1
|
Shi J, Wei D, Ma C, Geng J, Zhao M, Hou J, Huo W, Jing T, Wang C, Mao Z. Combined effects of organochlorine pesticides on type 2 diabetes mellitus: Insights from endocrine disrupting effects of hormones. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122867. [PMID: 37944891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Association between organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) exposure and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains contradictory, and the evidence is mostly focused on a single exposure. Here, we assessed the associations between individual and combined OCPs exposure and T2DM, and explored the underlying mechanism of sex hormones and the methylation levels of sex hormone receptors in above associations. A case-control study with 1812 participants was performed. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pyrosequencing were used to measure plasma OCPs, serum sex hormones, and whole blood methylation levels of sex hormone receptors, respectively. Generalized linear models were used to analyze the relationships between OCPs, sex hormones, the methylation levels of sex hormone receptors, and T2DM. Quantile based g-computation (QGC) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) were employed to assess the combined OCPs exposure. The roles of sex hormones and the methylation levels of their receptors were evaluated by moderating mediation models. After adjusting for covariates, each unit (2.718 ng/ml) increase in p,p'-DDE was associated with a higher risk of T2DM in males (odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.066 (1.023, 1.112)). QGC and BKMR showed a positive combined effect in the associations of OCPs mixtures on T2DM among premenopausal females, and positive effects but not statistically significant among males and postmenopausal females. p,p'-DDE was the largest contributor for the positive associations. Furthermore, testosterone mediated 21.149% of the associations of p,p'-DDE with T2DM moderated by the androgen receptor methylation (ARm) located in CpG island 1. Individual and mixtures of OCPs exposure were positively linked to elevated risk of T2DM. Testosterone and ARm may participate in the related processes of OCPs with T2DM, providing new insights into the adverse endocrine effects caused by OCPs and specific pathways for the etiology and control of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Dandan Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Cuicui Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jintian Geng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Mengzhen Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Wenqian Huo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Tao Jing
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Zhenxing Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Layshock JA, Webb MAH, Langness OP, Garza JC, Heironimus LB, Gundersen D. Organochlorine and Metal Contaminants in the Blood Plasma of Green Sturgeon Caught in Washington Coastal Estuaries. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:82-94. [PMID: 34655301 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive monitoring was used to evaluate the concentrations of 40 contaminants in the blood plasma of the North American Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris caught and released from three estuaries in Washington State. The highest contaminant concentrations were found in fish caught in the most urbanized sites. Few statistical differences were found when evaluating contaminant levels according to sex, maturation stage, or distinct population segments of Green Sturgeon. The results indicate that recent exposure to legacy contaminants was reflected in Green Sturgeon plasma. Aldrin, 4,4-DDE, α-HCH, copper, and selenium were the most frequently detected contaminants. This study also explored the challenges of assessing toxicity in threatened species using non-lethal approaches. There is currently a lack of environmental contaminant monitoring data in estuaries frequented by Green Sturgeon and limited plasma to tissue toxicity correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Layshock
- Environmental Science Program and Chemistry Department, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR, USA
| | - Molly A H Webb
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bozeman Fish Technology Center, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Olaf P Langness
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Ridgefield, WA, USA
| | - John Carlos Garza
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service and University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Deke Gundersen
- Environmental Science Program and Chemistry Department, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Acolas ML, Davail B, Gonzalez P, Jean S, Clérandeau C, Morin B, Gourves PY, Daffe G, Labadie P, Perrault A, Lauzent M, Pierre M, Le Barh R, Baudrimont M, Peluhet L, Le Menach K, Budzinski H, Rochard E, Cachot J. Health indicators and contaminant levels of a critically endangered species in the Gironde estuary, the European sturgeon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3726-3745. [PMID: 31020527 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The European sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, is a highly endangered species that almost disappeared in the last decades. Thanks to yearly restocking of the population, this species is still found in the Gironde estuary (France), where juveniles grow during several years before leaving to the ocean. The aims of this study were to evaluate the pressure exerted on these fish by known organic and inorganic contaminants during their stay at the Gironde estuary, and to get information on the fish's health in this context. Monthly captures over the year 2014 provided 87 fish from the cohorts 2012 and 2013 mainly, and from cohorts 2008, 2009, and 2011, all fish born in hatchery. We report the very first analyses of contaminant levels and of biological markers measured in the blood of these fish. Low inorganic contamination was found, composed of seven metals mainly Zn (< 5 μg mL-1), Fe (< 1.5 μg mL-1), Cu (< 0.8 μg mL-1), Se (< 0.8 μg mL-1), As (< 0.25 μg mL-1), Co (< 0.14 μg mL-1), and Mn (< 0.03 μg mL-1). Concerning persistent organic contaminants, the sum of seven PCBs varied from 1 to 10 ng g-1 plasma, that of eight OCPs from 0.1 to 1 ng g-1, and that of eight PBDEs from 10 to 100 pg g-1. Higher levels of contaminants were measured during spring as compared to summer. The sex steroid hormone plasma levels (estradiol, testosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone) were quite low, which was predictable for juveniles. The transcription of reproduction-involved genes (EstR, AR, LHR, sox9) in blood cells was demonstrated for the first time. Some of them were correlated with organic contaminant levels PCBs and OCPs. Other gene transcriptions (sodCu and bax) were correlated with PCBs and OCPs. However, the DNA damage level measured here as comet tail DNA and micronuclei ratio in red blood cells were in the very low range of the values commonly obtained in fish from pristine areas. The data presented here can serve as a reference base for future monitoring of this population of sturgeons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Acolas
- Irstea, EABX, Aquatic Ecosystems and Global Changes, 50 avenue de Verdun, F-33612, Gazinet Cestas, France
| | - Blandine Davail
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Aquatic Ecotoxicology, B2, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, F-33405, Talence, France.
| | - Patrice Gonzalez
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Place du Dr B. Peyneau, F-33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Séverine Jean
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, F-31326, Caxtanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Christelle Clérandeau
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Aquatic Ecotoxicology, B2, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Bénédicte Morin
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Aquatic Ecotoxicology, B2, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Gourves
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Place du Dr B. Peyneau, F-33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Guillemine Daffe
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Place du Dr B. Peyneau, F-33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Pierre Labadie
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, LPTC, 351 crs de la Libération, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Annie Perrault
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, F-31326, Caxtanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Mathilde Lauzent
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, LPTC, 351 crs de la Libération, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Maud Pierre
- Irstea, EABX, Aquatic Ecosystems and Global Changes, 50 avenue de Verdun, F-33612, Gazinet Cestas, France
| | - Romaric Le Barh
- Irstea, EABX, Aquatic Ecosystems and Global Changes, 50 avenue de Verdun, F-33612, Gazinet Cestas, France
| | - Magalie Baudrimont
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Place du Dr B. Peyneau, F-33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Laurent Peluhet
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, LPTC, 351 crs de la Libération, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Karyn Le Menach
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, LPTC, 351 crs de la Libération, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, LPTC, 351 crs de la Libération, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Eric Rochard
- Irstea, EABX, Aquatic Ecosystems and Global Changes, 50 avenue de Verdun, F-33612, Gazinet Cestas, France
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Aquatic Ecotoxicology, B2, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, F-33405, Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Doering JA, Farmahin R, Wiseman S, Kennedy SW, Giesy JP, Hecker M. Functionality of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR1 and AhR2) of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and implications for the risk assessment of dioxin-like compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8219-8226. [PMID: 24950391 DOI: 10.1021/es502054h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, populations of sturgeons are endangered, and it is hypothesized that anthropogenic chemicals, including dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), might be contributing to the observed declines in populations. DLCs elicit their toxic action through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is believed to regulate most, if not all, adverse effects associated with exposure to these chemicals. Currently, risk assessment of DLCs in fishes uses toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) developed for the World Health Organization (WHO) that are based on studies of embryo-lethality with salmonids. However, there is a lack of knowledge of the sensitivity of sturgeons to DLCs, and it is uncertain whether TEFs developed by the WHO are protective of these fishes. Sturgeons are evolutionarily distinct from salmonids, and the AhRs of sturgeons differ from those of salmonids. Therefore, this study investigated the sensitivity of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) to DLCs in vitro via the use of luciferase reporter gene assays using COS-7 cells transfected with AhR1 or AhR2 of white sturgeon. Specifically, activation and relative potencies (RePs) of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachloro-dibenzofuran, 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzofuran, 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, and 2,3,3',4,4'-pentachlorobiphenyl were determined for each AhR. It was demonstrated that white sturgeon expresses AhR1s and AhR2s that are both activated by DLCs with EC50 values for 2,3,7,8-TCDD that are lower than those of any other AhR of vertebrates tested to date. Both AhRs of white sturgeon had RePs for polychlorinated dibenzofurans more similar to TEFs for birds, while RePs for polychlorinated biphenyls were most similar to TEFs for fishes. Measured concentrations of select DLCs in tissues of white sturgeon from British Columbia, Canada, were used to calculate toxic equivalents (TEQs) by use of TEFs for fishes used by the WHO and TCDD equivalents (TCDD-EQs) via the use of RePs for AhR2 of white sturgeon as determined by transfected COS-7 cells. TCDD-EQs calculated for endangered populations of white sturgeon were approximately 10-fold greater than TEQs and were within ranges known to cause adverse effects in other fishes, including other species of sturgeons. Therefore, TEFs used by the WHO might not adequately protect white sturgeon, illuminating the need for additional investigation into the sensitivity of these fish to DLCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Doering
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Christiansen HE, Mehinto AC, Yu F, Perry RW, Denslow ND, Maule AG, Mesa MG. Correlation of gene expression and contaminant concentrations in wild largescale suckers: a field-based study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 484:379-389. [PMID: 24050789 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Toxic compounds such as organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants (PBDEs) have been detected in fish, birds, and aquatic mammals that live in the Columbia River or use food resources from within the river. We developed a custom microarray for largescale suckers (Catostomus macrocheilus) and used it to investigate the molecular effects of contaminant exposure on wild fish in the Columbia River. Using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) we identified 72 probes representing 69 unique genes with expression patterns that correlated with hepatic tissue levels of OCs, PCBs, or PBDEs. These genes were involved in many biological processes previously shown to respond to contaminant exposure, including drug and lipid metabolism, apoptosis, cellular transport, oxidative stress, and cellular chaperone function. The relation between gene expression and contaminant concentration suggests that these genes may respond to environmental contaminant exposure and are promising candidates for further field and laboratory studies to develop biomarkers for monitoring exposure of wild fish to contaminant mixtures found in the Columbia River Basin. The array developed in this study could also be a useful tool for studies involving endangered sucker species and other sucker species used in contaminant research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena E Christiansen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Columbia River Research Laboratory, 5501 Cook-Underwood Road, Cook, WA 98605, USA.
| | - Alvine C Mehinto
- University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, 2187 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Fahong Yu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, 2033 Mowry Road, P.O. Box 103622, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Russell W Perry
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Columbia River Research Laboratory, 5501 Cook-Underwood Road, Cook, WA 98605, USA.
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, 2187 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Alec G Maule
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Columbia River Research Laboratory, 5501 Cook-Underwood Road, Cook, WA 98605, USA.
| | - Matthew G Mesa
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Columbia River Research Laboratory, 5501 Cook-Underwood Road, Cook, WA 98605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Doering JA, Wiseman S, Beitel SC, Giesy JP, Hecker M. Identification and expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR1 and AhR2) provide insight in an evolutionary context regarding sensitivity of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) to dioxin-like compounds. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 150:27-35. [PMID: 24632312 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sturgeons are ancient fishes, which are endangered in many parts of the world. Due to their benthic nature and longevity, sturgeon are at great risk of exposure to bioaccumulative contaminants such as dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). Despite their endangered status, little research has been conducted to characterize the relative sensitivity of sturgeons to DLCs. Proper assessment of risk of DLCs posed to these fishes therefore, requires a better understanding of this sensitivity and the factors that are driving it. Adverse effects associated with exposure to DLCs are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). This study identified and characterized two distinct AhRs, AhR1 and AhR2, in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) for the first time as a first step in studying the relative sensitivities of sturgeons to DLCs. Furthermore, tissue-specific expression of both AhRs under basal conditions and in response to exposure to the model DLC, β-naphthoflavone (βNF), was determined. The sequence of amino acids of AhR1 of white sturgeon had greater similarity to AhRs of tetrapods, including amphibians, birds, and mammals, than to AhR1s of other fishes. The sequence of amino acids in the ligand binding domain of the AhR1 had greater than 80% similarity to AhRs known to bind DLCs and was less similar to AhRs not known to bind DLCs. AhR2 of white sturgeon had greatest similarity to AhR2 of other fishes. Profiles of expression of AhR1 and AhR2 in white sturgeon were distinct from those known in other fishes and appear more similar to profiles observed in birds. Expressions of both AhR1 and AhR2 of white sturgeon were greatest in liver and heart, which are target organs for DLCs. Furthermore, abundances of transcripts of AhR1 and AhR2 in all tissues from white sturgeon were greater than controls (up to 35-fold) following exposure to βNF. Based upon both AhRs having similar abundances of transcript in target organs of DLC toxicity, both AhRs being up-regulated following exposure to βNF, and both AhRs having greatest similarity to AhRs known to bind DLCs, it is hypothesized that both AhR1 and AhR2 of white sturgeon might mediate effects of DLCs in this species. Since current risk assessments are based on data derived largely from highly divergent fishes within the Salmonidae, presence of two functional AhRs in white sturgeon, one of which has greatest similarity to AhRs of birds, might have significant implications for the sensitivity of sturgeons to DLCs compared to other fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Doering
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Shawn C Beitel
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; School of the Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tompsett AR, Vardy DW, Higley E, Doering JA, Allan M, Liber K, Giesy JP, Hecker M. Effects of Columbia River water on early life-stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 101:23-30. [PMID: 24507122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) population that resides in the Columbia River in British Columbia (BC), Canada, has suffered recruitment failures for more than three decades. During the summers of 2008 and 2009, studies were performed to determine whether exposure to water downstream of a metal smelter in Trail, BC affected survival or growth of early life-stages of white sturgeon through 60+ days post-fertilization (dpf). In both years, there were no significant differences in survival of fish that were exposed to water from downstream compared to water from upstream of the smelter. At 20-21dpf, average mortality was 2.4 percent and 12 percent in upstream water for 2008 and 2009, respectively, which was similar to the average mortality of 3.8 percent and 7.2 percent in downstream water for 2008 and 2009, respectively. Relatively great mortality after 20-21dpf complicated analysis of the subchronic exposure, but use of a survival analysis indicated that the average fish died at 25-29dpf, regardless of whether the water to which they were exposed came from upstream or downstream of the smelter. In addition, measured concentrations of metals in river water were less than the threshold for adverse effects on early life stages of white sturgeon. Based upon these analyses, it is not likely that current concentrations of metals in the Columbia River in southern BC are adversely affecting survival of early life stages of white sturgeon larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Tompsett
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - David W Vardy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Eric Higley
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jon A Doering
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Marcie Allan
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Karsten Liber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; School of the Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tao Y, Pan L, Zhang H, Liu N. Identification of genes differentially expressed in clams Ruditapes philippinarum in response to endosulfan after different exposure time. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 89:108-116. [PMID: 23290617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports molecular biomarkers potentially associated with resistance or sensitivity to the impact of endosulfan in clams, Ruditapes philippinarum. Genomic analysis was made applying suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to identify genes up- and down-regulated in calms exposed to 0.5 μg/L endosulfan for 1d and 10d. Results obtained from the SSH library revealed 360 different sequences regulated by endosulfan, which correspond to nine major physiological functions. To validate the expression profiles from SSH, 13 genes regulated by endosulfan were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. This study provides information for the characterization of potential molecular biomarker that may be used in future environmental monitoring and to investigate the mechanisms of stress to endosulfan in clams/marine invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Quadroni S, Galassi S, Capoccioni F, Ciccotti E, Grandi G, De Leo GA, Bettinetti R. Contamination, parasitism and condition of Anguilla anguilla in three Italian stocks. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:94-108. [PMID: 23076840 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-1006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In conjunction with habitat loss and overfishing, pollution and parasitism are believed to be relevant causes of collapse of Anguilla, as these can affect eel swimming ability and the development of gonads and embryos. The present study investigated Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) concentrations, infection levels of Anguillicoloides crassus, lipid content and gonad abnormalities in eels sampled in 2007-2008 in three Italian water bodies (Caprolace Lake, Lesina Lagoon and Tevere River) that vary in salinity, trophic condition, contamination level and fishing pressure. Our analysis revealed that low-to-moderate levels of contamination and parasitism were not associated with gonad abnormalities in Caprolace Lake and Lesina Lagoon. On the contrary, POP concentrations and abundances of swim bladder nematodes were remarkably high in eels from the heavily urbanized Tevere River and were associated with significant gonad and swim bladder alterations. Contamination and infestation levels were so high to potentially impair spawner successful migration and reproduction. POP concentrations in Tevere eels also exceeded levels considered safe for food consumption. Though marginally contaminated, eels from the oligotrophic Caprolace Lake were in critical health condition: their lipid reserve was so low as to be considered insufficient to sustain the energetic costs of the transoceanic migration. Lesina eel stock was the only one displaying relatively good quality but here spawner abundance is likely limited by overfishing. Our results suggest that multiple stressors may potentially affect eel reproductive success. More definitive studies are needed to assess whether health effects caused by these multiple stressors are additive, compensatory or synergistic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Quadroni
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (Environmental Section), University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Doering JA, Wiseman S, Beitel SC, Tendler BJ, Giesy JP, Hecker M. Tissue specificity of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated responses and relative sensitivity of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) to an AhR agonist. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 114-115:125-133. [PMID: 22446824 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sturgeons are endangered in some parts of the world. Due to their benthic nature and longevity sturgeon are at greater risk of exposure to bioaccumulative contaminants such as dioxin-like compounds that are associated with sediments. Despite their endangered status, little research has been conducted to characterize the relative responsiveness of sturgeon to dioxin-like compounds. In an attempt to study the biological effects and possible associated risks of exposure to dioxin-like compounds in sturgeon, the molecular and biochemical responses of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) to a model aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist, β-naphthoflavone (βNF) were investigated. White sturgeon were injected intraperitoneally with one of three doses of βNF (0, 50, or 500mg/kg, bw). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were used as a reference species since their responses have been well characterized in the past. Three days following injection with βNF, fish were euthanized and livers, gills, and intestines collected for biochemical and molecular analyses. White sturgeon exposed to βNF had significantly greater ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in liver (up to 37-fold), gill (up to 41-fold), and intestine (up to 36-fold) than did unexposed controls. Rainbow trout injected with βNF exhibited EROD activity that was significantly greater in liver (88-fold), than that of controls, but was undetectable in gills or intestine. Abundance of CYP1A transcript displayed a comparable pattern of tissue-specific induction with intestine (up to 189-fold), gills (up to 53-fold), and liver (up to 21-fold). Methoxyresorufin O-deethylase (MROD) and pentoxyresorufin O-deethylase (PROD) activities were undetectable in unexposed white sturgeon tissues while exposed tissues displayed MROD activity that was only moderately greater than the activity that could be detected. Differential inducibility among liver, gill, and intestine following exposure to an AhR agonist is likely associated with tissue-specific regulation of the AhR signalling pathway. Liver and gill of white sturgeon had significantly greater AhR transcript abundance than did the intestine, however following exposure to βNF, significantly greater induction in AhR transcript abundance was detected in intestine (up to 35-fold) compared to liver (up to 5-fold) or gills (up to 11-fold). It was shown that white sturgeon are responsive to AhR agonists in the liver, gill, and intestine and could be among the more sensitive fish species with regard to inducibility of CYP1A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Doering
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B3, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yanagida GK, Anulacion BF, Bolton JL, Boyd D, Lomax DP, Paul Olson O, Sol SY, Willis M, Ylitalo GM, Johnson LL. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk to threatened and endangered Chinook salmon in the Lower Columbia River estuary. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 62:282-95. [PMID: 21894559 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-011-9704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), derived from oil and fuel combustion, are ubiquitous nonpoint source pollutants that can have a number of detrimental effects on fish and wildlife. In this study, we monitored PAH exposure in outmigrant juvenile Chinook salmon from the Lower Columbia River to evaluate the risk that these contaminants might pose to the health and recovery of threatened and endangered salmonids. Juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were collected by beach seine from five sites in the Lower Columbia River from Bonneville Dam to the mouth of the estuary (Warrendale, the Willamette-Columbia Confluence, Columbia City, Beaver Army Terminal, and Point Adams) and from a site in the Lower Willamette near downtown Portland (Morrison Street Bridge). Sediment samples were also collected at the same sites. Concentrations of PAHs in sediment samples were relatively low at all sites with average total PAH concentrations <1000 ng/g dry weight (wt.). However, we found PAHs in stomach contents of salmon from all sites at concentrations ranging from <100 to >10,000 ng/g wet wt. Metabolites of low and high molecular-weight PAHs were also detected in bile of salmon from all sites; for metabolites fluorescing at phenanthrene (PHN) wavelengths, concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 6.0 μg/mg bile protein. Levels of PAHs in stomach contents and PAH metabolites in bile were highest in salmon from the Morrison Street Bridge site in Portland and the Willamette-Columbia Confluence, Columbia City, and Beaver Army Terminal sites. Mean PAH concentrations measured in some stomach content samples from the Columbia City, Beaver Army Terminal, and Morrison Street Bridge sites were near the threshold concentration (approximately 7200-7600 ng/g wet wt.) associated with variability and immune dysfunction in juvenile salmonids (Meador et al., Can J Fish Aquat Sci 63:2364-2376, 2006; Bravo et al., Environ Toxicol Chem 30:704-714, 2011). Mean levels of biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs)-PHN in juvenile Chinook collected at the Morrison Street Bridge site in Portland, at the Confluence and Columbia City sites, and at the Beaver Army Terminal site were at or above a threshold effect concentration of 2 μg/mg protein for FACs-PHN linked to growth impairment, altered energetics, and reproductive effects (Meador et al., Environ Toxicol Chem 27(4):845-853, 2008). These findings suggest that PAHs in the food chain are a potential source of injury to juvenile salmon in the Lower Columbia and Lower Willamette rivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gladys K Yanagida
- Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chiang G, McMaster ME, Urrutia R, Saavedra MF, Gavilán JF, Tucca F, Barra R, Munkittrick KR. Health status of native fish (Percilia gillissi and Trichomycterus areolatus) downstream of the discharge of effluent from a tertiary-treated elemental chlorine-free pulp mill in Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:1793-809. [PMID: 21544863 DOI: 10.1002/etc.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Few data exist on the possible effects of pulp and paper effluent discharge on native fish populations in the Southern Hemisphere, relative to the research done in the Northern Hemisphere. The present research examined two native fish species (Trichomycterus areolatus and Percilia gillissi) for effects at both the molecular and individual level due to the discharge of effluent from a tertiary treated elemental chlorine-free pulp mill into a fluvial system in Central Chile over three seasons (February 2007, October 2007, January 2008). Different responses were observed between species and between sexes. There was an increase in the production of gonadal 17β-estradiol in the females of both species but a drop in 11-ketotestosterone production in P. gillissi males. Female gonadal size was increased, especially during the summer period, with corresponding increases the frequency of advanced oocyte development, and in the oocyte diameter in both species. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was elevated for both species downstream of the discharge point, although overall it was higher in P. gillissi than T. areolatus. Decreases in the frequency of smaller-sized fish for both species, as well as a drop in the size of the adults downstream of the discharge point, were observed. The present study is the first evidence of endocrine disruption in native freshwater fish associated with modern pulp mills in South America. This study establishes possible links in the reproductive alterations observed at the subindividual and individual levels that could explain the changes observed at the population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Chiang
- EULA-Chile Environmental Sciences Centre, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Biochemical markers for the assessment of aquatic environment contamination. Interdiscip Toxicol 2011; 1:169-81. [PMID: 21218108 PMCID: PMC2993484 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-010-0034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for assessment of aquatic ecosystem contamination and of its impact on water dwelling organisms was developed in response to rising aquatic environmental pollution. In this field study, liver enzymes of phase I and phase II of xenobiotic transformation, namely cytochrome P450, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, glutathione-S-transferase and tripeptide glutathione were used to assess the contamination of the aquatic environment at different rivers in the Czech Republic. The indicator species selected was the male chub (Leuciscus cephalus L.) and male brown trout (Salmo trutta fario). Chemical analyses included also the assessment of the most important inductors of previously mentioned biochemical markers. The major inductors of monitored biomarkers are industrial contaminants which belong to a large group of organic pollutants (PCB, PAH, PCDD/F, DDT, HCH, HCB and OCS), persistent in the environment. Four different groups of river basins were assessed: the River Tichá Orlice and its tributary the Kralický brook; important tributaries of the River Elbe (the rivers Orlice, Chrudimka, Cidlina, Jizera, Vltava, Ohře and Bílina); major rivers in the Czech Republic (the rivers Lužnice, Otava, Sázava, Berounka, Vltava, Labe, Ohře, Svratka, Dyje, Morava and Odra) and the River Vltava. The use of the biochemical markers together with chemical analyses seems to be an effective way to monitor the quality of aquatic environment.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mura E, Barale C, Quinn MJ, Panzica G, Ottinger MA, Viglietti-Panzica C. Organizational effects of DDE on brain vasotocin system in male Japanese quail. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:479-84. [PMID: 19442834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
p,p'-DDE, or ethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl), is the main metabolite of the pesticide DDT, or 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane. It is an androgen receptor antagonist and testosterone hydroxylase modulator that is also more persistent than its parent compound. In a previous study we demonstrated that embryonic exposure to different doses of p,p'-DDE accelerated onset of puberty in females and reduced male reproductive behavior. In the present study we investigated the long-term effects of the exposure to p,p'-DDE on the differentiation of male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) limbic circuits related to male copulatory behavior: the parvocellular vasotocin (VT) system. We observed a decrease in the density of VT-immunoreactive fibers within the medial preoptic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and lateral septum in p,p'-DDE-treated birds, while no differences could be detected in the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus. In particular the lowest dose of p,p'-DDE causes the highest decrease of VT immunoreactivity. This study provides further evidence for VT system sensitivity towards endocrine disrupting chemicals and demonstrates that the VT system may be an appropriate and sensitive biomarker for early p,p'-DDE exposure in birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mura
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Dept. Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Forensic Medicine, Neuroscience Institute of Torino, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jeffries KM, Jackson LJ, Peters LE, Munkittrick KR. Changes in population, growth, and physiological indices of Longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) in the Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 55:639-651. [PMID: 18322724 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-008-9146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada is a prairie river that is impacted by the point-source input of Red Deer's municipal wastewater effluent and non-point- source agricultural runoff. We used population, growth, and physiological performance end points in longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), an endemic and abundant minnow, to evaluate changes in fish health over a 220 km section of the Red Deer River. Longnose dace immediately downstream of Red Deer had elevated catch per unit effort with larger body and liver sizes compared to upstream of Red Deer sites, likely due to elevated riverine productivity from Red Deer's wastewater effluent. Longnose dace immediately downstream of Red Deer showed depressed testosterone production capacity and elevated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, which is consistent with exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively. Longnose dace 150-180 km downstream of Red Deer had reduced liver and gonad sizes, elevated EROD, and increased 11-ketotestosterone production capacity compared to upstream of Red Deer sites, possibly related to a non-point-source agricultural influence on water quality. Longnose dace populations at the most downstream sites were missing the oldest age classes and might reach sexual maturity faster than at upstream sites, which is consistent with a younger age structure. Our results highlight the importance of assessing multiple performance end points to reveal physiological or reproductive effects in natural fish populations. We have demonstrated how longnose dace populations change over a river impacted by municipal wastewater and agricultural runoff; further studies are required to determine if these changes will influence the long-term viability of longnose dace in the Red Deer River.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Johnson LL, Ylitalo GM, Sloan CA, Anulacion BF, Kagley AN, Arkoosh MR, Lundrigan TA, Larson K, Siipola M, Collier TK. Persistent organic pollutants in outmigrant juvenile chinook salmon from the Lower Columbia Estuary, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2007; 374:342-66. [PMID: 17306864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although chemical contaminants are recognized as a potential factor contributing to the salmon declines in the Pacific Northwest, United States, information on contaminant concentrations in threatened and endangered salmon from the Columbia Estuary is limited. In this study we monitored exposure to several persistent organic pollutants [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and other organochlorine pesticides] in outmigrant juvenile fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) in the Lower Columbia River, and evaluated the potential for adverse effects on salmon and the estuarine food web. Contaminants were measured in whole bodies and stomach contents of subyearling to yearling chinook collected in 2001 and 2002 from sites near the confluence of the Columbia and Willamette Rivers, Longview, and within the lower Estuary. The contaminants detected at highest concentrations in salmon whole bodies were PCBs and DDTs. Average concentrations of PCBs in salmon from the sampling sites ranged from 1300 to 14,000 ng/g lipid, in some cases exceeding the recently estimated threshold for adverse health effects in juvenile salmonids of 2400 ng/g lipid. Average DDT concentrations ranged from 1800 to 27,000 ng/g lipid. These levels are among the highest measured in juvenile salmon from Pacific Northwest estuaries to date. Concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in salmon whole bodies showed no clear spatial gradient from the Willamette/Columbia Confluence to the mouth of the Columbia, but tended to be higher in larger fish and older fish, suggesting a correlation with estuarine residence time. PCBs, DDTs, and PAHs were all found in salmon stomach contents, indicating that prey is a source of exposure. Hatchery feed may have contributed to contaminant body burdens in those fish that were of hatchery origin. Contaminant body burdens in salmon were poorly correlated with contaminant concentrations previously measured in local bed sediments, suggesting that pelagic as well as benthic sources are important in determining salmon exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndal L Johnson
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Conservation Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Johnson LL, Ylitalo GM, Arkoosh MR, Kagley AN, Stafford C, Bolton JL, Buzitis J, Anulacion BF, Collier TK. Contaminant exposure in outmigrant juvenile salmon from Pacific Northwest estuaries of the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 124:167-94. [PMID: 16957861 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the dynamics of contaminant uptake in outmigrant juvenile salmon in the Pacific Northwest, concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDTs, polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides were measured in tissues and prey of juvenile chinook and coho salmon from several estuaries and hatcheries in the US Pacific Northwest. PCBs, DDTs, and PAHs were found in tissues (whole bodies or bile) and stomach contents of chinook and coho salmon sampled from all estuaries, as well as in chinook salmon from hatcheries. Organochlorine pesticides were detected less frequently. Of the two species sampled, chinook salmon had the highest whole body contaminant concentrations, typically 2--5 times higher than coho salmon from the same sites. In comparison to estuarine chinook salmon, body burdens of PCBs and DDTs in hatchery chinook were relatively high, in part because of the high lipid content of the hatchery fish. Concentrations of PCBs were highest in chinook salmon from the Duwamish Estuary, the Columbia River and Yaquina Bay, exceeding the NOAA Fisheries' estimated threshold for adverse health effects of 2400 ng/g lipid. Concentrations of DDTs were especially high in juvenile chinook salmon from the Columbia River and Nisqually Estuary; concentrations of PAH metabolites in bile were highest in chinook salmon from the Duwamish Estuary and Grays Harbor. Juvenile chinook salmon are likely absorbing some contaminants during estuarine residence through their prey, as PCBs, PAHs, and DDTs were consistently present in stomach contents, at concentrations significantly correlated with contaminant body burdens in fish from the same sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndal L Johnson
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Conservation Division, National Marine Fisheries, Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Ave E, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Milnes MR, Bermudez DS, Bryan TA, Edwards TM, Gunderson MP, Larkin ILV, Moore BC, Guillette LJ. Contaminant-induced feminization and demasculinization of nonmammalian vertebrate males in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 100:3-17. [PMID: 15913597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 04/02/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Many chemicals introduced into the environment by humans adversely affect embryonic development and the functioning of the male reproductive system. It has been hypothesized that these developmental alterations are due to the endocrine-disruptive effects of various environmental contaminants. The endocrine system exhibits an organizational effect on the developing embryo. Thus, a disruption of the normal hormonal signals can permanently modify the organization and future function of the male reproductive system. A wide range of studies examining wildlife either in laboratories or in natural settings have documented alterations in the development of males. These studies have begun to provide the causal relationships between embryonic contaminant exposure and reproductive abnormalities that have been lacking in pure field studies of wild populations. An understanding of the developmental consequences of endocrine disruption in wildlife can lead to new indicators of exposure and a better understanding of the most sensitive life stages as well as the consequences of exposure during these periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Milnes
- Department of Zoology, 223 Bartram Hall, P.O. Box 118525, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Feist GW, Webb MAH, Gundersen DT, Foster EP, Schreck CB, Maule AG, Fitzpatrick MS. Evidence of detrimental effects of environmental contaminants on growth and reproductive physiology of white sturgeon in impounded areas of the Columbia River. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:1675-82. [PMID: 16330346 PMCID: PMC1314904 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to determine whether wild white sturgeon from the Columbia River (Oregon) were exhibiting signs of reproductive endocrine disruption. Fish were sampled in the free-flowing portion of the river (where the population is experiencing reproductive success) and from three reservoirs behind hydroelectric dams (where fish have reduced reproductive success). All of the 18 pesticides and almost all of the 28 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that were analyzed in livers and gonads were detected in at least some of the tissue samples. Metabolites of p,p -dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) [p,p -dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and p,p -1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD)]were consistently found at relatively high levels in fish. Some males and immature females showed elevated plasma vitellogenin; however, concentrations were not correlated with any of the pesticides or PCBs analyzed. Negative correlations were found between a number of physiologic parameters and tissue burdens of toxicants. Plasma triglycerides and condition factor were negatively correlated with total DDT (DDD + DDE + DDT), total pesticides (all pesticides detected - total DDT), and PCBs. In males, plasma androgens and gonad size were negatively correlated with total DDT, total pesticides, and PCBs. Fish residing in the reservoir behind the oldest dam had the highest contaminant loads and incidence of gonadal abnormalities, and the lowest triglycerides, condition factor, gonad size, and plasma androgens. These data suggest that endocrine-disrupting chemicals may be accumulating behind dams over time. Overall, results of this study indicate that exposure to environmental contaminants may be affecting both growth and reproductive physiology of sturgeon in some areas of the Columbia River.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Feist
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3803, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dehn PF, Allen-Mocherie S, Karek J, Thenappan A. Organochlorine insecticides: impacts on human HepG2 cytochrome P4501A, 2B activities and glutathione levels. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:261-73. [PMID: 15649640 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of the organochlorine (OC) insecticides chlordane, o,p'-DDT, dieldrin, endosulfan, kepone, methoxychlor, and toxaphene on human HepG2 cytochrome P450 (1A-EROD and 2B-PROD) activities and glutathione (GSH) levels. Cells were exposed for 24 h at high concentrations (1, 5 or 10 mM) and for 48 h at lower concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 mM to evaluate dose responses. Our results show that after 48 h all but dieldrin significantly induced both P4501A and 2B. P4502B responses were greater at all exposure concentrations and times. Mixed responses in GSH levels were observed. All OCs except dieldrin and MXC significantly depleted GSH after 24 h. At 48 h, chlordane, endosulfan and toxaphene significantly increased GSH at low levels and decreased GSH at high levels, while kepone and methoxychlor produced significant declines in GSH at all concentrations. These results support findings of OC insecticides inducing CYP1A, 2B in rats, with CYP2B responses more important. GSH levels declined when P4502B activity was significantly elevated and were significantly increased in the absence of significant P450 activity, suggesting that GSH levels influence the catalytic activity of the cytochrome P450s and the cytochrome P450s influence the cell's ability to regulate GSH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P F Dehn
- Department of Biology, Canisius College, 2001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14208, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nakari T. Estrogenicity of municipal effluents assessed in vivo and in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2004; 19:207-215. [PMID: 15101036 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The estrogenic potency of municipal sewage treatment plant effluents was studied by comparing in vitro and in vivo test methods. The egg yolk protein precursor vitellogenin was used as a biological indicator of estrogenicity. The in vitro screening technique, based on the synthesis and secretion of vitellogenin from isolated rainbow trout liver cells and performed in the presence of estrogenic effluents, produced a dose-response curve. Three weeks' exposure of juvenile rainbow trout to undiluted estrogenic effluents caused a very pronounced increase in their plasma vitellogenin concentration. The response was very specific, because no effect was observed in the control fish. Moreover, the multigeneration test of zebrafish provided clear evidence of the estrogenicity of one of the effluents. The sex ratio of the offspring generations was changed to favor females. Also, the diluted effluent was sufficient to induce vitellogenin production in the exposed zebrafish males. The effective concentrations of the effluents that were tested were lower in the in vitro screening test than in the zebrafish multigeneration test. Based on the results of this study, the in vitro screening approach seems to be as least as sensitive as the in vivo approach to mixed effluents. Thus, using the in vitro approach affords advantages of both practicality and sensitivity for an initial screening of effluents for estrogenicity, but to ascertain significant effects, using the multigeneration in vivo test is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Nakari
- Finnish Environment Institute, Hakuninmaantie 6, FIN-00430 Helsinki, Finland. tarja.nakari.@ymparisto.fi
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kajiwara N, Ueno D, Monirith I, Tanabe S, Pourkazemi M, Aubrey DG. Contamination by organochlorine compounds in sturgeons from Caspian Sea during 2001 and 2002. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2003; 46:741-747. [PMID: 12787582 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(03)00047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine compounds (OCs) were determined in the five species of sturgeons collected from coastal waters of Caspian Sea in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Iran during 2001 and 2002 to understand their status of contamination and accumulation features. Among OCs examined, concentrations of DDTs (DDT and its metabolites) were predominant in all the sturgeon samples with concentrations ranging from 73 to 31,000 ng/g on lipid weight basis, followed by PCBs, CHLs, HCHs, HCB, dieldrin, TCPMOH, and heptachlor epoxide in order. The concentrations of OCs in beluga (Huso huso) were the highest among all the five species. When comparing residue levels among same species, OC residues were highest in sturgeons from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan and lowest in Turkmenistan. However, the concentrations of HCHs, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide in sturgeons showed less geographical variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Kajiwara
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|