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S Mesquita F, Abrami L, Linder ME, Bamji SX, Dickinson BC, van der Goot FG. Mechanisms and functions of protein S-acylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00700-8. [PMID: 38355760 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, protein S-acylation (often referred to as S-palmitoylation) has emerged as an important regulator of vital signalling pathways. S-Acylation is a reversible post-translational modification that involves the attachment of a fatty acid to a protein. Maintenance of the equilibrium between protein S-acylation and deacylation has demonstrated profound effects on various cellular processes, including innate immunity, inflammation, glucose metabolism and fat metabolism, as well as on brain and heart function. This Review provides an overview of current understanding of S-acylation and deacylation enzymes, their spatiotemporal regulation by sophisticated multilayered mechanisms, and their influence on protein function, cellular processes and physiological pathways. Furthermore, we examine how disruptions in protein S-acylation are associated with a broad spectrum of diseases from cancer to autoinflammatory disorders and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco S Mesquita
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurine E Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Zhang B, Yu Y, Fox BW, Liu Y, Thirumalaikumar VP, Skirycz A, Lin H, Schroeder FC. Amino acid and protein specificity of protein fatty acylation in C. elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307515121. [PMID: 38252833 PMCID: PMC10835129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307515121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein lipidation plays critical roles in regulating protein function and localization. However, the chemical diversity and specificity of fatty acyl group utilization have not been investigated using untargeted approaches, and it is unclear to what extent structures and biosynthetic origins of S-acyl moieties differ from N- and O-fatty acylation. Here, we show that fatty acylation patterns in Caenorhabditis elegans differ markedly between different amino acid residues. Hydroxylamine capture revealed predominant cysteine S-acylation with 15-methylhexadecanoic acid (isoC17:0), a monomethyl branched-chain fatty acid (mmBCFA) derived from endogenous leucine catabolism. In contrast, enzymatic protein hydrolysis showed that N-terminal glycine was acylated almost exclusively with straight-chain myristic acid, whereas lysine was acylated preferentially with two different mmBCFAs and serine was acylated promiscuously with a broad range of fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid. Global profiling of fatty acylated proteins using a set of click chemistry-capable alkyne probes for branched- and straight-chain fatty acids uncovered 1,013 S-acylated proteins and 510 hydroxylamine-resistant N- or O-acylated proteins. Subsets of S-acylated proteins were labeled almost exclusively by either a branched-chain or a straight-chain probe, demonstrating acylation specificity at the protein level. Acylation specificity was confirmed for selected examples, including the S-acyltransferase DHHC-10. Last, homology searches for the identified acylated proteins revealed a high degree of conservation of acylation site patterns across metazoa. Our results show that protein fatty acylation patterns integrate distinct branches of lipid metabolism in a residue- and protein-specific manner, providing a basis for mechanistic studies at both the amino acid and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsen Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Yan Yu
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Bennett W. Fox
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Yinong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | | | | | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- HHMI, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Frank C. Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
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3
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Mesquita FS, Abrami L, Samurkas A, van der Goot FG. S-acylation: an orchestrator of the life cycle and function of membrane proteins. FEBS J 2024; 291:45-56. [PMID: 37811679 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation is a covalent post-translational modification of proteins with fatty acids, achieved by enzymatic attachment via a labile thioester bond. This modification allows for dynamic control of protein properties and functions in association with cell membranes. This lipid modification regulates a substantial portion of the human proteome and plays an increasingly recognized role throughout the lifespan of affected proteins. Recent technical advancements have propelled the S-acylation field into a 'molecular era', unveiling new insights into its mechanistic intricacies and far-reaching implications. With a striking increase in the number of studies on this modification, new concepts are indeed emerging on the roles of S-acylation in specific cell biology processes and features. After a brief overview of the enzymes involved in S-acylation, this viewpoint focuses on the importance of S-acylation in the homeostasis, function, and coordination of integral membrane proteins. In particular, we put forward the hypotheses that S-acylation is a gatekeeper of membrane protein folding and turnover and a regulator of the formation and dynamics of membrane contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Samurkas
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ji G, Wu R, Zhang L, Yao J, Zhang C, Zhang X, Liu Z, Liu Y, Wang T, Fang C, Lu H. Global Analysis of Endogenously Intact S-Acylated Peptides Reveals Localization Differentiation of Heterogeneous Lipid Chains in Mammalian Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13055-13063. [PMID: 37611173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation is a widespread lipidation form in eukaryotes in which various fatty acids can be covalently attached to specific cysteine residues. However, due to the low reactivity of the lipid moieties and lack of specific antibodies, purification of intact S-acylated peptides remains challenging. Here, we developed a pretreatment method for direct separation and global analysis of endogenously intact S-acylated peptides by nanographite fluoride-based solid-phase extraction (nGF-SPE), together with the investigation and optimization of the enrichment procedure as well as the LC-MS/MS analysis process. Consequently, we performed the first global profiling of endogenously intact S-acylated peptides, with 701 S-palmitoylated peptides from HeLa cell lysates in a restricted search. Furthermore, coupling the nGF-SPE method with open search mode, altogether 1119 intact S-acylated peptides were identified with the attached palmitate, palmitoleate, myristate, and octanoate chain, respectively, providing a global insight into the endogenously heterogeneous modification state. Notably, we found and validated that S-palmitoleoylation (C16:1) provided less affinity toward lipid rafts compared with S-palmitoylation (C16:0). This study developed the first straightforward way to characterize endogenously intact S-acylated peptides on a proteome-wide scale, providing the modified residues together with their attached lipid moieties simultaneously, which paves the way for further understanding of protein S-acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Roujun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Caiyun Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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Nůsková H, Cortizo FG, Schwenker LS, Sachsenheimer T, Diakonov EE, Tiebe M, Schneider M, Lohbeck J, Reid C, Kopp-Schneider A, Helm D, Brügger B, Miller AK, Teleman AA. Competition for cysteine acylation by C16:0 and C18:0 derived lipids is a global phenomenon in the proteome. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105088. [PMID: 37495107 PMCID: PMC10470219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
S-acylation is a reversible posttranslational protein modification consisting of attachment of a fatty acid to a cysteine via a thioester bond. Research over the last few years has shown that a variety of different fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (C16:0), stearate (C18:0), or oleate (C18:1), are used in cells to S-acylate proteins. We recently showed that GNAI proteins can be acylated on a single residue, Cys3, with either C16:0 or C18:1, and that the relative proportion of acylation with these fatty acids depends on the level of the respective fatty acid in the cell's environment. This has functional consequences for GNAI proteins, with the identity of the acylating fatty acid affecting the subcellular localization of GNAIs. Unclear is whether this competitive acylation is specific to GNAI proteins or a more general phenomenon in the proteome. We perform here a proteome screen to identify proteins acylated with different fatty acids. We identify 218 proteins acylated with C16:0 and 308 proteins acylated with C18-lipids, thereby uncovering novel targets of acylation. We find that most proteins that can be acylated by C16:0 can also be acylated with C18-fatty acids. For proteins with more than one acylation site, we find that this competitive acylation occurs on each individual cysteine residue. This raises the possibility that the function of many different proteins can be regulated by the lipid environment via differential S-acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Nůsková
- Division of Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabiola Garcia Cortizo
- Division of Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Sophie Schwenker
- Division of Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Egor E Diakonov
- Division of Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Tiebe
- Division of Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Mass Spectrometry Based Protein Analysis Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lohbeck
- Research Group Cancer Drug Development, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carissa Reid
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Dominic Helm
- Mass Spectrometry Based Protein Analysis Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K Miller
- Research Group Cancer Drug Development, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurelio A Teleman
- Division of Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Holendova B, Plecita-Hlavata L. Cysteine residues in signal transduction and its relevance in pancreatic beta cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1221520. [PMID: 37455926 PMCID: PMC10339824 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1221520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine is one of the least abundant but most conserved amino acid residues in proteins, playing a role in their structure, metal binding, catalysis, and redox chemistry. Thiols present in cysteines can be modified by post-translational modifications like sulfenylation, acylation, or glutathionylation, regulating protein activity and function and serving as signals. Their modification depends on their position in the structure, surrounding amino acids, solvent accessibility, pH, etc. The most studied modifications are the redox modifications by reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species, leading to reversible changes that serve as cell signals or irreversible changes indicating oxidative stress and cell damage. Selected antioxidants undergoing reversible oxidative modifications like peroxiredoxin-thioredoxin system are involved in a redox-relay signaling that can propagate to target proteins. Cysteine thiols can also be modified by acyl moieties' addition (derived from lipid metabolism), resulting in protein functional modification or changes in protein anchoring in the membrane. In this review, we update the current knowledge on cysteine modifications and their consequences in pancreatic β-cells. Because β-cells exhibit well-balanced redox homeostasis, the redox modifications of cysteines here serve primarily for signaling purposes. Similarly, lipid metabolism provides regulatory intermediates that have been shown to be necessary in addition to redox modifications for proper β-cell function and, in particular, for efficient insulin secretion. On the contrary, the excess of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species and the imbalance of lipids under pathological conditions cause irreversible changes and contribute to oxidative stress leading to cell failure and the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydie Plecita-Hlavata
- Laboratory of Pancreatic Islet Research, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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7
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Buszka A, Pytyś A, Colvin D, Włodarczyk J, Wójtowicz T. S-Palmitoylation of Synaptic Proteins in Neuronal Plasticity in Normal and Pathological Brains. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030387. [PMID: 36766729 PMCID: PMC9913408 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein lipidation is a common post-translational modification of proteins that plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. One form of protein lipidation, S-palmitoylation, involves the addition of a 16-carbon fatty acid (palmitate) onto proteins. This reversible modification may affect the regulation of protein trafficking and stability in membranes. From multiple recent experimental studies, a picture emerges whereby protein S-palmitoylation is a ubiquitous yet discrete molecular switch enabling the expansion of protein functions and subcellular localization in minutes to hours. Neural tissue is particularly rich in proteins that are regulated by S-palmitoylation. A surge of novel methods of detection of protein lipidation at high resolution allowed us to get better insights into the roles of protein palmitoylation in brain physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we specifically discuss experimental work devoted to understanding the impact of protein palmitoylation on functional changes in the excitatory and inhibitory synapses associated with neuronal activity and neuronal plasticity. The accumulated evidence also implies a crucial role of S-palmitoylation in learning and memory, and brain disorders associated with impaired cognitive functions.
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8
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Dennis KMJH, Heather LC. Post-translational palmitoylation of metabolic proteins. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1122895. [PMID: 36909239 PMCID: PMC9998952 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1122895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous cellular proteins are post-translationally modified by addition of a lipid group to their structure, which dynamically influences the proteome by increasing hydrophobicity of proteins often impacting protein conformation, localization, stability, and binding affinity. These lipid modifications include myristoylation and palmitoylation. Palmitoylation involves a 16-carbon saturated fatty acyl chain being covalently linked to a cysteine thiol through a thioester bond. Palmitoylation is unique within this group of modifications, as the addition of the palmitoyl group is reversible and enzyme driven, rapidly affecting protein targeting, stability and subcellular trafficking. The palmitoylation reaction is catalyzed by a large family of Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHCs) motif-containing palmitoyl acyltransferases, while the reverse reaction is catalyzed by acyl-protein thioesterases (APTs), that remove the acyl chain. Palmitoyl-CoA serves an important dual purpose as it is not only a key metabolite fueling energy metabolism, but is also a substrate for this PTM. In this review, we discuss protein palmitoylation in regulating substrate metabolism, focusing on membrane transport proteins and kinases that participate in substrate uptake into the cell. We then explore the palmitoylation of mitochondrial proteins and the palmitoylation regulatory enzymes, a less explored field for potential lipid metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M J H Dennis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Brown RWB, Sharma AI, Villanueva MR, Li X, Onguka O, Zilbermintz L, Nguyen H, Falk BA, Olson CL, Taylor JM, Epting CL, Kathayat RS, Amara N, Dickinson BC, Bogyo M, Engman DM. Trypanosoma brucei Acyl-Protein Thioesterase-like (TbAPT-L) Is a Lipase with Esterase Activity for Short and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids but Has No Depalmitoylation Activity. Pathogens 2022; 11:1245. [PMID: 36364996 PMCID: PMC9693859 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic post-translational modifications allow the rapid, specific, and tunable regulation of protein functions in eukaryotic cells. S-acylation is the only reversible lipid modification of proteins, in which a fatty acid, usually palmitate, is covalently attached to a cysteine residue of a protein by a zDHHC palmitoyl acyltransferase enzyme. Depalmitoylation is required for acylation homeostasis and is catalyzed by an enzyme from the alpha/beta hydrolase family of proteins usually acyl-protein thioesterase (APT1). The enzyme responsible for depalmitoylation in Trypanosoma brucei parasites is currently unknown. We demonstrate depalmitoylation activity in live bloodstream and procyclic form trypanosomes sensitive to dose-dependent inhibition with the depalmitoylation inhibitor, palmostatin B. We identified a homologue of human APT1 in Trypanosoma brucei which we named TbAPT-like (TbAPT-L). Epitope-tagging of TbAPT-L at N- and C- termini indicated a cytoplasmic localization. Knockdown or over-expression of TbAPT-L in bloodstream forms led to robust changes in TbAPT-L mRNA and protein expression but had no effect on parasite growth in vitro, or cellular depalmitoylation activity. Esterase activity in cell lysates was also unchanged when TbAPT-L was modulated. Unexpectedly, recombinant TbAPT-L possesses esterase activity with specificity for short- and medium-chain fatty acid substrates, leading to the conclusion, TbAPT-L is a lipase, not a depalmitoylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. B. Brown
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aabha I. Sharma
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Miguel Rey Villanueva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiaomo Li
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ouma Onguka
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leeor Zilbermintz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Helen Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ben A. Falk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Cheryl L. Olson
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joann M. Taylor
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Conrad L. Epting
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rahul S. Kathayat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Neri Amara
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bryan C. Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David M. Engman
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology-Immunology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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10
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Porcellato E, González-Sánchez JC, Ahlmann-Eltze C, Elsakka MA, Shapira I, Fritsch J, Navarro JA, Anders S, Russell RB, Wieland FT, Metzendorf C. The S-palmitoylome and DHHC-PAT interactome of Drosophila melanogaster S2R+ cells indicate a high degree of conservation to mammalian palmitoylomes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261543. [PMID: 35960718 PMCID: PMC9374236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation, the addition of a long-chain fatty acid to target proteins, is among the most frequent reversible protein modifications in Metazoa, affecting subcellular protein localization, trafficking and protein-protein interactions. S-palmitoylated proteins are abundant in the neuronal system and are associated with neuronal diseases and cancer. Despite the importance of this post-translational modification, it has not been thoroughly studied in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. Here we present the palmitoylome of Drosophila S2R+ cells, comprising 198 proteins, an estimated 3.5% of expressed genes in these cells. Comparison of orthologs between mammals and Drosophila suggests that S-palmitoylated proteins are more conserved between these distant phyla than non-S-palmitoylated proteins. To identify putative client proteins and interaction partners of the DHHC family of protein acyl-transferases (PATs) we established DHHC-BioID, a proximity biotinylation-based method. In S2R+ cells, ectopic expression of the DHHC-PAT dHip14-BioID in combination with Snap24 or an interaction-deficient Snap24-mutant as a negative control, resulted in biotinylation of Snap24 but not the Snap24-mutant. DHHC-BioID in S2R+ cells using 10 different DHHC-PATs as bait identified 520 putative DHHC-PAT interaction partners of which 48 were S-palmitoylated and are therefore putative DHHC-PAT client proteins. Comparison of putative client protein/DHHC-PAT combinations indicates that CG8314, CG5196, CG5880 and Patsas have a preference for transmembrane proteins, while S-palmitoylated proteins with the Hip14-interaction motif are most enriched by DHHC-BioID variants of approximated and dHip14. Finally, we show that BioID is active in larval and adult Drosophila and that dHip14-BioID rescues dHip14 mutant flies, indicating that DHHC-BioID is non-toxic. In summary we provide the first systematic analysis of a Drosophila palmitoylome. We show that DHHC-BioID is sensitive and specific enough to identify DHHC-PAT client proteins and provide DHHC-PAT assignment for ca. 25% of the S2R+ cell palmitoylome, providing a valuable resource. In addition, we establish DHHC-BioID as a useful concept for the identification of tissue-specific DHHC-PAT interactomes in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Porcellato
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juan Carlos González-Sánchez
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Mahmoud Ali Elsakka
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Itamar Shapira
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fritsch
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Simon Anders
- Centre for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert B. Russell
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix T. Wieland
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Metzendorf
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Tian Y, Zeng H, Wu J, Huang J, Gao Q, Tang D, Cai L, Liao Z, Wang Y, Liu X, Lin J. Screening DHHCs of S-acylated proteins using an OsDHHC cDNA library and bimolecular fluorescence complementation in rice. Plant J 2022; 110:1763-1780. [PMID: 35411551 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation is an important lipid modification that primarily involves DHHC proteins (DHHCs) and associated S-acylated proteins. No DHHC-S-acylated protein pair has been reported so far in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and the molecular mechanisms underlying S-acylation in plants are largely unknown. We constructed an OsDHHC cDNA library for screening corresponding pairs of DHHCs and S-acylated proteins using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Five DHHC-S-acylated protein pairs (OsDHHC30-OsCBL2, OsDHHC30-OsCBL3, OsDHHC18-OsNOA1, OsDHHC13-OsNAC9, and OsDHHC14-GSD1) were identified in rice. Among the pairs, OsCBL2 and OsCBL3 were S-acylated by OsDHHC30 in yeast and rice. The localization of OsCBL2 and OsCBL3 in the endomembrane depended on S-acylation mediated by OsDHHC30. Meanwhile, all four OsDHHCs screened complemented the thermosensitive phenotype of an akr1 yeast mutant, and their DHHC motifs were required for S-acyltransferase activity. Overexpression of OsDHHC30 in rice plants improved their salt and oxidative tolerance. Together, these results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying S-acylation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Jicai Wu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Dongying Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Lipeng Cai
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyi Liao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Jianzhong Lin
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, National Center of Technology Innovation for Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
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12
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Elliot Murphy R, Banerjee A. In vitro reconstitution of substrate S-acylation by the zDHHC family of protein acyltransferases. Open Biol 2022; 12:210390. [PMID: 35414257 PMCID: PMC9006032 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-acylation, more commonly known as protein palmitoylation, is a biological process defined by the covalent attachment of long chain fatty acids onto cysteine residues of a protein, effectively altering the local hydrophobicity and influencing its stability, localization and overall function. Observed ubiquitously in all eukaryotes, this post translational modification is mediated by the 23-member family of zDHHC protein acyltransferases in mammals. There are thousands of proteins that are S-acylated and multiple zDHHC enzymes can potentially act on a single substrate. Since its discovery, numerous methods have been developed for the identification of zDHHC substrates and the individual members of the family that catalyse their acylation. Despite these recent advances in assay development, there is a persistent gap in knowledge relating to zDHHC substrate specificity and recognition, that can only be thoroughly addressed through in vitro reconstitution. Herein, we will review the various methods currently available for reconstitution of protein S-acylation for the purposes of identifying enzyme-substrate pairs with a particular emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Elliot Murphy
- Section on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Section on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Karthigeyan KP, Zhang L, Loiselle DR, Haystead TAJ, Bhat M, Yount JS, Kwiek JJ. A bioorthogonal chemical reporter for fatty acid synthase-dependent protein acylation. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101272. [PMID: 34606827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells acquire fatty acids (FAs) from dietary sources or via de novo palmitate production by fatty acid synthase (FASN). Although most cells express FASN at low levels, it is upregulated in cancers of the breast, prostate, and liver, among others, and is required during the replication of many viruses, such as dengue virus, hepatitis C, HIV-1, hepatitis B, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, among others. The precise role of FASN in disease pathogenesis is poorly understood, and whether de novo FA synthesis contributes to host or viral protein acylation has been traditionally difficult to study. Here, we describe a cell-permeable and click chemistry-compatible alkynyl acetate analog (alkynyl acetic acid or 5-hexynoic acid [Alk-4]) that functions as a reporter of FASN-dependent protein acylation. In an FASN-dependent manner, Alk-4 selectively labels the cellular protein interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 at its known palmitoylation sites, a process that is essential for the antiviral activity of the protein, and the HIV-1 matrix protein at its known myristoylation site, a process that is required for membrane targeting and particle assembly. Alk-4 metabolic labeling also enabled biotin-based purification and identification of more than 200 FASN-dependent acylated cellular proteins. Thus, Alk-4 is a useful bioorthogonal tool to selectively probe FASN-mediated protein acylation in normal and diseased states.
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14
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Nůsková H, Serebryakova MV, Ferrer-Caelles A, Sachsenheimer T, Lüchtenborg C, Miller AK, Brügger B, Kordyukova LV, Teleman AA. Stearic acid blunts growth-factor signaling via oleoylation of GNAI proteins. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4590. [PMID: 34321466 PMCID: PMC8319428 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent attachment of C16:0 to proteins (palmitoylation) regulates protein function. Proteins are also S-acylated by other fatty acids including C18:0. Whether protein acylation with different fatty acids has different functional outcomes is not well studied. We show here that C18:0 (stearate) and C18:1 (oleate) compete with C16:0 to S-acylate Cys3 of GNAI proteins. C18:0 becomes desaturated so that C18:0 and C18:1 both cause S-oleoylation of GNAI. Exposure of cells to C16:0 or C18:0 shifts GNAI acylation towards palmitoylation or oleoylation, respectively. Oleoylation causes GNAI proteins to shift out of cell membrane detergent-resistant fractions where they potentiate EGFR signaling. Consequently, exposure of cells to C18:0 reduces recruitment of Gab1 to EGFR and reduces AKT activation. This provides a molecular mechanism for the anti-tumor effects of C18:0, uncovers a mechanistic link how metabolites affect cell signaling, and provides evidence that the identity of the fatty acid acylating a protein can have functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Nůsková
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina V Serebryakova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Ferrer-Caelles
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Aubry K Miller
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Larisa V Kordyukova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aurelio A Teleman
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Fritsch J, Särchen V, Schneider-Brachert W. Regulation of Death Receptor Signaling by S-Palmitoylation and Detergent-Resistant Membrane Micro Domains-Greasing the Gears of Extrinsic Cell Death Induction, Survival, and Inflammation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2513. [PMID: 34063813 PMCID: PMC8196677 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Death-receptor-mediated signaling results in either cell death or survival. Such opposite signaling cascades emanate from receptor-associated signaling complexes, which are often formed in different subcellular locations. The proteins involved are frequently post-translationally modified (PTM) by ubiquitination, phosphorylation, or glycosylation to allow proper spatio-temporal regulation/recruitment of these signaling complexes in a defined cellular compartment. During the last couple of years, increasing attention has been paid to the reversible cysteine-centered PTM S-palmitoylation. This PTM regulates the hydrophobicity of soluble and membrane proteins and modulates protein:protein interaction and their interaction with distinct membrane micro-domains (i.e., lipid rafts). We conclude with which functional and mechanistic roles for S-palmitoylation as well as different forms of membrane micro-domains in death-receptor-mediated signal transduction were unraveled in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Fritsch
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Vinzenz Särchen
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Wulf Schneider-Brachert
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
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16
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Abstract
Protein S-acylation is the reversible addition of fatty acids to the cysteine residues of target proteins. It regulates multiple aspects of protein function, including the localization to membranes, intracellular trafficking, protein interactions, protein stability, and protein conformation. This process is regulated by palmitoyl acyltransferases that have the conserved amino acid sequence DHHC at their active site. Although they have conserved catalytic cores, DHHC enzymes vary in their protein substrate selection, lipid substrate preference, and regulatory mechanisms. Alterations in DHHC enzyme function are associated with many human diseases, including cancers and neurological conditions. The removal of fatty acids from acylated cysteine residues is catalyzed by acyl protein thioesterases. Notably, S-acylation is now known to be a highly dynamic process, and plays crucial roles in signaling transduction in various cell types. In this review, we will explore the recent findings on protein S-acylation, the enzymatic regulation of this process, and discuss examples of dynamic S-acylation.
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17
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Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is the post-translational attachment of fatty acids, most commonly palmitate (C16 : 0), onto a cysteine residue of a protein. This reaction is catalysed by a family of integral membrane proteins, the zDHHC protein acyltransferases (PATs), so-called due to the presence of an invariant Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) cysteine-rich domain harbouring the catalytic centre of the enzyme. Conserved throughout eukaryotes, the zDHHC PATs are encoded by multigene families and mediate palmitoylation of thousands of protein substrates. In humans, a number of zDHHC proteins are associated with human diseases, including intellectual disability, Huntington's disease, schizophrenia and cancer. Key to understanding the physiological and pathophysiological importance of individual zDHHC proteins is the identification of their protein substrates. Here, we will describe the approaches and challenges in assigning substrates for individual zDHHCs, highlighting key mechanisms that underlie substrate recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ian P Malgapo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Maurine E Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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18
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of this review is to highlight the triumphs and frontiers in measurement of the lens proteome as it relates to onset of age-related nuclear cataract. As global life expectancy increases, so too does the frequency of age-related nuclear cataracts. Molecular therapeutics do not exist for delay or relief of cataract onset in humans. Since lens fiber cells are incapable of protein synthesis after initial maturation, age-related changes in proteome composition and post-translational modification accumulation can be measured with various techniques. Several of these modifications have been associated with cataract onset. AREAS COVERED We discuss the impact of long-lived proteins on the lens proteome and lens homeostasis as well as proteomic techniques that may be used to measure proteomes at various levels of proteomic specificity and spatial resolution. EXPERT OPINION There is clear evidence that several proteome modifications are correlated with cataract formation. Past studies should be enhanced with cutting-edge, spatially resolved mass spectrometry techniques to enhance the specificity and sensitivity of modification detection as it relates to cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Cantrell
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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19
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Abstract
Protein S-acylation (commonly known as palmitoylation) is a widespread reversible lipid modification, which plays critical roles in regulating protein localization, activity, stability, and complex formation. The deregulation of protein S-acylation contributes to many diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The past decade has witnessed substantial progress in proteomic analysis of protein S-acylation, which significantly advanced our understanding of S-acylation biology. In this review, we summarized the techniques for the enrichment of S-acylated proteins or peptides, critically reviewed proteomic studies of protein S-acylation at eight different levels, and proposed major challenges for the S-acylproteomics field. In summary, proteome-scale analysis of protein S-acylation comes of age and will play increasingly important roles in discovering new disease mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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20
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Salaun C, Locatelli C, Zmuda F, Cabrera González J, Chamberlain LH. Accessory proteins of the zDHHC family of S-acylation enzymes. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/22/jcs251819. [PMID: 33203738 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.251819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost two decades have passed since seminal work in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identified zinc finger DHHC domain-containing (zDHHC) enzymes as S-acyltransferases. These enzymes are ubiquitous in the eukarya domain, with 23 distinct zDHHC-encoding genes in the human genome. zDHHC enzymes mediate the bulk of S-acylation (also known as palmitoylation) reactions in cells, transferring acyl chains to cysteine thiolates, and in so-doing affecting the stability, localisation and function of several thousand proteins. Studies using purified components have shown that the minimal requirements for S-acylation are an appropriate zDHHC enzyme-substrate pair and fatty acyl-CoA. However, additional proteins including GCP16 (also known as Golga7), Golga7b, huntingtin and selenoprotein K, have been suggested to regulate the activity, stability and trafficking of certain zDHHC enzymes. In this Review, we discuss the role of these accessory proteins as essential components of the cellular S-acylation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Salaun
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Carolina Locatelli
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Filip Zmuda
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Juan Cabrera González
- Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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21
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Zmuda F, Chamberlain LH. Regulatory effects of post-translational modifications on zDHHC S-acyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14640-14652. [PMID: 32817054 PMCID: PMC7586229 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.014717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human zDHHC S-acyltransferase family comprises 23 enzymes that mediate the S-acylation of a multitude of cellular proteins, including channels, receptors, transporters, signaling molecules, scaffolds, and chaperones. This reversible post-transitional modification (PTM) involves the attachment of a fatty acyl chain, usually derived from palmitoyl-CoA, to specific cysteine residues on target proteins, which affects their stability, localization, and function. These outcomes are essential to control many processes, including synaptic transmission and plasticity, cell growth and differentiation, and infectivity of viruses and other pathogens. Given the physiological importance of S-acylation, it is unsurprising that perturbations in this process, including mutations in ZDHHC genes, have been linked to different neurological pathologies and cancers, and there is growing interest in zDHHC enzymes as novel drug targets. Although zDHHC enzymes control a diverse array of cellular processes and are associated with major disorders, our understanding of these enzymes is surprisingly incomplete, particularly with regard to the regulatory mechanisms controlling these enzymes. However, there is growing evidence highlighting the role of different PTMs in this process. In this review, we discuss how PTMs, including phosphorylation, S-acylation, and ubiquitination, affect the stability, localization, and function of zDHHC enzymes and speculate on possible effects of PTMs that have emerged from larger screening studies. Developing a better understanding of the regulatory effects of PTMs on zDHHC enzymes will provide new insight into the intracellular dynamics of S-acylation and may also highlight novel approaches to modulate S-acylation for clinical gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Zmuda
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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22
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Stix R, Lee CJ, Faraldo-Gómez JD, Banerjee A. Structure and Mechanism of DHHC Protein Acyltransferases. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4983-4998. [PMID: 32522557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation, whereby a fatty acid chain is covalently linked to a cysteine residue by a thioester linkage, is the most prevalent kind of lipid modification of proteins. Thousands of proteins are targets of this post-translational modification, which is catalyzed by a family of eukaryotic integral membrane enzymes known as DHHC protein acyltransferases (DHHC-PATs). Our knowledge of the repertoire of S-acylated proteins has been rapidly expanding owing to development of the chemoproteomic techniques. There has also been an increasing number of reports in the literature documenting the importance of S-acylation in human physiology and disease. Recently, the first atomic structures of two different DHHC-PATs were determined using X-ray crystallography. This review will focus on the insights gained into the molecular mechanism of DHHC-PATs from these structures and highlight representative data from the biochemical literature that they help explain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Stix
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chul-Jin Lee
- Unit on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - José D Faraldo-Gómez
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Unit on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Neviani V, van Deventer S, Wörner TP, Xenaki KT, van de Waterbeemd M, Rodenburg RNP, Wortel IMN, Kuiper JK, Huisman S, Granneman J, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Heck AJR, van Spriel AB, Gros P. Site-specific functionality and tryptophan mimicry of lipidation in tetraspanin CD9. FEBS J 2020; 287:5323-5344. [PMID: 32181977 PMCID: PMC7818406 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipidation of transmembrane proteins regulates many cellular activities, including signal transduction, cell–cell communication, and membrane trafficking. However, how lipidation at different sites in a membrane protein affects structure and function remains elusive. Here, using native mass spectrometry we determined that wild‐type human tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 exhibit nonstochastic distributions of bound acyl chains. We revealed CD9 lipidation at its three most frequent lipidated sites suffices for EWI‐F binding, while cysteine‐to‐alanine CD9 mutations markedly reduced binding of EWI‐F. EWI‐F binding by CD9 was rescued by mutating all or, albeit to a lesser extent, only the three most frequently lipidated sites into tryptophans. These mutations did not affect the nanoscale distribution of CD9 in cell membranes, as shown by super‐resolution microscopy using a CD9‐specific nanobody. Thus, these data demonstrate site‐specific, possibly conformation‐dependent, functionality of lipidation in tetraspanin CD9 and identify tryptophan mimicry as a possible biochemical approach to study site‐specific transmembrane‐protein lipidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Neviani
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd van Deventer
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias P Wörner
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina T Xenaki
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van de Waterbeemd
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Remco N P Rodenburg
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M N Wortel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen K Kuiper
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Huisman
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Granneman
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek B van Spriel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Gros
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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24
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Ticho AL, Malhotra P, Manzella CR, Dudeja PK, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA. S-acylation modulates the function of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter in human cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4488-4497. [PMID: 32071081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) is crucial for the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. ASBT function is rapidly regulated by several posttranslational modifications. One reversible posttranslational modification is S-acylation, involving the covalent attachment of fatty acids to cysteine residues in proteins. However, whether S-acylation affects ASBT function and membrane expression has not been determined. Using the acyl resin-assisted capture method, we found that the majority of ASBT (∼80%) was S-acylated in ileal brush border membrane vesicles from human organ donors, as well as in HEK293 cells stably transfected with ASBT (2BT cells). Metabolic labeling with alkyne-palmitic acid (100 μm for 15 h) also showed that ASBT is S-acylated in 2BT cells. Incubation with the acyltransferase inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate (25 μm for 15 h) significantly reduced ASBT S-acylation, function, and levels on the plasma membrane. Treatment of 2BT cells with saturated palmitic acid (100 μm for 15 h) increased ASBT function, whereas treatment with unsaturated oleic acid significantly reduced ASBT function. Metabolic labeling with alkyne-oleic acid (100 μm for 15 h) revealed that oleic acid attaches to ASBT, suggesting that unsaturated fatty acids may decrease ASBT's function via a direct covalent interaction with ASBT. We also identified Cys-314 as a potential S-acylation site. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that S-acylation is involved in the modulation of ASBT function. These findings underscore the potential for unsaturated fatty acids to reduce ASBT function, which may be useful in disorders in which bile acid toxicity is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Ticho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois 60612-7332
| | - Pooja Malhotra
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois 60612-7332
| | - Christopher R Manzella
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois 60612-7332
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois 60612-7332.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois 60612-7332.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois 60612-7332
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois 60612-7332 .,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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25
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Schey KL, Wang Z, Friedrich MG, Garland DL, Truscott RJW. Spatiotemporal changes in the human lens proteome: Critical insights into long-lived proteins. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100802. [PMID: 31704338 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ocular lens is a unique tissue that contains an age gradient of cells and proteins ranging from newly differentiated cells containing newly synthesized proteins to cells and proteins that are as old as the organism. Thus, the ocular lens is an excellent model for studying long-lived proteins (LLPs) and the effects of aging and post-translational modifications on protein structure and function. Given the architecture of the lens, with young fiber cells in the outer cortex and the oldest cells in the lens nucleus, spatially-resolved studies provide information on age-specific protein changes. In this review, experimental strategies and proteomic methods that have been used to examine age-related and cataract-specific changes to the human lens proteome are described. Measured spatio-temporal changes in the human lens proteome are summarized and reveal a highly consistent, time-dependent set of modifications observed in transparent human lenses. Such measurements have led to the discovery of cataract-specific modifications and the realization that many animal systems are unsuitable to study many of these modifications. Mechanisms of protein modifications such as deamidation, racemization, truncation, and protein-protein crosslinking are presented and the implications of such mechanisms for other long-lived proteins in other tissues are discussed in the context of age-related neurological diseases. A comprehensive understanding of LLP modifications will enhance our ability to develop new therapies for the delay, prevention or reversal of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, USA.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | - Michael G Friedrich
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - Roger J W Truscott
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
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26
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Schulte-Zweckel J, Dwivedi M, Brockmeyer A, Janning P, Winter R, Triola G. A hydroxylamine probe for profiling S-acylated fatty acids on proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11183-11186. [PMID: 31465055 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05989j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reversible S-palmitoylation is a key regulatory mechanism of protein function and localization. There is increasing evidence that S-acylation is not restricted to palmitate but it includes shorter, longer, and unsaturated fatty acids. However, the diversity of this protein modification has not been fully explored. Herein, we report a chemical probe that combined with MS-based analysis allows the rapid detection and quantification of fatty acids linked to proteins. We have used this approach to profile the S-acylome and to show that the oncogene N-Ras is heterogeneously acylated with palmitate and palmitoleate. Studies on protein distribution in membrane subdomains with semisynthetic proteins revealed that unsaturated N-Ras presents an increased tendency toward clustering and higher insertion kinetic rate constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Schulte-Zweckel
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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27
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Greaves J, Tomkinson NCO. Detection of Heterogeneous Protein S-Acylation in Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2009:13-33. [PMID: 31152392 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9532-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of synthetically synthesized azide and alkyne fatty acid analogs coupled with bioorthogonal Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction-based detection methods to study protein S-acylation reactions has replaced the traditional method of using in vivo metabolic radiolabeling with tritiated palmitic acid and has greatly facilitated our understanding of this essential cellular process. Here, we describe the chemical synthesis of myristic (C:14), palmitic (C16:0), and stearic (C18:0) acid-azide probes and detail how they may be utilized as chemical reporters for the analysis of S-acylation of exogenously expressed proteins in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Greaves
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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28
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Abstract
PRCD (progressive rod-cone degeneration) is a small ~6 kDa protein with unknown function that specifically resides in photoreceptor discs and interacts with rhodopsin. PRCD's discovery resulted from decades-long study of a canine retinal disease called progressive rod-cone degeneration which is one of the most frequent causes of blindness in dogs characterized by the slow, progressive death of rod photoreceptors followed by cones. A series of genetic studies eventually mapped the disease to a single point mutation in a novel gene which was then named Prcd. Highlighting the importance of this gene, this and several other mutations have been identified in human patients suffering from retinitis pigmentosa. In this review, we highlight what is currently known about PRCD protein, including the etiology and pathology of the retinal disease caused by its mutation, the protein's trafficking, localization, and biochemical characterization.
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29
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Rana MS, Lee CJ, Banerjee A. The molecular mechanism of DHHC protein acyltransferases. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:157-67. [PMID: 30559274 DOI: 10.1042/BST20180429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is a reversible lipidic posttranslational modification where a fatty acid chain is covalently linked to cysteine residues by a thioester linkage. A family of integral membrane enzymes known as DHHC protein acyltransferases (DHHC-PATs) catalyze this reaction. With the rapid development of the techniques used for identifying lipidated proteins, the repertoire of S-acylated proteins continues to increase. This, in turn, highlights the important roles that S-acylation plays in human physiology and disease. Recently, the first molecular structures of DHHC-PATs were determined using X-ray crystallography. This review will comment on the insights gained on the molecular mechanism of S-acylation from these structures in combination with a wealth of biochemical data generated by researchers in the field.
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30
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Ampah KK, Greaves J, Shun-Shion AS, Asnawi AW, Lidster JA, Chamberlain LH, Collins MO, Peden AA. S-acylation regulates the trafficking and stability of the unconventional Q-SNARE STX19. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.212498. [PMID: 30254024 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STX19 is an unusual Qa-SNARE as it lacks a C-terminal transmembrane domain. However, it is efficiently targeted to post-Golgi membranes. Here, we set out to determine the intracellular localisation of endogenous STX19 and elucidate the mechanism by which it is targeted to membranes. We have found that a pool of STX19 is localised to tubular recycling endosomes where it colocalises with MICAL-L1 and Rab8 (which has Rab8a and Rab8b forms). Using a combination of genetic, biochemical and cell-based approaches, we have identified that STX19 is S-acylated at its C-terminus and is a substrate for several Golgi-localised S-acyltransferases, suggesting that STX19 is initially S-acylated at the Golgi before trafficking to the plasma membrane and endosomes. Surprisingly, we have found that S-acylation is a key determinant in targeting STX19 to tubular recycling endosomes, suggesting that S-acylation may play a general role in directing proteins to this compartment. In addition, S-acylation also protects STX19 from proteosomal degradation, indicating that S-acylation regulates the function of STX19 at multiple levels.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khamal K Ampah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jennifer Greaves
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Science and Health Building, 20 Whitefriars Street, Coventry CV1 2DS, UK
| | - Amber S Shun-Shion
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Asral W Asnawi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Sains Islam Malaysia, 55700 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jessica A Lidster
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Mark O Collins
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.,Faculty of Science, Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill Road, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Andrew A Peden
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Eugenia Zaballa
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Moore BS, Mirshahi T. Genetic variants help define the role of the MC4R C-terminus in signaling and cell surface stability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10397. [PMID: 29991773 PMCID: PMC6039487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening 92,445 subjects in the Geisinger-Regeneron DiscovEHR cohort, we identified 5 patients heterozygous for nonsense mutations causing early terminations at Glu307 or Leu328 on the C-terminus of melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R). Two Q307Ter carriers are severely obese (BMI > 40), while one is overweight (BMI > 25). One L328Ter carrier is overweight and the other is lean. Pedigree analysis for two Q307Ter carriers shows segregation of the variant with higher BMI. Functionally, MC4R(Q307Ter) eliminated receptor surface expression and signaling, while MC4R(L328Ter) functioned like the wild-type receptor. MC4R(Q307Ter) is therefore a loss of function (LOF) variant and the region between the two truncation sites identified in our patients is critical to MC4R function. Truncating MC4R at various C-terminal positions between these two variant sites, we find that cysteine318 sits at a critical junction for receptor trafficking and function. We show that MC4R is lipid modified at cysteine318 and cysteine319. Therefore, truncation early in the MC4R C-terminus results in haploinsufficiency in humans while truncation after the first lipid-modification site is well tolerated. MC4R haploinsufficiency clearly segregates with higher BMI; however, severe obesity is not fully penetrant even in MC4R LOF carriers, suggesting critical roles for environmental and lifestyle factors in MC4R monogenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn S Moore
- Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, United States
| | - Tooraj Mirshahi
- Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, United States. .,Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, United States.
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33
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De I, Sadhukhan S. Emerging Roles of DHHC-mediated Protein S-palmitoylation in Physiological and Pathophysiological Context. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:319-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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34
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Rana MS, Kumar P, Lee CJ, Verardi R, Rajashankar KR, Banerjee A. Fatty acyl recognition and transfer by an integral membrane S-acyltransferase. Science 2018; 359:359/6372/eaao6326. [PMID: 29326245 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao6326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys) palmitoyltransferases are eukaryotic integral membrane enzymes that catalyze protein palmitoylation, which is important in a range of physiological processes, including small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) signaling, cell adhesion, and neuronal receptor scaffolding. We present crystal structures of two DHHC palmitoyltransferases and a covalent intermediate mimic. The active site resides at the membrane-cytosol interface, which allows the enzyme to catalyze thioester-exchange chemistry by using fatty acyl-coenzyme A and explains why membrane-proximal cysteines are candidates for palmitoylation. The acyl chain binds in a cavity formed by the transmembrane domain. We propose a mechanism for acyl chain-length selectivity in DHHC enzymes on the basis of cavity mutants with preferences for shorter and longer acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra S Rana
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chul-Jin Lee
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kanagalaghatta R Rajashankar
- Northeastern Collaborative Access Team (NE-CAT) and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Building 436E, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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35
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Lemonidis K, Salaun C, Kouskou M, Diez-Ardanuy C, Chamberlain LH, Greaves J. Substrate selectivity in the zDHHC family of S-acyltransferases. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:751-8. [PMID: 28620036 DOI: 10.1042/BST20160309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation is a reversible lipid modification occurring on cysteine residues mediated by a family of membrane-bound 'zDHHC' enzymes. S-acylation predominantly results in anchoring of soluble proteins to membrane compartments or in the trafficking of membrane proteins to different compartments. Recent work has shown that although S-acylation of some proteins may involve very weak interactions with zDHHC enzymes, a pool of zDHHC enzymes exhibit strong and specific interactions with substrates, thereby recruiting them for S-acylation. For example, the ankyrin-repeat domains of zDHHC17 and zDHHC13 interact specifically with unstructured consensus sequences present in some proteins, thus contributing to substrate specificity of these enzymes. In addition to this new information on zDHHC enzyme protein substrate specificity, recent work has also identified marked differences in selectivity of zDHHC enzymes for acyl-CoA substrates and has started to unravel the underlying molecular basis for this lipid selectivity. This review will focus on the protein and acyl-CoA selectivity of zDHHC enzymes.
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36
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Percher A, Thinon E, Hang H. Mass-Tag Labeling Using Acyl-PEG Exchange for the Determination of Endogenous Protein S-Fatty Acylation. Curr Protoc Protein Sci 2017; 89:14.17.1-14.17.11. [PMID: 28762493 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The covalent coupling of fatty acids to proteins provides an important mechanism of regulation in cells. In eukaryotes, cysteine fatty acylation (S-fatty acylation) has been shown to be critical for protein function in a variety of cellular pathways as well as microbial pathogenesis. While methods developed over the past decade have improved the detection and profiling of S-fatty acylation, these are hampered in their ability to characterize endogenous protein S-fatty acylation levels under physiological conditions. Furthermore, understanding the contribution of specific sites and levels of S-fatty acylation remains a major challenge. To evaluate S-fatty acylation of endogenous proteins as well as to determine the number of S-fatty acylation events, we developed the acyl-PEG exchange (APE) that utilizes cysteine-specific chemistry to exchange S-fatty acylation sites with mass-tags of defined size, which can be readily observed by western blotting. APE provides a readily accessible approach to investigate endogenous S-fatty acylation from any sample source, with high sensitivity and broad applicability that complements the current toolbox of methods for thioester-based post-translational modifications. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Percher
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Emmanuelle Thinon
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Howard Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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37
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Abstract
It has been estimated that 10% of the human genome encodes proteins that are fatty acylated at cysteine residues. The vast majority of these proteins are modified by members of the DHHC protein family, which carry out their enzymatic function on the cytoplasmic face of cell membranes. The biomedical importance of DHHC proteins is underscored by their association with human disease; unique and essential roles for DHHC proteins have been uncovered using DHHC-deficient mouse models. Accordingly, there is great interest in elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie DHHC protein function. In this review, we present recent insights into the structure and function of DHHC enzymes.
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38
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Greaves J, Munro KR, Davidson SC, Riviere M, Wojno J, Smith TK, Tomkinson NC, Chamberlain LH. Molecular basis of fatty acid selectivity in the zDHHC family of S-acyltransferases revealed by click chemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1365-74. [PMID: 28167757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612254114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
S-acylation is a major posttranslational modification, catalyzed by the zinc finger DHHC domain containing (zDHHC) enzyme family. S-acylated proteins can be modified by different fatty acids; however, very little is known about how zDHHC enzymes contribute to acyl chain heterogeneity. Here, we used fatty acid-azide/alkyne labeling of mammalian cells, showing their transformation into acyl-CoAs and subsequent click chemistry-based detection, to demonstrate that zDHHC enzymes have marked differences in their fatty acid selectivity. This difference in selectivity was apparent even for highly related enzymes, such as zDHHC3 and zDHHC7, which displayed a marked difference in their ability to use C18:0 acyl-CoA as a substrate. Furthermore, we identified isoleucine-182 in transmembrane domain 3 of zDHHC3 as a key determinant in limiting the use of longer chain acyl-CoAs by this enzyme. This study uncovered differences in the fatty acid selectivity profiles of cellular zDHHC enzymes and mapped molecular determinants governing this selectivity.
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39
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Ni CL, Seth D, Fonseca FV, Wang L, Xiao TS, Gruber P, Sy MS, Stamler JS, Tartakoff AM. Polyglutamine Tract Expansion Increases S-Nitrosylation of Huntingtin and Ataxin-1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163359. [PMID: 27658206 PMCID: PMC5033456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of the polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the huntingtin (Htt) protein causes Huntington’s disease (HD), a fatal inherited movement disorder linked to neurodegeneration in the striatum and cortex. S-nitrosylation and S-acylation of cysteine residues regulate many functions of cytosolic proteins. We therefore used a resin-assisted capture approach to identify these modifications in Htt. In contrast to many proteins that have only a single S-nitrosylation or S-acylation site, we identified sites along much of the length of Htt. Moreover, analysis of cells expressing full-length Htt or a large N-terminal fragment of Htt shows that polyQ expansion strongly increases Htt S-nitrosylation. This effect appears to be general since it is also observed in Ataxin-1, which causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) when its polyQ tract is expanded. Overexpression of nitric oxide synthase increases the S-nitrosylation of normal Htt and the frequency of conspicuous juxtanuclear inclusions of Htt N-terminal fragments in transfected cells. Taken together with the evidence that S-nitrosylation of Htt is widespread and parallels polyQ expansion, these subcellular changes show that S-nitrosylation affects the biology of this protein in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lun Ni
- Cell Biology Program, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Divya Seth
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Fabio Vasconcelos Fonseca
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Liwen Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Phillip Gruber
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Tartakoff
- Cell Biology Program, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Spencer WJ, Pearring JN, Salinas RY, Loiselle DR, Skiba NP, Arshavsky VY. Progressive Rod-Cone Degeneration (PRCD) Protein Requires N-Terminal S-Acylation and Rhodopsin Binding for Photoreceptor Outer Segment Localization and Maintaining Intracellular Stability. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5028-37. [PMID: 27509380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The light-sensing outer segments of photoreceptor cells harbor hundreds of flattened membranous discs containing the visual pigment, rhodopsin, and all the proteins necessary for visual signal transduction. PRCD (progressive rod-cone degeneration) protein is one of a few proteins residing specifically in photoreceptor discs, and the only one with completely unknown function. The importance of PRCD is highlighted by its mutations that cause photoreceptor degeneration and blindness in canine and human patients. Here we report that PRCD is S-acylated at its N-terminal cysteine and anchored to the cytosolic surface of disc membranes. We also showed that mutating the S-acylated cysteine to tyrosine, a common cause of blindness in dogs and a mutation found in affected human families, causes PRCD to be completely mislocalized from the photoreceptor outer segment. We next undertook a proteomic search for PRCD-interacting partners in disc membranes and found that it binds rhodopsin. This interaction was confirmed by reciprocal precipitation and co-chromatography experiments. We further demonstrated this interaction to be critically important for supporting the intracellular stability of PRCD, as the knockout of rhodopsin caused a drastic reduction in the photoreceptor content of PRCD. These data reveal the cause of photoreceptor disease in PRCD mutant dogs and implicate rhodopsin to be involved in PRCD's unknown yet essential function in photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Spencer
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Jillian N Pearring
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Raquel Y Salinas
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - David R Loiselle
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Nikolai P Skiba
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Vadim Y Arshavsky
- Department of Pharmacology and ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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Abstract
Protein S-acylation, the only fully reversible posttranslational lipid modification of proteins, is emerging as a ubiquitous mechanism to control the properties and function of a diverse array of proteins and consequently physiological processes. S-acylation results from the enzymatic addition of long-chain lipids, most typically palmitate, onto intracellular cysteine residues of soluble and transmembrane proteins via a labile thioester linkage. Addition of lipid results in increases in protein hydrophobicity that can impact on protein structure, assembly, maturation, trafficking, and function. The recent explosion in global S-acylation (palmitoyl) proteomic profiling as a result of improved biochemical tools to assay S-acylation, in conjunction with the recent identification of enzymes that control protein S-acylation and de-acylation, has opened a new vista into the physiological function of S-acylation. This review introduces key features of S-acylation and tools to interrogate this process, and highlights the eclectic array of proteins regulated including membrane receptors, ion channels and transporters, enzymes and kinases, signaling adapters and chaperones, cell adhesion, and structural proteins. We highlight recent findings correlating disruption of S-acylation to pathophysiology and disease and discuss some of the major challenges and opportunities in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Shipston
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Lemonidis K, Gorleku OA, Sanchez-Perez MC, Grefen C, Chamberlain LH. The Golgi S-acylation machinery comprises zDHHC enzymes with major differences in substrate affinity and S-acylation activity. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3870-83. [PMID: 25253725 PMCID: PMC4244197 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular machinery that catalyzes S-acylation reactions at the Golgi comprises zDHHC enzymes with major differences in substrate affinity and S-acylation activity. It is proposed that the coexistence of these two groups of enzymes in cells is important to allow the Golgi S-acylation machinery to modify a wide and diverse set of substrates. S-acylation, the attachment of fatty acids onto cysteine residues, regulates protein trafficking and function and is mediated by a family of zDHHC enzymes. The S-acylation of peripheral membrane proteins has been proposed to occur at the Golgi, catalyzed by an S-acylation machinery that displays little substrate specificity. To advance understanding of how S-acylation of peripheral membrane proteins is handled by Golgi zDHHC enzymes, we investigated interactions between a subset of four Golgi zDHHC enzymes and two S-acylated proteins—synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) and cysteine-string protein (CSP). Our results uncover major differences in substrate recognition and S-acylation by these zDHHC enzymes. The ankyrin-repeat domains of zDHHC17 and zDHHC13 mediated strong and selective interactions with SNAP25/CSP, whereas binding of zDHHC3 and zDHHC7 to these proteins was barely detectable. Despite this, zDHHC3/zDHHC7 could S-acylate SNAP25/CSP more efficiently than zDHHC17, whereas zDHHC13 lacked S-acylation activity toward these proteins. Overall the results of this study support a model in which dynamic intracellular localization of peripheral membrane proteins is achieved by highly selective recruitment by a subset of zDHHC enzymes at the Golgi, combined with highly efficient S-acylation by other Golgi zDHHC enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimon Lemonidis
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Oforiwa A Gorleku
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Maria C Sanchez-Perez
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
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Chapkin RS, Seo J, McMurray DN, Lupton JR. Mechanisms by which docosahexaenoic acid and related fatty acids reduce colon cancer risk and inflammatory disorders of the intestine. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 153:14-23. [PMID: 18346463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence has underscored both the pharmacological potential and the nutritional value of dietary fish oil enriched in very long chain n-3 PUFAs such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3). The broad health benefits of very long chain n-3 PUFAs and the pleiotropic effects of dietary fish oil and DHA have been proposed to involve alterations in membrane structure and function, eicosanoid metabolism, gene expression and the formation of lipid peroxidation products, although a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of action has yet to be elucidated. In this review, we present data demonstrating that DHA selectively modulates the subcellular localization of lipidated signaling proteins depending on their transport pathway, which may be universally applied to other lipidated protein trafficking. An interesting possibility raised by the current observations is that lipidated proteins may exhibit different subcellular distribution profiles in various tissues, which contain a distinct membrane lipid composition. In addition, the current findings clearly indicate that subcellular localization of proteins with a certain trafficking pathway can be subjected to selective regulation by dietary manipulation. This form of regulated plasma membrane targeting of a select subset of upstream signaling proteins may provide cells with the flexibility to coordinate the arrangement of signaling translators on the cell surface. Ultimately, this may allow organ systems such as the colon to optimally decode, respond, and adapt to the vagaries of an ever-changing extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Chapkin
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2553, United States.
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Hawash IY, Hu XE, Adal A, Cassady JM, Geahlen RL, Harrison ML. The oxygen-substituted palmitic acid analogue, 13-oxypalmitic acid, inhibits Lck localization to lipid rafts and T cell signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1589:140-50. [PMID: 12007789 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Palmitoylation of cysteines 3 and 5 is necessary for targeting Lck to lipid rafts and is needed for Lck function in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Point mutations of cysteines 3 and 5 result in a form of Lck that fails to associate with the plasma membrane, which limits the usefulness of this genetic approach to address the role of palmitoylation in the distribution of Lck within the plasma membrane. To circumvent this problem, we sought to identify a palmitic acid analogue that would enable plasma membrane association of Lck, but not facilitate its localization within lipid rafts. Here we examined the effects of the heteroatom-substituted analogue of palmitic acid, 13-oxypalmitic acid (13-OP), on Lck subcellular localization and function. 13-OP is similar in chain length to palmitic acid, but possesses reduced hydrophobicity. We found that treatment of cells with 13-OP inhibited incorporation of omega-[(125)I]iodopalmitate into Lck. 13-OP inhibited localization of Lck to lipid rafts without altering its membrane localization. Consistent with the dissociation of Lck from rafts, treatment with 13-OP abolished Lck association with the GPI-anchored protein, CD48, but not the transmembrane glycoprotein CD4. Jurkat T cells treated with 13-OP showed marked reduction in tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase upon TCR stimulation. In conclusion, the less hydrophobic analogue of palmitate, 13-OP, alters the normal acylation of Lck that provides Lck with the necessary hydrophobicity and tight packing order required for inclusion in lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Y Hawash
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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45
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Liang X, Nazarian A, Erdjument-Bromage H, Bornmann W, Tempst P, Resh MD. Heterogeneous fatty acylation of Src family kinases with polyunsaturated fatty acids regulates raft localization and signal transduction. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:30987-94. [PMID: 11423543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104018200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acylation of Src family kinases is essential for localization of the modified proteins to the plasma membrane and to plasma membrane rafts. It has been suggested that the presence of saturated fatty acyl chains on proteins is conducive for their insertion into liquid ordered lipid domains present in rafts. The ability of unsaturated dietary fatty acids to be attached to Src family kinases has not been investigated. Here we demonstrate that heterogeneous fatty acylation of Src family kinases occurs and that the nature of the attached fatty acid influences raft-mediated signal transduction. By using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we show that in addition to 14:0 (myristate), 14:1 and 14:2 fatty acids can be attached to the N-terminal glycine of the Src family kinase Fyn when the growth media are supplemented with these dietary fatty acids. Moreover, we synthesized novel iodinated analogs of oleate and stearate, and we showed that heterogeneous S-acylation can occur on cysteine residues within Fyn as well as Galpha, GAP43, and Ras. Modification of Fyn with unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids reduced its raft localization and resulted in decreased T cell signal transduction. These studies establish that heterogeneous fatty acylation is a widespread occurrence that serves to regulate signal transduction by membrane-bound proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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