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Andalousi RBE, Daussin PA, Micallef JP, Roux C, Nougues J, Chammas M, Reyne Y, Bacou F. Changes in Mass and Performance in Rabbit Muscles after Muscle Damage with or without Transplantation of Primary Satellite Cells. Cell Transplant 2017; 11:169-180. [DOI: 10.3727/096020198389898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in morphology, metabolism, myosin heavy chain gene expression, and functional performances in damaged rabbit muscles with or without transplantation of primary satellite cells were investigated. For this purpose, we damaged bilaterally the fast muscle tibialis anterior (TA) with either 1.5 or 2.6 ml cardiotoxin 10–5 M injections. Primary cultures of satellite cells were autotransplanted unilaterally 5 days after muscle degeneration. Two months postoperation, the masses of damaged TAs, with or without transplantation, were significantly larger than those of the controls. Furthermore, damaged transplanted muscles weighed significantly more than damaged muscles only. The increase in muscle mass was essentially due to increased fiber size. These results were independent of the quantity of cardiotoxin injected into the muscles. Maximal forces were similar in control and 2.6 ml damaged TAs with or without satellite cell transfer. In contrast, 1.5 ml damaged TAs showed a significant decrease in maximal forces that reached the level of controls after transplantation of satellite cells. Fatigue resistance was similar in control and 1.5 ml damaged TAs independently of satellite cell transfer. Fatigue index was significantly higher in 2.6 ml damaged muscles with or without cell transplantation. These changes could be explained in part by muscle metabolism, which shifted towards oxidative activities, and by gene expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms, which presented an increase in type IIa and a decrease in type I and IIb in all damaged muscles with or without cell transfer. Under our experimental conditions, these results show that muscle damage rather than satellite cell transplantation changes muscle metabolism, myosin heavy chain isoform gene expression, and, to a lesser extent, muscle contractile properties. In contrast, muscle weight and fiber size are increased both by muscle damage and by satellite cell transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul-André Daussin
- UMR Différenciation cellulaire et Croissance, INRA, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique 2 et Chirurgie de la Main, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Paul Micallef
- INSERM ADR 08, Parc Euromédecine, 99 rue Puech Villa, 34197 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Colette Roux
- Laboratoire de Biométrie, INRA, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Jean Nougues
- UMR Différenciation cellulaire et Croissance, INRA, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Michel Chammas
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique 2 et Chirurgie de la Main, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Yves Reyne
- UMR Différenciation cellulaire et Croissance, INRA, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Francis Bacou
- UMR Différenciation cellulaire et Croissance, INRA, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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Abstract
Myoblasts are defined as stem cells containing skeletal muscle cell precursors. A decade of experimental work has revealed many properties of myoblasts, including the stability of resulting hybrid myofibers without immune suppression, the persistence of transgene expression, and the lack of tumorigenicity. Early phase clinical trials also showed that myoblast-based therapy is a promising approach for many intractable clinical conditions, including both muscle-related and non-muscle-related diseases. The potential application of myoblast therapy may be in the treatment of genetic muscle diseases, cardiomyocyte damaged heart diseases, and urinary incontinence. This review will provide an overview of myoblast biology, along with discussion of the potential application in clinical medicine. In addition, problems in current myoblast therapy and possible future improvements will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Liu
- Heart Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
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Kalvelyte A, Krestnikova N, Stulpinas A, Bukelskiene V, Bironaite D, Baltriukiene D, Imbrasaite A. Long-term muscle-derived cell culture: multipotency and susceptibility to cell death stimuli. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:292-304. [PMID: 23359426 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Improvement in the yield of adult organism stem cells, and the ability to manage their differentiation and survival potential are the major goals in their application in regenerative medicine and in the adult stem cell research. We have demonstrated that adult rabbit muscle-derived cell lines with an unlimited proliferative potential in vitro can differentiate into myogenic, osteogenic, adipogenic and neurogenic lineages. Studies of cell survival in vitro showed that differentiated cells, except neurogenic ones, are more resistant to apoptosis inducers compared to proliferating cells. Resistance to death signals correlated with the level of protein kinase AKT phosphorylation. Skeletal muscle-derived cell lines can be multipurpose tools in therapy. Enhanced resistance of differentiated cells to certain types of damage shows their potential for long-term survival and maintenance in an organism. This article was published online on 29 January 2013. An error was subsequently identified. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected 6 March 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrone Kalvelyte
- Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry Mokslininku str. 12, LT-08662, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Skuk D, Tremblay JP. Necrosis, sarcolemmal damage and apoptotic events in myofibers rejected by CD8+ lymphocytes: Observations in nonhuman primates. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:997-1005. [PMID: 22749896 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To detect the mechanisms of death in allogeneic myofibers rejected by the immune system, myoblasts were allotransplanted in muscles of macaques immunosuppressed with tacrolimus. Immunosuppression was stopped 1month later to induce a massive rejection of allogeneic myofibers. Grafted sites were biopsied at 2-week intervals and analyzed by histology. The loss of allogeneic myofibers was rapid and concomitant with an intense infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes. Several necrotic myofibers were observed in the lymphocyte accumulations by intracellular complement immunodetection. Dystrophin and spectrin immunodetection showed sarcolemmal damage in myofibers surrounded and invaded by CD8+ lymphocytes. Active caspase-3 was immunodetected in some myofibers surrounded by CD8+ lymphocytes. This is the first evidence that the collapse of myofibers attacked by T lymphocytes occurs by necrosis possibly due to damage of the sarcolemma. Caspase 3 is activated at least in some myofibers, but there was no evidence of a complete classical process of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Skuk
- Neurosciences Division - Human Genetics, CHUQ Research Center - CHUL, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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Acute Rejection of Myofibers in Nonhuman Primates: Key Histopathologic Features. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012; 71:398-412. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31825243ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Skuk D, Tremblay JP. Intramuscular cell transplantation as a potential treatment of myopathies: clinical and preclinical relevant data. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:359-74. [PMID: 21204740 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.548800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myopathies produce deficits in skeletal muscle function and, in some cases, literally progressive loss of skeletal muscles. The transplantation of cells able to differentiate into myofibers is an experimental strategy for the potential treatment of some of these diseases. AREAS COVERED Among the two routes used to deliver cells to skeletal muscles, that is intramuscular and intravascular, this paper focuses on the intramuscular route due to our expertise and because it is the most used in animal experiments and the only tested so far in humans. Given the absence of recent reviews about clinical observations and the profusion based on mouse results, this review prioritizes observations made in humans and non-human primates. The review provides a vision of cell transplantation in myology centered on what can be learned from clinical trials and from preclinical studies in non-human primates and leading mouse studies. EXPERT OPINION Experiments on myogenic cell transplantation in mice are essential to quickly identify potential treatments, but studies showing the possibility to scale up the methods in large mammals are indispensable to determine their applicability in humans and to design clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Skuk
- CHUQ Research Center - CHUL, Neurosciences Division - Human Genetics, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Saihara R, Komuro H, Urita Y, Hagiwara K, Kaneko M. Myoblast transplantation to defecation muscles in a rat model: a possible treatment strategy for fecal incontinence after the repair of imperforate anus. Pediatr Surg Int 2009; 25:981-6. [PMID: 19690871 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-009-2454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Infants with higher anorectal anomalies often develop fecal incontinence after surgical reconstruction mainly due to the incomplete development of defecation muscles. We investigated the possibility of defecation muscle regeneration by myoblast transplantation to improve fecal continence. METHODS Myoblasts from F344 female rats at ages of 1 day, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 weeks were prepared by a preplating method. In vivo muscle differentiation of myoblasts was evaluated using immunofluorescence after transplantation of GFP-positive myoblasts into nude mice, the damaged thigh muscles, and the levator ani muscle of GFP-negative rats. RESULTS The ratios of myoblasts obtained from 1 day, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12-week-old rats were 35, 71, 65, 61, 52, 44, and 23%, respectively. Myotube formation by transplanted myoblasts was observed in the back of nude mice. Myoblasts transplanted into damaged thigh muscles were integrated into recipient muscles with myofiber formation. Transferred myoblasts formed myotubes surrounding the levator ani muscle, although myofiber formation was not observed. CONCLUSION Myoblasts were most efficiently obtained from juvenile rats. Myoblast transplantation may provide a novel treatment strategy for improving fecal continence after repair of anorectal anomalies in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Saihara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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Lafreniere JF, Caron MC, Skuk D, Goulet M, Cheikh AR, Tremblay JP. Growth Factor Coinjection Improves the Migration Potential of Monkey Myogenic Precursors without Affecting Cell Transplantation Success. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:719-30. [DOI: 10.3727/096368909x470900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited disease and a main target of myogenic cell transplantation (MT). After the failure of the first clinical trials with DMD patients, the poor migration of transplanted cells has been suspected to be a major problem for a more effective clinical application of MT. Previous investigations suggested that the quantity and dispersion of myofibers containing donor cell nuclei might be improved by increasing the migration of the transplanted cells outside the injection sites. Because the coinjection of motogenic factors with human myoblasts enhanced their intramuscular migration following MT in SCID mice, the present study aimed to investigate whether this approach was appropriate to increase MT success in muscles of nonhuman primates. In vitro studies indicated that IGF-1 or bFGF increased components of proteolytic systems involved in myoblast migration. In vitro and in vivo experiments also demonstrated that coinjection of bFGF or IGF-1 was able to improve monkey myogenic cell migration and invasion. Sixty hours after MT in skeletal muscle tissue, the migration distances reached by monkey myoblasts increased by nearly twofold when one of the growth factors was coinjected with the cells. However, long-term observations in adult monkeys suggest that promigratory treatments are not intrinsically sufficient to improve the success of MT. Even if short-term observations reveal that grafted cells are not always trapped inside the injection site and in spite of the fact that both factors enhanced transplanted cell migration, myofibers including grafted cell nuclei were still restrained to the injection trajectory without notable difference in their amount or their dispersion. The incapacity of transplanted cells to fuse with undamaged myofibers, which are located outside the injection sites, is a priority problem to solve in order to improve transplantation success and reduce the number of injections required for the treatment of DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lafreniere
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Caron
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Skuk
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Marlyne Goulet
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Anissa Rahma Cheikh
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacques P. Tremblay
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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Luxameechanporn T, Hadlock T, Shyu J, Cowan D, Faquin W, Varvares M. Successful myoblast transplantation in rat tongue reconstruction. Head Neck 2008; 28:517-24. [PMID: 16619280 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy exists regarding the success of myoblast transplantation. The purpose of this study was to determine the survival of transplanted myoblasts in a rat tongue reconstruction model by using fluorescently labeled myoblasts and surgical stains to mark the location of the pocket into which transplanted cells were delivered. We evaluated tongue histology after myoblast transplantation under the hypothesis that myoblast transplantation will promote muscle regeneration and result in minimal scar tissue formation. METHODS Sterile solutions of 1:10 India ink, 1% methylene blue, and 1% crystal violet were applied to the inner lining of a left-sided mucosa-sparing hemiglossectomy pocket. After air-drying, the hemiglossectomy defect was filled with collagen gel and closed. The tongues were evaluated histologically at 6 weeks. Next, myoblasts were cultured and labeled with three commercially available fluorescent dyes, 5-chloromethyl-fluorescein diacetate (CMFDA), chloromethylbenzamido (CM-DiI), and fluorescently labeled microspheres (FLMs), to determine which would optimally label myoblasts in a tongue reconstruction model. Next, Lewis rats underwent left hemiglossectomy, and the created pockets were coated with 1:10 India ink. Control animals received collagen gel alone, whereas experimental animals received labeled myoblast/collagen constructs into the tongue defect. Tongues were harvested at intervals to determine the presence of labeled fluorescent cells, the relative numbers of viable myoblasts, and the degree of scarring. RESULTS India ink coating of the hemiglossectomy pocket caused minimal inflammation and lasted longer than the other tested dyes. CMFDA and FLMs both successfully label myoblasts for transplantation. In vivo, donor cells were observed in all specimens at week 0 with increasing numbers of cells and muscle formation, determined by desmin immunofluorescence, after 6 weeks. There was less scar tissue contracture in the experimental group and a significant increase in the amount of desmin-stained muscle in the surgical defect. CONCLUSIONS India ink is an appropriate vehicle for intra-operative marking of a hemiglossectomy cavity. The introduction of myoblast/collagen constructs into the rat hemiglossectomy defect increases the amount of regenerated muscle, results in less scar contracture, and may increase meaningful tongue function.
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Schäfer R, Knauf U, Zweyer M, Högemeier O, de Guarrini F, Liu X, Eichhorn HJ, Koch FW, Mundegar RR, Erzen I, Wernig A. Age dependence of the human skeletal muscle stem cell in forming muscle tissue. Artif Organs 2006; 30:130-40. [PMID: 16480387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2006.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle stem cells from healthy donors aged 2-82 years (n = 13) and from three children suffering from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) were implanted into soleus muscles of immunoincompetent mice and were also expanded in vitro until senescence. Growth of implanted cells was quantified by structural features and by the amount of human DNA present in a muscle. Proliferative capacity in vitro and in vivo was inversely related to age of the donor. In vitro, a decline of about two mean population doublings (MPDs) per 10 years of donor's age was observed. Muscle stem cells from DMD children were prematurely aged. In general, cell preparations with low or decreasing content in desmin-positive cells produced more MPDs than age-matched high-desmin preparations and upon implantation more human DNA and more nonmyogenic than myogenic tissue. Thus, a "Desmin Factor" was derived which predicts "quality" of the human muscle tissue growing in vivo. This factor may serve as a prognostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schäfer
- Department of Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
Myoblast transplantation (MT) is an experimental strategy for the potential treatment of myopathies. MT has two properties that make it potentially beneficial: genetic complementation and myogenic potential. Preclinical experiments on monkeys have shown that promising results can be obtained with MT in large muscles of primates depending on two conditions: appropriate immunosuppression and cell delivery by a method of high-density injections. Preclinical work on MT is being, or may be, addressed to: develop efficient methods of donor cell delivery applicable to clinics; control or avoid acute rejection by methods with the fewest secondary effects; understand the factors that condition the early survival of donor cells following transplantation; increase the success of each individual injection; re-engineer a functional structure in muscles that degenerates to fibrosis and fat substitution; and search for precursor cells with potential advantages over myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Skuk
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, CHUL du CHUQ, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, Canada.
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Cao B, Deasy BM, Pollett J, Huard J. Cell Therapy for Muscle Regeneration and Repair. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2005; 16:889-907, viii. [PMID: 16214050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2005.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Growth and Development Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4100 Rangos Research Center, 3460 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Haider HK, Jiang SJ, Ye L, Aziz S, Law PK, Sim EKW. Effectiveness of transient immunosuppression using cyclosporine for xenomyoblast transplantation for cardiac repair. Transplant Proc 2004; 36:232-5. [PMID: 15013354 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied the survival of human myoblast for cellular myocardial reconstruction in a porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia with immune tolerance using transient immunosuppression. A porcine model of chronic cardiac ischemia was created in 10 pigs (DMEM medium-injected n = 4; myoblast transplanted n = 6) by clamping ameroid ring around left circumflex coronary artery. Three weeks later, 3 x 10(8) human myoblasts carrying lac-z reporter gene were transplanted in multiple sites (0.25 mL each) into the left ventricular wall. Immunosuppression was achieved with 5 mg/kg cyclosporine for 6 weeks after cell transplantation. After animals were euthanized between 6 and 30 weeks after cell transplantation; the heart was removed for histological studies. Discontinuation of immunosuppression after 6 weeks of cell transplantation did not result in donor cell rejection. The lac-z-positive donor cells were detected in porcine host cardiac tissue for up to 30 weeks posttransplantation, expressing human skeletal myosin heavy chain. The results highlight the effectiveness of transient immunosuppression for myoblast transplantation for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kh Haider
- National University Medical Institutes (H.K.H.), National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Haider HK, Tan ACK, Aziz S, Chachques JC, Sim EKW. Myoblast transplantation for cardiac repair: a clinical perspective. Mol Ther 2004; 9:14-23. [PMID: 14741773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of heart failure is achieving epidemic proportions. Adult human myocytes cannot regenerate because these cells do not re-enter the cell cycle. In patients with heart failure, myoblast transplantation is emerging as a potential therapeutic option to augment the function of remaining myocytes. Both skeletal myoblasts and autologous bone marrow cell transplantation, after intensive preclinical experimental animal studies, have entered phase I safety studies in humans. Most of these clinical trials have involved small groups of patients and cell transplantation was carried out as an adjunct to coronary revascularization. Preliminary results show that the procedure is safe and leads to improved myocardial function. This paper reviews and summarizes the outcome of these phase I trials involving skeletal myoblast transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husnain Kh Haider
- National University Medical Institutes, National University of Singapore, 119074
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cell therapies for inherited myopathies are based on the implantation of normal or genetically corrected myogenic cells into the body. This review summarizes the recent progress in this field, systematized according to the factors important for success. RECENT FINDINGS In the choice of donor cells, myoblasts derived from satellite cells remain the best choice. Some studies on the population of muscle-derived stem cells in mice suggested that these cells may have some advantages over myoblasts; however, no results supporting this advantage have been presented in a primate model. Recent studies on bone marrow transplantation as a systemic source of myogenic precursors for the treatment of myopathies were disappointing. Concerning donor cell delivery, intramuscular myoblast injection remains the only way that can significantly introduce exogenous myogenic cells into the muscles. A recent study in primates showed some parameters of myoblast injection that could be useful in the human. Progress was made in mice to understand the factors that could favor the migration of the donor myoblasts in the host muscles. Concerning donor cell survival, analysis of immune cell infiltration dynamics allowed a better understanding of the factors implicated in early donor cell death. Progress was made on the control of acute rejection for myoblast transplantation in primates. So far, few mouse experiments have advanced the field of tolerance induction toward myogenic cells. SUMMARY Myoblast transplantation (intramuscular injection of satellite cell-derived myoblasts) currently remains the only cell-based therapy that has produced promising results in the context of a preclinical model such as the nonhuman primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Skuk
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Cooper RN, Thiesson D, Furling D, Di Santo JP, Butler-Browne GS, Mouly V. Extended amplification in vitro and replicative senescence: key factors implicated in the success of human myoblast transplantation. Hum Gene Ther 2003; 14:1169-79. [PMID: 12908968 DOI: 10.1089/104303403322168000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited success of human myoblast transplantation has been related to immune rejection, poor survival, and limited spread of injected myoblasts after transplantation. An important issue that has received little attention, but is nevertheless of fundamental importance in myoblast transplantation protocols, is the proliferative capacity of human satellite cells. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that the maximum number of divisions that a population of satellite cells can make decreases with age during the first two decades of life then stabilizes in adulthood. These observations indicate that when satellite cells are used as vectors in myoblast transplantation protocols it is important to consider donor age and the number of divisions that the cells have made prior to transplantation as limiting factors in obtaining an optimal number of donor derived muscle fibers. In this study, myoblasts derived from donors of different ages (newborn, 17 years old, and 71 years old) were isolated and amplified in culture. Their potential to participate in in vivo muscle regeneration in RAG2(-/-)/gamma(c)/C5 triple immunodeficient hosts after implantation was evaluated at 4 and 8 weeks postimplantation. Our results demonstrate that prolonged amplification in culture and the approach to replicative senescence are both important factors that may condition the success of myoblast transplantation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Cooper
- CNRS UMR 7000, Cytosquelette et Développement, 105 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Skuk D, Goulet M, Roy B, Tremblay JP. Efficacy of myoblast transplantation in nonhuman primates following simple intramuscular cell injections: toward defining strategies applicable to humans. Exp Neurol 2002; 175:112-26. [PMID: 12009764 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2002.7899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates were used to define myoblast transplantation strategies applicable to humans. Nevertheless, previous experiments were based on the use of myotoxins concomitant with the myoblast injections. Since myotoxins must be avoided for clinical applications, we analyzed the efficacy of simple myoblast injections (i.e., myoblasts resuspended only in saline) into monkey muscles. We also evaluated different FK506 dosages (in combination or not with mycophenolate mofetil) for immunosuppression. Allogeneic myoblasts transduced with the beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) gene were implanted in the muscles of 19 monkeys by injections placed 1 to 2 mm from each other. A biopsy was performed at the implanted sites 1 month later, and histologically studied for demonstration of beta-Gal+ myofibers, lymphocyte infiltration, and CD8+ cells. The presence of antibodies against the donor myoblasts and the blood levels of FK506 were analyzed. Our results show that: (1) If myoblast injections are sufficiently close to each other, high percentages of hybrid myofibers can be obtained following myoblast transplantation in primates (25 to 67% with an interinjection distance of 1 mm). (2) Efficient immunosuppression can be reached by increasing FK506 dosages, but also by combining this drug with mycophenolate mofetil, a combination that reduces toxic effects. The present results represent a step towards a better designing of myoblast transplantation strategies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Skuk
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre de Recherche du Centre, Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, CHUQ pavillon CHUL, 2705 boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
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Camirand G, Caron NJ, Turgeon NA, Rossini AA, Tremblay JP. Treatment with anti-CD154 antibody and donor-specific transfusion prevents acute rejection of myoblast transplantation. Transplantation 2002; 73:453-61. [PMID: 11884944 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200202150-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achieving immunological tolerance to transplanted myoblasts would reduce the adverse effects associated with the sustained immunosuppression required for this experimental therapeutic approach in Duchenne muscular dystrophic patients. METHODS Mdx mice were transplanted with fully allogeneic BALB/c myoblasts in the tibialis anterior muscles. Seven days before transplantation (-7), host mice received 107 total donor spleen cells i.v. (donor-specific transfusion, DST) with 500 microg of anti-CD154 mAb i.p. on days -7, -4, 0, +4. RESULTS Results showed a high level of dystrophin expression in 83, 60, and 20% of the mice 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively, after transplantation of myoblasts. No antibodies against the donor cells were produced up to 3 months after transplantation. However, abundant activated cytotoxic cells were present in muscles still expressing high percentage of dystrophin positive fibers. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the DST + anti-CD154 mAb treatments effectively prolonged myoblast survival, but this treatment could not develop tolerance to complete allogeneic myoblast transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Camirand
- Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1V 4G2
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Link D, Irintchev A, Knauf U, Wernig A, Starzinski-Powitz A. A model system for studying postnatal myogenesis with tetracycline-responsive, genetically engineered clonal myoblasts in vitro and in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2001; 270:138-50. [PMID: 11640878 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to introduce a tetracycline-responsive (Tet-off) gene expression system into myoblasts in order to regulate a reporter gene not only in vitro but also particularly in muscles implanted with these engineered myoblasts. Mouse myoblasts from a long-term culture (i28 cells) were transfected initially to generate and characterize two stable master clones expressing tetracycline-responsive transactivator protein tTA. Like parental i28 myoblasts, these clones differentiated well in vitro. The second step introduced the firefly (Photinus pyralis) luciferase gene into one of the stable tTA clones producing double transfectants expressing luciferase in the absence of tetracycline. Addition of tetracycline (1 microg ml(-1)) resulted in at least 100-fold decreases in luciferase activity within 8 h in both growing and differentiating myoblast cultures. Enzyme activity was rapidly restored after tetracycline was removed (8 h). After successful implantation of these myoblasts into damaged mouse muscles, luciferase expression in the matured progeny cells could be regulated by oral application of doxycycline for at least 1 month. The tetracycline-responsive master clones are potentially powerful tools for studying the function of various genes in postnatal myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Link
- Xantos Biomedicine AG, Fraunhoferstrasse 22, Martinsried, D-82152, Germany
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21
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Camirand G, Caron NJ, Asselin I, Tremblay JP. Combined immunosuppression of mycophenolate mofetil and FK506 for myoblast transplantation in mdx mice. Transplantation 2001; 72:38-44. [PMID: 11468532 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200107150-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overcoming adverse effects of immunosuppressors can be achieved by combining different drugs, thus allowing a dosage reduction. Myoblast transplantation is a potential therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Our research group previously established that FK506 (tacrolimus) is an effective immunosuppressive drug for myoblast transplantation in mice and monkeys. METHODS In the present study, a reduced dose of FK506 at 1.0 mg/kg/day was used in combination with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF; 80 mg/kg/day) as an immunosuppressive protocol for myoblast transplantation. Graft success was evaluated by quantifying the number of dystrophin-positive fibers per muscle section that were injected with normal cells. RESULTS MMF used alone could not prevent immune rejection of the transplanted myoblasts. MMF given in combination with FK506 immediately after transplantation reduced the success of myoblast transplantation by about 50%. A low dose of FK506 combined with MMF after the establishment of the graft (3 weeks) maintained graft success and controlled immune infiltration compared with a low dose of FK506 alone. However, lymphocyte infiltration was observed at longer term using a low dose of FK506 combined with MMF. CONCLUSIONS The diminution of graft success when combining FK506 and MMF by the time of myoblast transplantation could be attributed to the inhibition of myoblast fusion by MMF. The use of MMF and FK506 after the establishment of the graft did not reduce graft success, however, this combination was not effective at controlling long-term immune rejection in comparison with the optimal dose of FK506 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Camirand
- Unité de Recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 2705 boul. Laurier, RC-9300, Ste-Foy (Qc) Canada G1V 4G2
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22
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Cooper RN, Irintchev A, Di Santo JP, Zweyer M, Morgan JE, Partridge TA, Butler-Browne GS, Mouly V, Wernig A. A new immunodeficient mouse model for human myoblast transplantation. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:823-31. [PMID: 11339898 DOI: 10.1089/104303401750148784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Design of efficient transplantation strategies for myoblast-based gene therapies in humans requires animal models in which xenografts are tolerated for long periods of time. In addition, such recipients should be able to withstand pretransplantation manipulations for enhancement of graft growth. Here we report that a newly developed immunodeficient mouse carrying two known mutations (the recombinase activating gene 2, RAG2, and the common cytokine receptor gamma, gammac) is a candidate fulfilling these requirements. Skeletal muscles from RAG2(-/-)/gammac(-/-) double mutant mice recover normally after myotoxin application or cryolesion, procedures commonly used to induce regeneration and improve transplantation efficiency. Well-differentiated donor-derived muscle tissue could be detected up to 9 weeks after transplantation of human myoblasts into RAG2(-/-)/gammac(-/-) muscles. These results suggest that the RAG2(-/-)/gammac(-/-) mouse model will provide new opportunities for human muscle research.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Transplantation
- Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Dystrophin/analysis
- Gene Deletion
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Animal
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Regeneration/drug effects
- Transplantation Tolerance/drug effects
- Transplantation Tolerance/genetics
- Transplantation Tolerance/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Cooper
- CNRS UMR 7000, Cytosquelette et Développement, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
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23
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Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe X-linked neuromuscular disease that affects approximately 1/3500 live male births in every human population, and is caused by a mutation in the gene that encodes the muscle protein dystrophin. The characterization and cloning of the dystrophin gene in 1987 was a major breakthrough and it was considered that simple replacement of the dystrophin gene would ameliorate the severe and progressive skeletal muscle wasting characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. After 20 years, attempts at replacing the dystrophin gene either experimentally or clinically have met with little success, but there have been many significant advances in understanding the factors that limit the delivery of a normal dystrophin gene into dystrophic host muscle. This review addresses the host immune response and donor myoblast changes underlying some of the major problems associated with myoblast-mediated dystrophin replacement, presents potential solutions, and outlines other novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Smythe
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304-5235, USA.
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24
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Hodgetts SI, Beilharz MW, Scalzo AA, Grounds MD. Why do cultured transplanted myoblasts die in vivo? DNA quantification shows enhanced survival of donor male myoblasts in host mice depleted of CD4+ and CD8+ cells or Nk1.1+ cells. Cell Transplant 2000; 9:489-502. [PMID: 11038066 DOI: 10.1177/096368970000900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the massive and rapid death of injected donor myoblasts is the primary hurdle for successful myoblast transfer therapy (MTT), designed as a treatment for the lethal childhood myopathy Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The injection of male myoblasts into female host mice and quantification of surviving male DNA using the Y-chromosome-specific (Y1) probe allows the speed and extent of death of donor myoblasts to be determined. Cultured normal C57BL/10Sn male donor myoblasts were injected into untreated normal C57BL/10Sn and dystrophic mdx female host mice and analyzed by slot blots using a 32P-labeled Y1 probe. The amount of male DNA from donor myoblasts showed a remarkable decrease within minutes and by 1 h represented only about 10-18% of the 2.5 x 10(5) cells originally injected (designated 100%). This declined further over 1 week to approximately 1-4%. The host environment (normal or dystrophic) as well as the extent of passaging in tissue culture (early "P3" or late "P15-20" passage) made no difference to this result. Modulation of the host response by CD4+/CD8+ -depleting antibodies administered prior to injection of the cultured myoblasts dramatically enhanced donor myoblast survival in dystrophic mdx hosts (15-fold relative to untreated hosts after 1 week). NK1.1 depletion also dramatically enhanced donor myoblast survival in dystrophic mdx hosts (21-fold after 1 week) compared to untreated hosts. These results provide a strategic approach to enhance donor myoblast survival in clinical trials of MTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Hodgetts
- Department of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth.
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25
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Abstract
Myoblast transfer therapy (MTT) is a cell-mediated gene transfer method aimed at the restoration of normal dystrophin expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Initial clinical MTT trials were conducted amid much controversy, as they were based on very few animal studies. Unfortunately, the trials were of little therapeutic benefit. As a result, there has been a renaissance of interest in experimental studies in animal models. In MTT, myoblasts are obtained by muscle biopsy from normal, i.e., dystrophin-positive, donors, expanded in culture, and injected directly into the muscles of dystrophic recipients. The major requirement for successful MTT is the survival of injected donor myoblasts in the host environment. However, a vast majority of donor cells fail to survive for more than 1 h after injection, and very few last beyond the first week. This review on the immunological aspects of MTT focuses in particular on the roles of specific components of the host immune response, the effects of tissue culture on donor cells, and strategies under development to circumvent the problem of donor myoblast death after injection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Smythe
- Department of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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26
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Abstract
Sliced male C57Bl/10Sn (H2-b) donor muscles were grafted into the female histocompatible muscles of untreated, FK506-treated, and T-cell depleted (with or without thymic tolerization) dystrophic (mdx; H2-b) and normal (C57Bl/10Sn; H2-b) hosts, and also into histoincompatible normal (Balb/c; H2-d) hosts. The fate of male donor nuclei was monitored on tissue sections by in situ hybridization with a Y-chromosome specific probe. The results demonstrate that the dystrophic environment is more conducive than normal muscle to donor myoblast migration, with the distance moved being threefold greater at 12 weeks in dystrophic hosts. T-cell depletion was significantly more effective than FK506 treatment at enhancing donor myoblast emigration in both histocompatible and histoincompatible hosts at 3 weeks. Furthermore, the effects of T-cell depletion were sustained in histoincompatible hosts at 12 weeks. These data endorse the use of host T-cell depletion as a promising long-term strategy to improve myoblast transfer therapy (MTT) in the clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Smythe
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, 6907.
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27
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Abstract
Myoblast transplantation (MT) consists of injecting normal or genetically modified myogenic cells into muscles, where they are expected to fuse and form mature fibers. As an experimental approach to treat severe genetic muscle diseases, MT was tested in dystrophic patients at the beginning of the 1990s. Although these early clinical trials were unsuccessful, MT has progressed through the research on animal models. Many factors that may condition the success of MT were identified in the last years. The present review updates our knowledge on MT and describes the different problems that have limited its success. Factors that were first underestimated, like the specific immune response after MT, are presently well characterized. Destruction of the hybrid fibers by activated T-lymphocytes and production of antibodies against the transplanted myoblasts take place after MT and are responsible for the graft rejection. The choice of the immunosuppression seems to be very important, and FK506 is the best agent known to allow the best results after MT. Under FK506 immunosuppression, very efficient MT were obtained both in mice and monkeys. Moreover, in dystrophic mice it was demonstrated that MT ameliorates some phenotypical characteristics of the disease. The improvement of the survival of the transplanted cells and the increase of their migration into the injected tissue are presently under investigation. Some of the present research is directed also to bypass the immunosuppression by using the patient's own cells for MT. In this sense, efforts are conducted to introduce the normal gene into the patient's myoblasts before MT and to improve the ability of these cells to proliferate in vitro. Micros. Res. Tech. 48:213-222, 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Skuk
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre de Recherche de Pavillon Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, CHUQ et Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
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28
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Skuk D, Roy B, Goulet M, Tremblay JP. Successful myoblast transplantation in primates depends on appropriate cell delivery and induction of regeneration in the host muscle. Exp Neurol 1999; 155:22-30. [PMID: 9918701 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1998.6973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myoblast transplantation (MT) may be a potential treatment for severe recessive hereditary myopathies. The limited results of MT in clinical trials led us to improve this technique in monkeys, an animal model phylogenetically similar to humans. Three Macaca mulata monkeys were used as donors and six as receivers for MT. Myoblasts were grown in culture from muscle biopsies of adult monkeys and infected with a retroviral vector encoding the LacZ gene. Different numbers of cells (i.e., 4 x 10(6), 8 x 10(6), and 24 x 10(6) cells) were transplanted into different muscles and 8 x 10(6) cells (resuspended in a notexin solution) were injected in one muscle of four monkeys. For these transplantations, the cell suspension (in a volume of about 100 microl) was injected at 35 sites less than 1 mm apart. Two other monkeys received 100 x 10(6) myoblasts resuspended in 1 ml of HBSS or 1 ml of notexin. For these two monkeys, the myoblasts were injected at 200-250 sites within a small portion of the muscle. All monkeys were immunosuppressed with daily injections of FK506. Four weeks after MT, the transplanted muscle portions were biopsied and the presence of beta-galactosidase-positive (beta-Gal+) muscle fibers was investigated. The number of beta-Gal+ fibers was 822 +/- 150 (site grafted with 4 x 10(6) cells), 1253 +/- 515 (8 x 10(6) cells), 1084 +/- 278 (24 x 10(6)), and 2852 +/- 1211 (notexin). In the monkeys grafted with 100 x 10(6) myoblasts, the number of beta-Gal+ fibers was 4850 (site without notexin) and 9600 (site with notexin). We demonstrated that a precise mechanical distribution of myoblasts into the tissue improves substantially MT in primates. The presence of notexin with the transplanted cells further increased the success of their transplantation. These are the best results obtained either with MT or gene therapy in primates and they encourage the possibility to human MT trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Skuk
- Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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29
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Irintchev A, Rosenblatt JD, Cullen MJ, Zweyer M, Wernig A. Ectopic skeletal muscles derived from myoblasts implanted under the skin. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 22):3287-97. [PMID: 9788871 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.22.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential of cultured myoblasts to generate skeletal muscle in an ectopic site. Myoblasts from a clonal cell line or from expanded primary cultures were injected under the skin of the lumbar region of adult syngenic Balb/c mice. One to 7 weeks after injection, distinct muscles, of greater mass in mice injected with clonal myoblasts (6–78 mg, n=37) than in mice injected with primary myoblasts (1–7 mg, n=26), had formed between the subcutaneous panniculus carnosus muscle and the trunk muscles of host animals. These ectopic muscles exhibited spontaneous and/or electrically-evoked contractions after the second week and, when stimulated directly in vitro, isometric contractile properties similar to those of normal muscles. Histological, electron microscopical and tissue culture examination of these muscles revealed their largely mature morphology and phenotype. The fibres, most of which were branched, were contiguous, aligned and capillarised, exhibited normal sarcormeric protein banding patterns, and expressed muscle-specific proteins, including desmin, dystrophin, and isoforms of developmental and adult myosin heavy chain. Enveloping each fibre was a basal lamina, beneath which lay quiescent satellite cells, which could be stimulated to produce new muscle in culture. Presence of endplates (revealed by alpha-bungarotoxin and neurofilament staining), and the eventual loss of expression of neural cell adhesion molecule and extrasynaptic acetylcholine receptors, indicated that some fibres were innervated. That these muscle fibres were of implanted-cell origin was supported by the finding of Y-chromosome and a lack of dystrophin in ectopic muscles formed after subcutaneous injection of, respectively, male myoblasts into female mice and dystrophin-deficient (mdx) myoblasts into normal C57Bl/10 muscle. Our results demonstrate that an organised, functional muscle can be generated de novo from a disorganised mass of myoblasts implanted in an extramuscular subcutaneous site, whereby the host contributes significantly in providing support tissues and innervation. Our observations are also consistent with the idea that myogenic cells behave like tissue-specific stem cells, generating new muscle precursor (satellite) cells as well as mature muscle. Subcutaneous implantation of myoblasts may have a range of useful applications, from the study of myogenesis to the delivery of gene products.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Microscopy, Electron
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/chemistry
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/transplantation
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/analysis
- Receptors, Cholinergic/analysis
- Skin
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Affiliation(s)
- A Irintchev
- Department of Physiology, Neurophysiology, University of Bonn, Wilhelmstrasse 31, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
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30
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O'Leary MT, Bujdoso R, Blakemore WF. Rejection of wild-type and genetically engineered major histocompatibility complex-deficient glial cell xenografts in the central nervous system results in bystander demyelination and Wallerian degeneration. Neuroscience 1998; 85:269-80. [PMID: 9607718 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mixed glial cell cultures prepared from neonatal wild type and mutant male mice lacking either major histocompatibility complex class I, class II or both class I and II molecules (major histocompatibility complex class I(o/o)II(o/o)), and from syngeneic male rats were transplanted into female rat spinal cord white matter. Graft survival was monitored using DNA probes specific to the Y chromosome. Survival of major histocompatibility complex class-deficient grafts was not prolonged compared to wild-type grafts and in most cases grafts could not be detected at 28 days post-transplantation, at which time syngeneic grafts were still present. However, rejection of xenografts resulted in significant bystander damage to host tissue. In recipients of wild-type and major histocompatibility complex class I(o/o) xenografts the predominant pathology was demyelination. Demyelination was also observed in recipients of major histocompatibility complex class II(o/o) and major histocompatibility complex class I(o/o)II(o/o) xenografts, however in addition there was marked collagen deposition and meningeal cell invasion. Significantly more axons had undergone Wallerian degeneration in recipients of major histocompatibility complex class II(o/o) and major histocompatibility complex class I(o/o)II(o/o) xenografts than recipients of wild-type and major histocompatibility complex class I(o/o) xenografts. These findings were interpreted as evidence of a more destructive immune response associated with rejection of grafts lacking major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. It was proposed that the difference in the severity of bystander damage may be related to the previously demonstrated ability of xenogeneic major histocompatibility complex class II molecules to activate host T cells directly, whereas xenografts lacking major histocompatibility complex class II molecules were capable of activating host T cells only by the indirect pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T O'Leary
- MRC Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
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31
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Irintchev A, Langer M, Zweyer M, Theisen R, Wernig A. Functional improvement of damaged adult mouse muscle by implantation of primary myoblasts. J Physiol 1997; 500 ( Pt 3):775-85. [PMID: 9161990 PMCID: PMC1159423 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1997.sp022057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Myoblasts from expanded primary cultures were implanted into cryodamaged soleus muscles of adult BALB/c mice. One to four months later isometric tension recordings were performed in vitro, and the male donor cells implanted into female hosts were traced on histological sections using a Y-chromosome-specific probe. The muscles were either mildly or severely cryodamaged, which led to reductions in tetanic muscle force to 33% (n = 9 muscles, 9 animals) and 70% (n = 11) of normal, respectively. Reduced forces resulted from deficits in regeneration of muscle tissue as judged from the reduced desmin-positive cross-sectional areas (34 and 66% of control, respectively). 2. Implantation of 10(6) myogenic cells into severely cryodamaged muscles more than doubled muscle tetanic force (to 70% of normal, n = 14), as well as specific force (to 66% of normal). Absolute and relative amount of desmin-positive muscle cross-sectional areas were significantly increased indicating improved microarchitecture and less fibrosis. Newly formed muscle tissue was fully innervated since the tetanic forces resulting from direct and indirect (nerve-evoked) stimulation were equal. Endplates were found on numerous Y-positive muscle fibres. 3. As judged from their position under basal laminae of muscle fibres and the expression of M-cadherin, donor-derived cells contributed to the pool of satellite cells on small- and large-diameter muscle fibres. 4. Myoblast implantation after mild cryodamage and in undamaged muscles had little or no functional or structural effects; in both preparations only a few Y-positive muscle nuclei were detected. It is concluded that myoblasts from expanded primary cultures-unlike permanent cell lines-significantly contribute to muscle regeneration only when previous muscle damage is extensive and loss of host satellite cells is severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Irintchev
- Department of Physiology, University of Bonn, Germany
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32
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Partridge T. Unsequivocal evidence of donor myoblasts. Cell Transplant 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0963-6897(97)00025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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33
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Partridge T, Beauchamp J, Morgan J, Tremblay JP, Huard J, Watt D, Wernig A, Irintchev A, Grounds M, Springer ML, Bartlett RJ, Mendell J, Vilquin JT, Bower JJ. Letter to the Editor. Cell Transplant 1997; 6:195-8. [PMID: 9142452 DOI: 10.1177/096368979700600214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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34
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Irintchev A, Zweyer M, Wernig A. Impaired functional and structural recovery after muscle injury in dystrophic mdx mice. Neuromuscul Disord 1997; 7:117-25. [PMID: 9131653 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(96)00422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We compared functional and structural recovery from imposed muscle injury in mdx and wild type mice to test their regenerative capacity. Soleus muscle, known to be particularly affected by the disease process, was subjected to most severe damage caused by freeze injury plus 'bystander damage'; the latter causes destruction of host muscle cells in the course of immune rejection of implanted non-histocompatible myogenic cells. Freezing/implantation was performed in mdx and control mice at two ages (4-6 months, "young' and 10-12 months, 'old' age). While recovery of muscle force in the control groups reached 77 and 88% of contralateral by 3 and 6 months, it was 60% and only 43% in mdx mice damaged at young and old age, respectively. Larger force deficits in mdx mice were due to loss of muscle tissue as measured from desmin-positive areas. Worse recovery of dystrophic muscles in general, and old muscles in particular, is interpreted to indicate pronounced exhaustion of the regenerative capacity, possibly caused by previous cycles of degeneration and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Irintchev
- Department of Physiology, Neurophysiology, University of Bonn, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Myoblast transplantation has been proposed as a potential therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). A Y-chromosome-specific probe was used to track the fate of donor male myoblasts injected into dystrophic muscles of female mdx mice (which are an animal model for DMD). In situ analysis with the Y-probe showed extremely poor survival of isolated normal male (C57B1/10Sn) donor myoblasts after injection into injured or uninjured muscles of dystrophic (mdx) and normal (C57B1/10Sn) female host mice. A decrease in the numbers of donor (male) myoblasts was seen from 2 days and was marked by 7 days after injection: few or no donor myoblasts were detected in host muscles examined at 3-12 months. There was limited movement of the injected donor myoblasts and fusion into host myofibers was rare. The results of this study strongly suggest that the failure of clinical trials of myoblast transplantation in boys with DMD may have been due to rapid and massive death of the donor myoblasts soon after myoblast injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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36
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Wernig A, Irintchev A. "Bystander" damage of host muscle caused by implantation of MHC-compatible myogenic cells. J Neurol Sci 1995; 130:190-6. [PMID: 8586985 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(95)00034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of normal myoblasts has been considered a potential therapy for muscle dystrophies. While survival of implanted cells has been described in animal experiments and in human trials, functional effects remained unclear. Here we report on survival of progenors of implanted C2nlsBAG cells in regenerating muscles but irreversible net loss in muscle tissue and contractile force. This is caused by immune rejection of implanted myoblasts despite MHC-compatibility and "bystander" damage of host muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wernig
- Department of Physiology, Neurophysiology, University of Bonn, Germany
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