1
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Dong Y, Li M, Cruz B, Ye E, Zhu Y, Li L, Xu Z, Xie DY. Molecular understanding of anthocyanin biosynthesis activated by PAP1 and regulated by 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in engineered red Artemisia annua cells. PLANTA 2023; 258:75. [PMID: 37668683 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Eight promoters were cloned, from which AC and G-box cis-elements were identified. PAP1 enhanced the promoter activity. 2,4-D reduced the anthocyanin biosynthesis via downregulating the expression of the PAP1 transgene. Artemisia annua is an effective antimalarial medicinal crop. We have established anthocyanin-producing red cell cultures from this plant with the overexpression of Production of Anthocyanin Pigment 1 (PAP1) encoding a R2R3MYB transcription factor. To understand the molecular mechanism by which PAP1 activated the entire anthocyanin pathway, we mined the genomic sequences of A. annua and obtained eight promoters of the anthocyanin pathway genes. Sequence analysis identified four types of AC cis-elements from six promoters, the MYB response elements (MRE) bound by PAP1. In addition, six promoters were determined to have at least one G-box cis-element. Eight promoters were cloned for activity analysis. Dual luciferase assays showed that PAP1 significantly enhanced the promoting activity of seven promoters, indicating that PAP1 turned on the biosynthesis of anthocyanins via the activation of these pathway gene expression. To understand how 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), an auxin, regulates the PAP1-activated anthocyanin biosynthesis, five different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 µM) were tested to characterize anthocyanin production and profiles. The resulting data showed that the concentrations tested decreased the fresh weight of callus growth, anthocyanin levels, and the production of anthocyanins per Petri dish. HPLC-qTOF-MS/MS-based profiling showed that these concentrations did not alter anthocyanin profiles. Real-time RT-PCR was completed to characterize the expression PAP1 and four representative pathway genes. The results showed that the five concentrations reduced the expression levels of the constitutive PAP1 transgene and three pathway genes significantly and eliminated the expression of the chalcone synthase gene either significantly or slightly. These data indicate that the constitutive PAP1 expression depends on gradients added in the medium. Based on these findings, the regulation of 2,4-D is discussed for anthocyanin engineering in red cells of A. annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Dong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingzhuo Li
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Bryanna Cruz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Emily Ye
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lihua Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengjun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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2
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Go EJ, Ryu BR, Ryu SJ, Kim HB, Lee HT, Kwon JW, Baek JS, Lim JD. An Enhanced Water Solubility and Stability of Anthocyanins in Mulberry Processed with Hot Melt Extrusion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212377. [PMID: 34830259 PMCID: PMC8625858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberry fruits are rich sources of anthocyanins that exhibit beneficial biological activity. These anthocyanins become instable in an aqueous media, leading to their low bioavailability. In this study, a colloidal dispersion was produced by processing mulberry samples with hot-melt extrusion. In this process, hydrophilic polymer matrices were used to disperse the compound in an aqueous media. Mulberry samples were processed with hot-melt extrusion and in the presence of an ionization agent and sodium alginate to form mulberry-extrudate solid formulations. The particle size of mulberry-extrudate solid formulations decreased, while the total phenol content, the total anthocyanin content, and solubility increased. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that mulberry-extrudate solid formulations now contained new functional groups, such as -COOH group. We investigated whether mulberry-extrudate solid formulations had a positive impact on the stability of anthocyanins. The non-extrudate mulberry sample and mulberry-extrudate solid formulations were incubated with a simulated gastric fluid system and an intestinal fluid system. The number of released anthocyanins was determined with HPLC. We found that anthocyanins were released rapidly from non-extrudate mulberry extract. Mulberry-extrudate solid formulations contained a large number of available anthocyanins even after being incubated for 180 min in the intestinal fluid system. Thus, hot-melt extrusion enhanced water solubility and stability of anthocyanins with the prolonged release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Go
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (E.-J.G.); (B.-R.R.); (S.-J.R.)
| | - Byeong-Ryeol Ryu
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (E.-J.G.); (B.-R.R.); (S.-J.R.)
| | - Su-Ji Ryu
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (E.-J.G.); (B.-R.R.); (S.-J.R.)
| | - Hyun-Bok Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Tai Lee
- Division of Applied Bioengineering, Dongeui University, Busan 47940, Korea;
| | - Jin-Woo Kwon
- Department of Orthopedics, The Catholic University, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Jong-Suep Baek
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (E.-J.G.); (B.-R.R.); (S.-J.R.)
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-S.B.); (J.-D.L.); Tel.: +82-33-540-3324 (J.-S.B.); +82-33-540-3323 (J.-D.L.)
| | - Jung-Dae Lim
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (E.-J.G.); (B.-R.R.); (S.-J.R.)
- Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-S.B.); (J.-D.L.); Tel.: +82-33-540-3324 (J.-S.B.); +82-33-540-3323 (J.-D.L.)
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3
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Shi N, Chen X, Chen T. Anthocyanins in Colorectal Cancer Prevention Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101600. [PMID: 34679735 PMCID: PMC8533526 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a big health burden worldwide. Nutrition and dietary factors are known to affect colorectal cancer development and prognosis. The protective roles of diets rich in fruits and vegetables have been previously reported to contain high levels of cancer-fighting phytochemicals. Anthocyanins are the most abundant flavonoid compounds that are responsible for the bright colors of most blue, purple, and red fruits and vegetables, and have been shown to contribute to the protective effects of fruits and vegetables against cancer and other chronic diseases. Berries and grapes are the most common anthocyanin-rich fruits with antitumor effects. The antitumor effects of anthocyanins are determined by their structures and bioavailability as well as how they are metabolized. In this review, we aimed to discuss the preventive as well as therapeutic potentials of anthocyanins in CRC. We summarized the antitumor effects of anthocyanins and the mechanisms of action. We also discussed the potential pharmaceutical application of anthocyanins in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, 1800 Cannon Drive, 13th Floor, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George St., Durham, NC 27707, USA;
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, 1800 Cannon Drive, 13th Floor, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(614)-685-9119
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Kostka T, Ostberg-Potthoff JJ, Briviba K, Matsugo S, Winterhalter P, Esatbeyoglu T. Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) Extract and Its Anthocyanin and Copigment Fractions-Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Influence on Cellular Oxidative Stress. Foods 2020; 9:E1617. [PMID: 33172172 PMCID: PMC7694777 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary plant metabolites, e.g., polyphenols, are widely known as health-improving compounds that occur in natural functional foods such as pomegranates. While extracts generated from these fruits inhibit oxidative stress, the allocation of these effects to the different subgroups of substances, e.g., anthocyanins, "copigments" (polyphenols without anthocyanins), or polymeric compounds, is still unknown. Therefore, in the present study, polyphenols from pomegranate juice were extracted and separated into an anthocyanin and copigment fraction using adsorptive membrane chromatography. Phenolic compounds were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) detection and HPLC-PDA electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS), while the free radical scavenging activity of the pomegranate XAD‑7 extract and its fractions was evaluated by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Compared to juice, the total phenolic content and free radical scavenging potential was significantly higher in the pomegranate XAD-7 extract and its fractions. In comparison to the anthocyanin and copigment fraction, pomegranate XAD-7 extract showed the highest radical scavenging activity against galvinoxyl and DPPH radicals. Moreover, the enriched XAD-7 extract and its fractions were able to protect human hepatocellular HepG2 cells against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Overall, these results indicated that anthocyanins and copigments act together in reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kostka
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Johanna Josefine Ostberg-Potthoff
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Schleinitzstrasse 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.J.O.-P.); (P.W.)
| | - Karlis Briviba
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str.9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Seiichi Matsugo
- School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Peter Winterhalter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Schleinitzstrasse 20, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.J.O.-P.); (P.W.)
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str.9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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5
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Pisoschi AM, Pop A, Iordache F, Stanca L, Predoi G, Serban AI. Oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants - An overview on their chemistry and influences on health status. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112891. [PMID: 33032084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review paper focuses on the chemistry of oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants. Oxidative stress is understood as a lack of balance between the pro-oxidant and the antioxidant species. Reactive oxygen species in limited amounts are necessary for cell homeostasis and redox signaling. Excessive reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species production, which counteracts the organism's defense systems, is known as oxidative stress. Sustained attack of endogenous and exogenous ROS results in conformational and oxidative alterations in key biomolecules. Chronic oxidative stress is associated with oxidative modifications occurring in key biomolecules: lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, carbonyl (aldehyde/ketone) adduct formation, nitration, sulfoxidation, DNA impairment such strand breaks or nucleobase oxidation. Oxidative stress is tightly linked to the development of cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, eye disease. The deleterious action of reactive oxygenated species and their role in the onset and progression of pathologies are discussed. The results of oxidative attack become themselves sources of oxidative stress, becoming part of a vicious cycle that amplifies oxidative impairment. The term antioxidant refers to a compound that is able to impede or retard oxidation, acting at a lower concentration compared to that of the protected substrate. Antioxidant intervention against the radicalic lipid peroxidation can involve different mechanisms. Chain breaking antioxidants are called primary antioxidants, acting by scavenging radical species, converting them into more stable radicals or non-radical species. Secondary antioxidants quench singlet oxygen, decompose peroxides, chelate prooxidative metal ions, inhibit oxidative enzymes. Moreover, four reactivity-based lines of defense have been identified: preventative antioxidants, radical scavengers, repair antioxidants, and those relying on adaptation mechanisms. The specific mechanism of a series of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants in particular aspects of oxidative stress, is detailed. The final section resumes critical conclusions regarding antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Aneta Pop
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Iordache
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Loredana Stanca
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Predoi
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Iren Serban
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
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6
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Krongyut O, Sutthanut K. Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Anti-obesogenic Bioactivity of Mao Luang Fruits ( Antidesma bunius L.). Molecules 2019; 24:E4109. [PMID: 31739440 PMCID: PMC6891370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the anti-obesity potential of Antidesma bunius L. (MM), a Thai local fruit which is named "Mao Luang," we have focused on the effects on pancreatic α-amylase and lipase enzyme activity and on adipocyte life cycle using the 3T3-L1 cell line as a model. In addition, the phytochemical composition and anti-oxidation potential were also analyzed using HPLC-PDA UV and colorimetric methods. The ethanolic extract of MM fruits prepared by a maceration method was used in the experiments. MM extract, yield 12.08% w/w, is composed primarily of phenolics and anthocyanins as the major phytochemicals, among which, gallic acid, catechin, anthocyanin-3-glucoside, and protocatechuic acid were initially identified. In addition, susceptibly inhibitory effects on oxidation in a DPPH assay; on lipase enzyme activity rather than amylase enzyme; and on adipocyte adipogenesis of MM were demonstrated. Interestingly, a concentration-dependent bi-modular manner of activity on adipocyte adipogenesis was discovered, whereby a significant anti-adipogenic effect was demonstrated at high concentration, whilst low concentrations of MM showed adipogenic induction. Lipolytic induction was manifested. Conclusively, the ethanolic MM extract was discovered to be a potential anti-obesity agent contributed by inhibitory effects on lipase enzyme and anti-differentiation and -adipogenesis in adipocytes which significantly correlated to the total phenolics content, as well as anti-oxidation as the mechanism of action. Nevertheless, to achieve effective application, further investigation in in vivo models should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornnicha Krongyut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Human High Performance & Health Promotion Research Institute: HHP&HP Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Khaetthareeya Sutthanut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Human High Performance & Health Promotion Research Institute: HHP&HP Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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7
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Dars AG, Hu K, Liu Q, Abbas A, Xie B, Sun Z. Effect of Thermo-Sonication and Ultra-High Pressure on the Quality and Phenolic Profile of Mango Juice. Foods 2019; 8:E298. [PMID: 31362421 PMCID: PMC6723886 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer demand for safe and nutritious fruit juices has led to the development of a number of food processing techniques. To compare the effect of two processing technologies, thermo-sonication (TS) and ultra-high pressure (UHP), on the quality of mango juice, fresh mango juice was treated with TS at 25, 45, 65 and 95 °C for 10 min and UHP at 400 MPa for 10 min. The phenolic profile of mango was also analyzed using the newly developed ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-HRMSn) and, based on this result, the effect of TS and UHP on the phenolics of mango juice was evaluated. Both treatments had minimal effects on the oBrix, pH, and titratable acidity of mango juice. The residual activities of three enzymes (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, and pectin methylesterase), antioxidant compounds (vitamin C, Total phenolics, mangiferin derivatives, gallotannins, and quercetin derivatives) and antioxidant activity sharply decreased with the increase in the temperature of the TS treatment. Nevertheless, the UHP treatment retained antioxidants and antioxidant activity at a high level. The UHP process is likely superior to TS in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity preservation. Therefore, the mango juice products obtained by ultra-high-pressure processing might be more beneficial to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ghani Dars
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiudou Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aqleem Abbas
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bijun Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhida Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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8
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Optimization of Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside Production from Aronia melanocarpa Elliot from Nonthermal Ultrasonic Extraction Process by Response Surface Methodology. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9061203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a nonthermal process, ultrasonic extraction was optimized to obtain 13.21 mg/g of highly bioactive but extremely heat-sensitive cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (C3G) from Aronia melanocarpa Elliot under the following conditions; 75 kHz input frequency, 18.8 °C for the temperature, and 6.0 h process time. This yield was higher than 10.01 mg/g from a conventional juice extraction and was also higher than those from other reported sources. This concentration was proved to be very close to the predicted value of 13.70 mg/g from the quadratic model, with a regression coefficient of 0.969. This model also showed highly significant effects from changing frequency and time, and less significant effects from changing temperature. The extract from the optimized process showed 89.5% of higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than 71.3% from the conventional process. It was also found that the antioxidant activity of the extract was higher than that of using 13 µg/mL of C3G alone, possibly due to the synergistic effects of C3G with the other bioactive substances in the extract. Therefore, this optimized nonthermal process will be applied to obtain fairly high amounts of a thermally unstable and expensive C3G with fewer purification steps.
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Céspedes-Acuña CL, Xiao J, Wei ZJ, Chen L, Bastias JM, Avila JG, Alarcon-Enos J, Werner-Navarrete E, Kubo I. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of extracts from Maqui berry Aristotelia chilensis in human colon cancer cells. JOURNAL OF BERRY RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/jbr-180356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L. Céspedes-Acuña
- Department of Basic Sciences, Research Group in Chemistry and Biotechnology of Bioactive Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bio Bio. Chillan, Chile
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longsheng Chen
- Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Jose M. Bastias
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Alimentos, Grupo de Investigación Calidad, Toxicología e Inocuidad Alimentaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y los Alimentos, Universidad del Bio Bio, Chillan, Chile
| | - José G. Avila
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, UBIPRO, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Avenida de Los Barrios 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México, México
| | - Julio Alarcon-Enos
- Department of Basic Sciences, Research Group in Chemistry and Biotechnology of Bioactive Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bio Bio. Chillan, Chile
| | - Enrique Werner-Navarrete
- Department of Basic Sciences, Research Group in Chemistry and Biotechnology of Bioactive Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bio Bio. Chillan, Chile
| | - Isao Kubo
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Li J, Shi Z, Mi Y. Purple sweet potato color attenuates high fat-induced neuroinflammation in mouse brain by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB activation. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4823-4831. [PMID: 29344660 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple sweet potato color (PSPC) is a natural anthocyanin pigment that is derived from purple sweet potato storage roots. PSPC possesses a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory and neuroprotective effects; however, the detailed effects of PSPC on high‑fat diet (HFD)‑induced neuroinflammation remain to be determined. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PSPC has a protective role in HFD‑associated neuroinflammation in the mouse brain and to provide novel insight into the mechanisms of the action. C57BL 6J mice were maintained on a normal diet (10 kcal% fat), a HFD (60 kcal% fat), a HFD with PSPC (700 mg/kg/day) or PSPC alone, which was administrated over 20 weeks. Open field and step‑through tests were used to evaluate the effects of HFD and PSPC on mouse behavior and memory function. Western blotting and ELISA analyses were used to assess the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the activation of mitogen‑activated protein kinase and nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB). The results demonstrated that PSPC treatment was able to significantly improve the HFD‑induced impairment of mouse behavior and memory function, and suppressed the increase in body weight, fat content, hyperlipemia and the level of endotoxin. PSPC treatment also markedly decreased the expression of cyclooxygenase‑2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β and IL‑6, and increased the level of IL‑10 in the HFD‑treated mouse brain. In addition, PSPC inhibited the HFD‑induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK), c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, and the activation of NF‑κB. These findings indicated that PSPC treatment may alleviate HFD‑induced neuroinflammation in the mouse brain by inhibiting ERK, JNK, p38 and NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Shi
- Department of Anatomy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
| | - Yongjie Mi
- Department of Anatomy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P.R. China
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11
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Kumar A, Mosa KA, Ji L, Kage U, Dhokane D, Karre S, Madalageri D, Pathania N. Metabolomics-assisted biotechnological interventions for developing plant-based functional foods and nutraceuticals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1791-1807. [PMID: 28272908 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1285752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Today, the dramatic changes in types of food consumed have led to an increased burden of chronic diseases. Therefore, the emphasis of food research is not only to ensure quality food that can supply adequate nutrients to prevent nutrition related diseases, but also to ensure overall physical and mental-health. This has led to the concept of functional foods and nutraceuticals (FFNs), which can be ideally produced and delivered through plants. Metabolomics can help in getting the most relevant functional information, and thus has been considered the greatest -OMICS technology to date. However, metabolomics has not been exploited to the best potential in plant sciences. The technology can be leveraged to identify the health promoting compounds and metabolites that can be used for the development of FFNs. This article reviews (i) plant-based FFNs-related metabolites and their health benefits; (ii) use of different analytic platforms for targeted and non-targeted metabolite profiling along with experimental considerations; (iii) exploitation of metabolomics to develop FFNs in plants using various biotechnological tools; and (iv) potential use of metabolomics in plant breeding. We have also provided some insights into integration of metabolomics with latest genome editing tools for metabolic pathway regulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- a Department of Horticulture , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin , USA
| | - Kareem A Mosa
- b Department of Applied Biology , College of Sciences, University of Sharjah , Sharjah , United Arab Emirates.,c Department of Biotechnology , Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Liyao Ji
- d Plant Science Department , McGill University , Quebec , Canada
| | - Udaykumar Kage
- d Plant Science Department , McGill University , Quebec , Canada
| | | | - Shailesh Karre
- d Plant Science Department , McGill University , Quebec , Canada
| | - Deepa Madalageri
- e Department of Food Science and Nutrition , College of Home Science, University of Agricultural Science , Dharwad , India
| | - Neemisha Pathania
- f Department of Soil Sciences , Punjab Agricultural University , Ludhiana , India
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12
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Assessment of antioxidant properties, instrumental and sensory aroma profile of red and white Karkade/Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-017-9535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Porter RS, Bode RF. A Review of the Antiviral Properties of Black Elder (Sambucus nigra L.) Products. Phytother Res 2017; 31:533-554. [PMID: 28198157 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) has a long ethnobotanical history across many disparate cultures as a treatment for viral infection and is currently one of the most-used medicinal plants worldwide. Until recently, however, substantial scientific research concerning its antiviral properties has been lacking. Here, we evaluate the state of current scientific research concerning the use of elderberry extract and related products as antivirals, particularly in the treatment of influenza, as well as their safety and health impacts as dietary supplements. While the extent of black elder's antiviral effects are not well known, antiviral and antimicrobial properties have been demonstrated in these extracts, and the safety of black elder is reflected by the United States Food and Drug Administration approval as generally recognized as safe. A deficit of studies comparing these S. nigra products and standard antiviral medications makes informed and detailed recommendations for use of S. nigra extracts in medical applications currently impractical. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Porter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert F Bode
- Department of Biology, Saint Martin's University, Lacey, WA, USA
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14
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Cespedes CL, Pavon N, Dominguez M, Alarcon J, Balbontin C, Kubo I, El-Hafidi M, Avila JG. The chilean superfruit black-berry Aristotelia chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae), Maqui as mediator in inflammation-associated disorders. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 108:438-450. [PMID: 28040469 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of phytochemicals occurred in fractions and extracts of fruits of "Maqui-berry" (Aristotelia chilensis), on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible-nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) and the production of proinflammatory mediators were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophage RAW-264 cells, as well as their antioxidant activities. The MeOH extract (A), acetone/methanol extract (B), fractions F3, F4, subfractions (SF4-SF6, SF7, SF8-SF10, SF11-SF15, SF16-SF20), quercetin, gallic acid, luteolin, myricetin, mixtures M1, M2 and M3 exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The results indicated that anthocyanins, flavonoids and its mixtures suppressed the LPS induced production of nitric oxide (NO), through the down-regulation of iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions and showed a potent antioxidant activity against SOD, ABTS, TBARS, ORAC, FRAP and DCFH. The inhibition of enzymes and NO production by selected fractions and compounds was dose-dependent with significant effects seen at concentration as low as 1.0-50.0 (ppm) and 5.0-10.0 μM, for samples (extracts, fractions, subfractions and mixtures) and pure compounds, respectively. Thus, the phenolics (anthocyanins, flavonoids, and organic acids) as the fractions and mixtures may provide a potential therapeutic approach for inflammation associated disorders and therefore might be used as antagonizing agents to ameliorate the effects of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Cespedes
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bio Bio. Chillan, Chile.
| | - Natalia Pavon
- Departmento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Mariana Dominguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Laboratorio 305-Sur, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Julio Alarcon
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bio Bio. Chillan, Chile
| | - Cristian Balbontin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bio Bio. Chillan, Chile
| | - Isao Kubo
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA
| | - Mohammed El-Hafidi
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Jose G Avila
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, Mexico
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Eghbaliferiz S, Iranshahi M. Prooxidant Activity of Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids: Updated Review of Mechanisms and Catalyzing Metals. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1379-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Eghbaliferiz
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Science; Mashhad Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Science; Mashhad Iran
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16
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Olejnik A, Olkowicz M, Kowalska K, Rychlik J, Dembczyński R, Myszka K, Juzwa W, Białas W, Moyer MP. Gastrointestinal digested Sambucus nigra L. fruit extract protects in vitro cultured human colon cells against oxidative stress. Food Chem 2016; 197:648-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Natarajan T, Anandhi M, Aiswarya D, Ramkumar R, Kumar S, Perumal P. Idaein chloride induced p53 dependent apoptosis in cervical cancer cells through inhibition of viral oncoproteins. Biochimie 2015; 121:13-20. [PMID: 26586108 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Host dependent expression of early HPV oncoproteins, E6 and E7 play central role in the formation of cervical carcinoma. Presently, we have shown that the cyanidin analog, idaein chloride treatment induced dose dependent apoptosis (IC50 = 2.579 μg/ml) in HPV positive - HeLa cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed arrest of cell cycle at G1 phase with an increased sub G1 cell population on 12th h of exposure. The recorded reduced expression levels of cell cycle proteins - cyclin D, cdk 4 and cdk 6 confirmed the occurrence of cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. In addition, the idaein chloride significantly inhibited the expression of E6 and E7 proteins, resulting in p53 re-expression and hence triggering of p53 dependent apoptosis. This has been further supported by the recorded variations in the expression patterns of p21/WAF, pRb and E2F regulatory proteins. In case of mitochondrial apoptotic markers, the expression of Bax was restored and Bcl-2 level got decreased at 12th h. Cleaved caspases 3 & 9 and PARP were also observed after 3 h of treatment. Interestingly, the epigenetic regulatory enzymes (DNMTs) were inhibited by idaein chloride. Thus, idaein chloride could be a potent source for developing a drug against cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thillainathan Natarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manickam Anandhi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dilipkumar Aiswarya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendiran Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Padmavani Arts and Science College for Women, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine (Oncology Division), University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Private bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pachiappan Perumal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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18
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Jung H, Lee HJ, Cho H, Lee K, Kwak HK, Hwang KT. Anthocyanins in Rubus fruits and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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19
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Cruz L, Basílio N, Mateus N, Pina F, de Freitas V. Characterization of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of cyanidin-3-glucoside methyl and glucuronyl metabolite conjugates. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:2010-8. [PMID: 25622073 DOI: 10.1021/jp511537e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The determination of rate and equilibrium constants of anthocyanin metabolites with in vivo occurrence, cyanidin-4'-O-methyl-3-glucoside (Cy4'Me3glc) and cyanidin-7-O-glucuronyl-3-glucoside (Cy7Gluc3glc), was carried out for the first time by means of direct and reverse pH jumps. The thermodynamics and kinetics of these compounds are similar to the anthocyanin monoglucosides in particular for the analogous cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3glc) and peonidin-3-glucoside (Peo3glc). The rate and equilibrium constants of metabolites were also compared with malvin (malvidin 3,5-diglucoside) and with a bioinspired compound 3',4'-dihydroxy-7-O-glucopyranosyloxyflavylium (DGF). In Cy4'Me3glc and Cy7Gluc3glc the rate of hydration for a fixed pH value is slower than in DGF and the dominant species at moderately acidic solutions is the hemiketal. Oppositely, in DGF trans-chalcone is the dominant species at moderately acidic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Cruz
- Centro de Investigação em Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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20
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Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside in hydrogen peroxide and lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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21
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Teresa Adamska, Małgorzata Ewertowska, Ewa Ignatowicz, Małgorzata Kujawska, Marcin Kidoń, Arleta Matuszewska, Jan Oszmiański, Hanna Szaefer, Jadwiga Jodynis-Liebert. Effects of Long-Term Administration of Freeze-Dried Chokeberry Juice to Rats. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND NUTRITION SCIENCES 2014; 4:154-161. [DOI: 10.6000/1927-5951.2014.04.02.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Polyphenolics can act as prooxidants leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species and electrophilic metabolites which bind to DNA, protein and glutathione. The aim of the present study was to evaluate potential adverse effects of the long-term dietary administration of freeze-dried chokeberry juice to rats.Groups of 8 males and 8 females were exposed via diet to 0; 2; 6; 10 g juice/kg feed for 90 days. Mean food consumption and mean body weight gain of treated animals were comparable with controls. Changes in some hematological parameters were sporadic and non-dose-responsive. Several statistically significant changes in clinical chemistry parameters were considered no toxicologically relevant since they were of small magnitude and lacked correlating findings in histopathology. Histopathological examination did not reveal any changes that could be attributed to chokeberry juice intake. Determination of oxidative damage markers in the liver demonstrated no damage of lipids, proteins and DNA. Chokeberry juice intake improved antioxidant status of rats as evidenced by a decrease in the level of lipid peroxidation, an increase in reduced glutathione concentration and an increase in some antioxidant enzymes activity.It could be concluded that freeze-dried chokeberry juice is safe at doses tested and can be used as a component of food supplements.
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22
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Higgins JA, Zainol M, Brown K, Jones GDD. Anthocyans as tertiary chemopreventive agents in bladder cancer: anti-oxidant mechanisms and interaction with mitomycin C. Mutagenesis 2014; 29:227-35. [PMID: 24743948 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is associated with high rates of recurrence making tertiary chemoprevention an attractive intervention strategy. Anthocyanins have been shown to possess chemopreventive properties and are detectable in urine after oral ingestion, with higher concentrations achievable via intravesical administration alongside current chemotherapeutic regimens. Yet their apparent ability to protect against certain DNA damage may in turn interfere with cancer treatments. Our aim was therefore to determine the potential of anthocyanins as chemopreventive agents in bladder cancer, their mode of action and effects, both alone and in combination with mitomycin C (MMC). In this study we showed that mirtoselect, a standardised mixture of anthocyanins, possesses significant anti-proliferative activity, causing growth inhibition and apoptosis in bladder cancer cell lines. The anti-oxidative potential of mirtoselect was examined and revealed significantly fewer H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks, as well as oxidised DNA bases in pre-treated cells. In contrast, endogenous levels of oxidised DNA bases were unaltered. Investigations into the possible protective mechanisms associated with these anti-oxidant properties revealed that mirtoselect chelates metal ions. In mirtoselect/MMC combination studies, no adverse effects on measures of DNA damage were observed compared to treatment with MMC alone and there was evidence of enhanced cell death. Consistent with this, significantly more DNA crosslinks were formed in cells treated with the combination. These results show that mirtoselect exerts effects consistent with chemopreventive properties in bladder cancer cell lines and most importantly does so without adversely affecting the effects of drugs used in current treatment regimens. We also provide evidence that mirtoselect's anti-oxidative mechanism of action is via metal ion chelation. Overall these results suggest that mirtoselect could be an effective chemopreventive agent in bladder cancer and provides the necessary pre-clinical data for future in vivo animal studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Higgins
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Murizal Zainol
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Karen Brown
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - George D D Jones
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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23
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Liu Z, Shi MZ, Xie DY. Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana red pap1-D cells metabolically programmed by auxins. PLANTA 2014; 239:765-81. [PMID: 24370633 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-2011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Red pap1-D cells of Arabidopsis thaliana have been cloned from production of anthocyanin pigmentation 1-Dominant (pap1-D) plants. The red cells are metabolically programmed to produce high levels of anthocyanins by a WD40-bHLH-MYB complex that is composed of the TTG1, TT8/GL3 and PAP1 transcription factors. Here, we report that indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in these red cells. Seven concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4, 2.2, 9, 18 and 27 μM) were tested for the three auxins. IAA and 2,4-D at 2.2-27 μM reduced anthocyanin levels. NAA at 0-0.2 μM or above 9 μM also decreased anthocyanin levels, but from 0.4 to 9 μM, it increased them. HPLC-ESI-MS analysis identified seven cyanin molecules that were produced in red pap1-D cells, and their levels were affected by auxins. The expression levels of ten genes, including six transcription factors (TTG1, EGL3, MYBL2, TT8, GL3 and PAP1) and four pathway genes (PAL1, CHS, DFR and ANS) involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were analyzed upon various auxin treatments. The resulting data showed that 2,4-D, NAA and IAA control anthocyanin biosynthesis by regulating the expression of TT8, GL3 and PAP1 as well as genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, such as DFR and ANS. In addition, the expression of MYBL2, PAL1 and CHS in red pap1-D and wild-type cells differentially respond to the three auxins. Our data demonstrate that the three auxins regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in metabolically programmed red cells via altering the expression of transcription factor genes and pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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24
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Hwang SJ, Yoon WB, Lee OH, Cha SJ, Kim JD. Radical-scavenging-linked antioxidant activities of extracts from black chokeberry and blueberry cultivated in Korea. Food Chem 2014; 146:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Jakhar R, Paul S, Park YR, Han J, Kang SC. 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone, a quercetin derivative protects DNA from oxidative challenges: potential mechanism of action. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 131:96-103. [PMID: 24514458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA protection is one of the most important strategies in cancer therapy. Since quercetin and its derivatives are found to be potent antioxidant agents, they are able to scavenge radicals significantly. Therefore, we focused on the DNA protection activity of 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF), a quercetin derivative isolated from Kaemperia parviflora. Although, PMF was found to be a very poor antioxidant compound, still it could remarkably protect DNA from oxidative damage. DNA binding assay showed that PMF bound to the minor groove of DNA, which suggests a possible mechanism for its DNA protective effects. Cellular toxicity assay on RAW 264.7 macrophages showed this compound is very safe for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Jakhar
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyongsan, Kyongbok 712-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Souren Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyongsan, Kyongbok 712-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rong Park
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and School of Biological Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehong Han
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and School of Biological Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyongsan, Kyongbok 712-714, Republic of Korea.
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Di Nunzio M, Toselli M, Verardo V, Caboni MF, Bordoni A. Counteraction of oxidative damage by pomegranate juice: influence of the cultivar. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:3565-3573. [PMID: 23696344 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pomegranate (Punica granatum) has gained widespread popularity as a potential functional food due to its high phenolics content. Although in different studies pomegranate juice has been shown to exert anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, the cultivar-related differences in phenolics content and antioxidant activity must be carefully taken into account when evaluating the health effects. The first aim of this study was to rank the juices of 15 different varieties of pomegranate according to their total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Then three juices were selected, better characterised and added to HepG2 cells as a supplement to evaluate the protective effect against induced oxidative stress. RESULTS The cultivars Wonderful, Hicaz and G2 were chosen according to the ranking and the corresponding juices used at two different concentrations as a supplement to HepG2 cells. Overall, all juices were able to protect cells from oxidative damage, but differences that could be related to the different phenolics content and pattern were detected among the three juices. CONCLUSION Our results show the advantage of screening cultivars prior to efficacy studies. This approach can be useful for food companies that focus on the development of food that has added nutritional and health value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Di Nunzio
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agri-Food Research, University of Bologna, piazza Goidanich, 60, Cesena (FC), 47521, Italy
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Perche O, Vergnaud-Gauduchon J, Morand C, Dubray C, Mazur A, Vasson MP. Orange juice and its major polyphenol hesperidin consumption do not induce immunomodulation in healthy well-nourished humans. Clin Nutr 2013; 33:130-5. [PMID: 23602614 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Polyphenols exert a variety of biological properties, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antigenotoxic effects. In a randomized crossover study in healthy men, we investigated the effects of orange juice and its major polyphenolic compound hesperidin on a panel of immune cell functions, including cytokine secretion by leukocytes, lytic activity of NK cells, and the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) burst by polymorphonuclear neutrophil cells (PMN). METHODS The protocol design was divided into three 4-week treatment periods separated by 3-week wash-out intervals, for total study duration of 18 weeks. During treatment periods, volunteers (n = 24) consumed daily 500 mL of orange juice, or an isocaloric control beverage with hesperidin (292 mg in a capsule), or of the same control beverage with a placebo. RESULTS Whatever the intake was, no variations were recorded on leukocyte subset distributions (PMN, B and T lymphocytes, NK cells and monocytes), ROS production by stimulated PMNs, lytic activity of NK cells or cytokine production capacity of leukocytes in well-nourished healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS We show that consumption within the usual daily intake range of orange juice and its major polyphenol hesperidin do not induce immunomodulation of cell immune function in healthy well-nourished humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Perche
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, CLARA, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Juliette Vergnaud-Gauduchon
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, CLARA, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Morand
- Centre de recherche INRA, UMR 1019 INRA Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand Theix, France
| | - Claude Dubray
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre de Pharmacologie Clinique, Inserm, CIC 501, Univ Clermont 1, Faculté de Médecine, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Andrzej Mazur
- Centre de recherche INRA, UMR 1019 INRA Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand Theix, France
| | - Marie-Paule Vasson
- Centre anticancéreux Jean-Perrin, CHU, Unité de Nutrition, CLARA, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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dos Santos VC, Longo TB, Garcia ALH, Richter MF, Guecheva TN, Henriques JAP, Ferraz ADBF, Picada JN. Evaluation of the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of Arrabidaea chica Verlot (Bignoneaceae), an Amazon plant with medicinal properties. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:381-390. [PMID: 23557236 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.761947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Arrabidaea chica Verlot (Bignoniaceae) is an important folk medicine plant native to the Amazon region and used to treat anemia, hemorrhage, inflammation, intestinal colic, hepatitis, and skin affections. Although studies showed its therapeutic properties, little knowledge regarding genotoxic properties of this plant is available. The aim of this study was to determine the potential mutagenic and genotoxic/antigenotoxic effects of an A. chica chloroformic fraction (Ac-CF) obtained from leaves containing bioactive metabolites. The mutagenic effects were evaluated using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay, with TA98, TA97a, TA100, TA102, and TA1535 strains, with and without metabolic activation. In vivo mutagenic and genotoxic/antigenotoxic effects were investigated using the micronucleus (MN) test in bone marrow and alkaline comet assay in blood and liver after administration of 100, 500, or 1000 mg/kg Ac-CF in CF-1 mice by gavage (once a day for 3 d). In vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH and xanthine/hypoxanthine assays. Ac-CF was not mutagenic in any of the Salmonella typhimurium strains tested and showed negative responses for mutagenicity and genotoxicity in mice. Further, Ac-CF displayed antigenotoxic effects by decreasing the oxidative DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide by greater than 50% in blood and liver. The antioxidant action detected in the in vitro assays demonstrated IC50 of 0.838 mg/ml in the xanthine/hypoxanthine assay and IC50 of 28.17 μg/ml in the DPPH assay. In conclusion, Ac-CF did not induce mutagenic and genotoxic effects and was able to protect DNA against oxidative damage in vivo, suggesting that this fraction may not pose genetic risks, although further toxicology assays are necessary.
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Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZE, Karimi E. Involvement of salicylic acid on antioxidant and anticancer properties, anthocyanin production and chalcone synthase activity in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) varieties. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:14828-44. [PMID: 23203096 PMCID: PMC3509612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) at different concentrations (10-3 M and 10-5 M) was investigated on the production of secondary metabolites (flavonoids), chalcone synthase (CHS) activity, antioxidant activity and anticancer activity (against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) in two varieties of Malaysian ginger, namely Halia Bentong and Halia Bara. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that application of SA induced the synthesis of anthocyanin and fisetin in both varieties. Anthocyanin and fisetin were not detected in the control plants. Accordingly, the concentrations of some flavonoids (rutin and apigenin) decreased significantly in plants treated with different concentrations of SA. The present study showed that SA enhanced the chalcone synthase (CHS) enzyme activity (involving flavonoid synthesis) and recorded the highest activity value of 5.77 nkat /mg protein in Halia Bara with the 10-5 M SA treatment. As the SA concentration was decreased from 10-3 M to 10-5 M, the free radical scavenging power (FRAP) increased about 23% in Halia Bentong and 10.6% in Halia Bara. At a concentration of 350 μg mL-1, the DPPH antioxidant activity recorded the highest value of 58.30%-72.90% with the 10-5 M SA treatment followed by the 10-3 M SA (52.14%-63.66%) treatment. The lowest value was recorded in the untreated control plants (42.5%-46.7%). These results indicate that SA can act not only as an inducer but also as an inhibitor of secondary metabolites. Meanwhile, the highest anticancer activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines was observed for H. Bara extracts treated with 10-5 M SA with values of 61.53 and 59.88%, respectively. The results suggest that the high anticancer activity in these varieties may be related to the high concentration of potent anticancer components including fisetin and anthocyanin. The results thus indicate that the synthesis of flavonoids in ginger can be increased by foliar application of SA in a controlled environment and that the anticancer activity in young ginger extracts could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Hawa Z. E. Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Ehsan Karimi
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail:
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Chu WK, Cheung S, Lau R, Benzie I. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.). OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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Kujawska M, Ignatowicz E, Ewertowska M, Oszmiański J, Jodynis-Liebert J. Protective effect of chokeberry on chemical-induced oxidative stress in rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30:199-208. [PMID: 20488852 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110371697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Male Wistar rats were treated with chokeberry juice per os, 10 mL/kg/day, for 28 days and a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), 150 mg/kg, or carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), 2 ml/kg. The level of hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation, expressed as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), was increased in animals dosed with NDEA and CCl(4). Juice pretreatment resulted in a significant decrease in TBARS by 53% and 92%, respectively. In rats administered juice alone, 50% decrease in TBARS was noted. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes were decreased in the liver of rats administered either toxicant by 29%-52% as compared to controls. Juice pretreatment resulted in an increase in the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase by 117%, 56% and 44%, respectively, only in rats challenged with NDEA. Although no response of plasma protein carbonyls to both toxicants was observed, the pretreatment with juice caused a 55% decrease of this parameter in CCl(4)-dosed rats. DNA damage in blood leukocytes induced by either toxicant was slightly reduced, by 24%, in the rats pretreated with juice and administered NDEA. The results of the study showed that pretreatment with chokeberry juice confers some protection against chemical-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Marković ZS, Dimitrić Marković JM, Milenković D, Filipović N. Mechanistic study of the structure-activity relationship for the free radical scavenging activity of baicalein. J Mol Model 2011; 17:2575-84. [PMID: 21229369 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of baicalein. The conformational behaviors of both the isolated and the aqueous-solvated species (simulated with the conductor-like polarizable continuum solvation model) were analyzed at the M052X/6-311 + G(d,p) level. The most stable tautomers of various forms of baicalein displayed three IHBs between O4 and OH5, O5 and OH6, and O6 and OH7. The most stable tautomer of the baicalein radical was obtained by dehydrogenating the hydroxyl at C6, while the most stable anion tautomer was obtained by deprotonating the C7 hydroxyl in gaseous and aqueous phases. The expected antioxidant activity of baicalein was explained by its ionization potentials (IPs) and homolytic O-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs), which were obtained via the UM052X optimization level of the corresponding radical species. Heterolytic O-H bond cleavages (proton dissociation enthalpies, PDEs) were also computed. The calculated IP, BDE, and PDE values suggested that one-step H-atom transfer, rather than sequential proton loss-electron transfer or electron transfer-proton transfer, would be the most favorable mechanism for explaining the antioxidant activity of baicalein in the gas phase and in nonpolar solvents. In aqueous solution, the SPLET mechanism was more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran S Marković
- Department of Biochemical and Medical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića bb, Novi Pazar 36300, Republic of Serbia
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Kokotkiewicz A, Jaremicz Z, Luczkiewicz M. AroniaPlants: A Review of Traditional Use, Biological Activities, and Perspectives for Modern Medicine. J Med Food 2010; 13:255-69. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kokotkiewicz
- The Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jaremicz
- The Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maria Luczkiewicz
- The Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Hou Z, Qin P, Ren G. Effect of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica) on chronically alcohol-induced liver damage in rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3191-3196. [PMID: 20143824 DOI: 10.1021/jf904407x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluated the protective effect of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice (AEBR) on chronic ethanol-induced biochemical changes in male Wistar rats. Administration of ethanol (3.7 g/kg/day) to Wistar rats for 45 days induced liver damage with a significant increase (P < 0.05) of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the serum and the hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level. In contrast, administration of AEBR (500 mg/kg) along with alcohol significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the activities of liver enzymes (AST, ALT and GGT) in serum, the MDA levels and the concentrations of serum and hepatic triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TCH). Rats treated with AEBR showed a better profile of the antioxidant system with normal glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. All these results were accompanied by histological observations in liver. The results demonstrate that AEBR has a beneficial effect in reducing the adverse effect of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Hou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences No. 80 South Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing100081, P. R. China
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Maganha EG, Halmenschlager RDC, Rosa RM, Henriques JAP, Ramos ALLDP, Saffi J. Pharmacological evidences for the extracts and secondary metabolites from plants of the genus Hibiscus. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Purple sweet potato color ameliorates cognition deficits and attenuates oxidative damage and inflammation in aging mouse brain induced by d-galactose. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:564737. [PMID: 19865488 PMCID: PMC2766785 DOI: 10.1155/2009/564737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purple sweet potato color (PSPC), a naturally occurring anthocyanin, has a powerful antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. This study explores whether PSPC has the neuroprotective effect on the aging mouse brain induced by D-galactose (D-gal). The mice administrated with PSPC (100 mg/kg.day, 4 weeks, from 9th week) via oral gavage showed significantly improved behavior performance in the open field and passive avoidance test compared with D-gal-treated mice (500 mg/kg.day, 8 weeks). We further investigate the mechanism involved in neuroprotective effects of PSPC on mouse brain. Interestingly, we found, PSPC decreased the expression level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), increased the activity of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and catalase (CAT), and reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), respectively. Our data suggested that PSPC attenuated D-gal-induced cognitive impairment partly via enhancing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity.
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Vlachojannis JE, Cameron M, Chrubasik S. A systematic review on the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles. Phytother Res 2009; 24:1-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fernandes I, Azevedo J, Faria A, Calhau C, de Freitas V, Mateus N. Enzymatic hemisynthesis of metabolites and conjugates of anthocyanins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:735-745. [PMID: 19113877 DOI: 10.1021/jf802844p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to study the phase II metabolization of anthocyanins that is likely to occur in vivo. Anthocyanins (delphinidin, cyanidin, and malvidin-3-glucosides) were incubated with phase II enzymes in the presence of activated cofactors in order to obtain glutathionyl conjugates, methylated and glucuronydated compounds. Overall, the three anthocyanins tested were metabolized in vitro. Two compounds were detected by HPLC after incubation of human liver cytosolic fraction with cyanidin-3-glucoside and one compound with delphinidin-3-glucoside. These compounds were identified as monomethylated products. LC-MS analysis yielded mass data that fit with the anthocyanin structures bearing an additional methyl group in ring B. Several compounds were detected by HPLC after incubation of human liver microsomes with malvidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin-3-glucosides. These compounds were identified as monoglucuronides products after HPLC analysis. Conjugation with glutathione also occurred as proved by the mass data obtained. However, in this case, two anthocyanin equilibrium forms (flavylium and chalcone or water adducts) conjugated with glutathione were detected. Overall, the data of the present work shows the feasibility of the in vitro enzymatic hemisynthesis of metabolites and glutathione conjugates of anthocyanins. This first experimental approach may further allow the achievement of new purified forms of anthocyanins, some of which do not occur in nature, and also the determination of whether these compounds are the bioactive forms responsible for some of the biological activities reported for anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Fernandes
- Chemistry Investigation Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Portugal
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Gordillo G, Fang H, Khanna S, Harper J, Phillips G, Sen CK. Oral administration of blueberry inhibits angiogenic tumor growth and enhances survival of mice with endothelial cell neoplasm. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:47-58. [PMID: 18817478 PMCID: PMC2933151 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell neoplasms are the most common soft tissue tumor in infants. Subcutaneous injection of spontaneously transformed murine endothelial (EOMA) cells results in development of hemangioendothelioma (HE). We have previously shown that blueberry extract (BBE) treatment of EOMA cells in vitro prior to injection in vivo can significantly inhibit the incidence and size of developing HE. In this study, we sought to determine whether oral BBE could be effective in managing HE and to investigate the mechanisms through which BBE exerts its effects on endothelial cells. A dose-dependent decrease in HE tumor size was observed in mice receiving daily oral gavage feeds of BBE. Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed significantly enhanced survival for mice with HE tumors given BBE, compared to control. BBE treatment of EOMA cells inhibited both c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-kappaB signaling pathways that culminate in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression required for HE development. Antiangiogenic effects of BBE on EOMA cells included decreased proliferation by BrdU assay, decreased sprouting on Matrigel, and decreased transwell migration. Thus, this work provides first evidence demonstrating that BBE can limit tumor formation through antiangiogenic effects and inhibition of JNK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Oral administration of BBE represents a potential therapeutic antiangiogenic strategy for treating endothelial cell neoplasms in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle Gordillo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Glei M, Habermann N, Osswald K, Seidel C, Persin C, Jahreis G, Pool-Zobel BL. Assessment of DNA damage and its modulation by dietary and genetic factors in smokers using the Comet assay: a biomarker model. Biomarkers 2008; 10:203-17. [PMID: 16076733 DOI: 10.1080/13547500500138963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Methods are needed to assess exposure to genotoxins in humans and to improve understanding of dietary cancer prevention. The Comet assay was used to detect smoking-related exposures and dietary modulations in target tissues. Buccal scrapings, blood and faeces were collected from 38 healthy male volunteers (smokers and non-smokers) during a dietary intervention study with bread supplemented with prebiotics+/-antioxidants. GSTM1-genotype was determined with PCR. Buccal and peripheral lymphocytes were analysed for DNA damage using the Comet assay. Genotoxicity of faecal water (FW) was assayed in human colon HT29 clone 19A cells. 'Tail intensity' (TI) was used as a quantitative indicator of DNA damage in the Comet assay. Intervention with bread reduced DNA damage in lymphocytes of smokers (8.3+/-1.7% TI versus 10.2+/-4.1% TI, n=19), but not of non-smokers (8.6+/-2.8% TI versus 8.3+/-2.7% TI, n=15). Faecal water genotoxicity was reduced only in non-smokers (9.4+/-2.9% TI versus 18.9+/-13.1% TI, n=15) but not in smokers (15.5+/-10.7% TI versus 20.4+/-14.1% TI, n=13). The Comet assay was efficient in the detection of both smoking-related exposure (buccal cells) and efficacy of dietary intervention (faecal samples). Smokers and non-smokers profited differently from the intervention with prebiotic bread+/-antioxidants. Stratification of data by genotype enhanced specificity/sensitivity of the intervention effects and contributed important information on the role of susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Glei
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute for Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Fritz J, Roth M, Holbach P, Esselen M, Marko D. Impact of delphinidin on the maintenance of DNA integrity in human colon carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8891-8896. [PMID: 18778064 DOI: 10.1021/jf801522x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Delphinidin has been found to possess DNA strand-breaking properties in cell culture. In the present study, we demonstrated that the extent of DNA damage by delphinidin is not affected by the expression of tyrosyl-DNA-phosphodiesterase 1, indicating that the induction of DNA strand breaks is not predominantly topoisomerase-mediated. However, the DNA-damaging properties of delphinidin were decreased by the addition of catalase to the cell culture medium, counteracting delphinidin-mediated hydrogen peroxide formation. Under these conditions, delphinidin showed clearly antioxidative properties in HT29 cells, preventing menadione-induced oxidative DNA damage. In contrast, in the absence of catalase, delphinidin lacked antioxidative properties. In conclusion, delphinidin acted as an effective antioxidant within intact cells if the formation of hydrogen peroxide was prevented. In the absence of catalase, the accumulated hydrogen peroxide appears to play a substantial role for the observed DNA-damaging properties of delphinidin and the apparent lack of antioxidative properties of this anthocyanidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fritz
- Institut für Angewandte Biowissenschaften, Abteilung für Lebensmitteltoxikologie, Universitüt Karlsruhe, Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Webb MR, Min K, Ebeler SE. Anthocyanin Interactions with DNA: Intercalation, Topoisomerase I Inhibition and Oxidative Reactions. J Food Biochem 2008; 32:576-596. [PMID: 19924259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2008.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins and their aglycone anthocyanidins are pigmented flavonoids found in significant amounts in many commonly consumed foods. They exhibit a complex chemistry in aqueous solution, which makes it difficult to study their chemistry under physiological conditions. Here we used a gel electrophoresis assay employing supercoiled DNA plasmid to examine the ability of these compounds (1) to intercalate DNA, (2) to inhibit human topoisomerase I through both inhibition of plasmid relaxation activity (catalytic inhibition) and stabilization of the cleavable DNA-topoisomerase complex (poisoning), and (3) to inhibit or enhance oxidative single-strand DNA nicking. We found no evidence of DNA intercalation by anthocyan(id)ins in the physiological pH range for any of the compounds used in this study-cyanidin chloride, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, malvidin 3-O-glucoside and luteolinidin chloride. The anthocyanins inhibited topoisomerase relaxation activity only at high concentrations (> 50 muM) and we could find no evidence of topoisomerase I cleavable complex stabilization by these compounds. However, we observed that all of the anthocyan(id)ins used in this study were capable of inducing significant oxidative DNA strand cleavage (nicking) in the presence of 1 mM DTT (dithiothreitol), while the free radical scavenger, DMSO, at concentrations typically used in similar studies, completely inhibited DNA nicking. Finally, we propose a mechanism to explain the anthocyan(id)in induced oxidative DNA cleavage observed under our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Webb
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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Estévez L, Mosquera RA. Molecular structure and antioxidant properties of delphinidin. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10614-23. [PMID: 18821739 DOI: 10.1021/jp8043237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of delphinidin, taking into account its acid/base equilibrium. The conformational behavior of both the isolated and the aqueous solvation species (simulated with the polarizable continuum model) were analyzed at the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level, considering the cationic, neutral, and anionic forms, the latter two forms consisting of diverse tautomers. The analysis of their electron density distributions, using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, reveals several facts that are not in line with their usual Lewis structures. The prototropic preferences observed in the gas phase and in solution are similar. Thus, in both phases, most stable tautomer of neutral delphinidin is obtained by deprotonating the hydroxyl at C4', and the most stable tautomer of the anion is obtained by deprotonating the hydroxyls at C4' and C5. All the planar conformers obtained display an intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) between O3 and H6'. Furthermore, the most stable tautomers of the neutral and anionic forms display two IHBs between O4' and H3' and H5'. To obtain ionization potentials (IPs) and homolytic O-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs), the corresponding radical species were optimized at the UB3LYP level. Heterolytic O-H bond dissociation enthalpies (proton dissociation enthalpies, PDEs) were also computed. The expected important antioxidant activity can be justified from these results. IP, O-H BDE, and O-H PDE values suggest that one-step H atom transfer rather than sequential proton loss-electron transfer or electron transfer-proton transfer would be the most favored mechanisms for explaining the antioxidant activity of delphinidin in nonpolar solvents as well as in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Estévez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n 36310-Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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Antioxidant activity versus cytotoxic and nuclear factor kappa B regulatory activities on HT-29 cells by natural fruit juices. Eur Food Res Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-008-0948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chrubasik C, Maier T, Dawid C, Torda T, Schieber A, Hofmann T, Chrubasik S. An observational study and quantification of the actives in a supplement with Sambucus nigra and Asparagus officinalis used for weight reduction. Phytother Res 2008; 22:913-8. [PMID: 18350516 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to obtain information on the content of co-active compounds of a food supplement recommended as a weight reduction diet and on its short-term effectiveness and safety as a starter for lifestyle change. Eighty participants completed the protocol. The Sambucus nigra L. berry juice enriched with flower extract and tablets containing berry powder and flower extract provided a total of 1 mg anthocyanins, 370 mg flavonol glycosides and 150 mg hydroxycinnamates per day; the Asparagus officinalis L. powder tablets provided 19 mg saponins per day. After the diet, the mean weight, blood pressure, physical and emotional well-being and the quality of life had significantly improved (ITT analysis). The effectiveness and tolerability of the regimen were rated as very good or good by most of the completers. It remains to be established if any particular compounds contribute to the efficacy of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Chrubasik
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Hein EM, Rose K, van't Slot G, Friedrich AW, Humpf HU. Deconjugation and degradation of flavonol glycosides by pig cecal microbiota characterized by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:2281-2290. [PMID: 18303842 DOI: 10.1021/jf073444o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As the bioavailability of flavonoids is influenced by intestinal metabolism, we have investigated the microbial deconjugation and degradation of several flavonols and flavonol glycosides using the pig cecum in vitro model system developed in our group. For this model system the microbiota was directly isolated from the cecal lumen of freshly slaughtered pigs. The characterization of the cecal microbiota by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 16S rRNA-based oligonucleotide probes confirmed the suitability of the model system for studying intestinal metabolism by the human microbiota. We have investigated the microbial degradation of quercetin-3-O-beta-d-rutinoside 1, quercetin-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside 2, quercetin-4'-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside 3, quercetin-3-O-beta-d-galactopyranoside 4, quercetin-3- O-beta-d-rhamnopyranoside 5, quercetin-3- O-[alpha-l-dirhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-(1-->6)-beta-d-glucopyranoside 6, kaempferol-3-O-[alpha-l-dirhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-(1-->6)-beta-d-glucopyranoside 7, apigenin 8, apigenin-8- C-glucoside (vitexin) 9, and feruloyl-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside 10 (100 microM), representing flavonoids with different aglycones, sugar moieties, and types of glycosidic bonds. The degradation rate was monitored using HPLC-DAD. The flavonol O-glycosides under study were almost completely metabolized by the intestinal microbiota within 20 min and 4 h depending on the sugar moiety and the type of glycosidic bond. The degradation rates of the quercetin monoglycosides showed a clear dependency on the hydroxyl pattern of the sugar moiety. The degradation of 2 with all hydroxyl groups of the glucose in the equatorial position was the fastest. The intestinal metabolism of di- and trisaccharides was much slower compared to the monoglycosides. The structure of the aglycone has not much influence on the intestinal metabolism; however, the type of glycosidic bond ( C- or O-glycoside) has substantial influence on the degradation rate. The liberated aglycones were completely metabolized within 8 h. Phenolic compounds such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 12, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 13, and phloroglucinol 18 were detected by GC-MS as main degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Hein
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Wu DM, Lu J, Zheng YL, Zhou Z, Shan Q, Ma DF. Purple sweet potato color repairs d-galactose-induced spatial learning and memory impairment by regulating the expression of synaptic proteins. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 90:19-27. [PMID: 18316211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purple sweet potato color (PSPC), a class of naturally occurring anthocyanins used to color food (E163), has been reported to possess a variety of biological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory. The effect of PSPC on the spatial learning and memory of mice treated with d-galactose (d-gal) was evaluated by the Morris water maze; d-gal-treated mice had decreased performance compared with mice in the vehicle and PSPC groups, while the PSPC+d-gal group showed significantly shortened escape latency to platform, increased swimming speed, more target quadrant search time and more platform crossings as compared with the d-gal group. Brain functions, such as memory formation and recovery of function after injury, depend on proper regulation of the expression levels of the pre- and post-synaptic proteins. We investigated the expression of four pre-synaptic proteins (growth-associated protein-43, synapsin-I, synaptophysin, and synaptotagmin) and two post-synaptic proteins (post-synaptic density protein-95 and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, respectively, in response to different treatments. Western blotting analysis showed that there were significant decreases in the expression of these representative synaptic proteins in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of d-gal-treated mice. Interestingly, these decreased expression levels of synaptic proteins could be reversed by PSPC. The levels of expression of these representative synaptic proteins in mice treated with PSPC alone were not significantly different from those in untreated mice. The results of this study suggested that memory impairment and synaptic protein loss in d-gal-treated mice may be improved by treatment with PSPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Normal University, No. 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Céspedes CL, El-Hafidi M, Pavon N, Alarcon J. Antioxidant and cardioprotective activities of phenolic extracts from fruits of Chilean blackberry Aristotelia chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae), Maqui. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jordheim M, Aaby K, Fossen T, Skrede G, Andersen ØM. Molar absorptivities and reducing capacity of pyranoanthocyanins and other anthocyanins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10591-10598. [PMID: 18047275 DOI: 10.1021/jf071417s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To improve accuracy in the determination of anthocyanin purity and succeeding antioxidant capacity, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a diode array detector and UV-vis spectroscopy in the analysis of anthocyanidin 3-glycosides and 5-carboxypyranoanthocyanidin 3-glycosides. The molar absoptivity (epsilon) values were found to be relatively similar, in contrast to previously reported literature values, and the average epsilon values for both anthocyanidin 3-monoglycosides and 5-carboxypyranoanthocyanidin 3-glycosides were proposed to be 22,000 and 23,000 in acidified aqueous and methanolic solutions, respectively. To assess the influence of structure on the potential antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins, the 3-glucosides of pelargonidin (1), cyanidin (2), peonidin (3), delphinidin (4), petunidin (5), malvidin (6), 5-carboxypyranopelargonidin (8), 5-carboxypyranocyanidin (9), 5-carboxypyranodelphinidin (11), 5-carboxypyranopetunidin (12), and 5-carboxypyranomalvidin (13) and the 3-galactosides of cyanidin (7) and 5-carboxypyranocyanidin (14) were examined by a ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The reducing capacities of the individual anthocyanins were in the range of 0.9-5.2 micromol of Trolox equivalents/micromol. The two 5-carboxypyranoanthocyanins 11 and 9 and the four common anthocyanins 2, 4, 7, and 14, all possessing pyrogallol or catechol type of B rings, showed the highest antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP. However, the inclusion of the 5-hydroxyl in the D ring and just one oxygen substituent on the B ring in 8 diminished the reducing capacity considerably. Correspondingly, electrochemical behavior of 5-carboxypyranoanthocyanidin 3-glucosides and anthocyanidin 3-glucosides was derived using HPLC coupled to a coulometric array detector set from 100 to 800 mV in increments of 100 mV. The relative order of the reducing capacity of the various 5-carboxypyranoanthocyanidin 3-glucosides and anthocyanidin 3-glucosides were nearly alike, whether determined by coulometric array detection or FRAP.
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