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Kanbay M, Copur S, Yildiz AB, Tanriover C, Mallamaci F, Zoccali C. Physical exercise in kidney disease: A commonly undervalued treatment modality. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14105. [PMID: 37814427 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity has been identified as a risk factor for multiple disorders and a strong association exists between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a sedentary lifestyle. Even though physical activity is crucial in the development and progression of disease, the general focus of the current medical practice is the pharmacological perspective of diseases with inadequate emphasis on lifestyle intervention. METHODS In this narrative review we explain the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on CKD in addition to discussing the clinical studies and trials centred on physical exercise in patients with CKD. RESULTS Physical activity influences several pathophysiological mechanisms including inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular function, immune response and macromolecular metabolism. While exercise can initially induce stress responses like inflammation and oxidative stress, long-term physical activity leads to protective countermeasures and overall improved health. Trials in pre-dialysis CKD patients show that exercise can lead to reductions in body weight, inflammation markers and fasting plasma glucose. Furthermore, it improves patients' functional capacity, cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life. The effects of exercise on kidney function have been inconsistent in these trials. In haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant patients exercise interventions improve cardiorespiratory fitness, walking capacity and quality of life. Combined training shows the best performance to increase peak oxygen uptake in haemodialysis patients. In kidney transplant recipients, exercise improves walking performance, quality of life and potentially arterial stiffness. However, exercise does not affect glucose metabolism, serum cholesterol and inflammation biomarkers. Long-term, adequately powered trials are needed to determine the long-term feasibility, and effects on quality of life and major clinical outcomes, including mortality and cardiovascular risk, in all CKD stages and particularly in kidney transplant patients, a scarcely investigated population. CONCLUSION Physical exercise plays a crucial role in ameliorating inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular function, immune response and macromolecular metabolism, and contributes significantly to the quality of life for patients with CKD, irrespective of the treatment and stage. Its direct impact on kidney function remains uncertain. Further extensive, long-term trials to conclusively determine the effect of exercise on major clinical outcomes such as mortality and cardiovascular risk remain a research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kanbay
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sidar Copur
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah B Yildiz
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Tanriover
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit Azienda Ospedaliera "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" & CNR-IFC, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Research Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Carmine Zoccali
- Renal Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (Biogem), Ariano Irpino, Italy
- Associazione Ipertensione Nefrologia Trapianto Renal (IPNET), c/o Nefrologia, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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Szűcs G, Pipicz M, Szabó MR, Csont T, Török L, Csonka C. Effect of Eccentric Exercise on Metabolic Health in Diabetes and Obesity. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:91. [PMID: 37775653 PMCID: PMC10541389 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence showing the importance of physical activity against civilization-induced metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity. Eccentric contraction, when skeletal muscles generate force by lengthening, is a unique type of skeletal muscle activity. Eccentric contraction may lead to better power production characteristics of the muscle because eccentric contraction requires less energy and can result in higher tension. Therefore, it is an ideal tool in the rehabilitation program of patients. However, the complex metabolic effect (i.e., fat mass reduction, increased lipid oxidation, improvement in blood lipid profile, and increased insulin sensitivity) of the eccentric contraction alone has scarcely been investigated. This paper aims to review the current literature to provide information on whether eccentric contraction can influence metabolic health and body composition in T2DM or obesity. We also discussed the potential role of myokines in mediating the effects of eccentric exercise. A better understanding of the mechanism of eccentric training and particularly their participation in the regulation of metabolic diseases may widen their possible therapeutic use and, thereby, may support the fight against the leading global risks for mortality in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Szűcs
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton Pipicz
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Márton Richárd Szabó
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csont
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Török
- Department of Traumatology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Department of Sports Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 107, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Csaba Csonka
- Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling (MEDICS) Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
- Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Sports Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 107, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
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Dementieva N, Nikitkina E, Shcherbakov Y, Nikolaeva O, Mitrofanova O, Ryabova A, Atroshchenko M, Makhmutova O, Zaitsev A. The Genetic Diversity of Stallions of Different Breeds in Russia. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1511. [PMID: 37510415 PMCID: PMC10378902 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The specifics of breeding and selection significantly affect genetic diversity and variability within a breed. We present the data obtained from the genetic analysis of 21 thoroughbred and warmblood horse breeds. The most detailed information is described from the following breeds: Arabian, Trakehner, French Trotter, Standardbred, and Soviet Heavy Horse. The analysis of 509,617 SNP variants in 87 stallions from 21 populations made it possible to estimate the genetic diversity at the genome-wide level and distinguish the studied horse breeds from each other. In this study, we searched for heterozygous and homozygous ROH regions, evaluated inbreeding using FROH analysis, and generated a population structure using Admixture 1.3 software. Our findings indicate that the Arabian breed is an ancestor of many horse breeds. The study of the full-genome architectonics of breeds is of great practical importance for preserving the genetic characteristics of breeds and managing breeding. Studies were carried out to determine homozygous regions in individual breeds and search for candidate genes in these regions. Fifty-six candidate genes for the influence of selection pressure were identified. Our research reveals genetic diversity consistent with breeding directions and the breeds' history of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Dementieva
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding-Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, 55A, Moskovskoye Sh., Tyarlevo, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196625, Russia
| | - Elena Nikitkina
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding-Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, 55A, Moskovskoye Sh., Tyarlevo, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196625, Russia
| | - Yuri Shcherbakov
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding-Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, 55A, Moskovskoye Sh., Tyarlevo, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196625, Russia
| | - Olga Nikolaeva
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding-Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, 55A, Moskovskoye Sh., Tyarlevo, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196625, Russia
| | - Olga Mitrofanova
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding-Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, 55A, Moskovskoye Sh., Tyarlevo, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196625, Russia
| | - Anna Ryabova
- Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding-Branch of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, 55A, Moskovskoye Sh., Tyarlevo, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196625, Russia
| | - Mikhail Atroshchenko
- All-Russian Research Institute of Horse Breeding (ARRIH), Ryazan Region, Divovo, Rybnovskij District 391105, Russia
| | - Oksana Makhmutova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Horse Breeding (ARRIH), Ryazan Region, Divovo, Rybnovskij District 391105, Russia
| | - Alexander Zaitsev
- All-Russian Research Institute of Horse Breeding (ARRIH), Ryazan Region, Divovo, Rybnovskij District 391105, Russia
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Małkowska P, Sawczuk M. Cytokines as Biomarkers for Evaluating Physical Exercise in Trained and Non-Trained Individuals: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11156. [PMID: 37446334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and exercise training have numerous health benefits, including the prevention and management of chronic diseases, improvement of cardiovascular health, and enhancement of mental well-being. However, the effectiveness of training programs can vary widely among individuals due to various factors, such as genetics, lifestyle, and environment. Thus, identifying reliable biomarkers to evaluate physical training effectiveness and personalize training programs is crucial. Cytokines are signaling molecules produced by immune cells that play a vital role in inflammation and tissue repair. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the potential use of cytokines as biomarkers for evaluating training effectiveness. This review article aims to provide an overview of cytokines, their potential as biomarkers, methods for measuring cytokine levels, and factors that can affect cytokine levels. The article also discusses the potential benefits of using cytokines as biomarkers, such as monitoring muscle damage and inflammation, and the potential for personalized training programs based on cytokine responses. We believe that the use of cytokines as biomarkers holds great promise for optimizing training programs and improving overall health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Małkowska
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
- Doctoral School, University of Szczecin, 70-384 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Sawczuk
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
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Tuchmann-Durand C, Roda C, Renard P, Mortamet G, Bérat CM, Altenburger L, de Larauz MH, Thevenet E, Cottart CH, Moulin F, Bouchereau J, Brassier A, Arnoux JB, Schiff M, Bednarek N, Lamireau D, Garros A, Mention K, Cano A, Finger L, Pelosi M, Brochet CS, Caccavelli L, Raphalen JH, Renolleau S, Oualha M, de Lonlay P. Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of acute episodes of rhabdomyolysis in lipin-1-deficient patients. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023. [PMID: 36680547 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the LPIN1 gene constitute a major cause of severe rhabdomyolysis (RM). The TLR9 activation prompted us to treat patients with corticosteroids in acute conditions. In patients with LPIN1 mutations, RM and at-risk situations that can trigger RM have been treated in a uniform manner. Since 2015, these patients have also received intravenous corticosteroids. We retrospectively compared data on hospital stays by corticosteroid-treated patients vs. patients not treated with corticosteroids. Nineteen patients were hospitalized. The median number of admissions per patient was 21 overall and did not differ when comparing the 10 corticosteroid-treated patients with the 9 patients not treated with corticosteroids. Four patients in the non-corticosteroid group died during a RM (mean age at death: 5.6 years). There were no deaths in the corticosteroid group. The two groups did not differ significantly in the number of RM episodes. However, for the six patients who had RM and occasionally been treated with corticosteroids, the median number of RM episodes was significantly lower when intravenous steroids had been administered. The peak plasma creatine kinase level and the area under the curve were or tended to be higher in patients treated with corticosteroids-even after the exclusion of deceased patients or focusing on the period after 2015. The median length of stay (10 days overall) was significantly longer for corticosteroid-treated patients but was similar after the exclusion of deceased patients. The absence of deaths and the higher severity of RM observed among corticosteroid-treated patients could suggest that corticotherapy is associated with greater survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tuchmann-Durand
- Imagine Institute, Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Célina Roda
- Université Paris Cité, Health Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) Team, CRESS, INSERM, INRAE, Paris, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Perrine Renard
- INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Mortamet
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire-Marine Bérat
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Altenburger
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | - Marie Hug de Larauz
- Imagine Institute, Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Eloise Thevenet
- Imagine Institute, Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Charles-Henry Cottart
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Biochemistry Unit, Biology Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Florence Moulin
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Juliette Bouchereau
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | - Anais Brassier
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Arnoux
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Schiff
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
- Medical School, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Bednarek
- Intensive Care Unit and Competence Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Delphine Lamireau
- Competence Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexa Garros
- Competence Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Karine Mention
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, MetabERN, Lille, France
| | - Aline Cano
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, La Timone University Hospital, MetabERN, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Finger
- Biochemistry Unit, Biology Department, Troyes Hospital, Troyes, France
| | - Michele Pelosi
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | | | - Laure Caccavelli
- INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), Paris, France
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Herlé Raphalen
- Adult Intensive Care Unit, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Renolleau
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Medical School, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Oualha
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Medical School, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pascale de Lonlay
- INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), Paris, France
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Necker-Enfants-Malades University Hospital, APHP, Imagine Institute, G2M, MetabERN, Paris, France
- Medical School, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Islam S, Islam T, Nahar Z, Shahriar M, Islam SMA, Bhuiyan MA, Islam MR. Altered serum adiponectin and interleukin-8 levels are associated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder: A case-control study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276619. [PMID: 36409748 PMCID: PMC9678262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex mental health condition that results in several obstacles including disabilities, loss of productivity, and economic burdens on both patients and society. Etiopathogenesis of MDD involves several factors such as sociodemographic, genetic, and biological determinants. However, any suitable biomarkers for risk assessment of depression have not been established yet. Alterations of cytokine are assumed to be involved in the pathophysiology and severity of the depressive disorder. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate serum adiponectin and interleukin-8 (IL-8) among MDD patients in Bangladesh. METHODS We recruited a total of 63 MDD patients and 94 age-sex matched healthy controls (HCs) in the present study. MDD patients were enrolled from a tertiary care teaching hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and HCs from surrounding parts of Dhaka city. A psychiatrist assessed all the study participants following the criteria mentioned in the DSM-5. We applied the Hamilton depression (Ham-D) rating scale to assess the depression severity. Serum adiponectin and IL-8 levels were determined using ELISA kits (BosterBio, USA). RESULTS The mean serum concentration of adiponectin was decreased (30.67±4.43 μg/mL vs. 53.81±5.37 μg/mL), and the IL-8 level was increased (160.93±14.84 pg/mL vs. 88.68±6.33 pg/mL) in MDD patients compared to HCs. Sex-specific scatters plot graphs showed the distribution of adiponectin and IL-8 levels with Ham-D scores in MDD patients. Also, ROC curve analysis demonstrated good predictive performances of serum adiponectin and IL-8 for MDD with the area under the curve (AUC) as 0.895 and 0.806, respectively. CONCLUSION The present study findings suggest that alterations of serum adiponectin and IL-8 levels in MDD patients might be involved in the disease process. Therefore, we can use these changes of cytokines in serum levels as early risk assessment tools for depression. The present study findings should be considered preliminary. We propose further interventional studies to evaluate the exact role of adiponectin and IL-8 in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salsabil Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Towhidul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zabun Nahar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shahriar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md. Rabiul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
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Slate-Romano JJ, Yano N, Zhao TC. Irisin reduces inflammatory signaling pathways in inflammation-mediated metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 552:111676. [PMID: 35569582 PMCID: PMC10084474 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is an exercise induced myokine first shown to induce the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) which increases energy expenditure, improves glucose tolerance, and reduces insulin resistance. Among irisin's involvement in lipid homeostasis, osteoblast proliferation, and muscle growth, it also acts as a mediator of many inflammatory pathways throughout the body. This review aims to describe the role of irisin in inflammatory processes and understand how targeting irisin can alter the inflammatory response in metabolic syndrome (MetS). The mechanisms involved in irisin's anti-inflammatory functions include reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, reducing macrophage proliferation, inducing alternatively activated (M2-type) macrophage polarization, inhibiting pathways of increased vascular permeability, and preventing the formation of inflammasomes. While there are some contradictory results, most studies found reduced levels of irisin in MetS and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Irisin treatment of cells exposed to inflammatory stimuli ameliorates the inflammatory response and promotes cellular viability. Numerous methods have been studied to increase plasma irisin levels including dietary, behavioral, and pharmaceutical. Further investigation is necessary to understand how irisin can be targeted for disease modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Slate-Romano
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University School of Medicine, 222 Richmond St. Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Naohiro Yano
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St. Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, 593 Eddy St. Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
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Kumar S, Ashraf M, Pannu U, Mehta SC. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Genes of Equines. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 117:104058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Wang T. Searching for the link between inflammaging and sarcopenia. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 77:101611. [PMID: 35307560 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Taylor AG, Ignaszewski AI, Bredin SSD, Hill JS, Shellington EM, Warburton DER. High Intensity Interval Training Leads to Similar Inflammatory Activation as Seen With Traditional Training in Chronic Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:752531. [PMID: 35211515 PMCID: PMC8860824 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.752531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory activation has been associated with the severity and progression of chronic heart failure (CHF). Although cardiac rehabilitation is an important therapy, acute bouts of exercise may lead to increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines with exercise intensity mediating these changes. Objective To evaluate the acute inflammatory response in patients living with CHF during a randomized trial following Steady State (SS) or High Intensity Interval (HIIT) training. Methods Patients living with CHF (n = 14) were stratified (for body mass and aerobic power) and randomized into SS and HIIT cycle exercise. The HIIT exercise training involved 2 min work:recovery phases at 90:40% heart rate reserve. The SS exercise training involved continuous exercise at 65% of heart rate reserve (matched total work). Acute inflammatory markers were evaluated (via ELISA) at baseline, immediately following the bout, and at 6, 24, and 48 h post-exercise. Results There was limited differences in the changes in inflammatory biomarkers across time between the HIIT and SS groups. Both groups experienced a significant (p < 0.05) change in Interleukin-6 immediately post-exercise. Conclusions A single bout of HIIT or SS does not result in excessive inflammatory activation in CHF patients. Acute HIIT and SS result in similar changes in inflammatory markers. These findings have important implications for exercise training and rehabilitation programs in persons living with CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlana G. Taylor
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Healthy Heart Program, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Shannon S. D. Bredin
- Indigenous Health and Physical Activity Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Laboratory for Knowledge Mobilization, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John S. Hill
- University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Centre, Institute of Heart and Lung Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin M. Shellington
- Indigenous Health and Physical Activity Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Laboratory for Knowledge Mobilization, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Darren E. R. Warburton
- Cardiovascular Physiology and Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Indigenous Health and Physical Activity Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Darren E. R. Warburton
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11
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Inflammatory response to a bout of high-intensity exercise in females with fibromyalgia. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Skinner S, Nader E, Stauffer E, Robert M, Boisson C, Cibiel A, Foschia C, Feasson L, Robach P, Millet GY, Connes P. Differential impacts of trail and ultra-trail running on cytokine profiles: An observational study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2021; 78:301-310. [PMID: 33814421 DOI: 10.3233/ch-211121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance running events are known to cause inflammation and result in increased cytokine production. However, the effects of ultramarathons on cytokine profiles are not well characterized. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe and compare the effects of a trail (40 km) race and an ultra-trail (171 km) race on leukocyte concentrations and cytokine profiles. METHODS The study was conducted during the Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc® ultra-marathon running event, and included 11 runners who completed the 40 km trail run and 12 runners who completed the 171 km ultra-trail. Blood samples were taken before and after the races. RESULTS Leukocyte concentrations significantly increased after both races. Circulating levels of IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and IFN-γ were significantly higher after the longer race compared to the shorter race. Furthermore, while both races resulted in significant increases in IL-6 and IL-8, only the longer race resulted in significant increases in MIP-1β, IL-7, IL-17a, and IL-4. CONCLUSIONS These results illustrate that a 171 km ultra-trail race results in greater modulations in cytokine profiles than a traditional trail race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Skinner
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Elie Nader
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Emeric Stauffer
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Médecine du Sport et de l'Activité Physique, Hôpital Croix Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Robert
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Erytech Pharma, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Boisson
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | | | - Clément Foschia
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Léonard Feasson
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, France.,Unité de Myologie, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Hôpital Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul Robach
- National School for Mountain Sports, Site of the National School for Skiing and Mountaineering (ENSA), Chamonix, France
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Saint-Etienne, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Philippe Connes
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM) EA7424, Team "Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell", Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), PRES Sorbonne, Paris, France
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13
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Schwappacher R, Dieterich W, Reljic D, Pilarsky C, Mukhopadhyay D, Chang DK, Biankin AV, Siebler J, Herrmann HJ, Neurath MF, Zopf Y. Muscle-Derived Cytokines Reduce Growth, Viability and Migratory Activity of Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153820. [PMID: 34359731 PMCID: PMC8345221 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly fatal malignancy. A major reason for the poor prognosis of patients with PC is the insensitivity to most oncological treatment approaches. It is known that regular exercise reduces the cancer risk. We have already shown that serum from advanced prostate and colon cancer patients after exercise reduces growth and viability of cancer cells. The aim of this study was to identify exercise-induced cytokines in serum from patients with advanced-stage PC that regulate cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. Our data suggest that a mild resistance exercise training in advanced PC patients induces the release of CXCL1, IL10 and CCL4 from contracting skeletal muscle. We demonstrate that these myokines inhibit growth and migration of PC cells, and induce PC cell death. With this report we provide new knowledge on the cancer-protective function of exercise in PC. Our data strongly support sport therapies for cancer patients. Abstract The evidence that regular physical exercise reduces the risk of developing cancer is well described. However, the interaction between physical exercise and cancer is not fully clarified yet. Several myokines released by skeletal muscle appear to have a direct anti-tumour function. There are few data on myokine secretion after exercise in patients with advanced tumours. Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a very aggressive and usually fatal cancer. To investigate the effects of exercise in PC, the blood of advanced-stage PC patients was analysed after 12 weeks of resistance training using whole-body electromyostimulation. After the 12-week training period, the patient serum inhibited the proliferation and the motility of PC cells and enhanced PC cell apoptosis. The impact of exercise training was also investigated in an exercise-mimicking in vitro model using electric pulse stimulation of human myotubes and revealed similar anti-tumour effects on PC cells, clearly indicating direct cancer-protective properties of activated skeletal muscle. Protein and gene expression analyses in plasma from exercise-trained patients and in myotube cultures after in vitro exercise showed that interleukin 10 (IL10), C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) are myokines released from activated skeletal muscle. In accordance with the effects of serum from exercise-trained patients, the supplementation with recombinant IL10, CXCL1 and CCL4 impaired growth and migration of PC cells. Treatment of PC cells with these myokines upregulated caspase 3/7 expression and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, leading to enhanced PC cell death. The identification of myokines with anti-tumour properties in advanced-stage PC patients after exercise opens a new perspective in supportive therapy with sports and exercise for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Schwappacher
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (W.D.); (D.R.); (J.S.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Walburga Dieterich
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (W.D.); (D.R.); (J.S.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Dejan Reljic
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (W.D.); (D.R.); (J.S.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - David K. Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (D.K.C.); (A.V.B.)
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 84 Castle Street, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK
| | - Andrew V. Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (D.K.C.); (A.V.B.)
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 84 Castle Street, Glasgow G4 0SF, UK
| | - Jürgen Siebler
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (W.D.); (D.R.); (J.S.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Hans J. Herrmann
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (W.D.); (D.R.); (J.S.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (W.D.); (D.R.); (J.S.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Yurdagül Zopf
- Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.S.); (W.D.); (D.R.); (J.S.); (H.J.H.); (M.F.N.)
- Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Medical Department 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-09131-8545218; Fax: +49-09131-8535228
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14
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Krapf S, Schjølberg T, Asoawe L, Honkanen SK, Kase ET, Thoresen GH, Haugen F. Novel methods for cold exposure of skeletal muscle in vivo and in vitro show temperature-dependent myokine production. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102930. [PMID: 34016352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins secreted from skeletal muscle serving a signalling role have been termed myokines. Many of the myokines are exercise factors, produced and released in response to muscle activity. Cold exposures affecting muscle may occur in recreational, occupational and therapeutic settings. Whether muscle temperature independently affects myokine profile, is still to be elucidated. We hypothesized that manipulating muscle temperature by means of external cooling would change myokine production and release. In the present study we have established new models for cold exposure of muscle in vivo and in vitro where rat hind limb or cultured human myotubes were cooled to 18 °C. After a recovery period, muscle tissue, cells and culture media were harvested for further analysis by qPCR and immunoassays. Expression of several myokine genes were significantly increased after cold exposure in both models: in rat muscle, mRNA levels of CCL2 (p = 0.04), VEGFA (p = 0.02), CXCL1 (p = 0.02) and RBM3 (p = 0.02) increased while mRNA levels of IL-6 (p = 0.03) were decreased; in human myotubes, mRNA levels of IL6 (p = 0.01), CXCL8 (p = 0.04), VEGFA (p = 0.03) and CXCL1 (p < 0.01) were significantly increased, as well as intracellular protein levels of IL-8 (CXCL8 gene product; p < 0.01). The corresponding effect on myokine secretion was not observed, on the contrary, IL-8 (p = 0.02) and VEGF (VEGFA gene product) p < 0.01) concentrations in culture media were reduced after cold exposure in vitro. In conclusion, cold exposure of muscle in vivo and in vitro had an effect on the production and release of several known exercise-related myokines. Myokine expression at the level of mRNA and protein was increased by cold exposure, whereas secretion tended to be decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Krapf
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Lucia Asoawe
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fred Haugen
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway.
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15
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de Barcellos LAM, Gonçalves WA, Esteves de Oliveira MP, Guimarães JB, Queiroz-Junior CM, de Resende CB, Russo RC, Coimbra CC, Silva AN, Teixeira MM, Rezende BM, Pinho V. Effect of Physical Training on Exercise-Induced Inflammation and Performance in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625680. [PMID: 33614655 PMCID: PMC7891665 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise increases the amount of circulating inflammatory cells and cytokines to maintain physiological homeostasis. However, it remains unclear how physical training regulates exercise-induced inflammation and performance. Here, we demonstrate that acute high intensity exercise promotes an inflammatory profile characterized by increased blood IL-6 levels, neutrophil migratory capacity, and leukocyte recruitment to skeletal muscle vessels. Moreover, we found that physical training amplified leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction induced by acute exercise in skeletal muscle vessels and diminished exercise-induced inflammation in skeletal muscle tissue. Furthermore, we verified that disruption of the gp-91 subunit of NADPH-oxidase inhibited exercise-induced leukocyte recruitment on skeletal muscle after training with enhanced exercise time until fatigue. In conclusion, the training was related to physical improvement and immune adaptations. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be related to mechanisms to limit aerobic performance and its absence decreases the inflammatory response elicited by exercise after training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Antonio Gonçalves
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcos Paulo Esteves de Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bohnen Guimarães
- Departamento de Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG) - Unidade Ibirité, Ibirité, Brazil
| | - Celso Martins Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Remo Castro Russo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Albená Nunes Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunologia do Exercício, Departamento de Educação Física, Escola de Educação Física da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Barbara Maximino Rezende
- Departamento de Enfermagem Básica, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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16
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Alfaddagh A, Martin SS, Leucker TM, Michos ED, Blaha MJ, Lowenstein CJ, Jones SR, Toth PP. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: From mechanisms to therapeutics. Am J Prev Cardiol 2020; 4:100130. [PMID: 34327481 PMCID: PMC8315628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2020.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation constitutes a complex, highly conserved cascade of molecular and cellular events. Inflammation has been labeled as “the fire within,” is highly regulated, and is critical to host defense and tissue repair. In general, inflammation is beneficial and has evolved to promote survival. However, inflammation can also be maladaptive when chronically activated and sustained, leading to progressive tissue injury and reduced survival. Examples of a maladaptive response include rheumatologic disease and atherosclerosis. Despite evidence gathered by Virchow over 100 years ago showing that inflammatory white cells play a role in atherogenesis, atherosclerosis was until recently viewed as a disease of passive cholesterol accumulation in the subendothelial space. This view has been supplanted by considerable basic scientific and clinical evidence demonstrating that every step of atherogenesis, from the development of endothelial cell dysfunction to foam cell formation, plaque formation and progression, and ultimately plaque rupture stemming from architectural instability, is driven by the cytokines, interleukins, and cellular constituents of the inflammatory response. Herein we provide an overview of the role of inflammation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, discuss the predictive value of various biomarkers involved in inflammation, and summarize recent clinical trials that evaluated the capacity of various pharmacologic interventions to attenuate the intensity of inflammation and impact risk for acute cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhamied Alfaddagh
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seth S Martin
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thorsten M Leucker
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin D Michos
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Blaha
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles J Lowenstein
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven R Jones
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter P Toth
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Guo A, Li K, Xiao Q. Sarcopenic obesity: Myokines as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets? Exp Gerontol 2020; 139:111022. [PMID: 32707318 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a condition characterized by the occurrence of both sarcopenia and obesity and imposes a heavy burden on the health of the elderly. Controversies and challenges regarding the definition, diagnosis and treatment of SO still remain because of its complex pathogenesis and limitations. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have revealed that myokines secreted from skeletal muscle play significant roles in the regulation of muscle mass and function as well as metabolic homeostasis. Abnormalities in myokines may trigger and promote the pathogenesis underlying age-related and metabolic diseases, including obesity, sarcopenia, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and SO. This review mainly focuses on the role of myokines as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and therapeutic targets in SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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18
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Paula Silva Azevedo A, Nóbrega C, Darck Carola Correia Lima J, Marques de Matos-Neto E, Carlos Amadio A, Cerqueira Leite Seelaender M, Cerca Serrão J. Immediate effects of a real moderate interval-running training session on inflammatory profile. Cytokine 2020; 133:155150. [PMID: 32505092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the immediate effect of a moderate interval-running training session on circulating inflammatory cytokines concentration at real conditions of training. Nine recreational runners (5 women and 4 men; 68,33 ± 10,20 kg; 1,65 ± 0,07 m; 28,67 ± 4,24 years) had blood samples collected from antecubital vein before and immediately after a moderate interval-running training session without fasting. Cytokine levels were obtained from blood samples through Multiplex Analysis of Sample Protein Content, performed by Magpix® instrument. The assay detected the cytokines and calculated the plasma cytokine concentrations. Reduced concentration was observed after training session for all cytokines (p < 0.05), except for IP-10. Moderate effect sizes were identified in IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IP-10, MCP1 and GM-CSF. In summary, a single moderate interval-running training session at real conditions of training seems not to be stressing enough to increase cytokine levels as a response to the exercise. Results reinforce that immediate biochemical response and inflammatory modulation related to exercise is dose-dependent and may be influenced by other variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Silva Azevedo
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Clara Nóbrega
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alberto Carlos Amadio
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Júlio Cerca Serrão
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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A rare case of pediatric recurrent rhabdomyolysis with compound heterogenous variants in the LPIN1. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:218. [PMID: 32410653 PMCID: PMC7222443 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipin-1, encoded by LPIN1 gene, serves as an enzyme and a transcriptional co-regulator to regulate lipid metabolism and mitochondrial respiratory chain. Autosomal recessive mutations in LPIN1 were recognized as one of the most common causes of pediatric recurrent rhabdomyolysis in western countries. However, to date, there were only a few cases reported in Asian group. This study aims to report the first pediatric case of recurrent rhabdomyolysis with a novel LPIN1 mutation in China mainland in order to raise the awareness of both pediatricians and patients. Case presentations Here we report a Chinese pediatric case of recurrent rhabdomyolysis with compound heterozygous variants (p.Arg388* and p.Arg810Cys) in the LPIN1 gene. The c.2428C > T was a novel missense variant involved Arg-to-Cys substitution at position 810 (p.Arg810Cys), located in the highly conserved region which predicted to be damaging by multiple algorithms. The patient manifested as cola-colored urine, muscle weakness and tenderness, as well as acute kidney injury with peak blood creatine kinase level 109,570 U/l in 19-month old. In his second episode of 9 years old, the symtoms were relatively milder with peak creatine kinase level 50,948 U/l. He enjoyed quite normal life between the bouts but slightly elevation of serum creatine kinase level during the fever or long-term exercises. Prolonged weight training combined with calorie deprivation were speculated to be the triggers of his illness. Prompt symptomatic therapy including fluid therapy and nutritional support was given and the patient recovered soon. Conclusions LPIN1-related rhabdomyolysis is still quite new to physicians due to its seemly low-incidence especially in Asian countries. In the future, more active genetic test strategy and detailed prophylactic care education should be taken in patients with severe recurrent rhabdomyolysis, who are the high risk group of LPIN1 genetic defects.
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20
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Cytokine responses across submaximal exercise intensities in women with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 2:100046. [PMID: 34589833 PMCID: PMC8474480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with chronic inflammation. Exercise training can treat depression in adults with MDD, potentially through reducing inflammatory activity. This improvement may occur through adaptations to repeated acute inflammatory responses. Cytokine responses to acute steady-state exercise of varying intensities were determined in women with different levels of depression. Methods This analysis included 19 women with MDD who each participated in four sessions consisting of 30 min of quiet rest, light, moderate, or hard intensity exercise. Blood samples were collected pre- and within 10 min post-session. Changes in the levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF were evaluated in each session. Results Serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF were all significantly elevated following vigorous exercise (i.e., hard) compared to the quiet rest session. No changes in cytokine levels occurred after light and moderate exercise. Depression severity did not appear to influence the acute inflammatory response to exercise. Limitations The sample size was small, all female, and from a secondary data analysis, which limits the generalizability of the findings. Conclusions Repeat, acute increases in inflammatory activity following hard exercise sessions may prompt adaptations and lead to reductions in chronic inflammation over time. This dose-response study identified an exercise intensity threshold to induce acute inflammatory responses in women with MDD.
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Stepien KM, Schmidt WM, Bittner RE, O'Toole O, McNamara B, Treacy EP. Long-term outcomes in a 25-year-old female affected with lipin-1 deficiency. JIMD Rep 2019; 46:4-10. [PMID: 31240148 PMCID: PMC6498837 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipin-1 is a phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.4) that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol and inorganic phosphate. Deficiency of this enzyme causes potentially fatal severe, recurrent episodes of rhabdomyolysis triggered by infection. The defect has only recently been recognized so little is known about the long-term outcome in adult patients with this disorder. We report the course and outcome of a 25-year-old female patient with lipin-1 deficiency after a recent episode of rhabdomyolysis requiring intensive care admission with a peak creatine kinase of 500 000 IU/L. One-year post discharge from intensive care, the patient has residual drop foot bilaterally consistent with bilateral common peroneal neuropathies in addition to a background residual distal myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina M. Stepien
- Mark Holland Metabolic Unit, Adult Inherited Metabolic DiseasesSalford Royal NHS Foundation TrustSalfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang M. Schmidt
- Neuromuscular Research DepartmentCenter for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Reginald E. Bittner
- Neuromuscular Research DepartmentCenter for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Orna O'Toole
- Department of NeurologyMercy University HospitalCorkIreland
| | - Brian McNamara
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyCork University HospitalCorkIreland
| | - Eileen P. Treacy
- University College DublinDublinIreland
- Paediatrics DepartmentTrinity CollegeDublinIreland
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic DiseasesThe Mater Misericordiae University HospitalDublinIreland
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22
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Pinto AP, da Rocha AL, Kohama EB, Gaspar RC, Simabuco FM, Frantz FG, de Moura LP, Pauli JR, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, de Freitas EC, da Silva ASR. Exhaustive acute exercise-induced ER stress is attenuated in IL-6-knockout mice. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:181-193. [PMID: 30400033 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation relationship occurs at different levels and is essential for the adequate homeostatic function of cellular systems, becoming harmful when chronically engaged. Intense physical exercise enhances serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6). In response to a chronic exhaustive physical exercise protocol, our research group verified an increase of the IL-6 concentration and ER stress proteins in extensor digitorium longus (EDL) and soleus. Based on these results, we hypothesized that IL-6-knockout mice would demonstrate a lower modulation in the ER stress proteins compared to the wild-type mice. To clarify the relationship between exercise-induced IL-6 increased and ER stress, we studied the effects of an acute exhaustive physical exercise protocol on the levels of ER stress proteins in the skeletal muscles of IL-6-knockout (KO) mice. The WT group displayed a higher exhaustion time compared to the IL-6 KO group. After 1 h of the acute exercise protocol, the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were enhanced in the WT group. Independent of the experimental group, the CHOP and cleaved caspase 12/total caspase 12 ratio in EDL as well as ATF6 and CHOP in soleus were sensitive to the acute exercise protocol. Compared to the WT group, the oscillation patterns over time of BiP in EDL and soleus as well as of peIF2-alpha/eIF2-alpha ratio in soleus were attenuated for the IL-6 KO group. In conclusion, IL-6 seems to be related with the ER stress homeostasis, once knockout mice presented attenuation of BiP in EDL and soleus as well as of pEiF2-alpha/EiF2-alpha ratio in soleus after the acute exhaustive physical exercise protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alisson L da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eike B Kohama
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Simabuco
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological, and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro P de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen C de Freitas
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Castro CA, da Silva KA, Rocha MC, Sene-Fiorese M, Nonaka KO, Malavazi I, Anibal FDF, Duarte ACGDO. Exercise and Omentin: Their Role in the Crosstalk Between Muscle and Adipose Tissues in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rat Models. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1881. [PMID: 30666216 PMCID: PMC6330355 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the effects of resisted, aerobic, and combined exercises on omentin levels in visceral adipose tissue and muscle of rats with experimental diabetes to verify whether these adipokines are related to the glucose pathway and inflammation process in this model. Male Wistar rats received a high-fat diet for 4 weeks and a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) to induce experimental diabetes. After inducing diabetes, the animals were divided into 4 experimental groups (n = 10): diabetic control (C); resistance training (RT); aerobic training (AT); and combined training (CT). The groups were exercised for 12 weeks, 3 times/week, where: RT means the stair climbing protocol until exhaustion; AT is the 30 min/day reaching 20 m/min protocol, and CT is the combination of RT and AT. The AT group showed reduced retroperitoneal and mesenteric adipose tissue and abdominal fat deposits. Our study also showed a possible control of blood glucose, as well as decreased Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein, increased circulating adiponectin and increased omentin in visceral adipose tissue. In addition, the AT group affected the glucose pathway by stimulating phosphorylation of Akt in muscle tissue. Omentin also showed a strong positive correlation with adiponectin and a moderate negative correlation with IL-6. Thus, our findings indicated that omentin in type 2 diabetes is changed by AT. Furthermore, increased omentin levels had a close association with the glucose pathway by stimulating phosphorylation of Akt in muscle tissue and with IL-6 in serum, suggesting that omentin is likely to have anti-inflammatory and protective action in experimental diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Ana da Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Campos Rocha
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Sene-Fiorese
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keico Okino Nonaka
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lee HG, Choi JY, Park JW, Park TS, Song KD, Shin D, Cho BW. Effects of exercise on myokine gene expression in horse skeletal muscles. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:350-356. [PMID: 30208686 PMCID: PMC6409466 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective To examine the regulatory effects of exercise on myokine expression in horse skeletal muscle cells, we compared the expression of several myokine genes (interleukin 6 [IL-6], IL-8, chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 2 [CXCL2], and chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 4 [CCL4]) after a single bout of exercise in horses. Furthermore, to establish in vitro systems for the validation of exercise effects, we cultured horse skeletal muscle cells and confirmed the expression of these genes after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Methods The mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, CXCL2, and CCL4 after exercise in skeletal muscle tissue was confirmed using quantitative-reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR). We then extracted horse muscle cells from the skeletal muscle tissue of a neonatal Thoroughbred. Myokine expression after hydrogen peroxide treatments was confirmed using qRT-PCR in horse skeletal muscle cells. Results IL-6, IL-8, CXCL2, and CCL4 expression in Thoroughbred and Jeju horse skeletal muscles significantly increased after exercise. We stably maintained horse skeletal muscle cells in culture and confirmed the expression of the myogenic marker, myoblast determination protein (MyoD). Moreover, myokine expression was validated using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated horse skeletal muscle cells. The patterns of myokine expression in muscle cells were found to be similar to those observed in skeletal muscle tissue. Conclusion We confirmed that several myokines involved in inflammation were induced by exercise in horse skeletal muscle tissue. In addition, we successfully cultured horse skeletal muscle cells and established an in vitro system to validate associated gene expression and function. This study will provide a valuable system for studying the function of exercise-related genes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Gun Lee
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Jung-Woong Park
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Tae Sub Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National, University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Donghyun Shin
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National, University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
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Brown M, McClean CM, Davison GW, Brown JCW, Murphy MH. The acute effects of walking exercise intensity on systemic cytokines and oxidative stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2111-2120. [PMID: 30008038 PMCID: PMC6153601 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Oxidative stress is associated with tissue cytokine secretion although the precise mechanism(s) underpinning this relationship during high intensity intermittent exercise remains unclear. This study investigates the acute response to a bout of high intensity intermittent walking (HIIW), compared to continuous moderate intensity walking (CMW), on various cytokines and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Methods Seventeen (n = 17) apparently healthy male participants (aged 22.6 ± 4.6 years; \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \max$$\end{document}V˙O2max: 53.7 ± 7.1 ml kg−1 min−1) undertook a randomised crossover study consisting of two exercise trials: (1) HIIW requiring 3 × 5 min bursts at 80% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \max$$\end{document}V˙O2max (each separated by 5 min of walking at 30% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \max$$\end{document}V˙O2max) and (2) CMW (60% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} \max$$\end{document}V˙O2max for 30 min). Each trial was separated by 7 days. Venous blood samples were obtained pre-exercise, post-exercise and at 2, 4, 24 and 48 h post-exercise for determination of systemic inflammation (IL-6 and TNF-α), lipid soluble antioxidants and oxidative stress (LOOH, H2O2 and the ascorbyl free radical). Results Both IL-6 and TNF-α increased immediately post exercise, regardless of intensity and remained elevated until at least 4 h (main effect for time; p < 0.05). While there was no change in either lipid peroxidation or free radical metabolism (Asc· and H2O2), α-tocopherol increased (pooled HIIW and CMW, p < 0.05), whereas lycopene decreased at 2 h post HIIW (p < 0.05). Conclusion Bouts of both HIIW and CMW promote cytokine secretion post exercise, and this seems to be independent of oxidative stress. Further investigation is required to assess how such changes may underpin some of the transient health benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Brown
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK. .,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Conor M McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - John C W Brown
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Marie H Murphy
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, County Antrim, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK
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Rooney BV, Bigley AB, LaVoy EC, Laughlin M, Pedlar C, Simpson RJ. Lymphocytes and monocytes egress peripheral blood within minutes after cessation of steady state exercise: A detailed temporal analysis of leukocyte extravasation. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:260-267. [PMID: 29885920 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise evokes an almost instantaneous lymphocytosis, followed by sustained lymphopenia that occurs within just 30-60 min after exercise cessation. The aim of this study was to characterize the immediate (order of minutes) post-exercise kinetics of lymphocyte and monocyte egress, and to determine whether this egress is associated with heart rate recovery following a single bout of steady state dynamic exercise. Eleven healthy subjects cycled for 30-min at ~70% of their estimated peak power. Blood samples were collected from an intravenous catheter before exercise, during exercise (E) at +15 and +30 min, and during passive recovery (R) at exactly +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 and +10 min after exercise cessation. Complete blood counts and flow cytometry were used to enumerate total monocytes, lymphocytes: CD3+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, NK-cells and γδ T-cells in whole blood. Both lymphocytes and monocytes displayed rapid egress kinetics, by R+3 the total numbers of all cell types examined were significantly lower than E+30. NK-cells egressed more rapidly than other lymphocyte subtypes, followed by CD8+, γδ, and then CD4+ T-cells. Further, the egress of NK-cells, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cells positively correlated with heart rate recovery after exercise cessation. In conclusion, lymphocyte and monocyte egress is rapid and occurs within minutes of exercise recovery, underscoring both the importance of collection time for post exercise blood samples, and the use of intravenous catheters to capture peak cell mobilization. The rate of egress may be dependent on how quickly hemodynamic equilibrium is restored on cessation of exercise and is, therefore, likely to be influenced by individual fitness levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette V Rooney
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Austin B Bigley
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Emily C LaVoy
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi Laughlin
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles Pedlar
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Richard J Simpson
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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Escalante-Gaytán J, Reyes-Lagos JJ, Peña-Castillo MÁ, Echeverría JC, García-González MT, Becerril-Villanueva E, Pavón L, Ledesma-Ramírez CI, Ayala-Yáñez R, González-Camarena R, Pacheco-López G. Associations of Immunological Markers and Anthropometric Measures with Linear and Nonlinear Electrohysterographic Parameters at Term Active Labor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/nib-170127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escalante-Gaytán
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Faculty of Medicine, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Castillo
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Division of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Echeverría
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Division of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Teresa García-González
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Division of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Lenin Pavón
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry, “Ramón de la Fuente”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ramón González-Camarena
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Lerma, Mexico
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Legendre A, Khraiche D, Ou P, Mauvais FX, Madrange M, Guemann AS, Jais JP, Bonnet D, Hamel Y, de Lonlay P. Cardiac function and exercise adaptation in 8 children with LPIN1 mutations. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 123:375-381. [PMID: 29325813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.12.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipin-1 deficiency is a major cause of rhabdomyolysis that are precipitated by febrile illness. The prognosis is poor, with one-third of patients dying from cardiac arrest during a crisis episode. Apart from acute rhabdomyolysis, most patients are healthy, showing normal clinical and cardiac ultrasound parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS We report cardiac and exercise examinations of 8 children carrying two LPIN1 mutations. The examinations were performed outside of a myolysis episode, but one patient presented with fever during one examination. RESULTS All but one patient displayed normal resting cardiac function, as determined by echocardiography. One patient exhibited slight left ventricular dysfunction at rest and a lack of increased stroke volume during cycle ramp exercise. During exercise, peripheral muscle adaptation was impaired in 2 patients compared to healthy controls: they presented an abnormal increase in cardiac output relative to oxygen uptake: dQ/dVO2=8.2 and 9.5 (>2DS of controls population). One patient underwent 2 exercise tests; during one test, the patient was febrile, leading to acute rhabdomyolysis in the following hours. He exhibited changes in recovery muscle reoxygenation parameters and an increased dQ/dVO2 during exercise compared with that under normothermia (7.9 vs 6), which did not lead to acute rhabdomyolysis. The four patients assessed by cardiac 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy exhibited signs of intracardiac steatosis. CONCLUSION We observed abnormal haemodynamic profiles during exercise in 3/8 patients with lipin-1 deficiency, suggesting impaired muscle oxidative phosphorylation during exercise. Fever appeared to be an aggravating factor. One patient exhibited moderate cardiac dysfunction, which was possibly related to intracardiac stored lipid toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Legendre
- Pediatric Cardiology, Centre de Référence des Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes-M3C, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.
| | - Diala Khraiche
- Pediatric Cardiology, Centre de Référence des Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes-M3C, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Phalla Ou
- Pediatric Cardiology, Centre de Référence des Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes-M3C, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Department of Radiology, Hospital Bichat, APHP, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - François-Xavier Mauvais
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1151, Paris 75015, France
| | - Marine Madrange
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Guemann
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Jais
- Université Paris Descartes, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Paris, France
| | - Damien Bonnet
- Pediatric Cardiology, Centre de Référence des Malformations Cardiaques Congénitales Complexes-M3C, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yamina Hamel
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Pascale de Lonlay
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Institute Imagine, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Martins DF, Martins TC, Batisti AP, dos Santos Leonel L, Bobinski F, Belmonte LAO, Mazzardo-Martins L, Cargnin-Ferreira E, Santos ARS. Long-Term Regular Eccentric Exercise Decreases Neuropathic Pain-like Behavior and Improves Motor Functional Recovery in an Axonotmesis Mouse Model: the Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:6155-6168. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Phillips C. Lifestyle Modulators of Neuroplasticity: How Physical Activity, Mental Engagement, and Diet Promote Cognitive Health during Aging. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:3589271. [PMID: 28695017 PMCID: PMC5485368 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3589271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of the elderly across the globe will approximate 2.1 billion by 2050. Juxtaposed against this burgeoning segment of the population is evidence that nonpathological aging is associated with an increased risk for cognitive decline in a variety of domains, changes that can cause mild disability even before the onset of dementia. Given that pharmacological treatments that mitigate dementia are still outstanding, alternative therapeutic options are being investigated increasingly. The results from translational studies have shown that modifiable lifestyle factors-including physical activity, cognitive engagement, and diet-are a key strategy for maintaining brain health during aging. Indeed, a multiplicity of studies has demonstrated relationships between lifestyle factors, brain structure and function, and cognitive function in aging adults. For example, physical activity and diet modulate common neuroplasticity substrates (neurotrophic signaling, neurogenesis, inflammation, stress response, and antioxidant defense) in the brain whereas cognitive engagement enhances brain and cognitive reserve. The aims of this review are to evaluate the relationship between modifiable lifestyle factors, neuroplasticity, and optimal brain health during aging; to identify putative mechanisms that contribute positive brain aging; and to highlight future directions for scientists and clinicians. Undoubtedly, the translation of cutting-edge knowledge derived from the field of cognitive neuroscience will advance our understanding and enhance clinical treatment interventions as we endeavor to promote brain health during aging.
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Forti LN, Van Roie E, Njemini R, Coudyzer W, Beyer I, Delecluse C, Bautmans I. Effects of resistance training at different loads on inflammatory markers in young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:511-519. [PMID: 28168555 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Suppressing inflammaging at an early stage in life via exercise might prevent chronic diseases later in life. The aim was to investigate the influence of resistance training at different external loads on inflammatory markers in healthy young adults. METHODS Serum was collected for basal levels of cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, sTNFR1, IL-1RA, IL-10 and GM-CSF) before and after 9 weeks exercise from 36 young (22 ± 2 years) healthy subjects who were randomized to three times weekly supervised resistance training at either HImax (n = 12, 1 × 10-12 repetitions at 80% 1RM), LO (n = 12, 1 × 10-12 repetitions at 40% 1RM), or LOmax (n = 12, 1 × 10-12 repetitions at 40% 1RM preceded by 60 repetitions at 20-25% 1RM) respectively. RESULTS Overall, IL-8 increased (p < 0.001) and IL-6 decreased (p = 0.001) after training, but no significant time*group interaction was found (respectively, p = 0.283 and p = 0.058 for IL-8 and IL-6). When analyzed separately, IL-8 increased significantly in HImax (p = 0.022) and LOmax (p = 0.024); and IL-6 decreased significantly in LOmax (p = 0.009) and LO (p = 0.013). No significant overall time effect was observed for sTNFR1 and IL-1RA; however, in HImax sTNFR1 (p = 0.031) and IL-1RA (p = 0.014) increased significantly, but remained unchanged in LOmax and LO. IL-1beta, IL-10 and GM-CSF levels remained undetectable in most participants. CONCLUSIONS Nine weeks of resistance training-irrespective of the external load-have beneficial effects on circulating IL-8 and IL-6. In addition, training at high external load increases the anti-inflammatory cytokines sTNFR1 and IL-1RA. The results of this study show that resistance training has anti-inflammatory effects in healthy young persons and that the response of the different inflammatory mediators depends on the magnitude of the external load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Nuvagah Forti
- Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.,Frailty in Ageing Research (FRIA) Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Roie
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rose Njemini
- Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.,Frailty in Ageing Research (FRIA) Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Walter Coudyzer
- Radiology Section, Department of Morphology and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingo Beyer
- Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.,Frailty in Ageing Research (FRIA) Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Geriatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Delecluse
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivan Bautmans
- Gerontology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium. .,Frailty in Ageing Research (FRIA) Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium. .,Department of Geriatrics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Pilat C, Krüger K, Frech T, Mooren FC. Exercise-induced cytokine changes in antigen stimulated whole-blood cultures compared to serum. J Immunol Methods 2016; 440:58-66. [PMID: 27876507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise is followed by an elevation of many cytokines with inflammation regulating properties. Since most cytokines act at pico- or nanomolar concentrations many investigations failed to detect their concentrations in vivo. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of cytokine measurements (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-1ra, IL-6, CCL2 and CXCL8) in a stimulated whole-blood culture (sWBC) compared to serum with respect to their exercise-induced kinetics and detection rates. 40 male volunteers (age: 25,5±4,3years, BMI: 24,00±2,24, VO2peak: 46,9±4,1mL/kg×min) performed 60min of intensive bicycle exercise (80% VO2peak). Blood samples were taken before and for up to 24h after exercise. All cytokines were determined by a multiplex ELISA. There were weak to moderate correlations between cytokines in sWBC and serum. While exercise did not affect pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum, in sWBC only IL-1β was increased 1.2-fold at 3h (p<0,05). All other cytokines increased both in sWBC and serum. The detection rate was superior in sWBC vs serum for most cytokines. Exercise-induced cytokine kinetics in sWBC do not reflect systemic changes. Both approaches provide a synergistic insight into inflammatory processes on the cytokine level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pilat
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Gießen, Germany.
| | - K Krüger
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Gießen, Germany
| | - T Frech
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Gießen, Germany
| | - F C Mooren
- Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Gießen, Germany
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Ikeda SI, Tamura Y, Kakehi S, Sanada H, Kawamori R, Watada H. Exercise-induced increase in IL-6 level enhances GLUT4 expression and insulin sensitivity in mouse skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:947-952. [PMID: 27040770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A single bout of exercise is known to increase the insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle; however, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is not fully understood. Because a single bout of exercise induces a transient increase in blood interleukin-6 (IL-6) level, we hypothesized that the enhancement of insulin sensitivity after a single bout of exercise in skeletal muscle is mediated at least in part through IL-6-dependent mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, C57BL6J mice were intravenously injected with normal IgG or an IL-6 neutralizing antibody before exercise. Twenty-four hours after a single bout of exercise, the plantaris muscle was harvested to measure insulin sensitivity and glucose transporter (GLUT)-4 expression levels by ex-vivo insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake and Western blotting, respectively. Compared with sedentary mice, mice that performed exercise showed enhanced IL-6 concentration, insulin-stimulated 2-DG uptake, and GLUT-4 expression in the plantaris muscle. The enhanced insulin sensitivity and GLUT4 expression were canceled by injection of the IL-6 neutralizing antibody before exercise. In addition, IL-6 injection increased GLUT4 expression, both in the plantaris muscle and the soleus muscle in C57BL6J mice. Furthermore, a short period of incubation with IL-6 increased GLUT4 expression in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. In summary, these results suggested that IL-6 increased GLUT4 expression in muscle and that this phenomenon may play a role in the post-exercise enhancement of insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Ikeda
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tamura
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Saori Kakehi
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sanada
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Kawamori
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Molecular Diabetology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Schnyder S, Handschin C. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1α, myokines and exercise. Bone 2015; 80:115-125. [PMID: 26453501 PMCID: PMC4657151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An active lifestyle is crucial to maintain health into old age; inversely, sedentariness has been linked to an elevated risk for many chronic diseases. The discovery of myokines, hormones produced by skeletal muscle tissue, suggests the possibility that these might be molecular mediators of the whole body effects of exercise originating from contracting muscle fibers. Even though less is known about the sedentary state, the lack of contraction-induced myokines or the production of a distinct set of hormones in the inactive muscle could likewise contribute to pathological consequences in this context. In this review, we try to summarize the most recent developments in the study of muscle as an endocrine organ and speculate about the potential impact on our understanding of exercise and sedentary physiology, respectively. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenia Schnyder
- Biozentrum, Div. of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Handschin
- Biozentrum, Div. of Pharmacology/Neurobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Brown WMC, Davison GW, McClean CM, Murphy MH. A Systematic Review of the Acute Effects of Exercise on Immune and Inflammatory Indices in Untrained Adults. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2015; 1:35. [PMID: 26512338 PMCID: PMC4612317 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality. Although the incidence may be reduced with regular exercise, the health benefits of a single bout of exercise on selected CVD risk factors are not well understood. The primary objective of this review is to consider the transient effects of exercise on immune (neutrophil count) and inflammatory (interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP]) markers in untrained adults. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sports Discus and Cochrane were searched for relevant studies published from January 1946 to May 2013. Randomised controlled or crossover studies which measured any of these parameters in untrained but otherwise healthy participants in the 48 h following about of exercise, less than 1 h in duration were included. RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicate a single bout of aerobic or resistance exercise of moderate to high intensity promotes an increase in IL-6 (145 %) and neutrophil counts (51 %). It appears that 30-60 min of moderate to high intensity exercise is necessary to elicit such changes although variables such as the mode, intensity and pattern of exercise also affect the response. The acute response of CRP within the included studies is equivocal. CONCLUSIONS Although responses to CRP are inconsistent, a single bout of exercise can increase the activity of both circulating IL-6 and neutrophil counts in untrained adults. These immune and inflammatory responses to a single bout of exercise may be linked to a range of health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M C Brown
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
| | - Conor M McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
| | - Marie H Murphy
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
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Bazgir B, Salesi M, Koushki M, Amirghofran Z. Effects of Eccentric and Concentric Emphasized Resistance Exercise on IL-15 Serum Levels and Its Relation to Inflammatory Markers in Athletes and Non-Athletes. Asian J Sports Med 2015; 6:e27980. [PMID: 26448857 PMCID: PMC4594145 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.27980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines play an important role in modulating the muscle's metabolic and immunological responses to exercise. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we investigated changes in the serum levels of Interleukin (IL)-15 as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), as markers of inflammation, in athlete and non-athlete young men following eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) emphasized resistance exercise (RE). PATIENTS AND METHODS This study recruited 28 young males, 14 athletes and 14 non-athletes. Subjects completed two bouts of ECC and CON emphasized RE five days apart. Each bout included seven exercises that emphasized all major muscle groups with weight loads of 70% - 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM) for CON RE and 90% - 100% of 1RM for ECC RE. We analyzed subjects' blood samples before and immediately after each bout of exercise to determine cytokine and hs-CRP serum levels according to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between IL-15 serum levels before and after ECC and CON RE in non-athletes (P = 0.03). In athletes, IL-15 serum level only increased after ECC RE (P = 0.01), which was noted to be the highest degree of change in IL-15 levels in all subjects. For athletes, the hs-CRP levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The serum levels of both TNF-α and hs-CRP were also significantly down-regulated after ECC RE in non-athletes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that fitness level and RE could modulate circulating levels of IL-15 and suggest the potential anti-inflammatory effects of IL-15 during RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Bazgir
- Exercise Physiology Research Center (EPRC), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohsen Salesi
- Department of Physical Education, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Koushki
- Department of Physical Education, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Amirghofran
- Department of Immunology, Autoimmune Disease Research Center and Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Zahra Amirghofran, Department of Immunology, Autoimmune Disease Research Center and Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7132351575, E-mail:
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Hamel Y, Mamoune A, Mauvais FX, Habarou F, Lallement L, Romero NB, Ottolenghi C, de Lonlay P. Acute rhabdomyolysis and inflammation. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:621-8. [PMID: 25778939 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis results from the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers, which leads to leakage of potentially toxic cellular content into the systemic circulation. Acquired causes by direct injury to the sarcolemma are most frequent. The inherited causes are: i) metabolic with failure of energy production, including mitochondrial fatty acid ß-oxidation defects, LPIN1 mutations, inborn errors of glycogenolysis and glycolysis, more rarely mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency, purine defects and peroxysomal α-methyl-acyl-CoA-racemase defect (AMACR), ii) structural causes with muscle dystrophies and myopathies, iii) calcium pump disorder with RYR1 gene mutations, iv) inflammatory causes with myositis. Irrespective of the cause of rhabdomyolysis, the pathology follows a common pathway, either by the direct injury to sarcolemma by increased intracellular calcium concentration (acquired causes) or by the failure of energy production (inherited causes), which leads to fiber necrosis. Rhabdomyolysis are frequently precipitated by febrile illness or exercise. These conditions are associated with two events, elevated temperature and high circulating levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. To illustrate these points in the context of energy metabolism, protein thermolability and the potential benefits of arginine therapy, we focus on a rare cause of rhabdomyolysis, aldolase A deficiency. In addition, our studies on lipin-1 (LPIN1) deficiency raise the possibility that several diseases involved in rhabdomyolysis implicate pro-inflammatory cytokines and may even represent primarily pro-inflammatory diseases. Thus, not only thermolability of mutant proteins critical for muscle function, but also pro-inflammatory cytokines per se, may lead to metabolic decompensation and rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamina Hamel
- Institut Imagine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1163, 75015, Paris, France
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Dimitriou L, Hill JA, Jehnali A, Dunbar J, Brouner J, McHugh MP, Howatson G. Influence of a montmorency cherry juice blend on indices of exercise-induced stress and upper respiratory tract symptoms following marathon running--a pilot investigation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:22. [PMID: 25983669 PMCID: PMC4432790 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged exercise, such as marathon running, has been associated with an increase in respiratory mucosal inflammation. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the effects of Montmorency cherry juice on markers of stress, immunity and inflammation following a Marathon. Methods Twenty recreational Marathon runners consumed either cherry juice (CJ) or placebo (PL) before and after a Marathon race. Markers of mucosal immunity secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), salivary cortisol, inflammation (CRP) and self-reported incidence and severity of upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS) were measured before and following the race. Results All variables except secretory IgA and IgG concentrations in saliva showed a significant time effect (P <0.01). Serum CRP showed a significant interaction and treatment effect (P < 0.01). The CRP increase at 24 and 48 h post-Marathon was lower (P < 0.01) in the CJ group compared to PL group. Mucosal immunity and salivary cortisol showed no interaction effect or treatment effect. The incidence and severity of URTS was significantly greater than baseline at 24 h and 48 h following the race in the PL group and was also greater than the CJ group (P < 0.05). No URTS were reported in the CJ group whereas 50 % of runners in the PL group reported URTS at 24 h and 48 h post-Marathon. Conclusions This is the first study that provides encouraging evidence of the potential role of Montmorency cherries in reducing the development of URTS post-Marathon possibly caused by exercise-induced hyperventilation trauma, and/or other infectious and non-infectious factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygeri Dimitriou
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenland Way, NW4 1RLE London, UK
| | - Jessica A Hill
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University College, Twickenham, UK
| | | | | | - James Brouner
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, London, UK
| | - Malachy P McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK ; Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Souglis A, Bogdanis G, Giannopoulou I, Papadopoulos C, Apostolidis N. Comparison of Inflammatory Responses and Muscle Damage Indices Following a Soccer, Basketball, Volleyball and Handball Game at an Elite Competitive Level. Res Sports Med 2015; 23:59-72. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2014.975814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Souglis
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Greece
| | - G.C. Bogdanis
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Greece
| | - I. Giannopoulou
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Greece
| | - Ch Papadopoulos
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N. Apostolidis
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Greece
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The effect of turmeric (Curcumin) supplementation on cytokine and inflammatory marker responses following 2 hours of endurance cycling. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:5. [PMID: 25628521 PMCID: PMC4307740 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance exercise induces IL-6 production from myocytes that is thought to impair intracellular defence mechanisms. Curcumin inhibits NF-κB and activator protein 1, responsible for cytokine transcription, in cell lines. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin supplementation on the cytokine and stress responses following 2 h of cycling. METHODS Eleven male recreational athletes (35.5 ± 5.7 years; Wmax 275 ± 6 W; 87.2 ± 10.3 kg) consuming a low carbohydrate diet of 2.3 ± 0.2 g/kg/day underwent three double blind trials with curcumin supplementation, placebo supplementation, and no supplementation (control) to observe the response of serum interleukins (IL-6, IL1-RA, IL-10), cortisol, c-reactive protein (CRP), and subjective assessment of training stress. Exercise was set at 95% lactate threshold (54 ± 7% Wmax) to ensure that all athletes completed the trial protocol. RESULTS The trial protocol elicted a rise in IL-6 and IL1-RA, but not IL-10. The supplementation regimen failed to produce statistically significant results when compared to placebo and control. IL-6 serum concentrations one hour following exercise were (Median (IQR): 2.0 (1.8-3.6) Curcumin; 4.8 (2.1-7.3) Placebo; 3.5 (1.9-7.7) Control). Differences between supplementation and placebo failed to reach statistical significance (p = 0.18) with the median test. Repeated measures ANOVA time-trial interaction was at p = 0.06 between curcumin supplementation and placebo. A positive correlation (p = 0.02) between absolute exercise intensity and 1 h post-exercise for IL-6 concentration was observed. Participants reported "better than usual" scores in the subjective assessment of psychological stress when supplementing with curcumin, indicating that they felt less stressed during training days (p = 0.04) compared to placebo even though there was no difference in RPE during any of the training days or trials. CONCLUSION The limitations of the current regimen and trial involved a number of factors including sample size, mode of exercise, intensity of exercise, and dose of curcumin. Nevertheless these results provide insight for future studies with larger samples, and multiple curcumin dosages to investigate if different curcumin regimens can lead to statistically different interleukin levels when compared to a control and placebo.
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Peterson JM, Mart R, Bond CE. Effect of obesity and exercise on the expression of the novel myokines, Myonectin and Fibronectin type III domain containing 5. PeerJ 2014; 2:e605. [PMID: 25289190 PMCID: PMC4184026 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle is a major contributor to the development of type 2 diabetes. Endurance exercise training has long been established as an effective means to directly restore skeletal muscle glucose and lipid uptake and metabolism. However, in addition to the direct effects of skeletal muscle on glucose and lipids, there is renewed interest in the ability of skeletal muscle to coordinate metabolic activity of other tissues, such as adipose tissue and liver. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of endurance exercise on the expression level of two novel muscle-derived secreted factors, or myokines, Myonectin and Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), the precursor for Irisin. Methods. We performed immunoblot analysis and quantitative real-time PCR analysis of Myonectin and FNDC5 in the diaphragm muscles of obese Zucker rat (OZR) and lean Zucker rat (LZR) with 9 weeks of aerobic training on a motorized treadmill. Results. We show that myonectin gene expression is increased in the OZR model of obesity and decreases with exercise in both lean and obese Zucker rats. Conversely, myonectin protein concentration was elevated with exercise. Similarly, FNDC5 mRNA levels are significantly higher in the OZR, however exercise training had no effect on the expression level of FNDC5 in either the LZR or OZR. We did not observe any difference in muscle protein content of Irisin with obesity or exercise. Conclusion. Our data shows that exercise training does not increase either FNDC5 or myonectin gene expression, indicating that increased transcriptional regulation of these myokines is not induced by exercise. However, our data also indicates a yet to be explored disconnect between myonectin gene expression and protein content. Further, this report highlights the importance of verifying reference genes when completing gene expression analysis. We found that many commonly used reference genes varied significantly by obesity and/or exercise and would have skewed the results of this study if used to normalize gene expression data. The unstable reference genes include: beta-Actin, beta-2-microglobulin, Non-POU domain containing, octamer-binding, Peptidylprolyl isomerase H, 18S ribosomal RNA, TATA box binding protein and Transferrin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Peterson
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University , Johnson City, TN , USA ; Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University , Johnson City, TN , USA
| | - Ryan Mart
- Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University , Johnson City, TN , USA
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42
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Koo GH, Woo J, Kang S, Shin KO. Effects of Supplementation with BCAA and L-glutamine on Blood Fatigue Factors and Cytokines in Juvenile Athletes Submitted to Maximal Intensity Rowing Performance. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:1241-6. [PMID: 25202189 PMCID: PMC4155228 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study was conducted to understand the impacts of BCAA (branched-chain
amino acid) and glutamine supplementation on the degree of blood fatigue factor
stimulation and cytokines along with performance of exercise at the maximal intensity.
[Subjects] Five male juvenile elite rowing athletes participated in this study as the
subjects; they took 3 tests and received placebo supplementation (PS), BCAA
supplementation (BS), and glutamine supplementation (GS). [Methods] The exercise applied
in the tests was 2,000 m of rowing at the maximal intensity using an indoor rowing
machine, and blood samples were collected 3 times, while resting, at the end of exercise,
and after 30 min of recovery, to analyze the blood fatigue factors (lactate, phosphorous,
ammonia, creatine kinase (CK)) and blood cytokines (IL (interleukin)-6, 8, 15). [Results]
The results of the analysis showed that the levels of blood phosphorous in the BS and GS
groups at the recovery stage were decreased significantly compared with at the end of
exercise, and the level of CK appeared lower in the GS group alone at recovery stage than
at the end of exercise. The level of blood IL-15 in the PS and BS groups appeared higher
at the end of exercise compared with the resting stage. [Conclusion] It seemed that
glutamine supplementation had a positive effect on the decrease in fatigue factor
stimulation at the recovery stage after maximal intensity exercise compared with
supplementation with the placebo or BCAA. Besides, pre-exercise glutamine supplementation
seemed to help enhance immune function and the defensive inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Hee Koo
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education, College of Sports Science, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Woo
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education, College of Sports Science, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwhun Kang
- Department of Aero Physical Education, Republic of Korea Airforce Academy, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ok Shin
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education, College of Sports Science, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
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43
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Kimsa MC, Strzalka-Mrozik B, Kimsa MW, Gola J, Kochanska-Dziurowicz A, Zebrowska A, Mazurek U. Differential expression of inflammation-related genes after intense exercise. Prague Med Rep 2014; 115:24-32. [PMID: 24874932 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on the identification of the difference in expression of inflammation-related genes after intense exercise by oligonucleotide microarray methods. This may finally lead to an improved understanding of underlying cellular and molecular mechanism of the immunological alterations in response to exercises. The study group consisted of three healthy road cyclists. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected preexercise, immediately post-exercise and after 15 min of recovery. The analysis of the expression profile of genes related to the inflammation was performed in PBMCs using HG-U133A oligonucleotide microarrays. 4 genes were found to be regulated by more than 2.0-fold (IL1R2, IL2RB, IL8, IL8RB). Venn diagram indicated that only one of differentially expressed genes (TXLNA) remains the same in each comparison. The balance of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines after exercise seems to be important for athletes. Optimal inflammatory and immune response may help optimize exercise regimes, link physical activity with health and diagnose or prevent athletes from overtraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena C Kimsa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | | | - Malgorzata W Kimsa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Gola
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Zebrowska
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
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44
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Phillips C, Baktir MA, Srivatsan M, Salehi A. Neuroprotective effects of physical activity on the brain: a closer look at trophic factor signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:170. [PMID: 24999318 PMCID: PMC4064707 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the relationship between increased physical activity and cognitive ability has been conjectured for centuries, only recently have the mechanisms underlying this relationship began to emerge. Convergent evidence suggests that physical activity offers an affordable and effective method to improve cognitive function in all ages, particularly the elderly who are most vulnerable to neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to improving cardiac and immune function, physical activity alters trophic factor signaling and, in turn, neuronal function and structure in areas critical for cognition. Sustained exercise plays a role in modulating anti-inflammatory effects and may play a role in preserving cognitive function in aging and neuropathological conditions. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that myokines released by exercising muscles affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor synthesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, a finding that could lead to the identification of new and therapeutically important mediating factors. Given the growing number of individuals with cognitive impairments worldwide, a better understanding of how these factors contribute to cognition is imperative, and constitutes an important first step toward developing non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies to improve cognition in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, Arkansas State University Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Mehmet Akif Baktir
- Department of Physiology, Erciyes University Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Malathi Srivatsan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University Jonesboro, AR, USA
| | - Ahmad Salehi
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System Palo Alto, CA, USA
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45
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Mediators of monocyte migration in response to recovery modalities following resistance exercise. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:145817. [PMID: 24987193 PMCID: PMC4060064 DOI: 10.1155/2014/145817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediators of monocyte migration, complement receptor-3 (CR3), and chemokine ligand-4 (CCL4) were measured in response to recovery modalities following resistance exercise. Thirty resistance-trained men (23.1 ± 2.9 y; 175.2 ± 7.1 cm; 82.1 ± 8.4 kg) were given neuromuscular electric stimulation (NMES), cold water immersion (CWI), or control (CON) treatments immediately following resistance exercise. Blood samples were obtained preexercise (PRE), immediately (IP), 30 minutes (30 P), 24 hours (24 H), and 48 hours (48 H) after exercise for measurement of circulating CCL4 and CR3 expression on CD14+ monocytes, by assay and flow cytometry. Circulating CCL4 showed no consistent changes. Inferential analysis indicated that CR3 expression was likely greater in CON at 30 P than NMES (90.0%) or CWI (86.8%). NMES was likely lower than CON at 24 H (92.9%) and very likely lower at 48 H (98.7%). Expression of CR3 following CWI was very likely greater than CON (96.5%) at 24 H. The proportion of CR3+ monocytes was likely greater following CWI than NMES (85.8%) or CON (85.2%) at 24 H. The change in proportion of CR3+ monocytes was likely (86.4%) greater following NMES than CON from IP to 30 P. The increased expression of CR3 and increased proportion of CR3+ monocytes following CWI at 24 H indicate a potentially improved ability for monocyte adhesion to the endothelium, possibly improving phagocytosis of damaged tissues.
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Singhal G, Jaehne EJ, Corrigan F, Baune BT. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation in the brain through environmental enrichment. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:97. [PMID: 24772064 PMCID: PMC3982075 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on environmental enrichment (EE) have shown cytokines, cellular immune components [e.g., T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells], and glial cells in causal relationship to EE in bringing out changes to neurobiology and behavior. The purpose of this review is to evaluate these neuroimmune mechanisms associated with neurobiological and behavioral changes in response to different EE methods. We systematically reviewed common research databases. After applying all inclusion and exclusion criteria, 328 articles remained for this review. Physical exercise (PE), a form of EE, elicits anti-inflammatory and neuromodulatory effects through interaction with several immune pathways including interleukin (IL)-6 secretion from muscle fibers, reduced expression of Toll-like receptors on monocytes and macrophages, reduced secretion of adipokines, modulation of hippocampal T cells, priming of microglia, and upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 in central nervous system. In contrast, immunomodulatory roles of other enrichment methods are not studied extensively. Nonetheless, studies showing reduction in the expression of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in response to enrichment with novel objects and accessories suggest anti-inflammatory effects of novel environment. Likewise, social enrichment, though considered a necessity for healthy behavior, results in immunosuppression in socially defeated animals. This has been attributed to reduction in T lymphocytes, NK cells and IL-10 in subordinate animals. EE through sensory stimuli has been investigated to a lesser extent and the effect on immune factors has not been evaluated yet. Discovery of this multidimensional relationship between immune system, brain functioning, and EE has paved a way toward formulating environ-immuno therapies for treating psychiatric illnesses with minimal use of pharmacotherapy. While the immunomodulatory role of PE has been evaluated extensively, more research is required to investigate neuroimmune changes associated with other enrichment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Singhal
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emily J. Jaehne
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Discipline of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
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47
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Gonzalez AM, Fragala MS, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Wells AJ, Beyer KS, Boone CH, Pruna GJ, Mangine GT, Bohner JD, Fukuda DH, Stout JR, Hoffman JR. Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid and cold water immersion on expression of CR3 and MIP-1β following resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R483-9. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00542.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response to muscle-damaging exercise requires monocyte mobilization and adhesion. Complement receptor type 3 (CR3) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β enables monocyte recruitment, adhesion, and subsequent infiltration into damaged muscle tissue. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) and/or β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) on CR3 expression and MIP-1β concentration after four sets of up to 10 repetitions of squat, dead lift, and split squat exercises at 70–80% 1-repetition maximum. Thirty-nine resistance-trained men (22.2 ± 2.5 yr) were randomly divided into four groups: 1) placebo (PL), 2) HMB-FA, 3) HMB-FA-CWI, and 4) PL-CWI. The HMB-FA groups ingested 3 g/day, and CWI groups were submersed into 10–12°C water for 10 min after exercise. Blood was sampled at baseline (PRE), immediately post- (IP), 30 min post- (30P), 24 h post- (24P), and 48 h post (48P)-exercise. Circulating MIP-1β was assayed and CR3 expression on CD14+ monocytes was measured by flow cytometry. Without treatment, CR3 expression significantly elevated at 30P compared with other time points ( P = 0.030–0.047). HMB-FA significantly elevated the percentage of monocytes expressing CR3 between IP and 24P ( P = 0.046) and between IP and 48P ( P = 0.046). No time effect was observed for MIP-1β concentration. The recovery modalities showed to attenuate the rise in CR3 following exercise. Additionally, supplementation with HMB-FA significantly elevated the percentage of monocytes expressing CR3 during recovery. Although the time course that inflammatory responses are most beneficial remains to be determined, recovery modalities may alter immune cell mobilization and adhesion mechanisms during tissue recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Gonzalez
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Maren S. Fragala
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Adam R. Jajtner
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeremy R. Townsend
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Adam J. Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Kyle S. Beyer
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Carleigh H. Boone
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Gabriel J. Pruna
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jonathan D. Bohner
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body. Skeletal muscles are primarily characterized by their mechanical activity required for posture, movement, and breathing, which depends on muscle fiber contractions. However, skeletal muscle is not just a component in our locomotor system. Recent evidence has identified skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. We have suggested that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers and exert either autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects should be classified as "myokines." The muscle secretome consists of several hundred secreted peptides. This finding provides a conceptual basis and a whole new paradigm for understanding how muscles communicate with other organs such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, bones, and brain. In addition, several myokines exert their effects within the muscle itself. Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction. Therefore, it is likely that myokines may contribute in the mediation of the health benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism at Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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49
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Macdonald TL, Wan Z, Frendo-Cumbo S, Dyck DJ, Wright DC. IL-6 and epinephrine have divergent fiber type effects on intramuscular lipolysis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1457-63. [PMID: 24052031 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00558.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-6 is an exercise-regulated myokine that has been suggested to increase lipolysis in fast-twitch skeletal muscle. However, it is not known if a similar effect is present in slow-twitch muscle. Furthermore, epinephrine increases IL-6 secretion from skeletal muscle, suggesting that IL-6 could play a role in mediating the lipolytic effects of catecholamines. The purpose of this study was to determine whether IL-6 stimulates skeletal muscle lipolysis in a fiber type dependent manner and is required for epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis in murine skeletal muscle. Soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from male C57BL/6J wild-type and IL-6(-/-) mice were incubated with 1 μM (183 ng/ml) epinephrine or 75 ng/ml recombinant IL-6 (rIL-6) for 60 min. IL-6 treatment increased 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation and glycerol release in isolated EDL but not soleus muscles from C57BL/6J mice. Conversely, epinephrine increased glycerol release in soleus but not EDL muscles from C57BL/6J mice. Basal lipolysis was elevated in soleus muscle from IL-6(-/-) mice, and this was associated with increases in adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and its coactivator comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58). The increase in ATGL content does not appear to be due to a loss of IL-6's direct effects, because ex vivo treatment with IL-6 failed to alter the expression of ATGL mRNA in soleus muscle. In summary, IL-6 stimulates lipolysis in glycolytic but not oxidative muscle, whereas the opposite fiber type effect is seen with epinephrine. The absence of IL-6 indirectly upregulates lipolysis, and this is associated with increases in ATGL and its coactivator CGI-58.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Macdonald
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Michot C, Mamoune A, Vamecq J, Viou MT, Hsieh LS, Testet E, Lainé J, Hubert L, Dessein AF, Fontaine M, Ottolenghi C, Fouillen L, Nadra K, Blanc E, Bastin J, Candon S, Pende M, Munnich A, Smahi A, Djouadi F, Carman GM, Romero N, de Keyzer Y, de Lonlay P. Combination of lipid metabolism alterations and their sensitivity to inflammatory cytokines in human lipin-1-deficient myoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2103-14. [PMID: 23928362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipin-1 deficiency is associated with massive rhabdomyolysis episodes in humans, precipitated by febrile illnesses. Despite well-known roles of lipin-1 in lipid biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation, the pathogenic mechanisms leading to rhabdomyolysis remain unknown. Here we show that primary myoblasts from lipin-1-deficient patients exhibit a dramatic decrease in LPIN1 expression and phosphatidic acid phosphatase 1 activity, and a significant accumulation of lipid droplets (LD). The expression levels of LPIN1-target genes [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors delta and alpha (PPARδ, PPARα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, very long (ACADVL), carnitine palmitoyltransferase IB and 2 (CPT1B and CPT2)] were not affected while lipin-2 protein level, a closely related member of the family, was increased. Microarray analysis of patients' myotubes identified 19 down-regulated and 51 up-regulated genes, indicating pleiotropic effects of lipin-1 deficiency. Special attention was paid to the up-regulated ACACB (acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta), a key enzyme in the fatty acid synthesis/oxidation balance. We demonstrated that overexpression of ACACB was associated with free fatty acid accumulation in patients' myoblasts whereas malonyl-carnitine (as a measure of malonyl-CoA) and CPT1 activity were in the normal range in basal conditions accordingly to the normal daily activity reported by the patients. Remarkably ACACB invalidation in patients' myoblasts decreased LD number and size while LPIN1 invalidation in controls induced LD accumulation. Further, pro-inflammatory treatments tumor necrosis factor alpha+Interleukin-1beta(TNF1α+IL-1ß) designed to mimic febrile illness, resulted in increased malonyl-carnitine levels, reduced CPT1 activity and enhanced LD accumulation, a phenomenon reversed by dexamethasone and TNFα or IL-1ß inhibitors. Our data suggest that the pathogenic mechanism of rhabdomyolysis in lipin-1-deficient patients combines the predisposing constitutive impairment of lipid metabolism and its exacerbation by pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Michot
- Inserm U781, Imagine Institut des Maladies Génétiques, Université Paris Descartes et Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital Necker, AP-HP, Paris, France
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