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YEŞİLKAYA F. Kadın İstihdamı ile Doğum Oranı Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Eşbütünleşme Analizi: İsveç ve ABD Örneği. SOSYOEKONOMI 2022; 30:333-348. [DOI: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.02.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Çalışmada kadın istihdamı ve doğum oranı arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişki incelenmektedir. Doğum oranının kadın istihdamına etkisi İsveç ve ABD için 1991-2020 yılları verilerinden hareketle zaman seri analizi araştırma yöntemi olarak kullanılmıştır. Analizlerle hem ABD hem İsveç için kadın istihdamı ve doğum oranı arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. ABD için uzun dönemli katsayı tahmin sonuçları incelendiğinde, doğum oranının kadın istihdam oranını FMOLS modelinde 0.80, DOLS modelinde 0.91 ve CCR modelinde ise 0.64 birim artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. İsveç için uzun dönem tahmin sonuçlarında doğum oranının kadın istihdam oranını FMOLS modelinde 1.41 ve CCR modelinde ise 0.71 birim artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla, uzun dönemli katsayı tahmin sonuçlarına göre iki ülke için de kadın istihdam oranı ile doğum oranı arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu görülmektedir.
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Khan MS. Paid family leave and children health outcomes in OECD countries. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2020; 116:105259. [PMID: 32834274 PMCID: PMC7367791 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During the past four decades, most OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries have adopted or expanded paid family leave, which offers leave to workers following the birth or adoption of a child as well as care for ill family members. While the effects of paid maternity leave on child health have been the subject of a large body of research, little is known about fathers' leave-taking and the effects of paid paternity leave. This is a limitation, since most of the recent expansion in paid family leave in OECD countries has been to expand leave benefits to fathers. Mothers' and fathers' leave-taking may improve child health by decreasing postpartum depression among mothers, improving maternal mental health, increasing the time spent with a child, and increasing the likelihood of child medical checkup. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of paid family leave on the wellbeing of children, extending what we know about the effects of maternity leave and establishing new evidence on paternity leave. The paper examines the effects of paid family leave expansions on country-level neonatal mortality rates, infant mortality rates, under-five mortality rates, and the measles immunization rates in 35 OECD countries, during the time period of 1990 to 2016. Using an event study design, an approximately 1.9-5.2 percent decrease in the infant, neonatal, and under-five mortality rates has been found following the adoption of paid maternity leave. However, the beneficial impact is not as visible for extension of paid leave to fathers. The implications and potential reasons behind the larger protective effects of maternity leave over paternity leave on child health outcomes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam S Khan
- Department of Public Administration & Policy, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
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König S, Johansson BEA, Bolin K. Invisible Scars or Open Wounds? The Role of Mid-career Income for the Gender Pension Gap in Sweden. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2019; 4:84. [PMID: 33869405 PMCID: PMC8022606 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the importance of mid-career income for the gender pension gap and psychological scarring effects of low income earlier in life. More specifically we analyse whether women's typically less stable mid-life careers also affect outcomes in late careers and in retirement. Swedish income register data from 1990, 2009, and 2015 was linked to the "HEalth, Ageing, and Retirement Transitions in Sweden" survey. The gender pension gap of 966 retirees and worries about pension income of 2,723 older workers between the age of 60 and 66 years were investigated. Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions were applied to analyse the gender pension gap and linear regressions were used for the analysis of financial worries. Results show that gender differences in mid-career income play a stronger role for the gender pension gap than late career income. Mid-career income is furthermore related to higher worries about pension income and accounts for observed gender differences. Our findings demonstrate that gender gaps in mid-career income can be regarded as an open wound with visible negative effects in older ages. The reformed pension system in Sweden may potentially contribute to an even greater gender gap in pensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie König
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Ageing and Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Boo E. A. Johansson
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Ageing and Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristian Bolin
- Centre for Ageing and Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kumari R. Economic growth, disparity, and determinants of female labor force participation. WORLD JOURNAL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1108/wjemsd-03-2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the themes of relationship between female labor force participation (FLFP) and economic growth, gender disparity in work participation; and to identify the factors which determine females to participate in labor market. The paper uses a framework incorporating a U-shaped relationship between FLFP and economic growth, gender wise wage disparity and economic, social, cultural and other factors which affects FLFP.
Design/methodology/approach
Thematically, the selected literature falls into three main categories: the relationship between FLFP and economic growth; disparity in work participation in terms of male and female wages; and drivers or determinants of FLFP which have been described using international documents and experiences of the different countries. The review closes by identifying gaps in the existing research base and by suggesting areas for inquiry that have been untouched and warrant further research.
Findings
The key findings emerging from this examination of literature show that the FLFP rate exhibits a U-shaped during the process of economic development. Also, there are evidences of gender pay disparity across the sectors which have been justified by documenting a large number of existing literatures. Demographic factors (including fertility, migration, marriages and child care), economic factors (including unemployment, per capita income, non-farm job and infrastructure) and other explanatory variables which include the regulatory context encompassing family and childcare policies, tax regimes, and presence of subsidized health-care for workers determine the FLFP.
Practical implications
This paper suggests that in order to bring equality in gender pay gap, there is a requirement of replacing the traditional value system. There is need to provide an environment in which women are encouraged and supported in their efforts, in which women have equitable access to resources and opportunities.
Social implications
This paper addresses the impact of education, culture and child care subsidies on female labor participation. They positively impact FLFP and such a link has not been sufficiently addressed in prior literature.
Originality/value
In contrast to previous studies which document a broad-based picture of female work participation, this type of research deals with the link between economic growth and female labor participation, gender wage disparity and determinants of it which has been largely unexplored so far.
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Eriksson EM, Eliasson K, Hellström A, Määttä S, Vaughn L. When they talk about motherhood: a qualitative study of three groups' perceptions in a Swedish child health service context. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15:99. [PMID: 27342849 PMCID: PMC4920994 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-016-0387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In light of the growing emphasis on individualization in healthcare, it is vital to take the diversity of inhabitants and users into consideration. Thus, identifying shared perceptions among group members may be important in improving healthcare that is relevant to the particular group, but also perceptions of the staff with whom interactions take place. This study investigates how motherhood is perceived among three groups: Somali-born mothers; Swedish-born mothers; and nurses at Swedish child health centers. Inequities in terms of access and satisfaction have previously been identified at the health centers. Methods Participants in all three groups were asked to finalize two statements about motherhood; one statement about perfect motherhood, another about everyday motherhood. The responses were analyzed using qualitative coding and categorization to identify differences and similarities among the three groups. Results The responses to both statements by the three groups included divergences as well as convergences. Overall, biological aspects of motherhood were absent, and respondents focused almost exclusively on social matters. Working life was embedded in motherhood, but only for the Somali-born mothers. The three groups put emphasis on different aspects of motherhood: Somali-born mothers on the community; the Swedish-born mothers on the child; and the nurses on the mother herself. The nurses – and to some extent the Swedish-born mothers – expected the mother to ask for help with the children when needed. However, the Somali-born mothers responded that the mother should be independent, not asking for such help. Nurses, more than both groups of mothers, largely described everyday motherhood in positively charged words or phrases. Conclusion The findings of this paper suggest that convergences and divergences in perceptions of motherhood among three groups may be important in equitable access and utilization of healthcare. Individualized healthcare requires nuance and should avoid normative or stereotypical encounters by recognizing social context and needs that are relevant to specific groups of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Masao Eriksson
- Department of System Development and Strategy, Western Region of Sweden/Västra Götalandsregionen, Regionens Hus, SE-405 44, Göteborg, Sweden. .,Centre for Healthcare Improvement and Division of Service Management and Logistics, Chalmers University of Technology, Teknikens ekonomi och organisation, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Kristin Eliasson
- Department of System Development and Strategy, Western Region of Sweden/Västra Götalandsregionen, Regionens Hus, SE-405 44, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Hellström
- Centre for Healthcare Improvement and Division of Service Management and Logistics, Chalmers University of Technology, Teknikens ekonomi och organisation, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sylvia Määttä
- Department of System Development and Strategy, Western Region of Sweden/Västra Götalandsregionen, Regionens Hus, SE-405 44, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Vaughn
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center/University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave ML 2008, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
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Guo J, Xiao S. Through the gender lens: a comparison of family policy in Sweden and China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17525098.2013.840663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dørheim SK, Bjorvatn B, Eberhard-Gran M. Sick leave during pregnancy: a longitudinal study of rates and risk factors in a Norwegian population. BJOG 2012; 120:521-30. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SK Dørheim
- MoodNet Research Group; Division of Psychiatry; Stavanger University Hospital; Stavanger; Norway
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Bordone V, Rosina A. The role of education in the reconciliation between female occupation and family responsibilities at mid-life: the Italian case. JOURNAL OF POPULATION RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12546-012-9091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ferrarini T, Duvander AZ. Earner-Carer Model at the Crossroads: Reforms and Outcomes of Sweden's Family Policy in Comparative Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2010; 40:373-98. [DOI: 10.2190/hs.40.3.a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Following the 2006 election, the Swedish earner-carer model of family policy seems to have come to an important crossroads, and questions have been raised about the future course of policies. Will the prototypical earner-carer model in Sweden persist? The separate reforms in cash transfers, services, and tax systems in several respects seem to point in contradictory directions, simultaneously introducing new principles of social care. In this article, past and present reforms and potential outcomes of policies are discussed from an institutional and comparative perspective. Reviewing research on outcomes of earner-carer policies for gendered patterns of productive and reproductive work, class-based stratification, child well-being, fertility, and work–family conflict, the article also contributes to the discussion about future challenges for family policy institutions in Sweden and other advanced welfare states.
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Feyrer J, Sacerdote B, Stern AD. Will the stork return to Europe and Japan? Understanding fertility within developed nations. THE JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION 2008; 22:3-22. [PMID: 19761063 DOI: 10.1257/jep.22.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We seek to explain the differences in fertility rates across high-income countries by focusing on the interaction between the increasing status of women in the workforce and their status in the household, particularly with regards to child care and home production. We observe three distinct phases in women's status generated by the gradual increase in women's workforce opportunities. In the earliest phase, characteristic of the 1950s and 1960s in the United States, women earn low wages relative to men and are expected to shoulder all of the child care at home. As a result, most women specialize in home production and raising children. In an intermediate stage, women have improved (but not equal) labor market opportunities, but their household status lags. Women in this stage are still expected to do the majority of child care and household production. Increasing access to market work increases the opportunity cost of having children, and fertility falls. Female labor force participation increases. Working women in this phase of development have the strongest disincentives to having additional children since the entire burden of child care falls on them. In the final phase of development, women's labor market opportunities begin to equal those of men. In addition, the increased household bargaining power that comes from more equal wages results in much higher (if not gender-equal) male participation in household production. Female labor force participation is higher than in the intermediate phase. The increased participation of men in the household also reduces the disincentives for women to have additional children, and fertility rates rise compared to the intermediate phase. The intermediate, low-fertility phase might describe Japan, Italy, and Spain in the present day, while the Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, and the modern-day United States may be entering the final phase. After presenting the empirical evidence, we predict that high-income countries with the lowest fertility rates are likely to see an increase in fertility in the coming decades.
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Rindfuss RR, Guilkey D, Morgan SP, Kravdal O, Guzzo KB. Child care availability and first-birth timing in Norway. Demography 2007; 44:345-72. [PMID: 17583309 PMCID: PMC2917182 DOI: 10.1353/dem.2007.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Both sociological and economic theories posit that widely available, high-quality, and affordable child care should have pronatalist effects. Yet to date, the empirical evidence has not consistently supported this hypothesis. We argue that this previous empirical work has been plagued by the inability to control for endogenous placement of day care centers and the possibility that people migrate to take advantage of the availability of child care facilities. Using Norwegian register data and a statistically defensible fixed-effects model, we find strong positive effects of day care availability on the transition to motherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Rindfuss
- Sociology Department, University of North Carolina and East-West Center, 123 West Franklin Street, Campus Box 8120, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-2524, USA.
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Sundström M. Determinants of the use of parental leave benefits by women in Sweden in the 1980s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2397.1996.tb00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Heng BC. Delayed motherhood through oocyte and ovarian tissue cryopreservation - a perspective from Singapore. Reprod Biomed Online 2006; 12:660-2. [PMID: 16792839 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in oocyte and ovarian tissue cryopreservation technology have brought hope not only to women facing premature loss of ovarian function, but also to healthy women seeking delayed motherhood. This is a major issue of contention in healthcare ethics. Proponents of this new technology argue that this enables women to pursue educational and career goals in their youth, so that they have greater financial security for children in later life. Nevertheless, this argument may be flawed by the reality that even if the cryopreservation of oocytes and ovarian tissue were optimized in the future, this would in no way be a guaranteed route for women to have biological children later in life. Moreover, because only a limited amount of autologous reproductive material can be cryopreserved and stored for a single healthy woman, there is a risk of material depletion before reproductive success is attained. Another prime consideration is the increased morbidity and mortality associated with clinical assisted reproduction in older women. Hence, it is imperative that delayed motherhood through the cryopreservation of oocytes and ovarian tissues be viewed with extreme caution, and mandatory counselling should be given to all patients if such a medical procedure ultimately finds approval for widespread application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119074 Singapore.
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Grant J, Hoorens S, Sivadasan S, Loo MVH, Davanzo J, Hale L, Butz W. Trends in European fertility: should Europe try to increase its fertility rate...or just manage the consequences?1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 29:17-24. [PMID: 16466520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently across Europe, birth rates are falling and the population is aging. This paper describes these trends and assesses which policies can prevent or mitigate the adverse consequences of these two trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Grant
- RAND Europe and RAND Labor and Population, RAND Europe Cambridge, Milton Road, Cambridge CB41YG, UK.
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Abstract
The earlier practice of assigning all members of a family to the same social class as that of the household head, typically the father, has in recent years been replaced by either basing individual class position on one's own occupation or of one of the family members, not necessarily the father. These various practices have been extensively scrutinised for more than 20 years. The validity of the approaches has chiefly been tested by checking how well they account for the variation in some criteria, mostly class identification, political attitudes and voting behaviour. Here it is shown, using census data from Sweden, that mortality-rate differences between social classes covering the period 1991-1997 are greater for both men and women when both spouses are assigned to the same social class on the basis of the dominance approach, where the labour market position of either spouse may determine the social class of the family. It is suggested that the common observation that class differences are smaller among women than among men may, at least to some extent, be the result of establishing a woman's class position on the basis of her own occupation rather than the labour market position of her spouse.
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Andersson G, Scott K. Labour-market status and first-time parenthood: the experience of immigrant women in Sweden, 1981-97. Population Studies 2005; 59:21-38. [PMID: 15764132 DOI: 10.1080/0032472052000332683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of labour-market attachment on first births of foreign-born women in Sweden. The study uses a longitudinal, register-based dataset consisting of the entire population of immigrants from ten nations and a 5-per-cent random sample of natives. The effects of earned income are evident, with increased income levels increasing the probability of becoming a mother for all observed nationalities. The effects of various forms of participation and non-participation in the labour force do not vary greatly between immigrants and the Swedish-born. Among all subgroups, we find a higher propensity to begin childbearing among those who are established in the labour market. Contrary to popular belief, receiving welfare benefits clearly reduces first-birth intensity for immigrants but not for natives. The similarity in patterns across widely different national groups supports the notion that various institutional factors affecting all subgroups are crucial in influencing childbearing behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Andersson
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Strasse 1, D-180 57 Rostock, Germany.
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Abstract
This study investigates whether rights to parental leave improve pediatric health. Aggregate data are used for 16 European countries over the 1969 through 1994 period. More generous paid leave is found to reduce deaths of infants and young children. The magnitudes of the estimated effects are substantial, especially where a causal effect of leave is most plausible. In particular, there is a much stronger negative relationship between leave durations and post-neonatal or child fatalities than for perinatal mortality, neonatal deaths, or low birth weight. The evidence further suggests that parental leave may be a cost-effective method of bettering child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Ruhm
- Department of Economics, Bryan School, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA.
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Andersson G. Childbearing trends in Sweden 1961-1997. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION = REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 1999; 15:1-24. [PMID: 12158988 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006145610780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
We use data from a nationally representative sample of Swedish couples to estimate effects of partners’ childbearing plans on the rate of subsequent childbearing. Only 11% of the couples in this sample expressed plans in opposite directions (plan to have a child versus not to have a child), but 24% had differing levels of certainty about their plans. Of the couples in which both partners said they definitely planned to have another child, 44% had a child within two years. If neither partner planned to have another child, less than 2% of couples had a birth. The figure was 6% if the partners had opposing childbearing plans. Thus, both men and women exerted veto power over further childbearing. Disagreements were equally likely to be resolved in favor of the woman as of the man, and effects of partners’ plans on the birth hazard did not depend on the couple’s gender arrangements, family ideologies, or marital status. We discuss these results in the context of Sweden’s public support for gender equality and for childrearing, its pervasive contraceptive regime, and its high rates of cohabitation. We also argue for the collection of data from partners in future family and fertility surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thomson
- Department of Sociology and Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jan M. Hoem
- Demographic Unit, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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den Dulk L, van Doorne‐Huiskes A, Schippers J. Work‐family arrangements and gender inequality in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1108/09649429610122627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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How the local supply of day-care centers influences fertility in Norway: A parity-specific approach. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00127049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Blotevogel HH, King R. European economic restructuring: demographic responses and feedbacks. EUROPEAN URBAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES 1996; 3:133-159. [PMID: 12293416 DOI: 10.1177/096977649600300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between economic restructuring in Europe and various aspects of demographic change, such as demographic aging and fertility decline, is examined. The focus is on changes in the labor market. "Changing employment conditions--the growth of the secondary labour market, the flexibilization of labour demand and increasingly also of supply, growing female labour force participation rates, generally high ethnic minority unemployment--reflect different aspects of the transition from the Fordist to the postFordist regime as well as changing demographic and life-style influences. Together they have deeply transformed the European landscape of employment and unemployment. The specific role of international migration is also analysed and it is seen to have fundamentally altered between the Fordist and postFordist eras. Less clear to interpret are changing internal migration patterns: has counterurbanization stopped in response to restructuring and integration and is a new postFordist population map unfolding? The paper concludes by evaluating the nature of the relationship between economic restructuring and population trends and identifying pointers for future research."
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Calhoun CA. The impact of children on the labour supply off married women: comparative estimates from European and U.S. data. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 1994; 10:293-318. [PMID: 12289770 DOI: 10.1007/bf01266566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents estimates of the impact of the age pattern and level of fertility on the probability of labor force participation by married and cohabiting women in 12 eastern and western European countries and the US. Logit models for labor force participation probabilities are estimated conditional on age, age at marriage or union, educational attainment, current parity, and number of years in parity, using data on married and cohabiting women from the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Comparative Study of World Fertility Surveys. The estimated models are used to simulate the age profiles of labor force participation conditional on the level and timing of fertility. The simulation results are presented in a series of charts grouped according to similarities in the effects of fertility on the age profiles of labor force participation. Four distinct patterns are identified that depend on the empirical significance of distinct number-of-children and age-of-youngest-child effects. The role of family policies and the extent to which the labor supply reductions associated with childbearing can be interpreted as opportunity costs are considered.
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