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Bernard G, Buges J, Delporte M, Molinié R, Besseau S, Bouchereau A, Watrin A, Fontaine JX, Mathiron D, Berardocco S, Bassard S, Quéro A, Hilbert JL, Rambaud C, Gagneul D. Consecutive action of two BAHD acyltransferases promotes tetracoumaroyl spermine accumulation in chicory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2029-2043. [PMID: 35604091 PMCID: PMC9343010 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fully substituted phenolamide accumulation in the pollen coat of Eudicotyledons is a conserved evolutionary chemical trait. Interestingly, spermidine derivatives are replaced by spermine derivatives as the main phenolamide accumulated in the Asteraceae family. Here, we show that the full substitution of spermine in chicory (Cichorium intybus) requires the successive action of two enzymes, that is spermidine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase-like proteins 1 and 2 (CiSHT1 and CiSHT2), two members of the BAHD enzyme family. Deletion of these genes in chicory using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology evidenced that CiSHT2 catalyzes the first N-acylation steps, whereas CiSHT1 fulfills the substitution to give rise to tetracoumaroyl spermine. Additional experiments using Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed these findings. Expression of CiSHT2 alone promoted partially substituted spermine accumulation, and coexpression of CiSHT2 and CiSHT1 promoted synthesis and accumulation of the fully substituted spermine. Structural characterization of the main product of CiSHT2 using nuclear magnetic resonance revealed that CiSHT2 preferentially catalyzed N-acylation of secondary amines to form N5,N10-dicoumaroyl spermine, whereas CiSHT1 used this substrate to synthesize tetracoumaroyl spermine. We showed that spermine availability may be a key determinant toward preferential accumulation of spermine derivatives over spermidine derivatives in chicory. Our results reveal a subfunctionalization among the spermidine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that was accompanied by a modification of free polyamine metabolism that has resulted in the accumulation of this new phenolamide in chicory and most probably in all Asteraceae. Finally, genetically engineered yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was shown to be a promising host platform to produce these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bernard
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No. 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417–Institut Charles Viollette, Joint Laboratory CHIC41H University of Lille-Florimond-Desprez, Villeneuve d’Ascq 59655, France
| | - Julie Buges
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No. 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417–Institut Charles Viollette, Joint Laboratory CHIC41H University of Lille-Florimond-Desprez, Villeneuve d’Ascq 59655, France
| | - Marianne Delporte
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No. 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417–Institut Charles Viollette, Joint Laboratory CHIC41H University of Lille-Florimond-Desprez, Villeneuve d’Ascq 59655, France
| | - Roland Molinié
- UMR Transfontalière BioEcoAgro No. 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417-BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Amiens 80025, France
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, EA2106, Université de Tours, Tours 37200, France
| | - Alain Bouchereau
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu 35650, France
| | - Amandine Watrin
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No. 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417–Institut Charles Viollette, Joint Laboratory CHIC41H University of Lille-Florimond-Desprez, Villeneuve d’Ascq 59655, France
| | - Jean-Xavier Fontaine
- UMR Transfontalière BioEcoAgro No. 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417-BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Amiens 80025, France
| | - David Mathiron
- Plateforme Analytique (PFA), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80039, France
| | - Solenne Berardocco
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu 35650, France
| | - Solène Bassard
- UMR Transfontalière BioEcoAgro No. 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417-BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Amiens 80025, France
| | - Anthony Quéro
- UMR Transfontalière BioEcoAgro No. 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417-BIOlogie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI), Amiens 80025, France
| | - Jean-Louis Hilbert
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No. 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417–Institut Charles Viollette, Joint Laboratory CHIC41H University of Lille-Florimond-Desprez, Villeneuve d’Ascq 59655, France
| | - Caroline Rambaud
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No. 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417–Institut Charles Viollette, Joint Laboratory CHIC41H University of Lille-Florimond-Desprez, Villeneuve d’Ascq 59655, France
| | - David Gagneul
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No. 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417–Institut Charles Viollette, Joint Laboratory CHIC41H University of Lille-Florimond-Desprez, Villeneuve d’Ascq 59655, France
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2
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Muratovska N, Silva P, Pozdniakova T, Pereira H, Grey C, Johansson B, Carlquist M. Towards engineered yeast as production platform for capsaicinoids. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107989. [PMID: 35623491 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids are bioactive alkaloids produced by the chili pepper fruit and are known to be the most potent agonists of the human pain receptor TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1). They are currently produced by extraction from chili pepper fruit or by chemical synthesis. Transfer of the biosynthetic route to a microbial host could enable more efficient capsaicinoid production by fermentation and may also enable the use of synthetic biology to create a diversity of new compounds with potentially improved properties. This review summarises the current state of the art on the biosynthesis of capsaicinoid precursors in baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and discusses bioengineering strategies for achieving total synthesis from sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Muratovska
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Paulo Silva
- CBMA - Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Pozdniakova
- CBMA - Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Humberto Pereira
- CBMA - Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Carl Grey
- Division of Biotechnology, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Johansson
- CBMA - Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
| | - Magnus Carlquist
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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3
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Perrin J, Kulagina N, Unlubayir M, Munsch T, Carqueijeiro I, Dugé de Bernonville T, De Craene JO, Clastre M, St-Pierre B, Giglioli-Guivarc’h N, Gagneul D, Lanoue A, Courdavault V, Besseau S. Exploiting Spermidine N-Hydroxycinnamoyltransferase Diversity and Substrate Promiscuity to Produce Various Trihydroxycinnamoyl Spermidines and Analogues in Engineered Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:286-296. [PMID: 33450150 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trihydroxycinnamoyl spermidines (THCSpd) are plant specialized metabolites with promising pharmacological activities as antifungals, antibacterial, antiviral, and antidepressant drugs. However, their characterization and potential pharmaceutical exploitation are greatly impaired by the sourcing of these compounds, restricted to the pollen of core Eudicot plant species. In this work, we developed a precursor-directed biosynthesis of THCSpd in yeast using a dual enzymatic system based on 4-coumarate-CoA ligases (4CL) and spermidine N-hydroxycinnamoyltransferases (SHT). The system relies on the yeast endogenous spermidine pool and only requires hydroxycinnamic acids as exogenous precursors. By exploring 4CL isoforms and SHT diversity among plants, we have driven the production of 8 natural THCSpd, using single or mixed hydroxycinnamic acid precursors. Substrate promiscuities of 4CL and SHT were genuinely exploited to produce 8 new-to-nature THCSpd from exotic hydroxycinnamic and dihydrohydroxycinnamic acids, together with 3 new-to-nature THCSpd containing halogenated hydroxycinnamoyl moieties. In this work, we established a versatile and modular biotechnological production platform allowing the tailor-made THCSpd synthesis, constituting pioneer metabolic engineering for access to these valuable natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Perrin
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Natalja Kulagina
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Marianne Unlubayir
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Thibaut Munsch
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Inês Carqueijeiro
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | | | - Johan-Owen De Craene
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Marc Clastre
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | | | - David Gagneul
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro No. 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, ISA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV − Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
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4
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Bouchez P, Teixeira Benites V, Baidoo EEK, Mortimer JC, Sullivan ML, Scheller HV, Eudes A. Production of clovamide and its analogues in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactococcus lactis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 69:181-189. [PMID: 31220356 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clovamide and its analogues are N-hydroxycinnamoyl-L-amino acids (HAA) that exhibit antioxidant activities. For environmental and economic reasons, biological synthesis of these plant-derived metabolites has garnered interest. In this study, we exploited HDT1, a BAHD acyltransferase recently isolated from red clover, for the production of clovamide and derivatives in S. cerevisiae and L. lactis. HDT1 catalyses the transfer of hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) onto aromatic amino acids. Therefore, by heterologously co-expressing HDT1 with 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), we succeeded in the biological production of clovamide and more than 20 other HAA, including halogenated ones, upon feeding the engineered micro-organisms with various combinations of cinnamates and amino acids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the biological synthesis of HAA and, more generally, on the synthesis of plant-derived antioxidant phenolic compounds in L. lactis. The production of these health beneficial metabolites in Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) micro-organisms such as S. cerevisiae and L. lactis provides new options for their delivery as therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: N-hydroxycinnamoyl-L-amino acids such as clovamide are bioactive plant-derived phenolic compounds with health beneficial effects. Relying on chemical synthesis or direct extraction from plant sources for the supply of these valuable molecules poses challenges to environmental sustainability. As an alternative route, this work demonstrates the potential for biological synthesis of N-hydroxycinnamoyl-L-amino acids using engineered microbial hosts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactococcus lactis. Besides being more eco-friendly, this approach should also provide more structurally diverse compounds and offer new methods for their delivery to the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bouchez
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,École Polytechnique Universitaire de l'Université Clermont-Auvergne, Aubière, France
| | - V Teixeira Benites
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - E E K Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M L Sullivan
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - H V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - A Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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El-Zahabi HSA, Abdulwahab HG, Edrees MM, Hegab AM. Utility of anthranilic acid and diethylacetylenedicarboxylate for the synthesis of nitrogenous organo/organometallic compounds as urease inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1800314. [PMID: 31210387 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fumarate diester 3 was synthesized upon reacting anthranilic acid with diethylacetylenedicarboxylate. Compound 3 was reacted with different nucleophiles in mild reaction conditions. Selected reaction routes that afforded products 6, 9, 10, 11, and 12 were explained. The estimated mechanism for the reaction of 3 with ethylenediamine to afford 9 was proved by X-ray single-crystal and retro-synthetic reaction. Acetyl anthranilic acid was utilized with zinc and copper to afford the organometallic compounds 14a and 14b, respectively. Three single crystals were afforded for 3, 9 and the organocopper complex 14b. Target compounds were screened for their inhibitory potential against urease enzyme. Most compounds were more potent than thiourea as standard inhibitor, considering that oxopiperazine 9 exhibited double the activity: IC50 = 8.16 ± 0.65 µM (thiourea IC50 = 20.04 ± 0.33 µM). Docking studies were in agreement with the in vitro enzyme assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba S A El-Zahabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan G Abdulwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mastoura M Edrees
- Department of Organic Chemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany M Hegab
- Developmental Pharmacology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
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6
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Liang Y, Eudes A, Yogiswara S, Jing B, Benites VT, Yamanaka R, Cheng-Yue C, Baidoo EE, Mortimer JC, Scheller HV, Loqué D. A screening method to identify efficient sgRNAs in Arabidopsis, used in conjunction with cell-specific lignin reduction. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:130. [PMID: 31143243 PMCID: PMC6532251 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single guide RNA (sgRNA) selection is important for the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. However, in plants, the rules governing selection are not well established. RESULTS We developed a facile transient assay to screen sgRNA efficiency. We then used it to test top-performing bioinformatically predicted sgRNAs for two different Arabidopsis genes. In our assay, these sgRNAs had vastly different editing efficiencies, and these efficiencies were replicated in stably transformed Arabidopsis lines. One of the genes, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT), is an essential gene, required for lignin biosynthesis. Previously, HCT function has been studied using gene silencing. Here, to avoid the negative growth effects that are due to the loss of HCT activity in xylem vessels, we used a fiber-specific promoter to drive CAS9 expression. Two independent transgenic lines showed the expected lignin decrease. Successful editing was confirmed via the observation of mutations at the HCT target loci, as well as an approximately 90% decrease in HCT activity. Histochemical analysis and a normal growth phenotype support the fiber-specific knockout of HCT. For the targeting of the second gene, Golgi-localized nucleotide sugar transporter2 (GONST2), a highly efficient sgRNA drastically increased the rate of germline editing in T1 generation. CONCLUSIONS This screening method is widely applicable, and the selection and use of efficient sgRNAs will accelerate the process of expanding germplasm for both molecular breeding and research. In addition, this, to the best of our knowledge, is the first application of constrained genome editing to obtain chimeric plants of essential genes, thereby providing a dominant method to avoid lethal growth phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Sasha Yogiswara
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Beibei Jing
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Veronica T. Benites
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Biological Systems Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Reo Yamanaka
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Clarabelle Cheng-Yue
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Edward E. Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Biological Systems Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jenny C. Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Dominique Loqué
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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Yeast-Derived Recombinant Avenanthramides Inhibit Proliferation, Migration and Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition of Colon Cancer Cells. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091159. [PMID: 30149546 PMCID: PMC6165333 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avenanthramides (Avns), polyphenols found exclusively in oats, are emerging as promising therapeutic candidates for the treatment of several human diseases, including colon cancer. By engineering a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, we previously produced two novel phenolic compounds, N-(E)-p-coumaroyl-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (Yeast avenanthramide I, YAvnI) and N-(E)-caffeoyl-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (Yeast avenanthramide II, YAvnII), which are endowed with a structural similarity to bioactive oat avenanthramides and stronger antioxidant properties. In this study, we evaluated the ability of these yeast-derived recombinant avenanthramides to inhibit major hallmarks of colon cancer cells, including sustained proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Using the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT29, we compared the impact of YAvns and natural Avns, including Avn-A and Avn-C, on colon cancer cells by performing MTT, clonogenic, adhesion, migration, and anchorage-independent growth assays, and analyzing the expression of EMT markers. We found that both YAvns and Avns were able to inhibit colon cancer cell growth by increasing the expression of p21, p27 and p53 proteins. However, YAvns resulted more effective than natural compounds in inhibiting cancer cell migration and reverting major molecular features of the EMT process, including the down-regulation of E-cadherin mRNA and protein levels.
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Biological Activities, Health Benefits, and Therapeutic Properties of Avenanthramides: From Skin Protection to Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6015351. [PMID: 30245775 PMCID: PMC6126071 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6015351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa) is a cereal known since antiquity as a useful grain with abundant nutritional and health benefits. It contains distinct molecular components with high antioxidant activity, such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, and flavanoids. In addition, it is a unique source of avenanthramides, phenolic amides containing anthranilic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid moieties, and endowed with major beneficial health properties because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. In this review, we report on the biological activities of avenanthramides and their derivatives, including analogs produced in recombinant yeast, with a major focus on the therapeutic potential of these secondary metabolites in the treatment of aging-related human diseases. Moreover, we also present recent advances pointing to avenanthramides as interesting therapeutic candidates for the treatment of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) disease, a major cerebrovascular disorder affecting up to 0.5% of the human population. Finally, we highlight the potential of foodomics and redox proteomics approaches in outlining distinctive molecular pathways and redox protein modifications associated with avenanthramide bioactivities in promoting human health and contrasting the onset and progression of various pathologies. The paper is dedicated to the memory of Adelia Frison.
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9
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Lee SJ, Sim GY, Kang H, Yeo WS, Kim BG, Ahn JH. Synthesis of avenanthramides using engineered Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:46. [PMID: 29566686 PMCID: PMC5863376 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydroxycinnamoyl anthranilates, also known as avenanthramides (avns), are a group of phenolic alkaloids with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-itch, anti-irritant, and antiatherogenic activities. Some avenanthramides (avn A–H and avn K) are conjugates of hydroxycinnamic acids (HC), including p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid, and anthranilate derivatives, including anthranilate, 4-hydroxyanthranilate, and 5-hydroxyanthranilate. Avns are primarily found in oat grain, in which they were originally designated as phytoalexins. Knowledge of the avns biosynthesis pathway has now made it possible to synthesize avns through a genetic engineering strategy, which would help to further elucidate their properties and exploit their beneficial biological activities. The aim of the present study was to synthesize natural avns in Escherichia coli to serve as a valuable resource. Results We synthesized nine avns in E. coli. We first synthesized avn D from glucose in E. coli harboring tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL), anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase (HCBT), and anthranilate synthase (trpEG). A trpD deletion mutant was used to increase the amount of anthranilate in E. coli. After optimizing the incubation temperature and cell density, approximately 317.2 mg/L of avn D was synthesized. Avn E and avn F were then synthesized from avn D, using either E. coli harboring HpaBC and SOMT9 or E. coli harboring HapBC alone, respectively. Avn A and avn G were synthesized by feeding 5-hydroxyanthranilate or 4-hydroxyanthranilate to E. coli harboring TAL, 4CL, and HCBT. Avn B, avn C, avn H, and avn K were synthesized from avn A or avn G, using the same approach employed for the synthesis of avn E and avn F from avn D. Conclusions Using different HCs, nine avns were synthesized, three of which (avn D, avn E, and avn F) were synthesized from glucose in E. coli. These diverse avns provide a strategy to synthesize both natural and unnatural avns, setting a foundation for exploring the biological activities of diverse avns. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0896-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Young Sim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunook Kang
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seok Yeo
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, 33 Dongjin-ro, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangman-do, 52725, South Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Kotopka BJ, Li Y, Smolke CD. Synthetic biology strategies toward heterologous phytochemical production. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:902-920. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent progress in heterologous phytochemical biosynthetic pathway reconstitution in plant, bacteria, and yeast, with a focus on the synthetic biology strategies applied in these engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanran Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Christina D. Smolke
- Department of Bioengineering
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub
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11
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Wang J, Mahajani M, Jackson SL, Yang Y, Chen M, Ferreira EM, Lin Y, Yan Y. Engineering a bacterial platform for total biosynthesis of caffeic acid derived phenethyl esters and amides. Metab Eng 2017; 44:89-99. [PMID: 28943460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caffeic acid has been widely recognized as a versatile pharmacophore for synthesis of new chemical entities, among which caffeic acid derived phenethyl esters and amides are the most extensively-investigated bioactive compounds with potential therapeutical applications. However, the natural biosynthetic routes for caffeic acid derived phenethyl esters or amides remain enigmatic, limiting their bio-based production. Herein, product-directed design of biosynthetic schemes allowed the development of thermodynamically favorable pathways for these compounds via acyltransferase (ATF) mediated trans-esterification. Production based screening identified a microbial O-ATF from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a plant N-ATF from Capsicum annuum capable of forming caffeic acid derived esters and amides, respectively. Subsequent combinatorial incorporation of caffeic acid with various aromatic alcohol or amine biosynthetic pathways permitted the de novo bacterial production of a panel of caffeic acid derived phenethyl esters or amides in Escherichia coli for the first time. Particularly, host strain engineering via systematic knocking out endogenous caffeoyl-CoA degrading thioesterase and pathway optimization via titrating co-substrates enabled production enhancement of five caffeic acid derived phenethyl esters and amides, with titers ranging from 9.2 to 369.1mg/L. This platform expanded the capabilities of bacterial production of high-value natural aromatic esters and amides from renewable carbon source via tailoring non-natural biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Sheneika L Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yaping Yang
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mengyin Chen
- BiotecEra Inc., 220 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Eric M Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yuheng Lin
- BiotecEra Inc., 220 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Yajun Yan
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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12
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Welner DH, Shin D, Tomaleri GP, DeGiovanni AM, Tsai AYL, Tran HM, Hansen SF, Green DT, Scheller HV, Adams PD. Plant cell wall glycosyltransferases: High-throughput recombinant expression screening and general requirements for these challenging enzymes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177591. [PMID: 28598995 PMCID: PMC5466300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of plant cell wall glycosyltransferases is a critical step towards understanding the biosynthesis of the complex plant cell wall, and ultimately for efficient engineering of biofuel and agricultural crops. The majority of these enzymes have proven very difficult to obtain in the needed amount and purity for such molecular studies, and recombinant cell wall glycosyltransferase production efforts have largely failed. A daunting number of strategies can be employed to overcome this challenge, including optimization of DNA and protein sequences, choice of expression organism, expression conditions, co-expression partners, purification methods, and optimization of protein solubility and stability. Hence researchers are presented with thousands of potential conditions to test. Ultimately, the subset of conditions that will be sampled depends on practical considerations and prior knowledge of the enzyme(s) being studied. We have developed a rational approach to this process. We devise a pipeline comprising in silico selection of targets and construct design, and high-throughput expression screening, target enrichment, and hit identification. We have applied this pipeline to a test set of Arabidopsis thaliana cell wall glycosyltransferases known to be challenging to obtain in soluble form, as well as to a library of cell wall glycosyltransferases from other plants including agricultural and biofuel crops. The screening results suggest that recombinant cell wall glycosyltransferases in general have a very low soluble:insoluble ratio in lysates from heterologous expression cultures, and that co-expression of chaperones as well as lysis buffer optimization can increase this ratio. We have applied the identified preferred conditions to Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptide 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, and processed this enzyme to near-purity in unprecedented milligram amounts. The obtained preparation of Reversibly Glycosylated Polypeptide 1 has the expected arabinopyranose mutase and autoglycosylation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Hededam Welner
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David Shin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Giovani P. Tomaleri
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Andy M. DeGiovanni
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Yi-Lin Tsai
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Huu M. Tran
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Sara Fasmer Hansen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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13
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Sullivan ML. Identification of bean hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:tetrahydroxyhexanedioate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HHHT): use of transgenic alfalfa to determine acceptor substrate specificity. PLANTA 2017; 245:397-408. [PMID: 27807616 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) provides a useful reverse genetics platform to elucidate acceptor substrate specificity for uncharacterized BAHD family hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydroxycinnamoyl transferases. Tissues of many plant species accumulate hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, often esters, thought to serve in protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. In many cases, these specialized metabolites are produced by BAHD family hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydroxycinnamoyl transferases (HCTs). Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves contain both hydroxycinnamoyl-malate esters and an HCT activity capable of making them. In seeking to identify this HCT from bean, we identified a gene whose predicted protein showed a high degree of sequence similarity (75%) to the Trifolium pratense (red clover) enzyme that carries out this reaction. The encoded bean protein, however, failed to carry out the malate transfer reaction when expressed in Escherichia coli. Expression of the gene in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) resulted in accumulation of several new hydroxycinnamates not present in nontransformed alfalfa, many of which corresponded to phenolics present in bean. Using accurate mass and UV absorption spectral data, we identified the acceptor substrate for this HCT as tetrahydroxyhexanedioic acids and demonstrated this predicted transferase activity with the E. coli-expressed protein. This finding adds to the growing number of BAHD family HCTs that have been characterized with respect to substrate specificity. Such data, combined with primary sequence and protein structural data will allow for a better understanding of the structure/function relationships of these enzymes and may eventually aid the rational design of such enzymes for altered substrate specificities. Additionally, expression of HCTs of unknown substrate specificity in alfalfa and characterization of the resulting accumulated novel metabolites could be a useful approach to characterizing putative BAHD HCT enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Sullivan
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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14
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Levins E, Tseng CY, Patrick RM, Mayberry LK, Cole N, Browning KS. Fusion proteins of Arabidopsis cap-binding proteins: Cautionary "tails" of woe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4:e1257408. [PMID: 28090423 DOI: 10.1080/21690731.2016.1257408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of fluorescent proteins fused to other proteins has been very useful in revealing the location and function of many proteins. However, it is very important to show that the fusion of these reporter proteins does not impact the function of the protein of interest. Plants have 2 forms of the cap-binding protein that function in initiation of translation, eIF4E and a plant specific form, eIFiso4E. In an attempt to determine the cellular localization of eIFiso4E, fusions to GFP were made, but were found to not be competent to rescue the lethal phenotype of plants lacking eIF4E and eIFiso4E. This suggested that the GFP fusions at either the N- or C-terminus of eIFiso4E were not functional. Biochemical analysis of the fusions revealed that eIFiso4E•GFP fusions were not able to bind to m7GTP Sepharose indicating that they were not functional as cap-binding proteins. Analysis of eIF4E•GFP fusions, both in yeast and in vitro, showed that the N-terminal fusion may be functional, whereas the C-terminal fusion bound m7GTP Sepharose very poorly and functioned poorly in yeast. These results highlight the importance of verification both biochemically and in vivo that reporter fusions of proteins maintain activity and are stable in order to prevent observations that may result in artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Levins
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ching-Ying Tseng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ryan M Patrick
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA
| | - Laura K Mayberry
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicola Cole
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA
| | - Karen S Browning
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA
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15
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Eudes A, Mouille M, Robinson DS, Benites VT, Wang G, Roux L, Tsai YL, Baidoo EEK, Chiu TY, Heazlewood JL, Scheller HV, Mukhopadhyay A, Keasling JD, Deutsch S, Loqué D. Exploiting members of the BAHD acyltransferase family to synthesize multiple hydroxycinnamate and benzoate conjugates in yeast. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:198. [PMID: 27871334 PMCID: PMC5117604 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BAHD acyltransferases, named after the first four biochemically characterized enzymes of the group, are plant-specific enzymes that catalyze the transfer of coenzyme A-activated donors onto various acceptor molecules. They are responsible for the synthesis in plants of a myriad of secondary metabolites, some of which are beneficial for humans either as therapeutics or as specialty chemicals such as flavors and fragrances. The production of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and commodity chemicals using engineered microbes is an alternative, green route to energy-intensive chemical syntheses that consume petroleum-based precursors. However, identification of appropriate enzymes and validation of their functional expression in heterologous hosts is a prerequisite for the design and implementation of metabolic pathways in microbes for the synthesis of such target chemicals. RESULTS For the synthesis of valuable metabolites in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we selected BAHD acyltransferases based on their preferred donor and acceptor substrates. In particular, BAHDs that use hydroxycinnamoyl-CoAs and/or benzoyl-CoA as donors were targeted because a large number of molecules beneficial to humans belong to this family of hydroxycinnamate and benzoate conjugates. The selected BAHD coding sequences were synthesized and cloned individually on a vector containing the Arabidopsis gene At4CL5, which encodes a promiscuous 4-coumarate:CoA ligase active on hydroxycinnamates and benzoates. The various S. cerevisiae strains obtained for co-expression of At4CL5 with the different BAHDs effectively produced a wide array of valuable hydroxycinnamate and benzoate conjugates upon addition of adequate combinations of donors and acceptor molecules. In particular, we report here for the first time the production in yeast of rosmarinic acid and its derivatives, quinate hydroxycinnamate esters such as chlorogenic acid, and glycerol hydroxycinnamate esters. Similarly, we achieved for the first time the microbial production of polyamine hydroxycinnamate amides; monolignol, malate and fatty alcohol hydroxycinnamate esters; tropane alkaloids; and benzoate/caffeate alcohol esters. In some instances, the additional expression of Flavobacterium johnsoniae tyrosine ammonia-lyase (FjTAL) allowed the synthesis of p-coumarate conjugates and eliminated the need to supplement the culture media with 4-hydroxycinnamate. CONCLUSION We demonstrate in this study the effectiveness of expressing members of the plant BAHD acyltransferase family in yeast for the synthesis of numerous valuable hydroxycinnamate and benzoate conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Maxence Mouille
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Veronica T Benites
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Graduate Program, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - George Wang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lucien Roux
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Master Program, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Lin Tsai
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tsan-Yu Chiu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Alle´, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Dominique Loqué
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St., 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA. .,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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16
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Stonebloom S, Ebert B, Xiong G, Pattathil S, Birdseye D, Lao J, Pauly M, Hahn MG, Heazlewood JL, Scheller HV. A DUF-246 family glycosyltransferase-like gene affects male fertility and the biosynthesis of pectic arabinogalactans. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:90. [PMID: 27091363 PMCID: PMC4836069 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectins are a group of structurally complex plant cell wall polysaccharides whose biosynthesis and function remain poorly understood. The pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) has two types of arabinogalactan side chains, type-I and type-II arabinogalactans. To date few enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pectin have been described. Here we report the identification of a highly conserved putative glycosyltransferase encoding gene, Pectic ArabinoGalactan synthesis-Related (PAGR), affecting the biosynthesis of RG-I arabinogalactans and critical for pollen tube growth. RESULTS T-DNA insertions in PAGR were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and were found to segregate at a 1:1 ratio of heterozygotes to wild type. We were unable to isolate homozygous pagr mutants as pagr mutant alleles were not transmitted via pollen. In vitro pollen germination assays revealed reduced rates of pollen tube formation in pollen from pagr heterozygotes. To characterize a loss-of-function phenotype for PAGR, the Nicotiana benthamiana orthologs, NbPAGR-A and B, were transiently silenced using Virus Induced Gene Silencing. NbPAGR-silenced plants exhibited reduced internode and petiole expansion. Cell wall materials from NbPAGR-silenced plants had reduced galactose content compared to the control. Immunological and linkage analyses support that RG-I has reduced type-I arabinogalactan content and reduced branching of the RG-I backbone in NbPAGR-silenced plants. Arabidopsis lines overexpressing PAGR exhibit pleiotropic developmental phenotypes and the loss of apical dominance as well as an increase in RG-I type-II arabinogalactan content. CONCLUSIONS Together, results support a function for PAGR in the biosynthesis of RG-I arabinogalactans and illustrate the essential roles of these polysaccharides in vegetative and reproductive plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Stonebloom
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Ebert
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guangyan Xiong
- />Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Devon Birdseye
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeemeng Lao
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Markus Pauly
- />Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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17
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Eudes A, Pereira JH, Yogiswara S, Wang G, Teixeira Benites V, Baidoo EEK, Lee TS, Adams PD, Keasling JD, Loqué D. Exploiting the Substrate Promiscuity of Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:Shikimate Hydroxycinnamoyl Transferase to Reduce Lignin. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:568-79. [PMID: 26858288 PMCID: PMC4790474 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lignin poses a major challenge in the processing of plant biomass for agro-industrial applications. For bioengineering purposes, there is a pressing interest in identifying and characterizing the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of lignin. Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT; EC 2.3.1.133) is a key metabolic entry point for the synthesis of the most important lignin monomers: coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols. In this study, we investigated the substrate promiscuity of HCT from a bryophyte (Physcomitrella) and from five representatives of vascular plants (Arabidopsis, poplar, switchgrass, pine and Selaginella) using a yeast expression system. We demonstrate for these HCTs a conserved capacity to acylate with p-coumaroyl-CoA several phenolic compounds in addition to the canonical acceptor shikimate normally used during lignin biosynthesis. Using either recombinant HCT from switchgrass (PvHCT2a) or an Arabidopsis stem protein extract, we show evidence of the inhibitory effect of these phenolics on the synthesis of p-coumaroyl shikimate in vitro, which presumably occurs via a mechanism of competitive inhibition. A structural study of PvHCT2a confirmed the binding of a non-canonical acceptor in a similar manner to shikimate in the active site of the enzyme. Finally, we exploited in Arabidopsis the substrate flexibility of HCT to reduce lignin content and improve biomass saccharification by engineering transgenic lines that overproduce one of the HCT non-canonical acceptors. Our results demonstrate conservation of HCT substrate promiscuity and provide support for a new strategy for lignin reduction in the effort to improve the quality of plant biomass for forage and cellulosic biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jose H Pereira
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sasha Yogiswara
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Bioengineering & Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - George Wang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Veronica Teixeira Benites
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Graduate Program, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paul D Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Bioengineering & Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dominique Loqué
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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18
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Eudes A, Sathitsuksanoh N, Baidoo EEK, George A, Liang Y, Yang F, Singh S, Keasling JD, Simmons BA, Loqué D. Expression of a bacterial 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase reduces lignin content and improves biomass saccharification efficiency. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1241-50. [PMID: 25583257 PMCID: PMC6680230 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin confers recalcitrance to plant biomass used as feedstocks in agro-processing industries or as source of renewable sugars for the production of bioproducts. The metabolic steps for the synthesis of lignin building blocks belong to the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways. Genetic engineering efforts to reduce lignin content typically employ gene knockout or gene silencing techniques to constitutively repress one of these metabolic pathways. Recently, new strategies have emerged offering better spatiotemporal control of lignin deposition, including the expression of enzymes that interfere with the normal process for cell wall lignification. In this study, we report that expression of a 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase (QsuB from Corynebacterium glutamicum) reduces lignin deposition in Arabidopsis cell walls. QsuB was targeted to the plastids to convert 3-dehydroshikimate - an intermediate of the shikimate pathway - into protocatechuate. Compared to wild-type plants, lines expressing QsuB contain higher amounts of protocatechuate, p-coumarate, p-coumaraldehyde and p-coumaryl alcohol, and lower amounts of coniferaldehyde, coniferyl alcohol, sinapaldehyde and sinapyl alcohol. 2D-NMR spectroscopy and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (pyro-GC/MS) reveal an increase of p-hydroxyphenyl units and a reduction of guaiacyl units in the lignin of QsuB lines. Size-exclusion chromatography indicates a lower degree of lignin polymerization in the transgenic lines. Therefore, our data show that the expression of QsuB primarily affects the lignin biosynthetic pathway. Finally, biomass from these lines exhibits more than a twofold improvement in saccharification efficiency. We conclude that the expression of QsuB in plants, in combination with specific promoters, is a promising gain-of-function strategy for spatiotemporal reduction of lignin in plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anthe George
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Yan Liang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Dominique Loqué
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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19
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Eudes A, Teixeira Benites V, Wang G, Baidoo EEK, Lee TS, Keasling JD, Loqué D. Precursor-Directed Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Cinnamoyl, Dihydrocinnamoyl, and Benzoyl Anthranilates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138972. [PMID: 26430899 PMCID: PMC4591981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological synthesis of pharmaceuticals and biochemicals offers an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical synthesis. These alternative methods require the design of metabolic pathways and the identification of enzymes exhibiting adequate activities. Cinnamoyl, dihydrocinnamoyl, and benzoyl anthranilates are natural metabolites which possess beneficial activities for human health, and the search is expanding for novel derivatives that might have enhanced biological activity. For example, biosynthesis in Dianthus caryophyllus is catalyzed by hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyl-CoA:anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/ benzoyltransferase (HCBT), which couples hydroxycinnamoyl-CoAs and benzoyl-CoAs to anthranilate. We recently demonstrated the potential of using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for the biological production of a few cinnamoyl anthranilates by heterologous co-expression of 4-coumaroyl:CoA ligase from Arabidopsis thaliana (4CL5) and HCBT. Here we report that, by exploiting the substrate flexibility of both 4CL5 and HCBT, we achieved rapid biosynthesis of more than 160 cinnamoyl, dihydrocinnamoyl, and benzoyl anthranilates in yeast upon feeding with both natural and non-natural cinnamates, dihydrocinnamates, benzoates, and anthranilates. Our results demonstrate the use of enzyme promiscuity in biological synthesis to achieve high chemical diversity within a defined class of molecules. This work also points to the potential for the combinatorial biosynthesis of diverse and valuable cinnamoylated, dihydrocinnamoylated, and benzoylated products by using the versatile biological enzyme 4CL5 along with characterized cinnamoyl-CoA- and benzoyl-CoA-utilizing transferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emery Station East, 5885 Hollis St, 4 Floor, Emeryville, California, 94608, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States of America
| | - Veronica Teixeira Benites
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emery Station East, 5885 Hollis St, 4 Floor, Emeryville, California, 94608, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States of America
- Graduate Program, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, 94132, United States of America
| | - George Wang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emery Station East, 5885 Hollis St, 4 Floor, Emeryville, California, 94608, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States of America
| | - Edward E. K. Baidoo
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emery Station East, 5885 Hollis St, 4 Floor, Emeryville, California, 94608, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States of America
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emery Station East, 5885 Hollis St, 4 Floor, Emeryville, California, 94608, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States of America
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emery Station East, 5885 Hollis St, 4 Floor, Emeryville, California, 94608, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering & Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States of America
| | - Dominique Loqué
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emery Station East, 5885 Hollis St, 4 Floor, Emeryville, California, 94608, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Biochemical characterization of Arabidopsis APYRASE family reveals their roles in regulating endomembrane NDP/NMP homoeostasis. Biochem J 2015; 472:43-54. [PMID: 26338998 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant apyrases are nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) and have been implicated in an array of functions within the plant including the regulation of extracellular ATP. Arabidopsis encodes a family of seven membrane bound apyrases (AtAPY1-7) that comprise three distinct clades, all of which contain the five conserved apyrase domains. With the exception of AtAPY1 and AtAPY2, the biochemical and the sub-cellular characterization of the other members are currently unavailable. In this research, we have shown all seven Arabidopsis apyrases localize to internal membranes comprising the cis-Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and endosome, indicating an endo-apyrase classification for the entire family. In addition, all members, with the exception of AtAPY7, can function as endo-apyrases by complementing a yeast double mutant (Δynd1Δgda1) which lacks apyrase activity. Interestingly, complementation of the mutant yeast using well characterized human apyrases could only be accomplished by using a functional ER endo-apyrase (NTPDase6), but not the ecto-apyrase (NTPDase1). Furthermore, the substrate specificity analysis for the Arabidopsis apyrases AtAPY1-6 indicated that each member has a distinct set of preferred substrates covering various NDPs (nucleoside diphosphates) and NTPs. Combining the biochemical analysis and sub-cellular localization of the Arabidopsis apyrases family, the data suggest their possible roles in regulating endomembrane NDP/NMP (nucleoside monophosphate) homoeostasis.
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Lao J, Oikawa A, Bromley JR, McInerney P, Suttangkakul A, Smith-Moritz AM, Plahar H, Chiu TY, González Fernández-Niño SM, Ebert B, Yang F, Christiansen KM, Hansen SF, Stonebloom S, Adams PD, Ronald PC, Hillson NJ, Hadi MZ, Vega-Sánchez ME, Loqué D, Scheller HV, Heazlewood JL. The plant glycosyltransferase clone collection for functional genomics. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:517-29. [PMID: 24905498 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The glycosyltransferases (GTs) are an important and functionally diverse family of enzymes involved in glycan and glycoside biosynthesis. Plants have evolved large families of GTs which undertake the array of glycosylation reactions that occur during plant development and growth. Based on the Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZy) database, the genome of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana codes for over 450 GTs, while the rice genome (Oryza sativa) contains over 600 members. Collectively, GTs from these reference plants can be classified into over 40 distinct GT families. Although these enzymes are involved in many important plant specific processes such as cell-wall and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, few have been functionally characterized. We have sought to develop a plant GTs clone resource that will enable functional genomic approaches to be undertaken by the plant research community. In total, 403 (88%) of CAZy defined Arabidopsis GTs have been cloned, while 96 (15%) of the GTs coded by rice have been cloned. The collection resulted in the update of a number of Arabidopsis GT gene models. The clones represent full-length coding sequences without termination codons and are Gateway® compatible. To demonstrate the utility of this JBEI GT Collection, a set of efficient particle bombardment plasmids (pBullet) was also constructed with markers for the endomembrane. The utility of the pBullet collection was demonstrated by localizing all members of the Arabidopsis GT14 family to the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Updates to these resources are available at the JBEI GT Collection website http://www.addgene.org/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeemeng Lao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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22
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Rennie EA, Ebert B, Miles GP, Cahoon RE, Christiansen KM, Stonebloom S, Khatab H, Twell D, Petzold CJ, Adams PD, Dupree P, Heazlewood JL, Cahoon EB, Scheller HV. Identification of a sphingolipid α-glucuronosyltransferase that is essential for pollen function in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3314-25. [PMID: 25122154 PMCID: PMC4371831 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.129171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramide (GIPC) sphingolipids are a major class of lipids in fungi, protozoans, and plants. GIPCs are abundant in the plasma membrane in plants, comprising around a quarter of the total lipids in these membranes. Plant GIPCs contain unique glycan decorations that include a conserved glucuronic acid (GlcA) residue and various additional sugars; however, no proteins responsible for glycosylating GIPCs have been identified to date. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana protein INOSITOL PHOSPHORYLCERAMIDE GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE1 (IPUT1) transfers GlcA from UDP-GlcA to GIPCs. To demonstrate IPUT1 activity, we introduced the IPUT1 gene together with genes for a UDP-glucose dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis and a human UDP-GlcA transporter into a yeast mutant deficient in the endogenous inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) mannosyltransferase. In this engineered yeast strain, IPUT1 transferred GlcA to IPC. Overexpression or silencing of IPUT1 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in an increase or a decrease, respectively, in IPC glucuronosyltransferase activity in vitro. Plants in which IPUT1 was silenced accumulated IPC, the immediate precursor, as well as ceramides and glucosylceramides. Plants overexpressing IPUT1 showed an increased content of GIPCs. Mutations in IPUT1 are not transmitted through pollen, indicating that these sphingolipids are essential in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie A Rennie
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Berit Ebert
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Godfrey P Miles
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Katy M Christiansen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Solomon Stonebloom
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Hoda Khatab
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - David Twell
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Paul D Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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23
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Eudes A, Juminaga D, Baidoo EEK, Collins FW, Keasling JD, Loqué D. Erratum to: Production of hydroxycinnamoyl anthranilates from glucose in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2014. [PMCID: PMC3897996 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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24
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Production of hydroxycinnamoyl anthranilates from glucose in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:62. [PMID: 23806124 PMCID: PMC3716870 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oats contain hydroxycinnamoyl anthranilates, also named avenanthramides (Avn), which have beneficial health properties because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. The microbial production of hydroxycinnamoyl anthranilates is an eco-friendly alternative to chemical synthesis or purification from plant sources. We recently demonstrated in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that coexpression of 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) from Arabidopsis thaliana and hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyl-CoA/anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase (HCBT) from Dianthus caryophyllusenabled the biological production of several cinnamoyl anthranilates upon feeding with anthranilate and various cinnamates. Using engineering strategies to overproduce anthranilate and hydroxycinnamates, we describe here an entire pathway for the microbial synthesis of two Avns from glucose in Escherichia coli. RESULTS We first showed that coexpression of HCBT and Nt4CL1 from tobacco in the E. coli anthranilate-accumulating strain W3110 trpD9923 allowed the production of Avn D [N-(4'-hydroxycinnamoyl)-anthranilic acid] and Avn F [N-(3',4'-dihydroxycinnamoyl)-anthranilic acid] upon feeding with p-coumarate and caffeate, respectively. Moreover, additional expression in this strain of a tyrosine ammonia-lyase from Rhodotorula glutinis (RgTAL) led to the conversion of endogenous tyrosine into p-coumarate and resulted in the production of Avn D from glucose. Second, a 135-fold improvement in Avn D titer was achieved by boosting tyrosine production using two plasmids that express the eleven genes necessary for tyrosine synthesis from erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate. Finally, expression of either the p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase Sam5 from Saccharothrix espanensis or the hydroxylase complex HpaBC from E. coli resulted in the endogenous production of caffeate and biosynthesis of Avn F. CONCLUSION We established a biosynthetic pathway for the microbial production of valuable hydroxycinnamoyl anthranilates from an inexpensive carbon source. The proposed pathway will serve as a platform for further engineering toward economical and sustainable bioproduction of these pharmaceuticals and other related aromatic compounds.
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Chiu TY, Christiansen K, Moreno I, Lao J, Loqué D, Orellana A, Heazlewood JL, Clark G, Roux SJ. AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 function as Golgi-localized nucleoside diphosphatases in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1913-25. [PMID: 23034877 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases; apyrases) (EC 3.6.1.5) hydrolyze di- and triphosphate nucleotides, but not monophosphate nucleotides. They are categorized as E-type ATPases, have a broad divalent cation (Mg(2+), Ca(2+)) requirement for activation and are insensitive to inhibitors of F-type, P-type and V-type ATPases. Among the seven NTPDases identified in Arabidopsis, only APYRASE 1 (AtAPY1) and APYRASE 2 (AtAPY2) have been previously characterized. In this work, either AtAPY1 or AtAPY2 tagged with C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by their respective native promoter can rescue the apy1 apy2 double knockout (apy1 apy2 dKO) successfully, and confocal microscopy reveals that these two Arabidopsis apyrases reside in the Golgi apparatus. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 can complement the Golgi-localized GDA1 mutant, rescuing its aberrant protein glycosylation phenotype. In Arabidopsis, microsomes of the wild type show higher substrate preferences toward UDP compared with other NDP substrates. Loss-of-function Arabidopsis AtAPY1 mutants exhibit reduced microsomal UDPase activity, and this activity is even more significantly reduced in the loss-of-function AtAPY2 mutant and in the AtAPY1/AtAPY2 RNA interference (RNAi) technology repressor lines. Microsomes from wild-type plants also have detectable GDPase activity, which is significantly reduced in apy2 but not apy1 mutants. The GFP-tagged AtAPY1 or AtAPY2 constructs in the apy1 apy2 dKO plants can restore microsomal UDP/GDPase activity, confirming that they both also have functional competency. The cell walls of apy1, apy2 and the RNAi-silenced lines all have an increased composition of galactose, but the transport efficiency of UDP-galactose across microsomal membranes was not altered. Taken together, these results reveal that AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 are Golgi-localized nucleotide diphosphatases and are likely to have roles in regulating UDP/GDP concentrations in the Golgi lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsan-Yu Chiu
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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26
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Xiao Y, Savchenko T, Baidoo EEK, Chehab WE, Hayden DM, Tolstikov V, Corwin JA, Kliebenstein DJ, Keasling JD, Dehesh K. Retrograde signaling by the plastidial metabolite MEcPP regulates expression of nuclear stress-response genes. Cell 2012; 149:1525-35. [PMID: 22726439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plastid-derived signals are known to coordinate expression of nuclear genes encoding plastid-localized proteins in a process termed retrograde signaling. To date, the identity of retrograde-signaling molecules has remained elusive. Here, we show that methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), a precursor of isoprenoids produced by the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, elicits the expression of selected stress-responsive nuclear-encoded plastidial proteins. Genetic and pharmacological manipulations of the individual MEP pathway metabolite levels demonstrate the high specificity of MEcPP as an inducer of these targeted stress-responsive genes. We further demonstrate that abiotic stresses elevate MEcPP levels, eliciting the expression of the aforementioned genes. We propose that the MEP pathway, in addition to producing isoprenoids, functions as a stress sensor and a coordinator of expression of targeted stress-responsive nuclear genes via modulation of the levels of MEcPP, a specific and critical retrograde-signaling metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Xiao
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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27
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Hong KK, Nielsen J. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a key cell factory platform for future biorefineries. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2671-90. [PMID: 22388689 PMCID: PMC11115109 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering is the enabling science of development of efficient cell factories for the production of fuels, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and food ingredients through microbial fermentations. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key cell factory already used for the production of a wide range of industrial products, and here we review ongoing work, particularly in industry, on using this organism for the production of butanol, which can be used as biofuel, and isoprenoids, which can find a wide range of applications including as pharmaceuticals and as biodiesel. We also look into how engineering of yeast can lead to improved uptake of sugars that are present in biomass hydrolyzates, and hereby allow for utilization of biomass as feedstock in the production of fuels and chemicals employing S. cerevisiae. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of how technologies from systems biology and synthetic biology can be used to advance metabolic engineering of yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuk-Ki Hong
- Novo Nordisk Centre for Biosustainability, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang, Seoul, 157-724 Korea
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Centre for Biosustainability, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Eudes A, George A, Mukerjee P, Kim JS, Pollet B, Benke PI, Yang F, Mitra P, Sun L, Cetinkol OP, Chabout S, Mouille G, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Balzergue S, Singh S, Holmes BM, Mukhopadhyay A, Keasling JD, Simmons BA, Lapierre C, Ralph J, Loqué D. Biosynthesis and incorporation of side-chain-truncated lignin monomers to reduce lignin polymerization and enhance saccharification. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:609-20. [PMID: 22458713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is utilized as a renewable feedstock in various agro-industrial activities. Lignin is an aromatic, hydrophobic and mildly branched polymer integrally associated with polysaccharides within the biomass, which negatively affects their extraction and hydrolysis during industrial processing. Engineering the monomer composition of lignins offers an attractive option towards new lignins with reduced recalcitrance. The presented work describes a new strategy developed in Arabidopsis for the overproduction of rare lignin monomers to reduce lignin polymerization degree (DP). Biosynthesis of these 'DP reducers' is achieved by expressing a bacterial hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA hydratase-lyase (HCHL) in lignifying tissues of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems. HCHL cleaves the propanoid side-chain of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA lignin precursors to produce the corresponding hydroxybenzaldehydes so that plant stems expressing HCHL accumulate in their cell wall higher amounts of hydroxybenzaldehyde and hydroxybenzoate derivatives. Engineered plants with intermediate HCHL activity levels show no reduction in total lignin, sugar content or biomass yield compared with wild-type plants. However, cell wall characterization of extract-free stems by thioacidolysis and by 2D-NMR revealed an increased amount of unusual C₆C₁ lignin monomers most likely linked with lignin as end-groups. Moreover the analysis of lignin isolated from these plants using size-exclusion chromatography revealed a reduced molecular weight. Furthermore, these engineered lines show saccharification improvement of pretreated stem cell walls. Therefore, we conclude that enhancing the biosynthesis and incorporation of C₆C₁ monomers ('DP reducers') into lignin polymers represents a promising strategy to reduce lignin DP and to decrease cell wall recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, Emeryville, CA, USA
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Parsons HT, Christiansen K, Knierim B, Carroll A, Ito J, Batth TS, Smith-Moritz AM, Morrison S, McInerney P, Hadi MZ, Auer M, Mukhopadhyay A, Petzold CJ, Scheller HV, Loqué D, Heazlewood JL. Isolation and proteomic characterization of the Arabidopsis Golgi defines functional and novel components involved in plant cell wall biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:12-26. [PMID: 22430844 PMCID: PMC3375956 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.193151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant Golgi plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of cell wall matrix polysaccharides, protein glycosylation, and vesicle trafficking. Golgi-localized proteins have become prospective targets for reengineering cell wall biosynthetic pathways for the efficient production of biofuels from plant cell walls. However, proteomic characterization of the Golgi has so far been limited, owing to the technical challenges inherent in Golgi purification. In this study, a combination of density centrifugation and surface charge separation techniques have allowed the reproducible isolation of Golgi membranes from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) at sufficiently high purity levels for in-depth proteomic analysis. Quantitative proteomic analysis, immunoblotting, enzyme activity assays, and electron microscopy all confirm high purity levels. A composition analysis indicated that approximately 19% of proteins were likely derived from contaminating compartments and ribosomes. The localization of 13 newly assigned proteins to the Golgi using transient fluorescent markers further validated the proteome. A collection of 371 proteins consistently identified in all replicates has been proposed to represent the Golgi proteome, marking an appreciable advancement in numbers of Golgi-localized proteins. A significant proportion of proteins likely involved in matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis were identified. The potential within this proteome for advances in understanding Golgi processes has been demonstrated by the identification and functional characterization of the first plant Golgi-resident nucleoside diphosphatase, using a yeast complementation assay. Overall, these data show key proteins involved in primary cell wall synthesis and include a mixture of well-characterized and unknown proteins whose biological roles and importance as targets for future research can now be realized.
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Siddiqui MS, Thodey K, Trenchard I, Smolke CD. Advancing secondary metabolite biosynthesis in yeast with synthetic biology tools. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 12:144-70. [PMID: 22136110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are an important source of high-value chemicals, many of which exhibit important pharmacological properties. These valuable natural products are often difficult to synthesize chemically and are commonly isolated through inefficient extractions from natural biological sources. As such, they are increasingly targeted for production by biosynthesis from engineered microorganisms. The budding yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be a powerful microorganism for heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways. S. cerevisiae's usefulness as a host organism is owed in large part to the wealth of knowledge accumulated over more than a century of intense scientific study. Yet many challenges are currently faced in engineering yeast strains for the biosynthesis of complex secondary metabolite production. However, synthetic biology is advancing the development of new tools for constructing, controlling, and optimizing complex metabolic pathways in yeast. Here, we review how the coupling between yeast biology and synthetic biology is advancing the use of S. cerevisiae as a microbial host for the construction of secondary metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Siddiqui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Kim IK, Roldão A, Siewers V, Nielsen J. A systems-level approach for metabolic engineering of yeast cell factories. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 12:228-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - António Roldão
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
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Abstract
Efficient biosynthesis of L-tyrosine from glucose is necessary to make biological production economically viable. To this end, we designed and constructed a modular biosynthetic pathway for L-tyrosine production in E. coli MG1655 by encoding the enzymes for converting erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to L-tyrosine on two plasmids. Rational engineering to improve L-tyrosine production and to identify pathway bottlenecks was directed by targeted proteomics and metabolite profiling. The bottlenecks in the pathway were relieved by modifications in plasmid copy numbers, promoter strength, gene codon usage, and the placement of genes in operons. One major bottleneck was due to the bifunctional activities of quinate/shikimate dehydrogenase (YdiB), which caused accumulation of the intermediates dehydroquinate (DHQ) and dehydroshikimate (DHS) and the side product quinate; this bottleneck was relieved by replacing YdiB with its paralog AroE, resulting in the production of over 700 mg/liter of shikimate. Another bottleneck in shikimate production, due to low expression of the dehydroquinate synthase (AroB), was alleviated by optimizing the first 15 codons of the gene. Shikimate conversion to L-tyrosine was improved by replacing the shikimate kinase AroK with its isozyme, AroL, which effectively consumed all intermediates formed in the first half of the pathway. Guided by the protein and metabolite measurements, the best producer, consisting of two medium-copy-number, dual-operon plasmids, was optimized to produce >2 g/liter L-tyrosine at 80% of the theoretical yield. This work demonstrates the utility of targeted proteomics and metabolite profiling in pathway construction and optimization, which should be applicable to other metabolic pathways.
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