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Xiong G, Jean I, Farrugia AM, Metheny H, Johnson BN, Cohen NA, Cohen AS. Temporal and structural sensitivities of major biomarkers for detecting neuropathology after traumatic brain injury in the mouse. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1339262. [PMID: 38356651 PMCID: PMC10865493 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1339262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in teenagers to young adults. In recent decades, different biomarkers and/or staining protocols have been employed to evaluate the post-injury development of pathological structures, but they have produced many contradictory findings. Since correctly identifying the underlying neuroanatomical changes is critical to advancing TBI research, we compared three commonly used markers for their ability to detect TBI pathological structures: Fluoro-Jade C, the rabbit monoclonal antibody Y188 against amyloid precursor protein and the NeuroSilver kit were used to stain adjacent slices from naïve or injured mouse brains harvested at different time points from 30 min to 3 months after lateral fluid percussion injury. Although not all pathological structures were stained by all markers at all time points, we found damaged neurons and deformed dendrites in gray matter, punctate and perivascular structures in white matter, and axonal blebs and Wallerian degeneration in both gray and white matter. The present study demonstrates the temporal and structural sensitivities of the three biomarkers: each marker is highly effective for a set of pathological structures, each of which in turn emerges at a particular time point. Furthermore, the different biomarkers showed different abilities at detecting identical types of pathological structures. In contrast to previous studies that have used a single biomarker at a single time range, the present report strongly recommends that a combination of different biomarkers should be adopted and different time points need to be checked when assessing neuropathology after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian Jean
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anthony M. Farrugia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Metheny
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian N. Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology−Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Akiva S. Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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2
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Maheshwari U, Mateos JM, Weber‐Stadlbauer U, Ni R, Tamatey V, Sridhar S, Restrepo A, de Jong PA, Huang S, Schaffenrath J, Stifter SA, Szeri F, Greter M, Koek HL, Keller A. Inorganic phosphate exporter heterozygosity in mice leads to brain vascular calcification, microangiopathy, and microgliosis. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13189. [PMID: 37505935 PMCID: PMC10580014 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcification of the cerebral microvessels in the basal ganglia in the absence of systemic calcium and phosphate imbalance is a hallmark of primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), a rare neurodegenerative disorder. Mutation in genes encoding for sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2 (SLC20A2), xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1), platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB), myogenesis regulating glycosidase (MYORG), and junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2) are known to cause PFBC. Loss-of-function mutations in XPR1, the only known inorganic phosphate exporter in metazoans, causing dominantly inherited PFBC was first reported in 2015 but until now no studies in the brain have addressed whether loss of one functional allele leads to pathological alterations in mice, a commonly used organism to model human diseases. Here we show that mice heterozygous for Xpr1 (Xpr1WT/lacZ ) present with reduced inorganic phosphate levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and age- and sex-dependent growth of vascular calcifications in the thalamus. Vascular calcifications are surrounded by vascular basement membrane and are located at arterioles in the smooth muscle layer. Similar to previously characterized PFBC mouse models, vascular calcifications in Xpr1WT/lacZ mice contain bone matrix proteins and are surrounded by reactive astrocytes and microglia. However, microglial activation is not confined to calcified vessels but shows a widespread presence. In addition to vascular calcifications, we observed vessel tortuosity and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed microangiopathy-endothelial swelling, phenotypic alterations in vascular smooth muscle cells, and thickening of the basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Maheshwari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - José M. Mateos
- Center for Microscopy and Image analysisUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ulrike Weber‐Stadlbauer
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Zurich‐Vetsuisse, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Virgil Tamatey
- Research Centre for Natural SciencesInstitute of EnzymologyBudapestHungary
- Doctoral School of BiologyELTE Eotvos Lorand UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Sucheta Sridhar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alejandro Restrepo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pim A. de Jong
- Department of RadiologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sheng‐Fu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Johanna Schaffenrath
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Flora Szeri
- Research Centre for Natural SciencesInstitute of EnzymologyBudapestHungary
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Huiberdina L. Koek
- Department of Geriatric MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Annika Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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3
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Xiong G, Metheny H, Hood K, Jean I, Farrugia AM, Johnson BN, Tummala SR, Cohen NA, Cohen AS. Detection and verification of neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury in the mouse: Immunohistochemical staining for amyloid precursor protein. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13163. [PMID: 37156643 PMCID: PMC10580020 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of human traumatic brain injury (TBI) have shown diffuse axonal injury as varicosities or spheroids in white matter (WM) bundles when using immunoperoxidase-ABC staining with 22C11, a mouse monoclonal antibody against amyloid precursor protein (APP). These findings have been interpreted as TBI-induced axonal pathology. In a mouse model of TBI however, when we used immunofluorescent staining with 22C11, as opposed to immunoperoxidase staining, we did not observe varicosities or spheroids. To explore this discrepancy, we performed immunofluorescent staining with Y188, an APP knockout-validated rabbit monoclonal that shows baseline immunoreactivity in neurons and oligodendrocytes of non-injured mice, with some arranged-like varicosities. In gray matter after injury, Y188 intensely stained axonal blebs. In WM, we encountered large patches of heavily stained puncta, heterogeneous in size. Scattered axonal blebs were also identified among these Y188-stained puncta. To assess the neuronal origin of Y188 staining after TBI we made use of transgenic mice with fluorescently labeled neurons and axons. A close correlation was observed between Y188-stained axonal blebs and fluorescently labeled neuronal cell bodies/axons. By contrast, no correlation was observed between Y188-stained puncta and fluorescent axons in WM, suggesting that these puncta in WM did not originate from axons, and casting further doubt on the nature of previous reports with 22C11. As such, we strongly recommend Y188 as a biomarker for detecting damaged neurons and axons after TBI. With Y188, stained axonal blebs likely represent acute axonal truncations that may lead to death of the parent neurons. Y188-stained puncta in WM may indicate damaged oligodendrocytes, whose death and clearance can result in secondary demyelination and Wallerian degeneration of axons. We also provide evidence suggesting that 22C11-stained varicosities or spheroids previously reported in TBI patients might be showing damaged oligodendrocytes, due to a cross-reaction between the ABC kit and upregulated endogenous biotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hannah Metheny
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kaitlin Hood
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate GroupUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ian Jean
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Anthony M. Farrugia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brian N. Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shanti R. Tummala
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryPerelman School of Medicine, University of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Akiva S. Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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4
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Teo JD, Marian OC, Spiteri AG, Nicholson M, Song H, Khor JXY, McEwen HP, Ge A, Sen MK, Piccio L, Fletcher JL, King NJC, Murray SS, Brüning JC, Don AS. Early microglial response, myelin deterioration and lethality in mice deficient for very long chain ceramide synthesis in oligodendrocytes. Glia 2023; 71:1120-1141. [PMID: 36583573 PMCID: PMC10952316 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sphingolipids galactosylceramide (GalCer), sulfatide (ST) and sphingomyelin (SM) are essential for myelin stability and function. GalCer and ST are synthesized mostly from C22-C24 ceramides, generated by Ceramide Synthase 2 (CerS2). To clarify the requirement for C22-C24 sphingolipid synthesis in myelin biosynthesis and stability, we generated mice lacking CerS2 specifically in myelinating cells (CerS2ΔO/ΔO ). At 6 weeks of age, normal-appearing myelin had formed in CerS2ΔO/ΔO mice, however there was a reduction in myelin thickness and the percentage of myelinated axons. Pronounced loss of C22-C24 sphingolipids in myelin of CerS2ΔO/ΔO mice was compensated by greatly increased levels of C18 sphingolipids. A distinct microglial population expressing high levels of activation and phagocytic markers such as CD64, CD11c, MHC class II, and CD68 was apparent at 6 weeks of age in CerS2ΔO/ΔO mice, and had increased by 10 weeks. Increased staining for denatured myelin basic protein was also apparent in 6-week-old CerS2ΔO/ΔO mice. By 16 weeks, CerS2ΔO/ΔO mice showed pronounced myelin atrophy, motor deficits, and axon beading, a hallmark of axon stress. 90% of CerS2ΔO/ΔO mice died between 16 and 26 weeks of age. This study highlights the importance of sphingolipid acyl chain length for the structural integrity of myelin, demonstrating how a modest reduction in lipid chain length causes exposure of a denatured myelin protein epitope and expansion of phagocytic microglia, followed by axon pathology, myelin degeneration, and motor deficits. Understanding the molecular trigger for microglial activation should aid the development of therapeutics for demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Teo
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Oana C. Marian
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alanna G. Spiteri
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Madeline Nicholson
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Huitong Song
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jasmine X. Y. Khor
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Holly P. McEwen
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Anjie Ge
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Monokesh K. Sen
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Laura Piccio
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jessica L. Fletcher
- Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchThe University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Simon S. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Anthony S. Don
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
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5
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Miller DC, Stacy CC, Duff DJ, Guo S, Morse P. Neuropathology and Ophthalmological Pathology of Fatal Central Nervous System Injuries in Young Children: Forensic Neuropathology of Deaths of Children Under Age 2, 2008-2016, in Central Missouri. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:854-864. [PMID: 36094646 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonaccidental head injuries are significant causes of morbidity and mortality among young children. Despite broad agreement among medical experts, controversies remain over diagnostic criteria, including from autopsies, because of opinions expressed by a small group of expert witnesses who testify for defendants in suspected child homicide cases. We reviewed 249 autopsies in children 2 years old and younger from the files of our Medical Examiner office in the University of Missouri School of Medicine done between January 1, 2008 and December, 31, 2016. Because of gradually instituted mandatory examination of spinal cords and retinas, we had 127 autopsies with brain examinations by a neuropathologist plus retinal examinations of which 67 also had spinal cord examinations. Results were correlated with clinical records, police and EMS reports, and imaging. We found that subdural hematomas, cerebral edema, and retinal hemorrhages were mostly limited to autopsy findings in children who suffered from fatal head trauma, whether accidental (3 cases) or inflicted (14); they were not encountered in cases of homicide by other mechanisms or from natural diseases including infections, brain tumors, SIDS/SUID, or SUDC. Two cases with no other evidence of head trauma had focal retinal hemorrhages. We advocate for examination of retinas and spinal cords in all autopsies of children in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Miller
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - C Christopher Stacy
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of Boone and Callaway Counties, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Deiter J Duff
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of Boone and Callaway Counties, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shunhua Guo
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Patrick Morse
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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6
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Koludarova EM, Tuchik ES. [Problems of forensic diagnosis of diffuse axonal brain injury in the acute post-traumatic period]. Sud Med Ekspert 2022; 65:54-58. [PMID: 35416019 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20226502154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The article refers to actual problems of forensic diagnostics of diffuse axonal brain injury in the acute post-traumatic period, that is of particular importance in the case of head trauma in conditions of non-evidence. To solve the existing problems, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study aimed at improving the diffuse axonal brain injury examination by developing a unified methodological approach to running the forensic medical diagnostics of this form of traumatic brain injury and determining the duration of the acute (up to three days) post-traumatic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Koludarova
- Russian Centre of Forensic Medical Expertise, Moscow, Russia
| | - E S Tuchik
- Russian Centre of Forensic Medical Expertise, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Generation of hiPSC-derived low threshold mechanoreceptors containing axonal termini resembling bulbous sensory nerve endings and expressing Piezo1 and Piezo2. Stem Cell Res 2021; 56:102535. [PMID: 34607262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory low threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) sense innocuous mechanical forces, largely through specialized axon termini termed sensory nerve endings, where the mechanotransduction process initiates upon activation of mechanotransducers. In humans, a subset of sensory nerve endings is enlarged, forming bulb-like expansions, termed bulbous nerve endings. There is no in vitro human model to study these neuronal endings. Piezo2 is the main mechanotransducer found in LTMRs. Recent evidence shows that Piezo1, the other mechanotransducer considered absent in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), is expressed at low level in somatosensory neurons. We established a differentiation protocol to generate, from iPSC-derived neuronal precursor cells, human LTMR recapitulating bulbous sensory nerve endings and heterogeneous expression of Piezo1 and Piezo2. The derived neurons express LTMR-specific genes, convert mechanical stimuli into electrical signals and have specialized axon termini that morphologically resemble bulbous nerve endings. Piezo2 is concentrated within these enlarged axon termini. Some derived neurons express low level Piezo1, and a subset co-express both channels. Thus, we generated a unique, iPSCs-derived human model that can be used to investigate the physiology of bulbous sensory nerve endings, and the role of Piezo1 and 2 during mechanosensation.
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8
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Diekfuss JA, Yuan W, Dudley JA, DiCesare CA, Panzer MB, Talavage TM, Nauman E, Bonnette S, Slutsky-Ganesh AB, Clark J, Anand M, Altaye M, Leach JL, Lamplot JD, Galloway M, Pombo MW, Hammond KE, Myer GD. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Newer Helmet Designs with Emergent Shell and Padding Technologies Versus Older Helmet Models for Preserving White Matter Following a Season of High School Football. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:2863-2874. [PMID: 34585336 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to objectively compare the effects of wearing newer, higher-ranked football helmets (HRank) vs. wearing older, lower-ranked helmets (LRank) on pre- to post-season alterations to neuroimaging-derived metrics of athletes' white matter. Fifty-four high-school athletes wore an HRank helmet, and 62 athletes wore an LRank helmet during their competitive football season and completed pre- and post-season diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Longitudinal within- and between-group DTI metrics [fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean/axial/radial diffusivity (MD, AD, RD)] were analyzed using tract-based spatial statistics. The LRank helmet group exhibited significant pre- to post-season reductions in MD, AD, and RD, the HRank helmet group displayed significant pre- to post-season increases in FA, and both groups showed significant pre- to post-season increases in AD (p's < .05 [corrected]). Between-group analyses revealed the pre- to post-season increase in AD was significantly less for athletes wearing HRank compared to LRank (p < .05 [corrected]). These data provide in vivo evidence that wearing an HRank helmet may be efficacious for preserving white matter from head impact exposure during high school football. Future prospective longitudinal investigations with complimentary imaging and behavioral outcomes are warranted to corroborate these initial in vivo findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed A Diekfuss
- Emory Sports Performance And Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA. .,Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Weihong Yuan
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan A Dudley
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Matthew B Panzer
- Center for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Thomas M Talavage
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric Nauman
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Scott Bonnette
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alexis B Slutsky-Ganesh
- Emory Sports Performance And Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA.,Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph Clark
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Manish Anand
- Emory Sports Performance And Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA.,Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James L Leach
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph D Lamplot
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Mathew W Pombo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle E Hammond
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Emory Sports Performance And Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA.,Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
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9
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Kousi C, Lampri E, Voulgaris S, Vougiouklakis T, Galani V, Mitselou A. Expression of orexin-A (hypocretin-A) in the hypothalamus after traumatic brain injury: A postmortem evaluation. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 327:110961. [PMID: 34454377 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. The key component of TBI pathophysiology is traumatic axonal injury (TAI), commonly referred to as diffuse axonal injury (DAI). Coma is a serious complication which can occur following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recently, studies have shown that the central orexinergic/ hypocretinergic system exhibit prominent arousal promoting actions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate by immunohistochemistry the expression of beta-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) in white matter of parasagittal region, corpus callosum and brainstem and the expression of orexin-A (ORXA) in the hypothalamus after traumatic brain injury. RESULTS: DAI was found in 26 (53.06%) cases, assessed with β-APP immunohistochemical staining in parasagittal white matter, corpus callosum and brainstem. Orexin-A immunoreactivity in hypothalamus was completely absent in 5 (10.2%) of the cases; moderate reduction of ORXA was observed in 9 (18.4%) of the cases; and severe reduction was observed in 7 (14.3%) of the cases. A statistically significant correlation was found between β-APP immunostaining in white matter, corpus callosum and brainstem in relation to survival time (p < 0.002, p < 0.003 and p < 0.005 respectively). A statistically positive correlation was noted between ORX-A immunoreactivity in hypothalamus to survival time (p < 0.003). An inverse correlation was noted between the expression of β-APP in the regions of brain studied to the expression of ORX-A in the hypothalamus of the cases studied (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated by immunohistochemistry that reduction of orexin-A neurons in the hypothalamus, involved in coma status and arousal, enhanced the immunoexpression of β-APP in parasagital white matter, corpus callosum and brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysavgi Kousi
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evangeli Lampri
- Department of Pathology Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Spyridon Voulgaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Theodoros Vougiouklakis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Galani
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, University of Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Antigony Mitselou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece
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10
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Kim JH, Goodrich JA, Situ R, Rapuano A, Hetherington H, Du F, Parks S, Taylor W, Westmoreland T, Ling G, Bandak FA, de Lanerolle NC. Periventricular White Matter Alterations From Explosive Blast in a Large Animal Model: Mild Traumatic Brain Injury or "Subconcussive" Injury? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:605-617. [PMID: 32386412 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropathology of mild traumatic brain injury in humans resulting from exposure to explosive blast is poorly understood as this condition is rarely fatal. A large animal model may better reflect the injury patterns in humans. We investigated the effect of explosive blasts on the constrained head minimizing the effects of whole head motion. Anesthetized Yucatan minipigs, with body and head restrained, were placed in a 3-walled test structure and exposed to 1, 2, or 3 explosive blast shock waves of the same intensity. Axonal injury was studied 3 weeks to 8 months postblast using β-amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry. Injury was confined to the periventricular white matter as early as 3-5 weeks after exposure to a single blast. The pattern was also present at 8 months postblast. Animals exposed to 2 and 3 blasts had more axonal injury than those exposed to a single blast. Although such increases in axonal injury may relate to the longer postblast survival time, it may also be due to the increased number of blast exposures. It is possible that the injury observed is due to a condition akin to mild traumatic brain injury or subconcussive injury in humans, and that periventricular injury may have neuropsychiatric implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hoby Hetherington
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fu Du
- FD NeuroTechnologies Inc., Ellicott City, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Geoffrey Ling
- Department of Neurology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Baecker J, Wartchow K, Sehm T, Ghoochani A, Buchfelder M, Kleindienst A. Treatment with the Neurotrophic Protein S100B Increases Synaptogenesis after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1097-1107. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justus Baecker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Krista Wartchow
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tina Sehm
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ali Ghoochani
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kleindienst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Spine Surgery, Klinikum Rummelsberg, Schwarzenbruck, Germany
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12
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The Cuprizone Model: Dos and Do Nots. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040843. [PMID: 32244377 PMCID: PMC7226799 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Various pre-clinical models with different specific features of the disease are available to study MS pathogenesis and to develop new therapeutic options. During the last decade, the model of toxic demyelination induced by cuprizone has become more and more popular, and it has contributed substantially to our understanding of distinct yet important aspects of the MS pathology. Here, we aim to provide a practical guide on how to use the cuprizone model and which pitfalls should be avoided.
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13
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Xu R, Li X, Boreland AJ, Posyton A, Kwan K, Hart RP, Jiang P. Human iPSC-derived mature microglia retain their identity and functionally integrate in the chimeric mouse brain. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1577. [PMID: 32221280 PMCID: PMC7101330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, exhibit highly dynamic functions in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. Human microglia possess unique features as compared to mouse microglia, but our understanding of human microglial functions is largely limited by an inability to obtain human microglia under homeostatic states. Here, we develop a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based microglial chimeric mouse brain model by transplanting hPSC-derived primitive macrophage progenitors into neonatal mouse brains. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of the microglial chimeric mouse brains reveals that xenografted hPSC-derived microglia largely retain human microglial identity, as they exhibit signature gene expression patterns consistent with physiological human microglia and recapitulate heterogeneity of adult human microglia. Importantly, the engrafted hPSC-derived microglia exhibit dynamic response to cuprizone-induced demyelination and species-specific transcriptomic differences in the expression of neurological disease-risk genes in microglia. This model will serve as a tool to study the role of human microglia in brain development and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjie Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Andrew J Boreland
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Biosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Anthony Posyton
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Kelvin Kwan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Microglia dynamically interact with neurons influencing the development, structure, and function of neuronal networks. Recent studies suggest microglia may also influence neuronal activity by physically interacting with axonal domains responsible for action potential initiation and propagation. However, the nature of these microglial process interactions is not well understood. Microglial-axonal contacts are present early in development and persist through adulthood, implicating microglial interactions in the regulation of axonal integrity in both the developing and mature central nervous system. Moreover, changes in microglial-axonal contact have been described in disease states such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Depending on the disease state, there are increased associations with specific axonal segments. In MS, there is enhanced contact with the axon initial segment and node of Ranvier, while, in TBI, microglia alter interactions with axons at the site of injury, as well as at the axon initial segment. In this article, we review the interactions of microglial processes with axonal segments, analyzing their associations with various axonal domains and how these interactions may differ between MS and TBI. Furthermore, we discuss potential functional consequences and molecular mechanisms of these interactions and how these may differ among various types of microglial-axonal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah D Benusa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Audrey D Lafrenaye
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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15
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Hirad AA, Bazarian JJ, Merchant-Borna K, Garcea FE, Heilbronner S, Paul D, Hintz EB, van Wijngaarden E, Schifitto G, Wright DW, Espinoza TR, Mahon BZ. A common neural signature of brain injury in concussion and subconcussion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau3460. [PMID: 31457074 PMCID: PMC6685720 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The midbrain is biomechanically susceptible to force loading from repetitive subconcussive head impacts (RSHI), is a site of tauopathy in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and regulates functions (e.g., eye movements) often disrupted in concussion. In a prospective longitudinal design, we demonstrate there are reductions in midbrain white matter integrity due to a single season of collegiate football, and that the amount of reduction in midbrain white matter integrity is related to the amount of rotational acceleration to which players' brains are exposed. We then replicate the observation of reduced midbrain white matter integrity in a retrospective cohort of individuals with frank concussion, and further show that variance in white matter integrity is correlated with levels of serum-based tau, a marker of blood-brain barrier disruption. These findings mean that noninvasive structural MRI of the midbrain is a succinct index of both clinically silent white matter injury as well as frank concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A. Hirad
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Bazarian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kian Merchant-Borna
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Frank E. Garcea
- Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA
| | - Sarah Heilbronner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Paul
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Eric B. Hintz
- Division of Neurosurgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Edwin van Wijngaarden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Giovanni Schifitto
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David W. Wright
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tamara R. Espinoza
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bradford Z. Mahon
- Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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16
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Hicks AJ, James AC, Spitz G, Ponsford JL. Traumatic Brain Injury as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimer Disease: Critical Review of Study Methodologies. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3191-3219. [PMID: 31111768 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite much previous research stating that traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been confirmed as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD), findings from observational studies are mixed and are of low methodological quality. This review aimed to critically evaluate the methodologies used in previous studies. Relevant literature was identified by examining reference lists for previous reviews and primary studies, and searches in MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate. Sixty-eight identified reports, published between 1982 and August 2018, met inclusion criteria. Common methodological weaknesses included self-reported TBI (62%); poor TBI case definition (55%); low prevalence of TBI in samples (range 0.07-28.7%); reverse causality (86% moderate to high risk of reverse causality); not controlling for important confounding factors. There were also key areas of methodological rigor including use of individual matching for cases and controls (57%); gold standard dementia and AD criteria (53%); symmetrical data collection (65%); large sample sizes (max, 2,794,752); long follow-up periods and controlling of analyses for age (82%). The quality assessment revealed methodological problems with most studies. Overall, only one study was identified as having strong methodological rigor. This critical review identified several key areas of methodological weakness and rigor and should be used as a guideline for improving future research. This can be achieved by using longitudinal prospective cohort designs, with medically confirmed and well characterized TBI sustained sufficient time before the onset of dementia, including appropriate controls and informants, and considering the impacts of known protective and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Hicks
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amelia C James
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gershon Spitz
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennie L Ponsford
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Nack A, Brendel M, Nedelcu J, Daerr M, Nyamoya S, Beyer C, Focke C, Deussing M, Hoornaert C, Ponsaerts P, Schmitz C, Bartenstein P, Rominger A, Kipp M. Expression of Translocator Protein and [18F]-GE180 Ligand Uptake in Multiple Sclerosis Animal Models. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020094. [PMID: 30696113 PMCID: PMC6406715 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) ligands targeting the translocator protein (TSPO) represent promising tools to visualize neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Although it is known that TSPO is expressed in the outer mitochondria membrane, its cellular localization in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions is not entirely clear. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of utilizing PET imaging with the TSPO tracer, [18F]-GE180, to detect histopathological changes during experimental demyelination, and to determine which cell types express TSPO. C57BL/6 mice were fed with cuprizone for up to 5 weeks to induce demyelination. Groups of mice were investigated by [18F]-GE180 PET imaging at week 5. Recruitment of peripheral immune cells was triggered by combining cuprizone intoxication with MOG35–55 immunization (i.e., Cup/EAE). Immunofluorescence double-labelling and transgene mice were used to determine which cell types express TSPO. [18F]-GE180-PET reliably detected the cuprizone-induced pathology in various white and grey matter regions, including the corpus callosum, cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and caudoputamen. Cuprizone-induced demyelination was paralleled by an increase in TSPO expression, glia activation and axonal injury. Most of the microglia and around one-third of the astrocytes expressed TSPO. TSPO expression induction was more severe in the white matter corpus callosum compared to the grey matter cortex. Although mitochondria accumulate at sites of focal axonal injury, these mitochondria do not express TSPO. In Cup/EAE mice, both microglia and recruited monocytes contribute to the TSPO expressing cell populations. These findings support the notion that TSPO is a valuable marker for the in vivo visualization and quantification of neuropathological changes in the MS brain. The pathological substrate of an increase in TSPO-ligand binding might be diverse including microglia activation, peripheral monocyte recruitment, or astrocytosis, but not axonal injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Astrocytes/ultrastructure
- Axons/metabolism
- Axons/ultrastructure
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Carbazoles/metabolism
- Cuprizone
- Demyelinating Diseases/diagnostic imaging
- Demyelinating Diseases/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Inflammation/pathology
- Ligands
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/ultrastructure
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/diagnostic imaging
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA/genetics
- Receptors, GABA/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nack
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy, 39071 Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Julia Nedelcu
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy, 39071 Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Markus Daerr
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy, 39071 Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Stella Nyamoya
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy, 39071 Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Carola Focke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Deussing
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Chloé Hoornaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Anatomy, 39071 Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
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18
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Visualization of the Breakdown of the Axonal Transport Machinery: a Comparative Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Approach. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3984-3998. [PMID: 30238390 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Axonal damage is a major factor contributing to disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. On the histological level, acute axonal injury is most frequently analyzed by anti-amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry. To what extent this method truly detects axonal injury, and whether other proteins and organelles are as well subjected to axonal transport deficits in demyelinated tissues is not known. The aim of this study was to correlate ultrastructural morphology with the immunohistochemical appearance of acute axonal injury in a model of toxin-induced oligodendrocyte degeneration. C57BL/6J mice were intoxicated with 0.25% cuprizone to induce demyelination. The corpus callosum was investigated by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (i.e., 3D EM), immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Brain tissues of progressive MS patients were included to test the relevance of our findings in mice for MS. Volumes of axonal swellings, determined by 3D EM, were comparable to volumes of axonal spheroids, determined by anti-APP immunofluorescence stains. Axonal swellings were present at myelinated and non-myelinated axonal internodes. Densities of amyloid precursor protein (APP)+ spheroids were highest during active demyelination. Besides APP, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and mitochondrial proteins accumulated at sites of axonal spheroids. Such accumulations were found as well in lesions of progressive MS patients. In this correlative ultrastructural-immunohistochemical study, we provide strong evidence that breakdown of the axonal transport machinery results in focal accumulations of mitochondria and different synaptic proteins. We provide new marker proteins to visualize acute axonal injury, which helps to further understand the complex nature of axonal damage in progressive MS.
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19
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Rahaman P, Del Bigio MR. Histology of Brain Trauma and Hypoxia-Ischemia. Acad Forensic Pathol 2018; 8:539-554. [PMID: 31240058 DOI: 10.1177/1925362118797728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Forensic pathologists encounter hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain damage or traumatic brain injuries (TBI) on an almost daily basis. Evaluation of the findings guides decisions regarding cause and manner of death. When there are gross findings of brain trauma, the cause of death is often obvious. However, microscopic evaluation should be used to augment the macroscopic diagnoses. Histology can be used to seek evidence for TBI in the absence of gross findings, e.g., in the context of reported or suspected TBI. Estimating the survival interval after an insult is often of medicolegal interest; this requires targeted tissue sampling and careful histologic evaluation. Retained tissue blocks serve as forensic evidence and also provide invaluable teaching and research material. In certain contexts, histology can be used to demonstrate nontraumatic causes of seemingly traumatic lesions. Macroscopic and histologic findings of brain trauma can be confounded by concomitant HI brain injury when an individual survives temporarily after TBI. Here we review the histologic approaches for evaluating TBI, hemorrhage, and HI brain injury. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) immunohistochemistry is helpful for identifying damaged axons, but patterns of damage cannot unambiguously distinguish TBI from HI. The evolution of hemorrhagic lesions will be discussed in detail; however, timing of any lesion is at best approximate. It is important to recognize artifactual changes (e.g., dark neurons) that can resemble HI damage. Despite the shortcomings, histology is a critical adjunct to the gross examination of brains.
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20
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Hoffman A, Taleski G, Qian H, Wasek B, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, Sontag JM, Sontag E. Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency Deregulates Regional Brain Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Expression and Phosphorylation Levels. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:223-237. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hoffman
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Goce Taleski
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Helena Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Brandi Wasek
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Erland Arning
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Estelle Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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21
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, affecting young and old alike. Pathologic data have been developed through observations of human autopsies and developing animal models to investigate mechanisms, although animal models do not represent the polypathology of human brain injury and there are likely to be significant differences in the anatomic basis of injury and cellular responses between species. Traumatic brain injury can be defined pathologically as either focal or diffuse, and can be considered to be either primary, directly related to the force associated with the neurotrauma, or secondary, developing as a downstream consequence of the neurotrauma. While neuropathology has traditionally focused on severe head injury, there is increasing recognition of the long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury, particularly repetitive mild traumatic brain injury, and a possible long-term association with chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Smith
- Department of Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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22
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Liu C, Zhang CW, Zhou Y, Wong WQ, Lee LC, Ong WY, Yoon SO, Hong W, Fu XY, Soong TW, Koo EH, Stanton LW, Lim KL, Xiao ZC, Dawe GS. APP upregulation contributes to retinal ganglion cell degeneration via JNK3. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:663-678. [PMID: 29238071 PMCID: PMC5864187 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal injury is a common feature of central nervous system insults. Upregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) is observed following central nervous system neurotrauma and is regarded as a marker of central nervous system axonal injury. However, the underlying mechanism by which APP mediates neuronal death remains to be elucidated. Here, we used mouse optic nerve axotomy (ONA) to model central nervous system axonal injury replicating aspects of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in optic neuropathies. APP and APP intracellular domain (AICD) were upregulated in retina after ONA and APP knockout reduced Tuj1+ RGC loss. Pathway analysis of microarray data combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation and a luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that AICD interacts with the JNK3 gene locus and regulates JNK3 expression. Moreover, JNK3 was found to be upregulated after ONA and to contribute to Tuj1+ RGC death. APP knockout reduced the ONA-induced enhanced expression of JNK3 and phosphorylated JNK (pJNK). Gamma-secretase inhibitors prevented production of AICD, reduced JNK3 and pJNK expression similarly, and protected Tuj1+ RGCs from ONA-induced cell death. Together these data indicate that ONA induces APP expression and that gamma-secretase cleavage of APP releases AICD, which upregulates JNK3 leading to RGC death. This pathway may be a novel target for neuronal protection in optic neuropathies and other forms of neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.,Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Technical University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China.,Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Yi Zhou
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Wan Qing Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.,Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Liying Corinne Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Wei Yi Ong
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Sung Ok Yoon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Proteos, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Xin-Yuan Fu
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Soong
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Edward H Koo
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Lawrence W Stanton
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Zhi-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, 3800, Australia. .,The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China.
| | - Gavin S Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore. .,Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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23
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Gudi V, Gai L, Herder V, Tejedor LS, Kipp M, Amor S, Sühs KW, Hansmann F, Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Stangel M, Skripuletz T. Synaptophysin Is a Reliable Marker for Axonal Damage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:109-125. [PMID: 28177496 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptophysin is an abundant membrane protein of synaptic vesicles. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of identifying synaptophysin accumulations (spheroids/ovoids/bulbs) in CNS white matter as an immunohistochemical marker of axonal damage in demyelinating and neuroinflammatory conditions. We studied the cuprizone toxicity and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection models of demyelination and analyzed CNS tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Synaptophysin colocalized with the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a well-known marker of axonal damage. In the cuprizone model, numerous pathological synaptophysin/APP-positive spheroids/ovoids were identified in the corpus callosum at the onset of demyelination; the extent of synaptophysin/APP-positive vesicle aggregates correlated with identified reactive microglia; during late and chronic demyelination, the majority of synaptophysin/APP-positive spheroids/ovoids resolved but a few remained, indicating persistent axonal damage; in the remyelination phase, scattered large synaptophysin/APP-positive bulbs persisted. In the TMEV model, only a few large- to medium-sized synaptophysin/APP-positive bulbs were found in demyelinated areas. In MS patient tissue samples, the bulbs appeared exclusively at the inflammatory edges of lesions. In conclusion, our data suggest that synaptophysin as a reliable marker of axonal damage in the CNS in inflammatory/demyelinating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lijie Gai
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Salinas Tejedor
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kurt-Wolfram Sühs
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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24
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Traumatic brain injury induced matrix metalloproteinase2 cleaves CXCL12α (stromal cell derived factor 1α) and causes neurodegeneration. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:190-199. [PMID: 27614125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), even at mild levels, can activate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the induction of neuroinflammation that can result in blood brain barrier breakdown and neurodegeneration. MMP2 has a significant role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration by modulating the chemokine CXCL12α (stromal cell derived factor SDF-1α) signaling pathway and the induction of apoptosis. SDF-1α is responsible for cell proliferation and differentiation throughout the nervous system and is also implicated in various neurodegenerative illnesses. We hypothesized that TBI leads to MMP2 activation and cleavage of the N-terminal 4 amino acid residues of CXCL12α with generation of the highly neurotoxic fragment SDF-1(5-67). Using an in vitro stretch-injury model of rat neuronal cultures and the in vivo fluid percussion injury (FPI) model in rats, we found that oxidative stress has a significant role in the activation of MMP2. This is initiated by the induction of free radical generating enzyme NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1). Induction of NOX1 correlated well with the signatures of oxidative stress marker, 4HNE in the injured neuronal cultures and cerebral cortex of rats. Further, using MMP2 siRNA and pharmacological MMP2 inhibitor, ARP100, we established the neurodegenerative role of MMP2 in cleaving SDF-1α to a neurotoxic fragment SDF-1(5-67). By immunofluorescence, western blotting and TUNEL experiments, we show the cleaved form of SDF leads to apoptotic cell death in neurons. This work identifies a new potential therapeutic target to reduce the complications of brain damage in TBI.
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25
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Nyanzu M, Siaw-Debrah F, Ni H, Xu Z, Wang H, Lin X, Zhuge Q, Huang L. Improving on Laboratory Traumatic Brain Injury Models to Achieve Better Results. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:494-505. [PMID: 28539826 PMCID: PMC5441042 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.18075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental modeling of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in animals has identified several potential means and interventions that might have beneficial applications for treating traumatic brain injury clinically. Several of these interventions have been applied and tried with humans that are at different phases of testing (completed, prematurely terminated and others in progress). The promising results achieved in the laboratory with animal models have not been replicated with human trails as expected. This review will highlight some insights and significance attained via laboratory animal modeling of TBI as well as factors that require incorporation into the experimental studies that could help in translating results from laboratory to the bedside. Major progress has been made due to laboratory studies; in explaining the mechanisms as well as pathophysiological features of brain damage after TBI. Attempts to intervene in the cascade of events occurring after TBI all rely heavily on the knowledge from basic laboratory investigations. In looking to discover treatment, this review will endeavor to sight and state some central discrepancies between laboratory models and clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nyanzu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Felix Siaw-Debrah
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Haoqi Ni
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhu Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lijie Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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26
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27
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Dhillon RS, Parker J, Syed YA, Edgley S, Young A, Fawcett JW, Jeffery ND, Franklin RJM, Kotter MRN. Axonal plasticity underpins the functional recovery following surgical decompression in a rat model of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:89. [PMID: 27552807 PMCID: PMC4994254 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common spinal cord disorder and a major cause of disability in adults. Improvements following surgical decompression are limited and patients often remain severely disabled. Post mortem studies indicate that CSM is associated with profound axonal loss. However, our understanding of the pathophysiology of CSM remains limited.To investigate the hypothesis that axonal plasticity plays a role in the recovery following surgical decompression, we adopted a novel preclinical model of mild to moderate CSM. Spinal cord compression resulted in significant locomotor deterioration, increased expression of the axonal injury marker APP, and loss of serotonergic fibres. Surgical decompression partially reversed the deficits and attenuated APP expression. Decompression was also associated with axonal sprouting, reflected in the restoration of serotonergic fibres and an increase of GAP43 expression. The re-expression of synaptophysin indicated the restoration of functional synapses following decompression. Promoting axonal plasticity may therefore be a therapeutic strategy for promoting neurological recovery in CSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana S. Dhillon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Academic Neurosurgery Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, West Forvie Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
| | - John Parker
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AH UK
| | - Yasir A. Syed
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Academic Neurosurgery Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, West Forvie Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
| | - Steve Edgley
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY UK
| | - Adam Young
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Academic Neurosurgery Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, West Forvie Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
| | - James W. Fawcett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, E.D. Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY UK
| | - Nick D. Jeffery
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134 USA
| | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AH UK
| | - Mark R. N. Kotter
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Academic Neurosurgery Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, West Forvie Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ UK
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28
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Abstract
Biomarkers are key tools and can provide crucial information on the complex cascade of events and molecular mechanisms underlying traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathophysiology. Obtaining a profile of distinct classes of biomarkers reflecting core pathologic mechanisms could enable us to identify and characterize the initial injury and the secondary pathologic cascades. Thus, they represent a logical adjunct to improve diagnosis, track progression and activity, guide molecularly targeted therapy, and monitor therapeutic response in TBI. Accordingly, great effort has been put into the identification of novel biomarkers in the past 25 years. However, the role of brain injury markers in clinical practice has been long debated, due to inconsistent regulatory standards and lack of reliable evidence of analytical validity and clinical utility. We present a comprehensive overview of the markers currently available while characterizing their potential role and applications in diagnosis, monitoring, drug discovery, and clinical trials in TBI. In reviewing these concepts, we discuss the recent inclusion of brain damage biomarkers in the diagnostic guidelines and provide perspectives on the validation of such markers for their use in the clinic.
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29
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Ahrendsen JT, Grewal HS, Hickey SP, Culp CM, Gould EA, Shimizu T, Strnad FA, Traystman RJ, Herson PS, Macklin WB. Juvenile striatal white matter is resistant to ischemia-induced damage. Glia 2016; 64:1972-86. [PMID: 27463063 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
White matter injury following ischemic stroke is a major cause of functional disability. Injury to both myelinated axons and oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells in the central nervous system, occurs in experimental models of ischemic stroke. Age-related changes in white matter vulnerability to ischemia have been extensively studied and suggest that both the perinatal and the aged periods are times of increased white matter vulnerability. However, sensitivity of white matter following stroke in the juvenile brain has not been evaluated. Interestingly, the late pediatric period is an important developmental stage, as it is the time of maximal myelination. The current study demonstrates that neurons in late pediatric/juvenile striatum are vulnerable to ischemic damage, with neuronal injury being comparable in juvenile and adult mice following ischemia. By contrast, actively myelinating striatal oligodendrocytes in the juvenile brain are resistant to ischemia, whereas adult oligodendrocytes are quite sensitive. As a result, myelin sheaths are remarkably intact and axons survive well in the injured striatum of juvenile mice. In addition to relative resistance of juvenile white matter, other glial responses were very different in juvenile and adult mice following cerebral ischemia, including differences in astrogliosis, fibrosis, NG2-cell reactivity, and vascular integrity. Together, these responses lead to long-term preservation of brain parenchyma in juvenile mice, compared to severe tissue loss and scarring in adult mice. Overall, the current study suggests that equivalent ischemic insults may result in less functional deficit in children compared to adults and an environment more conducive to long-term recovery. GLIA 2016;64:1972-1986.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Ahrendsen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Himmat S Grewal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sean P Hickey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Cecilia M Culp
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth A Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Takeru Shimizu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Frank A Strnad
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Richard J Traystman
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Deparment of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paco S Herson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. .,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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30
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Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Graham DI. Diffuse Axonal Injury: An Important Form of Traumatic Brain Damage. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385849800400316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a frequent form of traumatic brain injury in which a clinical spectrum of in creasing injury severity is paralleled by progressively increasing amounts of axonal damage in the brain. When less severe, DAI is associated with concussive syndromes; when most severe, it causes prolonged traumatic coma that is not related to mass lesions, increased intracranial pressure, or ischemia. Pathological investigations of DAI demonstrate widespread but heterogeneous microscopic damage to axons throughout the white matter of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and brainstem. There is a propensity for injury to occur in the central third of the brain, and the corpus callosum and brain stem are especially prone to injury. In these locations, traumatic axonal damage can occur in several degrees of severity, ranging from transient disturbances of ionic homeostasis to swelling, impairment of axoplasmic transport with secondary (delayed) axotomy and primary axotomy (tearing). A more detailed understanding of the processes involved in axonal damage is crucial to the development of effective treatment for the clinical syndromes of DAI. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:202-215, 1998
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Gennarelli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Neurosciences
Allegheny University of the Health Sciences Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lawrence E. Thibault
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Neurosciences
Allegheny University of the Health Sciences Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David I. Graham
- Department of Neuropathology University of Glasgow Glasgow,
Scotland, United Kingdom
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31
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Hayashi T, Ago K, Nakamae T, Higo E, Ogata M. Interleukin (IL)-8 immunoreactivity of injured axons and surrounding oligodendrocytes in traumatic head injury. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 263:48-54. [PMID: 27065055 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-8 has been suggested to be a positive regulator of myelination in the central nervous system, in addition to its principal role as a chemokine for neutrophils. Immunostaining for beta-amyloid precursor protein (AβPP) is an effective tool for detecting traumatic axonal injury, although AβPP immunoreactivity can also indicate axonal injury due to hypoxic causes. In this study, we examined IL-8 and AβPP immunoreactivity in sections of corpus callosum obtained from deceased patients with blunt head injury and from equivalent control tissue. AβPP immunoreactivity was detected in injured axons, such as axonal bulbs and varicose axons, in 24 of 44 head injury cases. These AβPP immunoreactive cases had survived for more than 3h. The AβPP immunostaining pattern can be classified into two types: traumatic (Pattern 1) and non-traumatic (Pattern 2) axonal injuries, which we described previously [Hayashi et al. Int. J. Legal Med. 129 (2015) 1085-1090]. Three of 44 control cases also showed AβPP immunoreactive injured axons as Pattern 2. In contrast, IL-8 immunoreactivity was detected in 7 AβPP immunoreactive and in 2 non-AβPP immunoreactive head injury cases, but was not detected in any of the 44 control cases, including the 3 AβPP immunoreactive control cases. The IL-8 immunoreactive cases had survived from 3 to 24 days, whereas those cases who survived less than 3 days (n=29) and who survived 90 days (n=1) were not IL-8 immunoreactive. Moreover, IL-8 was detected as Pattern 1 axons only. In addition, double immunofluorescence analysis showed that IL-8 is expressed by oligodendrocytes surrounding injured axons. In conclusion, our results suggest that immunohistochemical detection of IL-8 may be useful as a complementary diagnostic marker of traumatic axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Hayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Kazutoshi Ago
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Takuma Nakamae
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Eri Higo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ogata
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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32
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Ossola B, Zhao C, Compston A, Pluchino S, Franklin RJM, Spillantini MG. Neuronal expression of pathological tau accelerates oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation. Glia 2016; 64:457-71. [PMID: 26576485 PMCID: PMC5132073 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation is an important therapeutic target to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS). We previously reported hyperphosphorylated and aggregated microtubule-associated protein tau in MS lesions, suggesting its involvement in axonal degeneration. However, the influence of pathological tau-induced axonal damage on the potential for remyelination is unknown. Therefore, we investigated OPC differentiation in human P301S tau (P301S-htau) transgenic mice, both in vitro and in vivo following focal demyelination. In 2-month-old P301S-htau mice, which show hyperphosphorylated tau in neurons, we found atrophic axons in the spinal cord in the absence of prominent axonal degeneration. These signs of early axonal damage were associated with microgliosis and an upregulation of IL-1β and TNFα. Following in vivo focal white matter demyelination we found that OPCs differentiated more efficiently in P301S-htau mice than wild type (Wt) mice. We also found an increased level of myelin basic protein within the lesions, which however did not translate into increased remyelination due to higher susceptibility of P301S-htau axons to demyelination-induced degeneration compared to Wt axons. In vitro experiments confirmed higher differentiation capacity of OPCs from P301S-htau mice compared with Wt mice-derived OPCs. Because the OPCs from P301S-htau mice do not ectopically express the transgene, and when isolated from newborn mice behave like Wt mice-derived OPCs, we infer that their enhanced differentiation capacity must have been acquired through microenvironmental priming. Our data suggest the intriguing concept that damaged axons may signal to OPCs and promote their differentiation in the attempt at rescue by remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Ossola
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
| | - Alastair Compston
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeCB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
| | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
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33
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Bais B, Kubat B, Motazedi E, Verdijk RM. β-Amyloid Precursor Protein and Ubiquitin Immunohistochemistry Aid in the Evaluation of Infant Autopsy Eyes With Abusive Head Trauma. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 160:1285-1295.e6. [PMID: 26384166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP), ubiquitin, and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) immunostaining as a diagnostic tool to aid in the discrimination between abusive head trauma and nonabusive head trauma in postmortem ocular histopathologic investigation. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS Seventy-four eyes of 37 infants were studied for hemorrhage and immunohistochemical expression of β-APP, ubiquitin, and GFAP in the retina and optic nerve. Infants were assigned to abusive head trauma or control groups, according to published criteria. RESULTS In the abusive head trauma group, positive β-APP and ubiquitin immunostaining of the retina was significantly more likely to be found than in the control group, odds ratio (OR) 11.4, confidence interval (CI) 2.9-44.3; P < .001 and OR 8.8, CI 2.2-34.5; P = .002, respectively. Positive correlations were found between retinal expression of β-APP and ubiquitin immunostaining and retinal hemorrhage. Vitreal hemorrhages, orbital fat hemorrhages, and macular folds could only be identified in abusive head trauma cases. Retinal hemorrhages were significantly more severe, occupied a larger proportion of the retina, and involved more retinal layers in abusive head trauma compared to controls (OR 2.7, CI 1.7-4.4; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study shows correlations between positive retinal β-APP and ubiquitin immunostaining as a sign of axonal injury in abusive head trauma. Axonal injury is a useful pathologic feature that can be demonstrated in postmortem ocular investigation of deceased children using immunohistochemical staining for β-APP and ubiquitin with a high OR for abusive head trauma when compared to controls.
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Zhan X, Jickling GC, Ander BP, Stamova B, Liu D, Kao PF, Zelin MA, Jin LW, DeCarli C, Sharp FR. Myelin basic protein associates with AβPP, Aβ1-42, and amyloid plaques in cortex of Alzheimer's disease brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 44:1213-29. [PMID: 25697841 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to show that myelin and axons in cortical gray matter are damaged in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Superior temporal gyrus gray matter of AD patients (9 male, 14 female) was compared to cognitively normal controls (8 male, 7 female). Myelin basic protein (MBP) and a degraded myelin basic protein complex (dMBP) were quantified by Western blot. Brain sections were immunostained for MBP, dMBP, axonal neurofilament protein (NF), autophagy marker microtubule-associated proteins 1A/B light chain 3B precursor (LC3B), amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), and amyloid markers amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1-42) and FSB. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectroscopy evaluated interaction of AβPP/Aβ1-42 with MBP/dMBP. Evidence of axonal injury in AD cortex included appearance of AβPP in NF stained axons, and NF at margins of amyloid plaques. Evidence of myelin injury in AD cortex included (1) increased dMBP in AD gray matter compared to control (p < 0.001); (2) dMBP in AD neurons; and (3) increased LC3B that co-localized with MBP. Evidence of interaction of AβPP/Aβ1-42 with myelin or axonal components included (1) greater binding of dMBP with AβPP in AD brain; (2) MBP at the margins of amyloid plaques; (3) dMBP co-localized with Aβ1-42 in the core of amyloid plaques in AD brains; and (4) interactions between Aβ1-42 and MBP/dMBP by co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. We conclude that damaged axons may be a source of AβPP. dMBP, MBP, and NF associate with amyloid plaques and dMBP associates with AβPP and Aβ1-42. These molecules could be involved in formation of amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Bradley P Ander
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - DaZhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Patricia F Kao
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA Department of Pathology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mariko A Zelin
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA Department of Pathology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA Department of Pathology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Hayashi T, Ago K, Nakamae T, Higo E, Ogata M. Two different immunostaining patterns of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) may distinguish traumatic from nontraumatic axonal injury. Int J Legal Med 2015; 129:1085-90. [PMID: 26249371 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunostaining for beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is recognized as an effective tool for detecting traumatic axonal injury, but it also detects axonal injury due to ischemic or other metabolic causes. Previously, we reported two different patterns of APP staining: labeled axons oriented along with white matter bundles (pattern 1) and labeled axons scattered irregularly (pattern 2) (Hayashi et al. (Leg Med (Tokyo) 11:S171-173, 2009). In this study, we investigated whether these two patterns are consistent with patterns of trauma and hypoxic brain damage, respectively. Sections of the corpus callosum from 44 cases of blunt head injury and equivalent control tissue were immunostained for APP. APP was detected in injured axons such as axonal bulbs and varicose axons in 24 of the 44 cases of head injuries that also survived for three or more hours after injury. In 21 of the 24 APP-positive cases, pattern 1 alone was observed in 14 cases, pattern 2 alone was not observed in any cases, and both patterns 1 and 2 were detected in 7 cases. APP-labeled injured axons were detected in 3 of the 44 control cases, all of which were pattern 2. These results suggest that pattern 1 indicates traumatic axonal injury, while pattern 2 results from hypoxic insult. These patterns may be useful to differentiate between traumatic and nontraumatic axonal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Hayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan,
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Klistorner A, Vootakuru N, Wang C, Yiannikas C, Graham SL, Parratt J, Garrick R, Levin N, Masters L, Lagopoulos J, Barnett MH. Decoding diffusivity in multiple sclerosis: analysis of optic radiation lesional and non-lesional white matter. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122114. [PMID: 25807541 PMCID: PMC4373765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been suggested as a new promising tool in MS that may provide greater pathological specificity than conventional MRI, helping, therefore, to elucidate disease pathogenesis and monitor therapeutic efficacy. However, the pathological substrates that underpin alterations in brain tissue diffusivity are not yet fully delineated. Tract-specific DTI analysis has previously been proposed in an attempt to alleviate this problem. Here, we extended this approach by segmenting a single tract into areas bound by seemingly similar pathological processes, which may better delineate the potential association between DTI metrics and underlying tissue damage. Method Several compartments were segmented in optic radiation (OR) of 50 relapsing-remitting MS patients including T2 lesions, proximal and distal parts of fibers transected by lesion and fibers with no discernable pathology throughout the entire length of the OR. Results Asymmetry analysis between lesional and non-lesional fibers demonstrated a marked increase in Radial Diffusivity (RD), which was topographically limited to focal T2 lesions and potentially relates to the lesional myelin loss. A relative elevation of Axial Diffusivity (AD) in the distal part of the lesional fibers was observed in a distribution consistent with Wallerian degeneration, while diffusivity in the proximal portion of transected axons remained normal. A moderate, but significant elevation of RD in OR non-lesional fibers was strongly associated with the global (but not local) T2 lesion burden and is probably related to microscopic demyelination undetected by conventional MRI. Conclusion This study highlights the utility of the compartmentalization approach in elucidating the pathological substrates of diffusivity and demonstrates the presence of tissue-specific patterns of altered diffusivity in MS, providing further evidence that DTI is a sensitive marker of tissue damage in both lesions and NAWM. Our results suggest that, at least within the OR, parallel and perpendicular diffusivities are affected by tissue restructuring related to distinct pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Klistorner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Chenyu Wang
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Stuart L. Graham
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Netta Levin
- Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lynette Masters
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael H. Barnett
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Jensen LL, Banner J, Byard RW. Does β-APP staining of the brain in infant bed-sharing deaths differentiate these cases from sudden infant death syndrome? J Forensic Leg Med 2014; 27:46-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Spence RD, Kurth F, Itoh N, Mongerson CRL, Wailes SH, Peng MS, MacKenzie-Graham AJ. Bringing CLARITY to gray matter atrophy. Neuroimage 2014; 101:625-32. [PMID: 25038439 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gray matter atrophy has been shown to be a strong correlate to clinical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its most commonly used animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the relationship between gray mater atrophy and the spinal cord pathology often observed in EAE has never been established. Here EAE was induced in Thy1.1-YFP mice and their brains imaged using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The brains and spinal cords were subsequently optically cleared using Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging-compatible Tissue-hYdrogel (CLARITY). Axons were followed 5mm longitudinally in three dimensions in intact spinal cords revealing that 61% of the axons exhibited a mean of 22 axonal ovoids and 8% of the axons terminating in axonal end bulbs. In the cerebral cortex, we observed a decrease in the mean number of layer V pyramidal neurons and a decrease in the mean length of the apical dendrites of the remaining neurons, compared to healthy controls. MRI analysis demonstrated decreased cortical volumes in EAE. Cross-modality correlations revealed a direct relationship between cortical volume loss and axonal end bulb number in the spinal cord, but not ovoid number. This is the first report of the use of CLARITY in an animal model of disease and the first report of the use of both CLARITY and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory D Spence
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Florian Kurth
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Noriko Itoh
- Multiple Sclerosis Program, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chandler R L Mongerson
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shannon H Wailes
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mavis S Peng
- Multiple Sclerosis Program, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allan J MacKenzie-Graham
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Jensen LL, Banner J, Ulhøi BP, Byard RW. β-Amyloid precursor protein staining of the brain in sudden infant and early childhood death. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014; 40:385-97. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Lund Jensen
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
- The Department of Pathology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Jytte Banner
- Department of Forensic Medicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Roger W Byard
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
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Kovacs SK, Leonessa F, Ling GSF. Blast TBI Models, Neuropathology, and Implications for Seizure Risk. Front Neurol 2014; 5:47. [PMID: 24782820 PMCID: PMC3988378 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to explosive blast exposure is a leading combat casualty. It is also implicated as a key contributor to war related mental health diseases. A clinically important consequence of all types of TBI is a high risk for development of seizures and epilepsy. Seizures have been reported in patients who have suffered blast injuries in the Global War on Terror but the exact prevalence is unknown. The occurrence of seizures supports the contention that explosive blast leads to both cellular and structural brain pathology. Unfortunately, the exact mechanism by which explosions cause brain injury is unclear, which complicates development of meaningful therapies and mitigation strategies. To help improve understanding, detailed neuropathological analysis is needed. For this, histopathological techniques are extremely valuable and indispensable. In the following we will review the pathological results, including those from immunohistochemical and special staining approaches, from recent preclinical explosive blast studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krisztian Kovacs
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Fabio Leonessa
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Geoffrey S F Ling
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Miller SL, Yawno T, Alers NO, Castillo-Melendez M, Supramaniam VG, VanZyl N, Sabaretnam T, Loose JM, Drummond GR, Walker DW, Jenkin G, Wallace EM. Antenatal antioxidant treatment with melatonin to decrease newborn neurodevelopmental deficits and brain injury caused by fetal growth restriction. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:283-94. [PMID: 24456220 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a serious pregnancy complication associated with increased rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality, and ultimately with long-term neurodevelopmental impairments. No intervention currently exists that can improve the structure and function of the IUGR brain before birth. Here, we investigated whether maternal antenatal melatonin administration reduced brain injury in ovine IUGR. IUGR was induced in pregnant sheep at 0.7 gestation and a subset of ewes received melatonin via intravenous infusion until term. IUGR, IUGR + melatonin (IUGR + MLT) and control lambs were born naturally, neonatal behavioral assessment was used to examine neurological function and at 24 hr after birth the brain was collected for the examination of neuropathology. Compared to control lambs, IUGR lambs took significantly longer to achieve normal neonatal lamb behaviors, such as standing and suckling. IUGR brains showed widespread cellular and axonal lipid peroxidation, and white matter hypomyelination and axonal damage. Maternal melatonin administration ameliorated oxidative stress, normalized myelination and rescued axonopathy within IUGR lamb brains, and IUGR + MLT lambs demonstrated significant functional improvements including a reduced time taken to attach to and suckle at the udder after birth. Based on these observations, we began a pilot clinical trial of oral melatonin administration to women with an IUGR fetus. Maternal melatonin was not associated with adverse maternal or fetal effects and it significantly reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by reduced malondialdehyde levels, in the IUGR + MLT placenta compared to IUGR alone. Melatonin should be considered for antenatal neuroprotective therapy in human IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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Mild traumatic brain injury in the mouse induces axotomy primarily within the axon initial segment. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:59-74. [PMID: 23595276 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a consistent component of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and is associated with much of its morbidity. Increasingly, it has also been recognized as a major pathology of mild TBI (mTBI). In terms of its pathogenesis, numerous studies have investigated the susceptibility of the nodes of Ranvier, the paranode and internodal regions to TAI. The nodes of Ranvier, with their unique composition and concentration of ion channels, have been suggested as the primary site of injury, initiating a cascade of abnormalities in the related paranodal and internodal domains that lead to local axonal swellings and detachment. No investigation, however, has determined the effect of TAI upon the axon initial segment (AIS), a segment critical to regulating polarity and excitability. The current study sought to identify the susceptibility of these different axon domains to TAI within the neocortex, where each axonal domain could be simultaneously assessed. Utilizing a mouse model of mTBI, a temporal and spatial heterogeneity of axonal injury was found within the neocortical gray matter. Although axonal swellings were found in all domains along myelinated neocortical axons, the majority of TAI occurred within the AIS, which progressed without overt structural disruption of the AIS itself. The finding of primary AIS involvement has important implications regarding neuronal polarity and the fate of axotomized processes, while also raising therapeutic implications, as the mechanisms underlying such axonal injury in the AIS may be distinct from those described for nodal/paranodal injury.
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Kokjohn TA, Maarouf CL, Daugs ID, Hunter JM, Whiteside CM, Malek-Ahmadi M, Rodriguez E, Kalback W, Jacobson SA, Sabbagh MN, Beach TG, Roher AE. Neurochemical profile of dementia pugilistica. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:981-97. [PMID: 23268705 PMCID: PMC3684215 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia pugilistica (DP), a suite of neuropathological and cognitive function declines after chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI), is present in approximately 20% of retired boxers. Epidemiological studies indicate TBI is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). Some biochemical alterations observed in AD and PD may be recapitulated in DP and other TBI persons. In this report, we investigate long-term biochemical changes in the brains of former boxers with neuropathologically confirmed DP. Our experiments revealed biochemical and cellular alterations in DP that are complementary to and extend information already provided by histological methods. ELISA and one-dimensional and two dimensional Western blot techniques revealed differential expression of select molecules between three patients with DP and three age-matched non-demented control (NDC) persons without a history of TBI. Structural changes such as disturbances in the expression and processing of glial fibrillary acidic protein, tau, and α-synuclein were evident. The levels of the Aβ-degrading enzyme neprilysin were reduced in the patients with DP. Amyloid-β levels were elevated in the DP participant with the concomitant diagnosis of AD. In addition, the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the axonal transport proteins kinesin and dynein were substantially decreased in DP relative to NDC participants. Traumatic brain injury is a risk factor for dementia development, and our findings are consistent with permanent structural and functional damage in the cerebral cortex and white matter of boxers. Understanding the precise threshold of damage needed for the induction of pathology in DP and TBI is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A. Kokjohn
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
- Department of Microbiology, Midwestern University School of Medicine, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Chera L. Maarouf
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
| | - Ian D. Daugs
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
| | - Jesse M. Hunter
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
| | - Charisse M. Whiteside
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
| | - Michael Malek-Ahmadi
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
| | - Emma Rodriguez
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
- National Institute of Cardiology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Walter Kalback
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
| | - Sandra A. Jacobson
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
| | - Marwan N. Sabbagh
- Cleo Roberts Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
| | - Alex E. Roher
- The Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona
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Namjoshi DR, Martin G, Donkin J, Wilkinson A, Stukas S, Fan J, Carr M, Tabarestani S, Wuerth K, Hancock REW, Wellington CL. The liver X receptor agonist GW3965 improves recovery from mild repetitive traumatic brain injury in mice partly through apolipoprotein E. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53529. [PMID: 23349715 PMCID: PMC3547922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk and leads to the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits similar to those found in AD. Agonists of Liver X receptors (LXRs), which regulate the expression of many genes involved in lipid homeostasis and inflammation, improve cognition and reduce neuropathology in AD mice. One pathway by which LXR agonists exert their beneficial effects is through ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-mediated lipid transport onto apolipoprotein E (apoE). To test the therapeutic utility of this pathway for TBI, we subjected male wild-type (WT) and apoE−/− mice to mild repetitive traumatic brain injury (mrTBI) followed by treatment with vehicle or the LXR agonist GW3965 at 15 mg/kg/day. GW3965 treatment restored impaired novel object recognition memory in WT but not apoE−/− mice. GW3965 did not significantly enhance the spontaneous recovery of motor deficits observed in all groups. Total soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were significantly elevated in WT and apoE−/− mice after injury, a response that was suppressed by GW3965 in both genotypes. WT mice showed mild but significant axonal damage at 2 d post-mrTBI, which was suppressed by GW3965. In contrast, apoE−/− mice showed severe axonal damage from 2 to 14 d after mrTBI that was unresponsive to GW3965. Because our mrTBI model does not produce significant inflammation, the beneficial effects of GW3965 we observed are unlikely to be related to reduced inflammation. Rather, our results suggest that both apoE-dependent and apoE-independent pathways contribute to the ability of GW3965 to promote recovery from mrTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay R. Namjoshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Georgina Martin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James Donkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Carr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sepideh Tabarestani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelli Wuerth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: *
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Finnie JW. Neuroinflammation: beneficial and detrimental effects after traumatic brain injury. Inflammopharmacology 2013; 21:309-20. [PMID: 23296919 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-012-0164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the major cause of death and severe disability in young adults and infants worldwide and many survivors also have mild to moderate neurological deficits which impair their lives. This review highlights the primary and secondary lesions constituting craniocerebral trauma and the main elements of neuroinflammation, one of the most important secondary events evolving after the initial traumatic insult. Neuroinflammation has dual and opposing roles in outcome after TBI, being both beneficial and harmful, its effects often differing between the acute and more delayed phases after injury. Since each patient with TBI has a unique and complex pattern of cerebral damage, developing pharmacological intervention strategies targeted at the multiple cellular and molecular events in the neuroinflammatory cascade is difficult. While there have been very few successful outcomes to date in human clinical trials of drugs developed to treat TBI in general, those that have been devised to modulate neuroinflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Finnie
- SA Pathology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases and School of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, PO Box 14, Rundle Mall, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Increased intracranial pressure after diffuse traumatic brain injury exacerbates neuronal somatic membrane poration but not axonal injury: evidence for primary intracranial pressure-induced neuronal perturbation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1919-32. [PMID: 22781336 PMCID: PMC3463883 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is linked to increased morbidity. Although our understanding of the pathobiology of TBI has expanded, questions remain regarding the specific neuronal somatic and axonal damaging consequences of elevated ICP, independent of its impact on cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). To investigate this, Fischer rats were subjected to moderate TBI. Measurements of ICP revealed two distinct responses to injury. One population exhibited transient increases in ICP that returned to baseline levels acutely, while the other displayed persistent ICP elevation (>20 mm Hg). Utilizing these populations, the effect of elevated ICP on neuronal pathology associated with diffuse TBI was analyzed at 6 hours after TBI. No difference in axonal injury was observed, however, rats exhibiting persistently elevated ICP postinjury revealed a doubling of neurons with chronic membrane poration compared with rats exhibiting only transient increases in ICP. Elevated postinjury ICP was not associated with a concurrent increase in DNA damage; however, traditional histological assessments did reveal increased neuronal damage, potentially associated with redistribution of cathepsin-B from the lysosomal compartment into the cytosol. These findings indicate that persistently increased ICP, without deleterious alteration of CPP, exacerbates neuronal plasmalemmal perturbation that could precipitate persistent neuronal impairment and ultimate neuronal death.
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Wu H, Mahmood A, Qu C, Xiong Y, Chopp M. Simvastatin attenuates axonal injury after experimental traumatic brain injury and promotes neurite outgrowth of primary cortical neurons. Brain Res 2012; 1486:121-30. [PMID: 23026078 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of simvastatin on experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been demonstrated in previous studies. In this study, we investigated the effects of simvastatin on axonal injury and neurite outgrowth after experimental TBI and explored the underlying mechanisms. Wistar rats were subjected to controlled cortical impact or sham surgery. Saline or simvastatin was administered for 14 days. A modified neurological severity score (mNSS) test was performed to evaluate functional recovery. Immunohistochemistry studies using synaptophysin, neurofilament H (NF-H) and amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) were performed to examine synaptogenesis and axonal injury. Primary cortical neurons (PCNs) were subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by various treatments. Western blot analysis was utilized to assess the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β)/adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) pathways. Simvastatin decreased the density of APP-positive profiles and increased the density of NF-H -positive profiles. Simvastatin reduced mNSS, which was correlated with the increase of axonal density. Simvastatin treatment stimulated the neurite outgrowth of PCNs after OGD, which was attenuated by LY294002 and enhanced by lithium chloride (LiCl). Simvastatin activated Akt and mTOR, inactivated GSK-3β and dephosphorylated APC in the injured PCNs. Our data suggest that simvastatin reduces axonal injury, enhances neurite outgrowth and promotes neurological functional recovery after experimental TBI. The beneficial effects of simvastatin on neurite outgrowth may be mediated through manipulation of the PI-3K/Akt/mTOR and PI-3K/GSK-3β/APC pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Schirmer L, Merkler D, König FB, Brück W, Stadelmann C. Neuroaxonal regeneration is more pronounced in early multiple sclerosis than in traumatic brain injury lesions. Brain Pathol 2012; 23:2-12. [PMID: 22612622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of irreversible neuroaxonal damage is the key determinant of permanent disability in traumatic and inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). Structural damage is nevertheless in part compensated by neuroplastic events. However, it is unknown whether the same kinetics and mechanisms of neuroaxonal de- and regeneration take place in inflammatory and traumatic conditions. We analyzed neuroaxonal degeneration and plasticity in early multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neuroaxonal degeneration identified by the presence of SMI31+ chromatolytic neurons and SMI32+ axonal profiles were characteristic features of leukocortical TBI lesions. Axonal transport disturbances as determined by amyloid precursor protein (APP)+ spheroids were present in both TBI and MS lesions to a similar degree. Neurons expressing growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) and synaptophysin (Syn) were found under both pathological conditions. However, axonal swellings immunopositive for GAP43 and Syn clearly prevailed in subcortical MS lesions, suggesting a higher regenerative potential in MS. In this context, GAP43+/APP+ axonal spheroid ratios correlated with macrophage infiltration in TBI and MS lesions, supporting the idea that phagocyte activation might promote neuroplastic events. Furthermore, axonal GAP43+ and Syn+ swellings correlated with prolonged survival after TBI, indicating a sustained regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Inhibition of JNK by a peptide inhibitor reduces traumatic brain injury-induced tauopathy in transgenic mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012; 71:116-29. [PMID: 22249463 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3182456aed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major environmental risk factor for subsequent development of Alzheimer disease (AD). Pathological features that are common to AD and many tauopathies are neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuropil threads composed of hyperphosphorylated tau. Axonal accumulations of total and phospho-tau have been observed within hours to weeks, and intracytoplasmic NFTs have been documented years after severe TBI in humans. We previously reported that controlled cortical impact TBI accelerated tau pathology in young 3xTg-AD mice. Here, we used this TBI mouse model to investigate mechanisms responsible for increased tau phosphorylation and accumulation after brain trauma. We found that TBI resulted in abnormal axonal accumulation of several kinases that phosphorylate tau. Notably, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was markedly activated in injured axons and colocalized with phospho-tau. We found that moderate reduction of JNK activity (40%) by a peptide inhibitor, D-JNKi1, was sufficient to reduce total and phospho-tau accumulations in axons of these mice with TBI. Longer-term studies will be required to determine whether reducing acute tau pathology proves beneficial in brain trauma.
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Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. THE EFFECTS OF POSTTRAUMATIC HYPOTHERMIA ON DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY FOLLOWING PARASAGGITAL FLUID PERCUSSION BRAIN INJURY IN RATS. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2012; 2:14-23. [PMID: 23420536 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2012.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous investigations have demonstrated the beneficial effects of mild hypothermia following different types of traumatic brain injury (TBI). In some models, early cooling following TBI has been shown to reduce the frequency of axonal damage, a major consequence of head injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of posttraumatic hypothermia in a model that has been shown to be sensitive to temperature manipulations in the early injury setting. Animals underwent moderate parasagittal fluid percussion (FP) brain injury and were then either randomized into normothermic or hypothermic groups. In the hypothermic groups, brain temperature was reduced to either 30 or 33°C 5 minutes after trauma and maintained for a three hour period. Normothermic or sham-operated animals were held under normal temperature conditions. At three days after TBI, animals were perfusion-fixed for quantitative assessment of β-APP immunohistochemistry and silver staining. Traumatic injury led to a significant increase in the frequency of β-APP immunoreactive profiles both within the corpus callosum, external capsule, as well as internal capsule. While early cooling revealed a trend for protection, no significant differences were shown between normothermic and hypothermic animals in terms of the frequency of injured axons at 3 days posttrauma. These results emphasize that axonal pathology is a major consequence of brain injury using this particular model. It is concluded that longer periods of posttraumatic hypothermia may be required to chronically protect axon populations undergoing progressive injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Bramlett
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, The Department of Neurological Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida 33136
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