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Mitchell AE, Scanlon KM, Flowers EM, Jordan CM, Tibbs EJ, Bukowski A, Gallop D, Carbonetti NH. Age-dependent natural killer cell and interferon γ deficits contribute to severe pertussis in infant mice. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:1143-1153. [PMID: 38285898 PMCID: PMC11135619 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Many respiratory infections are selectively injurious to infants, yet the etiology of age-associated susceptibility is unknown. One such bacterial pathogen is Bordetella pertussis. In adult mice, innate interferon γ (IFN-γ) is produced by natural killer (NK) cells and restricts infection to the respiratory tract. In contrast, infant pertussis resembles disease in NK cell- and IFN-γ-deficient adult mice that experience disseminated lethal infection. We hypothesized that infants exhibit age-associated deficits in NK cell frequency, maturation, and responsiveness to B. pertussis, associated with low IFN-γ levels. To delineate mechanisms behind age-dependent susceptibility, we compared infant and adult mouse models of infection. Infection in infant mice resulted in impaired upregulation of IFN-γ and substantial bacterial dissemination. B. pertussis-infected infant mice displayed fewer pulmonary NK cells than adult mice. Furthermore, the NK cells in the infant mouse lungs had an immature phenotype, and the infant lung showed no upregulation of the IFN-γ-inducing cytokine IL-12p70. Adoptive transfer of adult NK cells into infants, or treatment with exogenous IFN-γ, significantly reduced bacterial dissemination. These data indicate that the lack of NK cell-produced IFN-γ significantly contributes to infant fulminant pertussis and could be the basis for other pathogen-induced, age-dependent respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Karen M Scanlon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Emily M Flowers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Cassandra M Jordan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Ellis J Tibbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Alicia Bukowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Danisha Gallop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Nicholas H Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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Ibrahim EH, Kilany M, Mostafa OMS, Shaker KH, Alshehri M, Alsyaad KM, Alshehri A, Khan KA, Qasim M, Kotb N, Alahmari AS, Ghramh HA, Dajem SM. TH1/TH2 chemokines/cytokines profile in rats treated with tetanus toxoid and Euphorbia tirucalli. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:1716-1723. [PMID: 31762649 PMCID: PMC6864399 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products, including their purified materials, play a remarkable role in drug development. The Euphorbiaceae family, mainly Euphorbia tirucalli, is used in some traditional medicine, and has evidence that its latex comprises immunomodulatory properties and cytokine production. This study aimed to measure the in vivo production of chemokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, and RANTES), TH1 cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IL-2) and TH2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13) in rats after treatments with ethanol latex extract of E. tirucalli. Vaccine treated and untreated rats were divided into seven groups to assess antimicrobial activities of the extracted components. After completion of the treatment schedule, blood was withdrawn and sera were collected. The results showed that the main component of the extract was a euphol compound. The extract showed antimicrobial activity and had the ability to modulate innate and adaptive immunity. Animals treated with extract for only 7 days before vaccination showed higher levels of antibody production. The extract showed antibacterial and antifungal activities. The extract could stimulate both adaptive and innate immunity. Pre-treatment with the extract increased immune responses in vaccinated animals, indicating the usefulness of the extract before immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam H Ibrahim
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Blood Products Quality Control and Research Department, National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Kilany
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, King Khalid University, Dhahran Al Janoub, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Osama M S Mostafa
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kamel H Shaker
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical Industrial Div, National Research Center, El-Behoos St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alshehri
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M Alsyaad
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alshehri
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Nahla Kotb
- Blood Products Quality Control and Research Department, National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer S Alahmari
- Biology Department, Girls Section, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed A Ghramh
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad M Dajem
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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Restori KH, Srinivasa BT, Ward BJ, Fixman ED. Neonatal Immunity, Respiratory Virus Infections, and the Development of Asthma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 29915592 PMCID: PMC5994399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants are exposed to a wide range of potential pathogens in the first months of life. Although maternal antibodies acquired transplacentally protect full-term neonates from many systemic pathogens, infections at mucosal surfaces still occur with great frequency, causing significant morbidity and mortality. At least part of this elevated risk is attributable to the neonatal immune system that tends to favor T regulatory and Th2 type responses when microbes are first encountered. Early-life infection with respiratory viruses is of particular interest because such exposures can disrupt normal lung development and increase the risk of chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma. The immunologic mechanisms that underlie neonatal host-virus interactions that contribute to the subsequent development of asthma have not yet been fully defined. The goals of this review are (1) to outline the differences between the neonatal and adult immune systems and (2) to present murine and human data that support the hypothesis that early-life interactions between the immune system and respiratory viruses can create a lung environment conducive to the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Restori
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bharat T Srinivasa
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth D Fixman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Faucette AN, Unger BL, Gonik B, Chen K. Maternal vaccination: moving the science forward. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 21:119-35. [PMID: 25015234 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections remain one of the leading causes of morbidity in pregnant women and newborns, with vaccine-preventable infections contributing significantly to the burden of disease. In the past decade, maternal vaccination has emerged as a promising public health strategy to prevent and combat maternal, fetal and neonatal infections. Despite a number of universally recommended maternal vaccines, the development and evaluation of safe and effective maternal vaccines and their wide acceptance are hampered by the lack of thorough understanding of the efficacy and safety in the pregnant women and the offspring. METHODS An outline was synthesized based on the current status and major gaps in the knowledge of maternal vaccination. A systematic literature search in PUBMED was undertaken using the key words in each section title of the outline to retrieve articles relevant to pregnancy. Articles cited were selected based on relevance and quality. On the basis of the reviewed information, a perspective on the future directions of maternal vaccination research was formulated. RESULTS Maternal vaccination can generate active immune protection in the mother and elicit systemic immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgG, IgA and IgM responses to confer neonatal protection. The maternal immune system undergoes significant modulation during pregnancy, which influences responsiveness to vaccines. Significant gaps exist in our knowledge of the efficacy and safety of maternal vaccines, and no maternal vaccines against a large number of old and emerging pathogens are available. Public acceptance of maternal vaccination has been low. CONCLUSIONS To tackle the scientific challenges of maternal vaccination and to provide the public with informed vaccination choices, scientists and clinicians in different disciplines must work closely and have a mechanistic understanding of the systemic, reproductive and mammary mucosal immune responses to vaccines. The use of animal models should be coupled with human studies in an iterative manner for maternal vaccine experimentation, evaluation and optimization. Systems biology approaches should be adopted to improve the speed, accuracy and safety of maternal vaccine targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azure N Faucette
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Benjamin L Unger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Bernard Gonik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Mucosal Immunology Studies Team, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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A liposome-based mycobacterial vaccine induces potent adult and neonatal multifunctional T cells through the exquisite targeting of dendritic cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5771. [PMID: 19492047 PMCID: PMC2685976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the search for more potent and safer tuberculosis vaccines, CAF01 was identified as a remarkable formulation. Based on cationic liposomes and including a synthetic mycobacterial glycolipid as TLR-independent immunomodulator, it induces strong and protective T helper-1 and T helper-17 adult murine responses to Ag85B-ESAT-6, a major mycobacterial fusion protein. Here, we assessed whether these properties extend to early life and how CAF01 mediates its adjuvant properties in vivo. METHODS/FINDINGS Following adult or neonatal murine immunization, Ag85B-ESAT-6/CAF01 similarly reduced the post-challenge bacterial growth of M. bovis BCG, whereas no protection was observed using Alum as control. This protection was mediated by the induction of similarly strong Th1 and Th17 responses in both age groups. Multifunctional Th1 cells were already elicited after a single vaccine dose and persisted at high levels for at least 6 months even after neonatal priming. Unexpectedly, this potent adjuvanticity was not mediated by a massive targeting/activation of dendritic cells: in contrast, very few DCs in the draining lymph nodes were bearing the labeled antigen/adjuvant. The increased expression of the CD40 and CD86 activation markers was restricted to the minute portion of adjuvant-bearing DCs. However, vaccine-associated activated DCs were recovered several days after immunization. CONCLUSION The potent adult and neonatal adjuvanticity of CAF01 is associated in vivo with an exquisite but prolonged DC uptake and activation, fulfilling the preclinical requirements for novel tuberculosis vaccines to be used in early life.
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Kamath AT, Rochat AF, Valenti MP, Agger EM, Lingnau K, Andersen P, Lambert PH, Siegrist CA. Adult-like anti-mycobacterial T cell and in vivo dendritic cell responses following neonatal immunization with Ag85B-ESAT-6 in the IC31 adjuvant. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3683. [PMID: 18997860 PMCID: PMC2577009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the exception of some live vaccines, e.g. BCG, subunit vaccines formulated with “classical” adjuvants do not induce similar responses in neonates as in adults. The usual neonatal profile is characterized by lower levels of TH1-associated biomarkers. This has hampered the development of new neonatal vaccines for diseases that require early protection. Tuberculosis is one of the major targets for neonatal immunization. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity of a novel candidate vaccine comprising a mycobacterial fusion protein, Ag85B-ESAT-6, in a neonatal murine immunization model. Methods/Findings The Ag85B-ESAT-6 fusion protein was formulated either with a classical alum based adjuvant or with the novel IC31® adjuvant. Following neonatal or adult immunization, 3 parameters were studied in vivo: (1) CD4+ T cell responses, (2) vaccine targeting/activation of dendritic cells (DC) and (3) protection in a surrogate mycobacterial challenge model. Conversely to Alum, IC31® induced in both age groups strong Th1 and Th17 responses, characterized by multifunctional T cells expressing IL-2 and TNF-α with or without IFN-γ. In the draining lymph nodes, a similarly small number of DC contained the adjuvant and/or the antigen following neonatal or adult immunization. Expression of CD40, CD80, CD86 and IL-12p40 production was focused on the minute adjuvant-bearing DC population. Again, DC targeting/activation was similar in adults and neonates. These DC/T cell responses resulted in an equivalent reduction of bacterial growth following infection with M. bovis BCG, whereas no protection was observed when Alum was used as adjuvant. Conclusion Neonatal immunization with the IC31®- adjuvanted Ag85B-ESAT-6 subunit vaccine elicited adult-like multifunctional protective anti-mycobacterial T cell responses through the induction of an adult pattern of in vivo DC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun T Kamath
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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CD40L expressed from the canarypox vector, ALVAC, can boost immunogenicity of HIV-1 canarypox vaccine in mice and enhance the in vitro expansion of viral specific CD8+ T cell memory responses from HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected individuals. Vaccine 2008; 26:4062-72. [PMID: 18562053 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) canarypox vaccines are safe but poorly immunogenic. CD40 ligand (CD40L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF), is a pivotal costimulatory molecule for immune responses. To explore whether CD40L can be used as an adjuvant for HIV-1 canarypox vaccine, we constructed recombinant canarypox viruses expressing CD40L. Co-immunization of mice with CD40L expressing canarypox and the canarypox vaccine expressing HIV-1 proteins, vCP1452, augmented HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in terms of frequency, polyfunctionality and interleukin (IL)-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Ralpha, CD127) expression. In addition, CD40L expressed from canarypox virus could significantly augment CD4+ T cell responses against HIV-1 in mice. CD40L expressed from canarypox virus matured human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) in a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) independent manner, which underwent less apoptosis, and could expand ex vivo Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CTL responses from healthy human individuals and ex vivo HIV-1-specific CTL responses from HIV-1-infected individuals in the presence or absence of CD4+ T cells. Taken together, our results suggest that CD40L incorporation into poxvirus vectors could be used as a strategy to enhance their immunogenicity.
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Zhang X, Deriaud E, Jiao X, Braun D, Leclerc C, Lo-Man R. Type I interferons protect neonates from acute inflammation through interleukin 10-producing B cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1107-18. [PMID: 17485512 PMCID: PMC2118587 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20062013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Newborns and infants are highly susceptible to viral and bacterial infections, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. We show that neonatal B cells effectively control the production of proinflammatory cytokines by both neonatal plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells, in an interleukin (IL) 10-dependent manner, after Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 triggering. This antiinflammatory property of neonatal B cells may extend to other TLR agonists (Pam3CSK4, lipopolysaccharide, and R848) and viruses. In the absence of B cells or of CD5(+) B cell subsets, neonatal mice developed stronger inflammatory responses and became lethally susceptible to CpG challenge after galactosamine sensitization, whereas wild-type (WT) mice were resistant. Paradoxically, interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta enhanced the inflammatory response to CpG challenge in adult mice, whereas they helped to control neonatal acute inflammation by stimulating the secretion of IL-10 by neonatal B cells. Finally, WT neonatal B cells rescued IL-10(-/-) neonates from a lethal CpG challenge, whereas IFN-alpha/beta receptor-deficient B cells did not. Our results show that type I IFNs support a negative regulatory role of neonatal B cells on TLR-mediated inflammation, with important implications for neonatal inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- Unité Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie and 4Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, Cedex 15, France
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Juhn YJ, Kita H, Lee LA, Swanson RJ, Smith R, Bagniewski SM, Weaver AL, Pankratz VS, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. Childhood asthma and measles vaccine response. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 97:469-76. [PMID: 17069101 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthmatic patients have a TH2-predominant milieu that is associated with humoral immunity. However, little is known about whether humoral immune responses to viral antigens differ between asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. OBJECTIVE To determine whether humoral immune response differs in asthmatic patients vs nonasthmatic patients. METHODS Measles virus specific IgG antibody levels were determined for the Rochester Family Measles Study cohort (n = 876), a convenience sample of healthy children 5 to 12 years of age in Rochester, MN. We conducted comprehensive medical record reviews of 838 children who were eligible for this study. We determined the child's asthma status at the time of determination of antibody levels by applying predetermined criteria for asthma. Comparisons were made using the 2-sample t test or chi2 test. RESULTS Of the 838 children, 156 (18.6%) had asthma at the time of the determination of antibody levels and were not taking systemic steroids within 14 days of specimen collection. Among those with a nonequivocal antibody reading, the seropositive response rates were similar in asthmatic patients and nonasthmatic patients (89.7% vs 90.3%, respectively; P = .83). However, the equivocal response rates were slightly higher among asthmatic patients than nonasthmatic patients (6.4% vs 4.7%, respectively). CONCLUSION Asthmatic children seem to have similar humoral immune responses to measles vaccine as those without asthma. Although the findings reassure health care practitioners, whether this finding is generalizable to other vaccines and whether asthmatic patients with low antibody levels have normal cell-mediated immunity need to be elucidated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Juhn
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Sabirov A, Metzger DW. Intranasal vaccination of neonatal mice with polysaccharide conjugate vaccine for protection against pneumococcal otitis media. Vaccine 2006; 24:5584-92. [PMID: 16730398 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading bacterial cause of acute otitis media (OM) in young children, and can often produce invasive disease. Typical intramuscular routes of vaccination are poorly protective against development of OM. In the present study, we intranasally (i.n.) inoculated neonatal 1-week-old mice with pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine using IL-12 as a mucosal adjuvant. The protective efficacy of this treatment was tested by challenging immunized infant (3-week-old) mice with bacteria to induce OM and invasive disease. i.n. vaccination was found to enhance levels of specific antibodies in middle ear (ME) washes and sera from wild-type (but not IFN-gamma(-/-)) mice. Immunization in the presence of IL-12 resulted in enhanced clearance of S. pneumoniae from the ME. Opsonization of bacteria with ME wash fluids or sera from immunized mice caused increased bacterial clearance from the ME of naïve mice. In addition, immunized mice demonstrated 89% survival after OM-induced invasive pneumococcal infection, compared to 22% survival in unvaccinated mice. These results indicate that i.n. vaccination of neonatal mice in the presence of IL-12 is able to enhance IFN-gamma dependent ME mucosal and systemic immune responses to pneumococci and efficiently protect against both OM and invasive infection.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibody Specificity
- Ear, Middle/immunology
- Ear, Middle/microbiology
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Otitis Media/immunology
- Otitis Media/microbiology
- Otitis Media/prevention & control
- Pneumococcal Infections/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Sabirov
- Center for Immunology & Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College (MC-151), 47 New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY 12208, USA
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11
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Ma Y, Ross AC. The anti-tetanus immune response of neonatal mice is augmented by retinoic acid combined with polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13556-61. [PMID: 16157890 PMCID: PMC1224655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506438102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonates are highly susceptible to infectious diseases and, in general, respond poorly to conventional vaccines due to immaturity of the immune system. In the present study, we hypothesized that the anti-tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine response of neonatal mice could be enhanced by retinoic acid (RA), a bioactive retinoid, and polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (PIC), an inducer of IFN. Early-life treatments with RA and/or PIC were well tolerated and stimulated both primary anti-TT IgG production in infancy and the memory response in adulthood. TT-specific lymphocyte proliferation and type 1/type 2 cytokine production were also significantly augmented. In addition, RA and PIC modulated the maturation and/or differentiation of neonatal B cells, natural killer (NK)/NKT cells, and antigen-presenting cells. Although RA alone increased the neonatal anti-TT antibody response, it selectively increased anti-TT IgG1 and IL-5, resulting in a skewed type 2 response. PIC, a potent adjuvant in adult mice, elevated neonatal anti-TT IgG as well as all IgG isotypes (IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b) and induced TT-specific IFN-gamma, an important type 1 cytokine; however, PIC alone failed to benefit the memory response. The combination of RA plus PIC was more potent than either agent alone in elevating primary and secondary anti-TT IgG responses as well as IgG isotypes. Moreover, RA plus PIC increased TT-specific IFN-gamma and IL-5, suggesting the combination effectively promoted both type 1 and type 2 responses in neonatal mice. Thus, RA combined with PIC, a nutritional-immunological intervention, seems promising as an adjuvant for early-life vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ma
- Graduate Program in Integrative Biosciences, Huck Institute for Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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12
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Koppen S, de Groot R, Neijens HJ, Nagelkerke N, van Eden W, Rümke HC. No epidemiological evidence for infant vaccinations to cause allergic disease. Vaccine 2004; 22:3375-85. [PMID: 15308362 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2003] [Accepted: 02/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased considerably over the last decades. The hygiene hypothesis has emerged, linking reduced microbial exposure and infections early in life with the development of allergic diseases. Especially some of currently available non-replicating infant vaccines are unlikely to mimic a natural infection-mediated immune response that protects against the development of allergic diseases. Moreover, several studies suggested infant vaccinations to increase the risk of allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE To determine whether infant vaccinations increase the risk of developing allergic disease. DATA SOURCES We searched MEDLINE from 1966 to March 2003 and bibliography lists from retrieved articles, and consulted experts in the field to identify all articles relating vaccination to allergy. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION We selected epidemiological studies with original data on the correlation between vaccination with diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT), measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in infancy and the development of allergic diseases, and assessed their quality and validity. DATA SYNTHESIS Methodological design and quality varied considerably between the studies we reviewed. Many studies did not address possible confounders, such as the presence of lifestyle factors, leaving them prone to bias. The studies that offer the stronger evidence, including the only randomized controlled trial at issue published to date, indicate that the infant vaccinations we investigated do not increase the risk of developing allergic disease. Furthermore, BCG does not seem to reduce the risk of allergies. CONCLUSIONS The reviewed epidemiological evidence indicates that, although possibly not contributing to optimal stimulation of the immune system in infancy, current infant vaccines do not cause allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koppen
- Vaxinostics, Vaccine Center Erasmus University Rotterdam, C/o Erasmus MC--Sophia Children's Hospital, Secretariat Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Room Sp 3533, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Regner M, Martinez X, Belnoue E, Sun CM, Boisgerault F, Lambert PH, Leclerc C, Siegrist CA. Partial activation of neonatal CD11c+ dendritic cells and induction of adult-like CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses by synthetic microspheres. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2669-74. [PMID: 15294984 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal cytotoxic T cell responses have only been elicited to date with immunogens or delivery systems inducing potent direct APC activation. To define the minimal activation requirements for the induction of neonatal CD8(+) cytotoxic responses, we used synthetic microspheres (MS) coated with a single CD8(+) T cell peptide from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or HIV-1. Unexpectedly, a single injection of peptide-conjugated MS without added adjuvant induced CD4-dependent Ag-specific neonatal murine cytotoxic responses with adult-like CTL precursor frequency, avidity for Ag, and frequency of IFN-gamma-secreting CD8(+) splenocytes. Neonatal CD8(+) T cell responses to MS-LCMV were elicited within 2 wk of a single immunization and, upon challenge, provided similar protection from viral replication as adult CTLs, demonstrating their in vivo competence. As previously reported, peptide-coated MS elicited no detectable activation of adult CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DC). In contrast, CTL responses were associated with a partial activation of neonatal CD11c(+) DC, reflected by the up-regulation of CD80 and CD86 expression but no concurrent changes in MHC class II or CD40 expression. However, this partial activation of neonatal DC was not sufficient to circumvent the requirement for CD4(+) T cell help. The effective induction of neonatal CD8(+) T cell responses by this minimal Ag delivery system demonstrates that neonatal CD11c(+) DC may mature sufficiently to stimulate naive CD8(+) neonatal T cells, even in the absence of strong maturation signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Regner
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Neonatal Vaccinology, Department of Pathology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Adkins B, Leclerc C, Marshall-Clarke S. Neonatal adaptive immunity comes of age. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:553-64. [PMID: 15229474 DOI: 10.1038/nri1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 730] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Becky Adkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Medical School, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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15
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Regner M, Culley F, Fontannaz P, Hu K, Morein B, Lambert PH, Openshaw P, Siegrist CA. Safety and efficacy of immune-stimulating complex-based antigen delivery systems for neonatal immunisation against respiratory syncytial virus infection. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:666-75. [PMID: 15158774 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To protect against human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV)-induced bronchiolitis in early infancy, vaccines need to be designed which are effective in the neonatal period. To test the safety and efficacy of adjuvants in neonatal mice, we injected hRSV surface proteins combined with immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) prepared from fractions A, C or A + C of Quillaja saponins. All were well tolerated in adults, but A + C ISCOMS proved lethal in neonates; A or C fractions alone were well tolerated by neonates up to the adult dose. hRSV-ISCOM A induced antibody responses similar to combined fractions, and potent in vitro cytotoxic T cell responses. Adult-like in vitro cytotoxicity against hRSV-infected targets and precursor cytotoxic T cell frequencies were observed within one week of neonatal priming and hRSV-ISCOM A-primed neonates showed virtually complete protection against subsequent viral challenge. hRSV challenge was associated with some pulmonary eosinophilia in both age groups, with higher IL-4 production by lung CD4+ T cells in mice primed as neonates. This was, however, accompanied by only minor (approximately 10%) and transient illness and weight loss. Thus, the identification of hRSV antigen delivery systems with an age-appropriate adjuvanticity/reactogenicity balance may be feasible even in the vulnerable early-life period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Regner
- WHO Collaborating Center for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology, University of Geneva, CMU, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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16
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Abstract
Preclinical and human vaccine studies indicate that, although neonatal immunisation does not generally lead to rapid and strong antibody responses, it may result in an efficient immunological priming, which can serve as an excellent basis for future responses. The apparent impairment of CD4 and CD8 T-cell function in early life seems to result from suboptimal antigen-presenting cells-T cell interactions, which can be overcome by use of specific adjuvants or delivery systems. Although persistence of maternal antibodies may limit infant antibody responses, induction of T-cell responses largely remain unaffected by these passively transferred antibodies. Thus, neonatal priming and early boosting with vaccine formulations optimised for sufficient early life immunogenicity and maximal safety profiles, could allow better control of the huge infectious disease burden in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Siegrist
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Neonatal Vaccinology, Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Geneva, 1 Michel-Servet, 1211 4, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Tateda K, Moore TA, Deng JC, Newstead MW, Zeng X, Matsukawa A, Swanson MS, Yamaguchi K, Standiford TJ. Early recruitment of neutrophils determines subsequent T1/T2 host responses in a murine model of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3355-61. [PMID: 11207291 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of neutrophils to lethal sensitivity and cytokine balance governing T1 and T2 host responses was assessed in a murine model of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia. Neutrophil depletion by administration of granulocyte-specific mAb RB6-8C5 at 1 day before infection rendered mice approximately 100-fold more susceptible to lethal pneumonia induced by L. pneumophila. However, this treatment did not alter early bacterial clearance, despite a substantial decrease in neutrophil influx at this time point. Cytokine profiles in the lungs of control mice demonstrated strong T1 responses, characterized by an increase of IFN-gamma and IL-12. In contrast, neutrophil-depleted mice exhibited significantly lower levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12, and elevation of T2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10. Immunohistochemistry of bronchoalveolar lavage cells demonstrated the presence of IL-12 in neutrophils, but not alveolar macrophages. Moreover, IL-12 was detected in lavage cell lysates by ELISA, which was paralleled to neutrophil number. However, intratracheal administration of recombinant murine IL-12 did not restore resistance, whereas reconstitution of IFN-gamma drastically improved bacterial clearance and survival in neutrophil-depleted mice. Taken together, these data demonstrated that neutrophils play crucial roles in primary L. pneumophila infection, not via direct killing but more immunomodulatory effects. Our results suggest that the early recruitment of neutrophils may contribute to T1 polarization in a murine model of L. pneumophila pneumonia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Cytokines/analysis
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Immunohistochemistry
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Intubation, Intratracheal
- Legionella pneumophila/immunology
- Legionnaires' Disease/immunology
- Legionnaires' Disease/microbiology
- Legionnaires' Disease/mortality
- Legionnaires' Disease/pathology
- Leukocyte Count
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutropenia/immunology
- Neutropenia/microbiology
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/mortality
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/pathology
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Survival Analysis
- Th1 Cells/chemistry
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/chemistry
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tateda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Abstract
In these studies, we address the ability of DNA encoding Th1 cytokines to bias the isotype of antibody raised by neonatal or adult immunization with an influenza hemagglutinin expressing DNA (HA-DNA). Neonatal mice coimmunized with HA-DNA and either IL-12 or IFN-gamma-expressing DNA developed IgG2a-biased immune responses, regardless of inoculation method. In contrast, the Th1 genetic adjuvants had no effect on IgG subtype patterns in adults. In neonatal mice, the Th1 genetic adjuvants also shifted the pattern of lymphokine production by recall splenocytes from a mixed response of IFN-gamma and IL-5 to exclusively IFN-gamma. In adults, despite the failure to change the isotype pattern of the antibody response, a shift towards IFN-gamma production also occurred for recall splenocytes following coimmunzation with IL-12. Thus, coinoculation of Th1 genetic adjuvants had greater effects on the nature of the immune response in the neonate than in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Pertmer
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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