor-specific Ag, recognized antigen from MCA-induced tumor 1 (Ram1). Several variants eluded CTL recognition by genetic loss of the hemizygously expressed tumor-specific Ag epitope. A frequently observed genetic escape mechanism was spontaneous mitotic recombination resulting in loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 4. Higher density genetic analyses along with functional confirmation with an independently produced chromosome 4 loss of heterozygosity variant positioned the Ram1 locus to a distal 7.1 cM interval on chromosome 4. This region of the mouse genome is rich in tumor-modifier genes and this positioning of Ram1 may thus provide insight into the genetic basis of 3-methycholanthrene-induced tumor Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akilesh
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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34
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Benlalam H, Labarrière N, Linard B, Derré L, Diez E, Pandolfino MC, Bonneville M, Jotereau F. Comprehensive analysis of the frequency of recognition of melanoma-associated antigen (MAA) by CD8 melanoma infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL): implications for immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200107)31:7<2007::aid-immu2007>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
Although vaccines have proven very successful in preventing certain infectious diseases, progress in the field has been slowed by the tediousness of developing classical vaccines consisting of whole pathogens. Thus, there is great need for improvement in several areas: firstly, the range of diseases which can be treated has to be expanded. Secondly, antigens have to be defined to make the use of whole pathogens as antigen obsolete. And thirdly, new adjuvants have to be developed which show low toxicity, high potency and are also able to drive the immune response in the desired direction. Ideally, a vaccine would only consist of well-characterized, synthetic materials. This review summarizes the different approaches for the development of completely defined synthetic vaccines.
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Linnemann T, Tumenjargal S, Gellrich S, Wiesmüller K, Kaltoft K, Sterry W, Walden P. Mimotopes for tumor-specific T lymphocytes in human cancer determined with combinatorial peptide libraries. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:156-65. [PMID: 11169449 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200101)31:1<156::aid-immu156>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mimotopes of a tumor-associated T cell epitope were determined using randomized and combinatorial peptide libraries and a CD8(+) T cell clone specific for the cutaneous T cell lymphoma cell line MyLa. Antigen recognition by this clone was found to be HLA-B8 restricted. More than 80 % of HLA-matched patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma had mimotope-specific CD8(+) T cells in their peripheral blood. Mimotope-specific T cells isolated and expanded from a patient lysed MyLa cells in in vitro assays thus demonstrating their cytolytic capacity and tumor specificity. Mimotope vaccination of a patient without detectable mimotope-specific T cells induced frequencies of these cells of up to 1.82 % of the peripheral blood CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Linnemann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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37
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UTY gene codes for an HLA-B60–restricted human male-specific minor histocompatibility antigen involved in stem cell graft rejection: characterization of the critical polymorphic amino acid residues for T-cell recognition. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.9.3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Rejection of a graft after human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical stem cell transplantation (SCT) can be caused by recipient's immunocompetent T lymphocytes recognizing minor histocompatibility antigens on donor stem cells. During rejection of a male stem cell graft by a female recipient, 2 male (H-Y)–specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones were isolated from peripheral blood. One CTL clone recognized an HLA-A2–restricted H-Y antigen, encoded by the SMCY gene. Another CTL clone recognized an HLA-B60–restricted H-Y antigen. In this study UTY was identified as the gene coding for the HLA-B60–restricted H-Y antigen. The UTY-derived H-Y antigen was characterized as a 10-amino acid residue peptide, RESEEESVSL. Although the epitope differed by 3 amino acids from its X-homologue, UTX, only 2 polymorphisms were essential for recognition by the CTL clone HLA-B60 HY. These results illustrate that CTLs against several H-Y antigens derived from different proteins can contribute simultaneously to graft rejection after HLA-identical, sex-mismatched SCT. Moreover, RESEEESVSL-specific T cells could be isolated from a female HLA-B60+ patient with myelodysplastic syndrome who has been treated with multiple blood transfusions, but not from control healthy HLA-B60+ female donors. This may indicate that RESEEESVSL-reactive T cells are more common in sensitized patients.
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38
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UTY gene codes for an HLA-B60–restricted human male-specific minor histocompatibility antigen involved in stem cell graft rejection: characterization of the critical polymorphic amino acid residues for T-cell recognition. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.9.3126.h8003126_3126_3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rejection of a graft after human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical stem cell transplantation (SCT) can be caused by recipient's immunocompetent T lymphocytes recognizing minor histocompatibility antigens on donor stem cells. During rejection of a male stem cell graft by a female recipient, 2 male (H-Y)–specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones were isolated from peripheral blood. One CTL clone recognized an HLA-A2–restricted H-Y antigen, encoded by the SMCY gene. Another CTL clone recognized an HLA-B60–restricted H-Y antigen. In this study UTY was identified as the gene coding for the HLA-B60–restricted H-Y antigen. The UTY-derived H-Y antigen was characterized as a 10-amino acid residue peptide, RESEEESVSL. Although the epitope differed by 3 amino acids from its X-homologue, UTX, only 2 polymorphisms were essential for recognition by the CTL clone HLA-B60 HY. These results illustrate that CTLs against several H-Y antigens derived from different proteins can contribute simultaneously to graft rejection after HLA-identical, sex-mismatched SCT. Moreover, RESEEESVSL-specific T cells could be isolated from a female HLA-B60+ patient with myelodysplastic syndrome who has been treated with multiple blood transfusions, but not from control healthy HLA-B60+ female donors. This may indicate that RESEEESVSL-reactive T cells are more common in sensitized patients.
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39
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Slansky JE, Rattis FM, Boyd LF, Fahmy T, Jaffee EM, Schneck JP, Margulies DH, Pardoll DM. Enhanced antigen-specific antitumor immunity with altered peptide ligands that stabilize the MHC-peptide-TCR complex. Immunity 2000; 13:529-38. [PMID: 11070171 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
T cell responsiveness to an epitope is affected both by its affinity for the presenting MHC molecule and the affinity of the MHC-peptide complex for TCR. One limitation of cancer immunotherapy is that natural tumor antigens elicit relatively weak T cell responses, in part because high-affinity T cells are rendered tolerant to these antigens. We report here that amino acid substitutions in a natural MHC class I-restricted tumor antigen that increase the stability of the MHC-peptide-TCR complex are significantly more potent as tumor vaccines. The improved immunity results from enhanced in vivo expansion of T cells specific for the natural tumor epitope. These results indicate peptides that stabilize the MHC-peptide-TCR complex may provide superior antitumor immunity through enhanced stimulation of specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Slansky
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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40
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Gnjatic S, Nagata Y, Jager E, Stockert E, Shankara S, Roberts BL, Mazzara GP, Lee SY, Dunbar PR, Dupont B, Cerundolo V, Ritter G, Chen YT, Knuth A, Old LJ. Strategy for monitoring T cell responses to NY-ESO-1 in patients with any HLA class I allele. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:10917-22. [PMID: 11005863 PMCID: PMC27124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.20.10917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2000] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 elicits frequent antibody responses in cancer patients, accompanied by strong CD8(+) T cell responses against HLA-A2-restricted epitopes. To broaden the range of cancer patients who can be assessed for immunity to NY-ESO-1, a general method was devised to detect T cell reactivity independent of prior characterization of epitopes. A recombinant adenoviral vector encoding the full cDNA sequence of NY-ESO-1 was used to transduce CD8-depleted peripheral blood lymphocytes as antigen-presenting cells. These modified antigen-presenting cells were then used to restimulate memory effector cells against NY-ESO-1 from the peripheral blood of cancer patients. Specific CD8(+) T cells thus sensitized were assayed on autologous B cell targets infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding NY-ESO-1. Strong polyclonal responses were observed against NY-ESO-1 in antibody-positive patients, regardless of their HLA profile. Because the vectors do not cross-react immunologically, only responses to NY-ESO-1 were detected. The approach described here allows monitoring of CD8(+) T cell responses to NY-ESO-1 in the context of various HLA alleles and has led to the definition of NY-ESO-1 peptides presented by HLA-Cw3 and HLA-Cw6 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnjatic
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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41
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Walden P. Tumor antigens. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2000:7-22. [PMID: 10943314 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-04183-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Walden
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Medical Faculty Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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42
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Ballingall KT, Mwangi DM, MacHugh ND, Taracha EL, Totte P, McKeever1 DJ. A highly sensitive, non-radioactive assay for T cell activation in cattle: applications in screening for antigens recognised by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. J Immunol Methods 2000; 239:85-93. [PMID: 10821950 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe a highly sensitive, non-radioactive assay for T cell activation, based on the rapid induction of class II MHC expression by constitutively negative bovine endothelial cells, when cultured in the presence of supernatants derived from activated bovine T cells. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this assay in detecting rBoIFNgamma and activation of immune CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell lines and clones in response to specific antigen and transfected COS-7 cells, respectively. We also demonstrate its utility in identifying purified pathogen fractions that activate immune CD4(+) T cell clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Ballingall
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
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43
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Dubinett SM, Batra RK, Miller PW, Sharma S. Tumor antigens in thoracic malignancy. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:524-7. [PMID: 10783122 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.5.f186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S M Dubinett
- UCLA-Wadsworth Pulmonary Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA
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Selvan RS, Pappas TN, Ward FE. Lack of evidence for MHC-unrestricted (atypical) recognition of mucin by mucinous pancreatic tumour-reactive T-cells. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:691-701. [PMID: 10682684 PMCID: PMC2363309 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.1999.0982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-cells generated against heterologous, mucinous pancreatic tumour cells were shown to recognize mucin in a major histocombatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted fashion. In contrast, the present study demonstrates a typical allogeneic response of heterologous cytotoxic T-cells established against mucin-expressing pancreatic tumour cells. Heterologous cytotoxic T cells lysed targets that were used as stimulators and other targets that shared human leucocyte antigen (HLA) with the stimulator. These cytotoxic T-cells lysed mucin-expressing stimulator cells but not autologous tumour cells in spite of expressing mucin on their surface. Likewise, tumour-infiltrating CD4+ T-cells proliferated against its own tumour cell target, while such T-cells did not respond to heterologous, mucin-expressing pancreatic tumour cells. Culturing heterologous tumour-specific cytotoxic T-cells with purified pancreatic tumour cell-mucin rendered them unresponsive to their target cells. Furthermore, purified mucin did not produce a mucin-specific response in mucinous pancreatic tumour patients' primary T-cells even in the presence of antigen-presenting cells. Our study finds no evidence for MHC-unrestricted recognition of mucin by pancreatic cancer patients' T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Selvan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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45
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Morel S, Lévy F, Burlet-Schiltz O, Brasseur F, Probst-Kepper M, Peitrequin AL, Monsarrat B, Van Velthoven R, Cerottini JC, Boon T, Gairin JE, Van den Eynde BJ. Processing of some antigens by the standard proteasome but not by the immunoproteasome results in poor presentation by dendritic cells. Immunity 2000; 12:107-17. [PMID: 10661410 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
By stimulating human lymphocytes with an autologous renal carcinoma, we obtained CTL recognizing an antigen derived from a novel, ubiquitous protein. The CTL failed to lyse autologous EBV-transformed B cells, even though the latter express the protein. This is due to the presence in these cells of immunoproteasomes, which, unlike standard proteasomes, cannot produce the antigenic peptide. We show that dendritic cells also carry immunoproteasomes and fail to present this antigen. This may explain why the relevant CTL escape thymic deletion and are not regularly activated in the periphery. Lack of cleavage by the immunoproteasome was also observed for melanoma differentiation antigen Melan-A26-35/HLA-A2, currently used for antitumoral vaccination. For immunization with such antigens, proteins should be less suitable than peptides, which do not require proteasome digestion in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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46
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Van Den Eynde BJ, Gaugler B, Probst-Kepper M, Michaux L, Devuyst O, Lorge F, Weynants P, Boon T. A new antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human kidney tumor results from reverse strand transcription. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1793-800. [PMID: 10601354 PMCID: PMC2195717 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.12.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
By stimulating blood lymphocytes from a renal cell carcinoma patient in vitro with the autologous tumor cells, we obtained cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones that killed several autologous and allogeneic histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B7 renal carcinoma cell lines. We identified the target antigen of these CTLs by screening COS cells transfected with the HLA-B7 cDNA and with a cDNA library prepared with RNA from the tumor cells. The antigenic peptide recognized by the CTLs has the sequence LPRWPPPQL and is encoded by a new gene, which we named RU2. This gene is transcribed in both directions. The antigenic peptide is not encoded by the sense transcript, RU2S, which is expressed ubiquitously. It is encoded by an antisense transcript, RU2AS, which starts from a cryptic promoter located on the reverse strand of the first intron and ends up on the reverse strand of the RU2S promoter, which contains a polyadenylation signal. This mechanism of antigen expression is unprecedented and further illustrates the notion that many peptides recognized by T cells cannot be predicted from the primary structure of the major product of the encoding gene. Antisense transcript RU2AS is expressed in a high proportion of tumors of various histological types. It is absent in most normal tissues, but is expressed in testis and kidney, and, at lower levels, in urinary bladder and liver. Short-term cultures of normal epithelial cells from the renal proximal tubule expressed significant levels of RU2AS message and were recognized by the CTLs. Therefore, this antigen is not tumor specific, but corresponds to a self-antigen with restricted tissue distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Van Den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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47
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Serrano A, Lethé B, Delroisse JM, Lurquin C, De Plaen E, Brasseur F, Rimoldi D, Boon T. Quantitative evaluation of the expression of MAGE genes in tumors by limiting dilution of cDNA libraries. Int J Cancer 1999; 83:664-9. [PMID: 10521804 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19991126)83:5<664::aid-ijc16>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The MAGE-A genes are expressed in tumor cells but not in healthy tissues, except in male germ line cells and in placenta. They encode tumor-specific antigens recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). On the basis of semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, 6 of the 12 members of the MAGE-A family, including MAGE-A1, were previously reported to have a high level of expression in tumors, whereas 5 other members, including MAGE-A10, were expressed at a much lower level, deemed to be insufficient for CTL recognition. However, analysis with antibodies has shown that some melanoma cell lines contain equivalent amounts of MAGE-A1 and MAGE-A10 proteins. This discrepancy appeared to be due to the low efficacy of the primers that had been used for the previous MAGE-A10 RT-PCR assays. This led us to develop a method that is independent of the efficacy of the PCR primers to evaluate MAGE-A gene expression. cDNA libraries from tumor cell lines were introduced into bacteria, of which 200 pools of about 500 bacteria were maintained in microcultures. The frequencies of the MAGE-A cDNA clones in each library were evaluated by performing PCR assays on each of these pools. The abundance of MAGE-A10 cDNAs was found to be similar to that of MAGE-A1 in 3 of the libraries that were analyzed, including 2 with high expression (1/6,400), confirming that MAGE-A10 is expressed at a high level. MAGE-A2, A3, A4, A6 and A12 cDNAs were also confirmed often to be present at a frequency of more than 1/10,000, a level of expression that should suffice for recognition of antigenic peptides encoded by these genes by cytolytic T cells. The remaining MAGE genes are either not expressed in tumors or are expressed at a very low level, with the exception of MAGE-A8 and 11, which show high expression in a very small number of tumors. This method also allowed us to isolate 5 MAGE-A cDNAs that we had not obtained previously, enabling us to delineate the exons in the sequences of genes MAGE-A5, A8, A9, A10 and A11.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serrano
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Brussels, Belgium
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48
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McKeever DJ, Taracha EL, Morrison WI, Musoke AJ, Morzaria SP. Protective immune mechanisms against Theileria parva: evolution of vaccine development strategies. PARASITOLOGY TODAY (PERSONAL ED.) 1999; 15:263-7. [PMID: 10377527 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4758(99)01465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Theileria parva is an intracellular sporozoan parasite that infects and transforms bovine lymphocytes, causing a severe lymphoproliferative disease known as East Coast fever in eastern, central and southern Africa. In this article, Declan McKeever and colleagues summarize the current understanding of immune mechanisms provoked by the parasite with regard to their role in both pathogenesis and protection. In particular, the influence of genomic polymorphism in parasite and host on the development of immunity is discussed, along with the evolution of current vaccine development strategies as a result of immunological research on the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J McKeever
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
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49
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Bilsborough J, Van Pel A, Uyttenhove C, Boon T, Van den Eynde BJ. Identification of a Second Major Tumor-Specific Antigen Recognized by CTLs on Mouse Mastocytoma P815. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.6.3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Murine mastocytoma P815 induces CTL responses against at least four distinct Ags (AB, C, D, and E). Recent studies have shown that the main component of the CTL response against the P815 tumor is targeted against Ags P815AB and P815E. The gene P1A has been well characterized. It encodes the P815AB Ag in the form of a nonameric peptide containing two epitopes, P815A and P815B, which are recognized by different CTLs. Here, we report the identification of the P815E Ag. Using a cDNA library derived from tumor P815, we identified the gene coding for P815E. We also characterized the antigenic peptide that anti-P815E CTLs recognize on the MHC class I molecule H-2Kd. The P815E Ag results from a mutation within an ubiquitously expressed gene encoding methionine sulfoxide reductase, an enzyme that is believed to be important in the protection of proteins against the by-products of aerobic metabolism. Surprisingly, immunizing mice i.p. with syngeneic tumor cells (L1210) that were constructed to express B7-1 and P815E did not induce resistance against live P815, even though a strong anti-P815E CTL response was observed with splenocytes from immunized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Bilsborough
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aline Van Pel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Uyttenhove
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Boon
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoı̂t J. Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, and Cellular Genetics Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Gala JL, Loric S. Sensitivity or specificity of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays: the real challenge for molecular staging of prostatic carcinomas. Int J Cancer 1998; 77:161-3. [PMID: 9639408 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980703)77:1<161::aid-ijc24>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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