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Xiong L, Xuan J, Zhao H, Zhang Z, Wang H, Yan P, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang L. Revealing the material basis and mechanism for the inhibition of intestinal peristalsis by Zingiber officinale Roscoe through integrated metabolomics, serum pharmacochemistry, and network pharmacology. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5932. [PMID: 38922712 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal relaxation and contraction of intestinal smooth muscle can cause various intestinal diseases. Diarrhea is a common and important public health problem worldwide in epidemiology. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (fresh ginger) has been found to treat diarrhea, but the material basis and mechanism of action that inhibits intestinal peristalsis remain unclear. Metabolomics and serum pharmacology were used to identify differential metabolites, metabolic pathways, and pharmacodynamic substances, and were then combined with network pharmacology to explore the potential targets of ginger that inhibit intestinal peristalsis during diarrhea treatment, and the targets identified were verified using molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. We found that 25 active components of ginger (the six most relevant components), 35 potential key targets (three core targets), 40 differential metabolites (four key metabolites), and four major metabolic pathways were involved in the process by which ginger inhibits intestinal peristalsis during diarrhea treatment. This study reveals the complex mechanism of action and pharmacodynamic material basis of ginger in the inhibition of intestinal peristalsis, and this information helps in the development of new Chinese medicine to treat diarrhea and lays the foundation for the clinical application of ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewen Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Xuan
- Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peizheng Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Longfei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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2
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Singh MM. Integrative Approaches to Managing Gut Health. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2024; 26:181-189. [PMID: 38472695 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-024-00927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize key integrative approaches to managing common gastrointestinal conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Lifestyle interventions like diet, exercise, and stress reduction impact the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal symptoms. Evidence supports mind-body therapies, herbs, certain supplements, and other modalities as complimentary approaches, when appropriate, for common conditions like irritable bowel syndrome or gastroesophageal reflux disease. An integrative approach optimizes both conventional treatments and incorporates lifestyle modifications, complimentary modalities, and the doctor-patient relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin M Singh
- Rochester Gastroenterology Associates, Rochester, United States.
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3
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Li Z, Wu J, Song J, Wen Y. Ginger for treating nausea and vomiting: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2024; 75:122-133. [PMID: 38072785 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2284647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Ginger may be a potential remedy for nausea and vomiting. This review aimed to assess the reporting and methodological quality, and integrate the evidence in this field. A total of fifteen meta-analyses were analysed and met the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2009 guidelines, providing a relatively complete statement. However, methodological quality, assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2 checklist, was deemed critically low to low. Our review's findings support ginger's effectiveness in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. It also reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting severity, decreasing the need for rescue antiemetics. Furthermore, ginger shows promise in alleviating pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting symptoms. The pooled evidence suggests ginger as a safe botanical option for managing nausea and vomiting, but it is important to improve the scientific quality of published meta-analyses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Wu
- Department of Oncology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjie Song
- Department of Oncology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yandong Wen
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Foshati S, Poursadeghfard M, Heidari Z, Amani R. The effects of ginger supplementation on common gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:383. [PMID: 37891539 PMCID: PMC10605938 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms affect more than 80% of individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Ginger is widely known for its GI relieving properties. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ginger supplementation on common GI symptoms in RRMS patients. METHODS This study was a 12-week double-blind parallel randomized controlled trial with a 3-week run-in period. The intervention (n = 26) and control (n = 26) groups received 500 mg ginger and placebo (as corn) supplements 3 times a day along with main meals, respectively. At the beginning and end of the trial, the frequency and severity of constipation, dysphagia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, belching, flatulence, heartburn, anorexia, and nausea were assessed using the visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm. Totally, 49 participants completed the study. However, data analysis was performed on all 52 participants based on the intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS In comparison with placebo, ginger supplementation resulted in significant or near-significant reductions in the frequency (-23.63 ± 5.36 vs. 14.81 ± 2.78, P < 0.001) and severity (-24.15 ± 5.10 vs. 11.39 ± 3.23, P < 0.001) of constipation, the frequency (-12.41 ± 3.75 vs. 3.75 ± 1.82, P < 0.001) and severity (-13.43 ± 4.91 vs. 6.88 ± 2.69, P = 0.001) of nausea, the frequency (-9.31 ± 4.44 vs. 1.56 ± 4.05, P = 0.098) and severity (-11.57 ± 5.09 vs. 3.97 ± 3.99, P = 0.047) of bloating, and the severity of abdominal pain (-5.69 ± 3.66 vs. 3.43 ± 3.26, P = 0.069). CONCLUSION Ginger consumption can improve constipation, nausea, bloating, and abdominal pain in patients with RRMS. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was prospectively registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( www.irct.ir ) under the registration number IRCT20180818040827N3 on 06/10/2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Foshati
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Poursadeghfard
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Amani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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5
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Pop D, Pop RS, Farcău D. The Use of Fibers, Herbal Medicines and Spices in Children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4351. [PMID: 37892426 PMCID: PMC10610290 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome in children involves multiple factors. Thus, treatment options are variable, targeting both diet and the child's and parents' behavior via pharmacological and psychological interventions or neuromodulation. Parents are increasingly interested in complementary and alternative therapies for children with irritable bowel syndrome, especially when other treatments have been tried without relieving the child's symptoms. This paper examines current evidence for the benefits and side effects of herbal remedies and spices in pediatric patients with IBS. The benefits of peppermint oil, STW5, psyllium fiber, Curcuma, ginger, and other herbal medicines are discussed based on findings in the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pop
- Third Pediatric Discipline, Mother and Child Department, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400217 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Third Pediatric Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 400217 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Samuel Pop
- Third Pediatric Discipline, Mother and Child Department, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400217 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dorin Farcău
- Third Pediatric Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital for Children, 400217 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Nursing Discipline, Mother and Child Department, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400089 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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6
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Tiwari BR, Naseeruddin Inamdar M, Orfali R, Alshehri A, Alghamdi A, Almadani ME, Alshehri S, Imam Rabbani S, Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq S. Comparative evaluation of the potential anti-spasmodic activity of Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula, and Zingiber officinale in experimental animals. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101705. [PMID: 37576742 PMCID: PMC10413155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spasm of muscle is one of the frequent complaints seen by most of the population worldwide. The present study evaluated the efficacy of some of the commonly used herbal extracts against known spasmogens, such as histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Material and methods The study was conducted on isolated guinea pig ileum and rat uterus preparations using histamine and 5-HT, respectively. Five herbal extracts such as Piper longum (P.L), Piper nigrum (P.N), Terminalia bellerica (T.B), Terminalia chebula (T.C), and Zingiber officinale (Z.O) were tested. Herbal extracts at doses 50, 150, 500, 1500, and 5000 mcg/ml were pretreated to the isolated tissue preparation, and the contractile response of histamine and 5-HT was recorded. The efficacy and the inhibitory concentration (IC50) were calculated and statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results The study indicated that all five herbal extracts produced a concentration-dependent suppression of histamine and 5-HT-induced responses. A significant (p < 0.05) non-competitive antagonism was observed against the known spasmogen induced smooth muscle contraction for P.L, P.N, T.B, and Z.O in both guinea pigs and rat uterus preparation. Moreover, P.L and P.N completely abolished (100%) the contractile response induced by histamine and 5-HT. Although, T.C produced a concentration-dependent reduction in known spasmogen-induced contraction but the response was found to be statistically non-significant (p greater than 0.05). Conclusion The finding suggested that P.L. and P.N. have better activity in terms of reducing the spasmogenic contractions compared to other extracts. Additionally, T.B. and Z.O. can lessen the uterine and intestinal contractions brought on by spasmogens. Although P.L and P.N demonstrated better efficacy against the spasmogenic activity of histamine and 5-HT, more research, particularly on isolated phytochemicals of the extracts and involving different experimental models, is required before establishing the precise safety and efficacy against spasmogenic-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bansilal R. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Raha Orfali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Faisal Road, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Alghamdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, P.O. Box 1988 Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moneer E. Almadani
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Imam Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Thorat SS, Gujar KN, Karale CK. Bioenhancers from mother nature: an overview. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-023-00470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The concept of bioenhancer comes from Ayurveda. Many ways have been documented in the literature to boost the bioavailability of poorly bioavailable medications, and one of the most recent techniques is the use of bioavailability enhancers.
Main body of the abstract
Herbal bioenhancers are a choice of bioenhancer in modern medicine because of their easy absorption, safety, and lack of side effects. They also reduce drug toxicity, decrease treatment times, and lower treatment costs. Increasing drug bioavailability after oral administration is medically relevant since bioavailability has a direct impact on plasma drug concentrations and therapeutic bioefficacy. When medicine is coupled with a suitable bioenhancer, the bioavailability of the drug is increased. The drug and bioenhancers have no synergistic effect. They reduce the dosage, cost, toxicity, and other side effects, as well as the amount of time it takes to act.
Short conclusion
The objective of these survey is that to investigate the thought of the bioavailability to get a superior therapeutic response within the right portion with natural pharmaceuticals containing product, as well as the classification of bioenhancers, mechanism of action, commercial formulation, and future prospects.
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Kan CY, H'ng JX, Goh A, Smales F, Tan EL, Zhang S, Pichika MR, Parolia A. Effect of Sustained Systemic Administration of Ginger (Z officinale) Rhizome Extracts on Salivary Flow in Mice. Int Dent J 2023; 73:63-70. [PMID: 35725589 PMCID: PMC9875258 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of methanol (70% v/v), ethanol (80% v/v), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 100% v/v) extracts of ginger rhizome (GR), and 6-shogaol on the pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS Three extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome prepared by maceration using the respective solvents and 6-shogoal were reconstituted in normal saline with 0.2% DMSO. Thirty C57BL/6 15-week-old mice were divided into 5 groups: Group 1, saline; Group 2, 70% methanol extract; Group 3, 80% ethanol extract; Group 4, 100% DMSO extract; and Group 5, 6-shogaol. The baseline pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate was measured at the age of 15 weeks (15th week), and treatment solutions were administered by intraperitoneal injection from the 16th to 18th week. The stimulated salivary flow rate during treatment weeks was recorded for each group, and its difference with baseline was analysed using paired-sample t test. The change in salivary flow rate between the treatment groups and the control group was analysed using one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 showed a significant increase in salivary flow rate when compared to baseline (P < .05). The increase in salivary flow rate in all 4 treatment groups was significant when compared to the control group (P < .05). Group 4 produced the highest increase in salivary flow rate; however, the differences amongst the treatment groups did not reach statistical significance (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS All GR extracts (70% methanol, 80% ethanol, 100% DMSO) and 6-shogaol were equally effective in increasing the pilocarpine-stimulated salivary flow rate in C57BL/6 mice when administered systemically as a sustained dose for 3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yu Kan
- School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jing Xuan H'ng
- School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Andy Goh
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Frederick Smales
- School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eng Lai Tan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiming Zhang
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Khan AW, Abidin ZU, Sahibzada MUK, Faheem M, Qazi NG, Alam M, Ullah I, Uddin J, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Potential biomedical applications of Araucaria araucana as an antispasmodic, bronchodilator, vasodilator, and antiemetic: Involvement of calcium channels. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115651. [PMID: 35998784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Since pre-Columbian era, the resin of Araucaria araucana tree has been used traditionally for the treatment of ulcers and wounds. Araucaria species have also been used to treat inflammation, respiratory problems, viral infections, ulcers, and rheumatoid, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE Due to its popular use, the authors aimed to scrutinize the potential of this plant as an antispasmodic and an antiemetic agent. Furthermore broncho- and vasodilatory effects of this plant was explored to rationalize its folkloric uses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Araucaria araucana crude extract (Aa.Cr) was evaluated in isolated preparations of rabbit jejunum, trachea, aorta, and atria to investigate the antispasmodic, bronchodilator, and vasodilator effects. The potential mechanistic approaches were compared with the standard drug 'verapamil'. The antiemetic activity was determined and compared with the standard drug 'domperidone' via chick emesis model. RESULTS Aa.Cr dose-dependently relaxed both spontaneous and K+-induced contractions in the isolated jejunum preparations of rabbits. In concentration-response curves of calcium (Ca++), Aa.Cr also triggered the rightward shift like verapamil. Applying carbachol and phenylephrine (1 μM) and K+ (80 mM) to the isolated tracheal and aortic tissue preparation, respectively, resulted in broncho- and vasodilatory activities, respectively which may be due to the inhibition of Ca++ channels. Aa.Cr inhibited atrial force and spontaneous contractions in the rabbit's right atria. Aa.Cr exhibited significant antiemetic activity (P < 0.001 vs. saline) in dose-dependent (50-150 mg/kg) manner like domperidone. In silico molecular docking was performed to investigate the biological targets of purified components of Aa.Cr which revealed that cadinol dominantly targets β2 receptors to cause bronchodilation, however, eudesmin binds non-specifically to all the selected targets, while secoisolariciresinol mediated high hydrogen bonding with muscarinic receptors (M1 and M3) and Ca++ channels, thus shows the suggested mechanistic pathways of targeted activities. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicates that Aa.Cr may exhibit antispasmodic activity, bronchodilation, and vasodilation by inhibiting voltage-dependent Ca++ channels and release of subcellular calcium. This explains its folkloric use in hypertension, bronchospasms, gastrointestinal spasms, and emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Ibadat International University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Zain Ul Abidin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Faheem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Neelam Gul Qazi
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jalal Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
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Lu F, Cai H, Li S, Xie W, Sun R. The Chemical Signatures of Water Extract of Zingiber officinale Rosc. Molecules 2022; 27:7818. [PMID: 36431919 PMCID: PMC9696620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ginger (Z. officinale Rosc.) is a common herb and is widely used as a diet-based or home therapy in traditional medicine worldwide. However, fresh ginger turns into dried ginger after kiln drying and shows a different treatment effect in clinical practice. Objective: To characterize the changes of major bioactive constituents in dried ginger after the processing of fresh ginger. Methods: A novel, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC−QTOF/MS) method was established to characterize the changes in the bioactive constituents of dried ginger. The novel strategy was split into two steps: firstly, the MS selected the most intense precursor ions of tandem MS; then, target MS/MS acquisition with different collision energies (10, 20, and 40 eV) was used to characterize the compound’s accurate MS/MS spectra and compare the MS/MS spectrum with the building MS reference library and reference standards. Result: Fifty-three compounds, including diarylheptanoids, gingerols, gingerodiols, gingerdiones, and shogaol-related compounds, were identified based on summarized fragmentation patterns. Fifteen out of fifty-three compounds were diarylheptanoids, which was different from fresh ginger. Conclusion: These identified compounds could be used to characterize the quality of dried ginger, pharmacologic studies should focus on diarylheptanoids explaining the different treatment effects between fresh ginger and dried ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Hua Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Saimei Li
- Department of Shang Han Lun, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Rongjin Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
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11
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Ivashkin VT, Kudryavtseva AV, Krasnov GS, Poluektov YM, Morozova MA, Shifrin OS, Beniashvili AG, Mamieva ZA, Kovaleva AL, Ulyanin AI, Trush EA, Erlykin AG, Poluektova EA. Efficacy and safety of a food supplement with standardized menthol, limonene, and gingerol content in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263880. [PMID: 35704960 PMCID: PMC9200470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects 9,2% of the global population and places a considerable burden on healthcare systems. Most medications for treating IBS, including spasmolytics, laxatives, and antidiarrheals, have low efficacy. Effective and safe therapeutic treatments have yet to be developed for IBS.
Purpose
This study assessed the efficacy and safety of a food supplement containing standardized menthol, limonene, and gingerol in human participants with IBS or IBS/functional dyspepsia (FD).
Design
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Methods
We randomly assigned 56 patients with IBS or IBS/FD to an intervention group (Group 1) or control group (Group 2) that were given supplement or placebo, respectively, in addition to the standard treatment regimen for 30 d. Three outpatient visits were conducted during the study. Symptom severity was measured at each visit using a 7×7 questionnaire. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microbiota were assessed at visits 1 and 3 based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Results
At visit 1 (before treatment), the median total 7×7 questionnaire score was in the moderately ill range for both groups, with no difference between the groups (p = 0.1). At visit 2, the total 7×7 score decreased to mildly ill, with no difference between the groups (p = 0.4). At visit 3, the total score for group 1 indicated borderline illness and for group 2 remained indicated mild illness (p = 0.009). Even though we observed some variations in gut microbiota between the groups, we did not find any statistically significant changes.
Conclusion
The food supplement with standardized menthol, limonene, and gingerol content increased the efficacy of standard therapy in IBS and FD patients. The use of the supplement did not cause any obvious side effects.
Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04484467
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir T. Ivashkin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri M. Poluektov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Oleg S. Shifrin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Allan G. Beniashvili
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Zarina A. Mamieva
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra L. Kovaleva
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly I. Ulyanin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elizaveta A. Trush
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Elena A. Poluektova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
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12
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Unuofin JO, Masuku NP, Paimo OK, Lebelo SL. Ginger from Farmyard to Town: Nutritional and Pharmacological Applications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:779352. [PMID: 34899343 PMCID: PMC8661456 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.779352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the most widely used natural products consumed as a spice and medicine for treating diabetes, flatulent intestinal colic, indigestion, infertility, inflammation, insomnia, a memory booster, nausea, rheumatism, stomach ache, and urinary tract infections. To date, over 400 bioactive components, such as diarylheptanoids, gingerol analogues, phenylalkanoids, sulfonates, monoterpenoid glycosides, steroids, and terpene compounds have been derived from ginger. Increasing evidence has revealed that ginger possesses a broad range of biological activities, especially protective effects against male infertility, nausea and vomiting, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and other effects. The pharmacological activities of ginger were mainly attributed to its active phytoconstituents such as 6-gingerol, gingerdiol, gingerol, gingerdione, paradols, shogaols, sesquiterpenes, zingerone, besides other phenolics and flavonoids. In recent years, in silico molecular docking studies revealed that gingerol (6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol) and Shogaol (6-shogaol, 8-shogaol, 10-shogaol) had the best binding affinities to the receptor protein in disease conditions such as diabetes, inflammation, obesity, and SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, some clinical trials have indicated that ginger can be consumed for alleviation of nausea and vomiting induced by surgery, pain, diabetes, obesity, inflammation, male infertility. This review provides an updated understanding of the scientific evidence on the development of ginger and its active compounds as health beneficial agents in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oluwatomiwa Kehinde Paimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Sogolo Lucky Lebelo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
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13
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Amin HS, Irfan F, Karim SI, Almeshari SM, Aldosari KA, Alzahrani AM, Almogbel AT, Alfouzan SM, Alsaif AA. The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome among Saudi population in Riyadh by use of Rome IV criteria and self-reported dietary restriction. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:383-390. [PMID: 34747875 PMCID: PMC8656325 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_43_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder. Diet may play a role in triggering the symptoms. We aimed to measure the prevalence of IBS and its types, and its association with food restrictions among the Saudi population, using the Rome IV criteria. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient clinics of three major hospitals in Riyadh in conjunction with an electronic survey which was shared on social media. A total of 1,319 subjects (706 males and 613 females) completed a questionnaire of four domains (sociodemography, Rome IV, food restriction, and herbs) between Nov 2019 and February 2020. Convenience sampling was used. RESULTS IBS was diagnosed in 104 subjects (7.9%) and, of these, 52% were IBS-M (mixed) type. The prevalence was higher in women than in men (4.9% vs. 3.0%; P = 0.006). A significant association was found between the presence of IBS symptoms and low income (P = 0.010), and not working (P < 0.0001). Most of the IBS patients showed food restriction related to milk (P < 0.0001) and legumes (P = 0.0029), besides other types of food and drinks. CONCLUSIONS IBS is less common among the Saudi population. A female gender, low family income, and working status, have the highest association with IBS. The foods most often restricted were legumes and milk. Future community studies may present an opportunity to relate with cultural differences and food preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein S. Amin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Member of Chair of Medical Education Research and Development, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhana Irfan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Member of Chair of Medical Education Research and Development, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed I. Karim
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Member of Chair of Medical Education Research and Development, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anas A. Alsaif
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Yahyazadeh R, Baradaran Rahimi V, Yahyazadeh A, Mohajeri SA, Askari VR. Promising effects of gingerol against toxins: A review article. Biofactors 2021; 47:885-913. [PMID: 34418196 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginger is a medicinal and valuable culinary plant. Gingerols, as an active constituent in the fresh ginger rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, exhibit several promising pharmacological properties. This comprehensive literature review was performed to assess gingerol's protective and therapeutic efficacy against the various chemical, natural, and radiational stimuli. Another objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties of gingerol. It should be noted that the data were gathered from in vivo and in vitro experimental studies. Gingerols can exert their protective activity through different mechanisms and cell signaling pathways. For example, these are mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), Wnt/β-catenin, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE), transforming growth factor beta1/Smad3 (TGF-β1/Smad3), and extracellular signal-related kinase/cAMP-response element-binding protein (ERK/CREB). We hope that more researchers can benefit from this review to conduct preclinical and clinical studies, treat cancer, inflammation, and attenuate the side effects of drugs and industrial pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Yahyazadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yahyazadeh
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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15
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The Spasmolytic, Bronchodilator, and Vasodilator Activities of Parmotrema perlatum Are Explained by Anti-Muscarinic and Calcium Antagonistic Mechanisms. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216348. [PMID: 34770756 PMCID: PMC8588472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parmotremaperlatum is traditionally used in different areas of Pakistan to treat gastrointestinal, respiratory, and vascular diseases. This study evaluates the underlying mechanisms for traditional uses of P. perlatum in diarrhea, asthma, and hypertension. In vitro pharmacological studies were conducted using isolated jejunum, trachea, and aortic preparations, while the cytotoxic study was conducted in mice. Crude extract of P. perlatum(Pp.Cr), comprising appreciable quantities of alkaloids and flavonoids, relaxed spontaneously contracting jejunum preparation, K+ (80 mM)-induced, and carbachol (1 µM)-induced jejunum contractions in a concentration-dependent manner similar to dicyclomine and dantrolene. Pp.Cr showed a rightward parallel shift of concentration-response curves (CRCs) of Cch after a non-parallel shift similarto dicyclomine and shifted CRCs of Ca+2 to rightward much likeverapamil and dantrolene, demonstrating the coexistence of antimuscarinic and Ca+2 antagonistic mechanism. Furthermore, Pp.Cr, dicyclomine, and dantrolene relaxed K+ (80 mM)-induced and Cch (1 µM)-induced tracheal contractions and shifted rightward CRCs of Cch similar to dicyclomine, signifying the dual blockade. Additionally, Pp.Cr also relaxed the K+ (80 mM)-induced and phenylephrine (1 µM)-induced aortic contraction, similarly to verapamil and dantrolene, suggesting Ca+2 channel antagonism. Here, we explored for the first time thespasmolytic and bronchodilator effects of Pp.Crand whether they maybe due to the dual blockade of Ca+2 channels and muscarinic receptors, while the vasodilator effect might be owing to Ca+2 antagonism. Our results provide the pharmacological evidence that P. perlatum could be a new potential therapeutic option to treat gastrointestinal, respiratory, and vascular diseases. Hence, there is a need for further research to explore bioactive constituent of P. perlatum as well as further investigation by suitable experimental models are required to further confirm the importance and usefulness of P. perlatum in diarrhea, asthma, and hypertension treatment.
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16
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Effect of saliva fluid properties on pathogen transmissibility. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16051. [PMID: 34362974 PMCID: PMC8346508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With an increasing body of evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is an airborne pathogen, droplet character formed during speech, coughs, and sneezes are important. Larger droplets tend to fall faster and are less prone to drive the airborne transmission pathway. Alternatively, small droplets (aerosols) can remain suspended for long time periods. The small size of SARS-CoV-2 enables it to be encapsulated in these aerosols, thereby increasing the pathogen’s ability to be transmitted via airborne paths. Droplet formation during human respiratory events relates to airspeed (speech, cough, sneeze), fluid properties of the saliva/mucus, and the fluid content itself. In this work, we study the fluidic drivers (fluid properties and content) and their influence on factors relating to transmissibility. We explore the relationship between saliva fluid properties and droplet airborne transmission paths. Interestingly, the natural human response appears to potentially work with these drivers to mitigate pathogen transmission. In this work, the saliva is varied using two approaches: (1) modifying the saliva with colloids that increase the viscosity/surface tension, and (2) stimulating the saliva content to increased/decreased levels. Through modern experimental and numerical flow diagnostic methods, the character, content, and exposure to droplets and aerosols are all evaluated. The results indicate that altering the saliva properties can significantly impact the droplet size distribution, the formation of aerosols, the trajectory of the bulk of the droplet plume, and the exposure (or transmissibility) to droplets. High-fidelity numerical methods used and verify that increased droplet size character enhances droplet fallout. In the context of natural saliva response, we find previous studies indicating natural human responses of increased saliva viscosity from stress and reduced saliva content from either stress or illness. These responses both favorably correspond to reduced transmissibility. Such a finding also relates to potential control methods, hence, we compared results to a surgical mask. In general, we find that saliva alteration can produce fewer and larger droplets with less content and aerosols. Such results indicate a novel approach to alter SARS-CoV-2’s transmission path and may act as a way to control the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as influenza and the common cold.
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17
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Ricci S, Rivera-Chacon R, Petri RM, Sener-Aydemir A, Sharma S, Reisinger N, Zebeli Q, Castillo-Lopez E. Supplementation With Phytogenic Compounds Modulates Salivation and Salivary Physico-Chemical Composition in Cattle Fed a High-Concentrate Diet. Front Physiol 2021; 12:645529. [PMID: 34149443 PMCID: PMC8209472 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.645529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva facilitates feed ingestion, nutrient circulation, and represents an important pH buffer for ruminants, especially for cattle fed high-concentrate diets that promote rumen acidification. This experiment evaluated the short-term effects of nine phytogenic compounds on salivation, saliva physico-chemical composition as well as ingested feed boli characteristics in cattle. A total of nine ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used. Each compound was tested in four of these cows as part of a high-concentrate meal (2.5 kg of total mixed ration in dry matter basis for 4 h) in low or high dose, and was compared to a control meal without compound. Saliva was sampled orally (unstimulated saliva) for physico-chemical composition analysis. Composition of the ingested saliva (stimulated saliva), salivation and feed boli characteristics were assessed from ingesta collected at the cardia during the first 30 min of the meal. Analysis of unstimulated saliva showed that supplementation with capsaicin and thyme oil increased buffer capacity, while supplementation with thymol, L-menthol and gentian root decreased saliva pH. In addition, supplementing angelica root decreased saliva osmolality. Regression analysis on unstimulated saliva showed negative associations between mucins and bicarbonate as well as with phosphate when garlic oil, thyme oil or angelica root was supplemented. Analysis of stimulated saliva demonstrated that supplementation with garlic oil increased phosphate concentration, thyme oil tended to increase osmolality, capsaicin and thymol increased buffer capacity, and ginger increased phosphate content. Furthermore, salivation rate increased with ginger and thymol, and tended to increase with garlic oil, capsaicin, L-menthol and mint oil. Feed ensalivation increased with capsaicin. A positive association was found between feed bolus size and salivation rate when any of the phytogenic compounds was supplemented. Overall, our results demonstrate positive short-term effects of several phytogenic compounds on unstimulated and stimulated saliva physico-chemical properties, salivation or feed boli characteristics. Thus, the phytogenic compounds enhancing salivary physico-chemical composition have the potential to contribute to maintain or improve ruminal health in cattle fed concentrate-rich rations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ricci
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raul Rivera-Chacon
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renee M. Petri
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arife Sener-Aydemir
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Suchitra Sharma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ezequias Castillo-Lopez
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Abstract
GOAL A comprehensive review of treatments for nausea and vomiting (N/V). BACKGROUND N/V are common symptoms encountered in medicine. While most cases of acute N/V related to a specific cause can be straightforward to manage, other cases of acute N/V such as chemotherapy-induced N/V and especially chronic unexplained N/V can be difficult to control, leading to a significant decline in the patient's quality of life and increased cost of medical care from repeated hospitalizations. STUDY Traditional management has relied on pharmacotherapy which may be inadequate in a certain proportion of these patients. Many of the medications used in the management of N/V have significant side effect profiles making the need for new and improved interventions of great importance. RESULTS This review covers a broad review of the pathophysiology of N/V, pharmacotherapy, including safety concerns and controversies with established pharmaceuticals, newer immunotherapies, bioelectrical neuromodulation (including gastric electrical stimulation), behavioral and surgical therapies, and complementary medicine. CONCLUSION On the basis of emerging understandings of the pathophysiology of N/V, improved therapies are becoming available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert T Luckett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Louisville
| | - Chris Moser
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville
| | - Dipendra Parajuli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Louisville
- Robley Rex Va Medical Center, Louisville, KY
| | - Thomas L Abell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Louisville
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19
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Zhang M, Zhao R, Wang D, Wang L, Zhang Q, Wei S, Lu F, Peng W, Wu C. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and its bioactive components are potential resources for health beneficial agents. Phytother Res 2021; 35:711-742. [PMID: 32954562 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Zingiberacae), commonly known as ginger, is a perennial and herbaceous plant with long cultivation history. Ginger rhizome is one of the most popular food spices with unique pungent flavor and is prescribed as a well-known traditional Chinese herbal medicine. To date, over 160 constituents, including volatile oil, gingerol analogues, diarylheptanoids, phenylalkanoids, sulfonates, steroids, and monoterpenoid glycosides compounds, have been isolated and identified from ginger. Increasing evidence has revealed that ginger possesses a broad range of biological activities, especially gastrointestinal-protective, anti-cancer, and obesity-preventive effects. In addition, gingerol analogues such as 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol can be rapidly eliminated in the serum and detected as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Structural variation would be useful to improve the metabolic characteristics and bioactivities of lead compounds derived from ginger. Furthermore, some clinical trials have indicated that ginger can be consumed for attenuating nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy; however, there is not sufficient data available to rule out its potential toxicity, which should be monitored especially over longer periods. This review provides an up-to-date understanding of the scientific evidence on the development of ginger and its active compounds as health beneficial agents in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujun Wei
- Basic Medical School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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20
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Pereira JC, Figueiredo IAD, de Oliveira FRMB, Ferreira SRD, Aires Moreno GT, da Silva TMS, Pinheiro UDS, Santos BVDO, da Silva BA, Cavalcante FDA. Oceanapia magna Sponge Presents Dual Effect on the Gastrointestinal Motility of Rodents: In Vitro and In Vivo Assays. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:572574. [PMID: 33424588 PMCID: PMC7793637 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.572574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceanapia magna Santos-Neto, Nascimento, Cavalcanti and Pinheiro sponges are distributed across tropical worldwide seas. Some studies of marine products have shown interesting activities in smooth muscle models. Hence, we assessed the effect of the ethanolic extract of Oceanapia magna. (OC-EtOH) on acute toxicity and gastrointestinal motility (in vitro and in vivo) in rodent models. On guinea pig ileum, OC-EtOH induced a concentration dependent contraction on basal tonus, which was not inhibited by atropine, but in the presence of pyrilamine or verapamil, the effect was antagonized. Contrastingly, on KCl- or histamine-induced contractions, OC-EtOH presented a transient contraction followed by a concentration-dependent relaxation. Moreover, OC-EtOH presented a relaxant profile on cumulative curves to CaCl2 and tonic contraction induced by S-(-)-BayK8644, through Cav blockade. The acute toxicity assay showed that OC-EtOH (2,000 mg/kg, p.o.) did not present any sign of toxicity in female mice. Additionally, OC-EtOH presented antidiarrheal effect in mice, increased the intestinal normal transit and reduced the castor oil-induced intestinal transit. Thus, OC-EtOH presented a dual effect on guinea pig ileum promoting contraction through activation of H1 and CaV, and relaxation through CaV blockade, besides the effect on upper gastrointestinal transit in mice, showing a potential medicinal use of this sponge in intestinal diseases such as diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joedna Cavalcante Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sarah Rebeca Dantas Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Viviana de Oliveira Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Departmento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Bagnólia Araújo da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Departmento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fabiana de Andrade Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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21
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Morvaridzadeh M, Fazelian S, Agah S, Khazdouz M, Rahimlou M, Agh F, Potter E, Heshmati S, Heshmati J. Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cytokine 2020; 135:155224. [PMID: 32763761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy of ginger supplementation on circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The search included PubMed-Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases to identify randomized clinical trials on the effect of ginger supplementation on circulation levels of CRP, hs-CRP, IL-6, sICAM, and TNF-α published up until February 1st, 2020. We did not restrict articles based on language of publication. Standard mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for net changes in inflammatory mediators using a random-effects model. Sixteen RCTs comprising 1010 participants were found to be eligible for this meta-analysis. There was a significant reduction of circulating CRP (SMD: -5.11, 95% CI: -7.91, -2.30, I2 = 98.1%), hs-CRP (SMD: -0.88, 95% CI: -1.63, -0.12, I2 = 90.8%) and TNF-α levels (SMD: -0.85, 95% CI: -1.48, -0.21, I2 = 89.4%) following ginger supplementation. However, meta-analysis results did not show any significant impact of ginger supplementation on IL-6 (SMD: -0.45, 95% CI: -1.29, 0.38, I2 = 89.2%), and sICAM levels (SMD: -0.05, 95% CI: -0.36, 0.26, I2 = 00.0%). This systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs demonstrates a significant impact of ginger in lowering circulating CRP, hs-CRP and TNF-α levels. Large-scale RCTs are still needed to draw concrete conclusions about the effect of ginger on other inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Morvaridzadeh
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Siavash Fazelian
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ayatollah Kashani Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Shahram Agah
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Khazdouz
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Rahimlou
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Agh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eric Potter
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Shilan Heshmati
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Heshmati
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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22
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Zhang C, Huang Y, Li P, Chen X, Liu F, Hou Q. Ginger relieves intestinal hypersensitivity of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome by inhibiting proinflammatory reaction. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:279. [PMID: 32928188 PMCID: PMC7489045 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginger or ginger extracts have been used in traditional medicine relieve pain caused by diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), but few data exists about its effectiveness. This present study was to validate the effect of ginger on visceral pain, and to further explore the possible underlying mechanism by which ginger is used to relieve IBS-D intestinal hypersensitivity. METHODS First, the IBS-D rat model was established by chemical stimulation and acute and chronic pressure stimulation. Then, different dose of ginger were administrated to IBS-D rats and evaluate the defecation frequency, fecal water content (FWC) and abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores in IBS-D rats. Further, the IBS-D rats were sacrificed to collecte the colonic tissues to evaluate the effect of ginger administration on its pathology and changes of pro-inflammatory factors, and changes of NF-κB pathway. Second, the ginger was taken to HPLC analysis and 6-gingerol was choosen to further experiment. Then, IBS-D rats were treated with different dose of 6-gingerol, and the behavioral evaluation were to evaluate the effect of 6-gingerol on IBS-D rats. Further, colonic epithelial cells (CECs) were collectted and to evaluate the effect of 6-gingerol on the expression of inflammatory factors and changes of NF-κB pathway. RESULTS The IBS-D rat model was successfully established by chemical stimulation and acute and chronic pressure stimulation. And ginger treatment significantly reduced the defecation frequency, fecal water content and AWR scores in IBS-D rats. Histopathological analysis showed that ginger treatment can significantly reduce colonic edema and promote the recovery of inflammation in IBS-D rats, and the effect is equivalent to rifaximin. Elisa and RT-qPCR showed that ginger inhibited the expression of proinflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS) in IBS-D rats. Western blot showed IkBα was up-regulated while p-p65 was inhibited under ginger treatment. HPLC analysis showed that 6-gingerol was the main component of ginger, which could improve clinical symptoms in IBS-D rats. Western blot and RT-qPCR showed that 6-gingerol inhibited the expression of proinflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS) in CECs, and inhibition of IκBα degradation and phosphorylation of p65 involved in NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION Ginger and ginger extract could relieve intestinal hypersensitivity of IBS-D by inhibiting proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrong Zhang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongquan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, P.R. China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Statistics, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengbin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, P.R. China.
| | - Qiuke Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510405, P.R. China.
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Ali MZ, Mehmood MH, Saleem M, Gilani AH. The use of Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae) in diarrhea and constipation involves calcium antagonism and cholinergic mechanisms. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:14. [PMID: 32020867 PMCID: PMC7076812 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Euphorbia hirta (Linn) family Euphorbiaceae has been used in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. This study was designed to determine the pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of E. hirta in diarrhea and constipation. Methods The aqueous-methanol extract of whole herb of E. hirta (EH.Cr) and its petroleum ether (Pet.EH), chloroform (CHCl3.EH), ethyl acetate (Et.Ac.EH) and aqueous (Aq.EH) fractions were tested in the in-vivo experiments using Balb/c mice, while the in-vitro studies were performed on isolated jejunum and ileum preparations of locally bred rabbit and Sprague Dawley rats, respectively, using PowerLab data system. Results Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, cardiac glycosides, while HPLC of EH.Cr showed quercetin in high proportion. In mice, EH.Cr at the dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg showed 41 and 70% protection from castor oil-induced diarrhea, respectively, similar to the effect of quercetin and loperamide, while at lower doses (50 and 100 mg/kg), it caused an increase in the fecal output. In loperamide-induced constipated mice, EH.Cr also displayed laxative effect with respective values of 28.6 and 35.3% at 50 and 100 mg/kg. In rabbit jejunum, EH.Cr showed atropine-sensitive inhibitory effect in a concentration-dependent manner, while quercetin and nifedipine exhibited atropine-insensitive effects. Fractions of E. hirta also produced atropine-sensitive inhibitory effects except Pet.EH and CHCl3.EH. On high (80 mM) and low (20 mM) K+ − induced contractions, the crude extract and fractions exhibited a concentration-dependent non-specific inhibition of both spasmogens and displaced concentration-response curves of Ca++ to the right with suppression of the maximum effect similar to the effect quercetin and nifedipine. Fractions showed wide distribution of spasmolytic and Ca++ antagonist like effects. In rat ileum, EH.Cr and its fractions exhibited atropine-sensitive gut stimulant effects except Pet.EH. Conclusion The crude extract of E. hirta possesses antidiarrheal effect possibly mediated through Ca++ antagonist like gut inhibitory constituents, while its laxative effect was mediated primarily through muscarinic receptor agonist like gut stimulant constituents. Thus, these findings provide an evidence to the folkloric use of E. hirta in diarrhea and constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zeeshan Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Malik Hassan Mehmood
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Punjab Old Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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Xu N, Zhou R, Jiang Q, Kong L, Lei H. GEO-PGS composite shows synergistic and complementary effect on Escherichia coli and improvement of intestinal dysfunction. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 135:110936. [PMID: 31682933 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Palygorskite (PGS) is a kind of clay minerals with the property of absorbent capacity, and ginger essential oil (GEO) is a kind of natural antibacterial substances. In the present study PGS was used as carrier of GEO, and thus, a kind of new anti-bacterial composite GEO-PGS has been obtained. Characterization, inhibitory effect of GEO-PGS on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and its function of improvement of intestinal health would be investigated. Results showed that characterization analysis of GEO-PGS (FTIR, TG-DSC, BET, Zeta potential, specific surface area, total pore volume and size, TEM observation) demonstrated combination of GEO and PGS, and GEO was absorbed on the surface of PGS, partially filled the micropores of PGS. GEO-PGS had obvious inhibitory effect on E.coli, in combination of the antibacterial activity of GEO and bacteria-absorbed capability of PGS. GEO-PGS also had ameliorating effect on enteritis and intestinal dysfunction in vivo, which might be related to the inhibition of gene expression of inflammatory cytokines (TLR2, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-8). In conclusion, the novel composite GEO-PGS has the potential usage as functional component having effect of improving intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering / Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety / Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Renjie Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering / Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety / Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lingyan Kong
- College of Food Science and Engineering / Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety / Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong Lei
- College of Food Science and Engineering / Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety / Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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25
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Leung AK, Hon KL. Motion sickness: an overview. Drugs Context 2019; 8:dic-2019-9-4. [PMID: 32158479 PMCID: PMC7048153 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2019-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Motion sickness is a common phenomenon that affects almost everybody at some point in their lifetime. Clinicians should be familiar with the proper management of this condition. Objective To provide an update on the current understanding of the pathophysiology and management of motion sickness. Methods A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key term ‘motion sickness.’ The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. The search was restricted to English literature. The information retrieved from the earlier search was used in the compilation of the present article. Results Motion sickness is typically triggered by low-frequency vertical, lateral, angular, rotary motion, or virtual stimulator motion, to which an individual has not adapted. Sine qua non for developing motion sickness is when the brain receives conflicting information from different sensors about real body movements or virtual environment. The principal sensors are the eyes, the vestibular apparatus, and proprioceptive receptors. The conflicting information is judged in relation to a pattern of expected associations formed under normal or experienced conditions stored in the brain. Motion sickness typically presents with malaise, anorexia, nausea, yawning, sighing, increased salivation, burping, headache, blurred vision, non-vertiginous dizziness, drowsiness, spatial disorientation, difficulty concentrating, and sometimes vomiting. Simple behavioral and environmental modifications can be effective in the prevention of motion sickness. Medications that are effective in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of motion sickness include anticholinergics, antihistamines, and sympathomimetics. Conclusion In most cases, motion sickness can be prevented by behavioral and environmental modifications (avoidance, habituation, and minimization of motion stimuli). Pharmacotherapy should be considered in the prevention and/or treatment of more severe motion sickness and for patients who do not respond to conservative measures. Medications are most effective when combined with behavioral and environmental modifications. Drugs that are effective in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of motion sickness include anticholinergic agents and antihistamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kc Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kam Lun Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong
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Abdel-Gabbar M, Ahmed RR, Kandeil MA, Mohamed AEDH, Ali SM. Administration of ginger and/or thyme has ameliorative effects on liver and kidney functions of V-line rabbits: Histological and biochemical studies. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1758-1767. [PMID: 31441113 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Zingiber officinale and Thymus vulgaris aqueous extracts as a natural antioxidant on liver and kidney functions and antioxidant status of growing rabbits. A total of 24 V-line male rabbits, 3 months old, 1.465 ± 0.12 kg average body weight (BW) were used in a complete randomized design. The rabbits were weighed individually and assigned randomly to four groups (6 animals/each). The first group (G1) was taken fresh water and served as control, rabbits of the second group (G2) were taken 100 mg/kg BW in drinking water of the Z. officinale aqueous extract daily. The third group (G3) was taken 50 mg/kg BW in drinking water of the T. vulgaris aqueous extract daily and the fourth group (G4) was taken 100 mg/kg BW of the Z. officinale aqueous extract plus 50 mg/kg BW of the T. vulgaris aqueous extract in drinking water daily. The oral administration of ginger and/or thyme aqueous extracts increased (p < .001) serum protein profile compared with control group. Moreover, results of group 2 showed significant (p < .001) decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with group 3 and 4. Serum urea, uric acid and creatinine levels were significantly (p < .001) decreased in treated groups compared with control group. Oral administration of ginger and/or thyme aqueous extracts to growing rabbits increased (p < .001) total antioxidant capacity and glutathione content and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase compared with the control group. In conclusion, the current study showed that oral administration of ginger and thyme aqueous extracts to growing rabbits showed no adverse effects on liver and kidney function parameters, histological structures and improved antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasha R Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Kandeil
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Shimaa M Ali
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Miyauchi-Wakuda S, Kagota S, Maruyama-Fumoto K, Wakuda H, Yamada S, Shinozuka K. Effect of Royal Jelly on Mouse Isolated Ileum and Gastrointestinal Motility. J Med Food 2019; 22:789-796. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shino Miyauchi-Wakuda
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Satomi Kagota
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kana Maruyama-Fumoto
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Wakuda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shinozuka
- Department of Pharmacology II, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Nikkhah-Bodaghi M, Maleki I, Agah S, Hekmatdoost A. Zingiber officinale and oxidative stress in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Complement Ther Med 2019; 43:1-6. [PMID: 30935515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress plays an essential role in ulcerative colitis (UC) initiation and severity. We aimed to investigate the effect of ginger as a well-known antioxidant agent on the quality of life, disease activity index and oxidative stress in patients with UC. METHODS Forty six patients with active mild to moderate UC randomly assigned to consume 2000 mg/day dried ginger powder in 4 capsules or similar placebo capsules for 12 weeks. Disease activity index, quality of life and some oxidative stress factors were measured before, at the middle and at the end of the intervention through valid and reliable questionnaires and blood sampling. RESULTS Ginger reduced Malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly after 6 weeks (p = 0.003) and 12 weeks (p < 0.001) of intervention, whereas it did not affect serum total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC). The scores of severity of disease activity at 12th week was significantly improved in ginger group in comparison to placebo (p = 0.017). Moreover, ginger increased patients quality of life significantly at 12th week (p = 0.039). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that ginger supplementation can improve treatment of patients with UC. Further clinical trials with different dosages and duration of ginger or its standard extract supplementation are needed to obtain firm conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Nikkhah-Bodaghi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iradj Maleki
- Gut and Liver Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Shahram Agah
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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29
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Cakir U, Tayman C, Serkant U, Yakut HI, Cakir E, Ates U, Koyuncu I, Karaogul E. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) for the treatment and prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 225:297-308. [PMID: 30005955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most important gastrointestinal emergency affecting especially preterm infants and causes severe morbidities and mortality. However, there is no cure. Oxidant stress, inflammation, apoptosis, as well as prematurity are believed to responsible in the pathogenesis of the disease. Ginger and its compounds have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant properties and immunomodulatory, cytoprotective/regenerative actions. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of ginger on the intestinal damage in an experimental rat model of NEC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty newborn Wistar rats were divided into three groups: NEC, NEC + ginger and control in this experimental study. NEC was induced by injection of intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide, feeding with enteral formula, hypoxia-hyperoxia and cold stress exposure. The pups in the NEC + ginger group were orally administered ginger at a dose of 1000 mg/kg/day. Proximal colon and ileum were excised. Histopathological, immunohistochemical (TUNEL for apoptosis, caspase 3 and 8) and biochemical assays including xanthine oxidase (XO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malonaldehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin1β (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) activity were evaluated. RESULTS Compared with the NEC group, the rat pups in the NEC + ginger group had better clinical disease scores and weight gain (p < 0.05). Macroscopic evaluation, Histopathologic and apoptosis assessment (TUNEL, caspase 3 and 8) releaved that severity of intestinal damage were significantly lower in the NEC + ginger group (p < 0.05). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the ginger treated group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The GSH-Px and SOD levels of the ginger treated group were significantly preserved in the NEC + ginger group (p < 0.05). The tissue XO, MDA and MPO levels of the NEC + ginger group were significantly lower than those in the NEC group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Ginger therapy efficiently ameliorated the severity of intestinal damage in NEC and may be a promising treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Cakir
- Department of Neonatology, Health Sciences University, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Cuneyt Tayman
- Health Sciences University, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Utku Serkant
- Department of Biochemistry, Golbası Public Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Halil Ibrahim Yakut
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University, Ankara Hematology Oncology Children Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Esra Cakir
- Health Sciences University, Anesthesiology and Clinical of Critical Care, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ufuk Ates
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- Harran University Faculty of Medicine Department of Biochemistry, Sanlıurfa, Turkey.
| | - Eyyup Karaogul
- Harran University Engineering Faculty Food Science and Technology, Sanlıurfa, Turkey.
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Ezzat SM, Ezzat MI, Okba MM, Menze ET, Abdel-Naim AB. The hidden mechanism beyond ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) potent in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 214:113-123. [PMID: 29253614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a well known anti-inflammatory drug in the Egyptian, Indian and Chinese folk medicines, yet its mechanism of action is unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore its mechanism of action and to correlate it to its biophytochemicals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various extracts viz. water, 50%, 70%, 80%, and 90% ethanol were prepared from ginger rhizomes. Fractionation of the aqueous extract (AE) was accomplished using Diaion HP-20. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the different extracts and isolated compounds was evaluated using protein denaturation inhibition, membrane stabilization, protease inhibition, and anti-lipoxygenase assays. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of AE was estimated using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema in rats at doses 25, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg b.wt. RESULTS All the tested extracts showed significant (p< 0.1) in vitro anti-inflammatory activities. The strongest anti-lipoxygenase activity was observed for AE that was more significant than that of diclofenac (58% and 52%, respectively) at the same concentration (125μg/ml). Purification of AE led to the isolation of 6-poradol (G1), 6-shogaol (G2); methyl 6- gingerol (G3), 5-gingerol (G4), 6-gingerol (G5), 8-gingerol (G6), 10-gingerol (G7), and 1-dehydro-6-gingerol (G8). G1, G2 and G8 exhibited potent activity in all the studied assays, while G4 and G5 exhibited moderate activity. In vivo administration of AE ameliorated rat paw edema in a dose-dependent manner. AE (at 200mg/kg) showed significant reduction in production of PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity by 60%, 57%, 60%, 41%, 32% and 67%, respectively. AE at 100 and 200mg/kg was equipotent to indomethacin in reduction of NOx level and in increasing the total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Histopathological examination revealed very few inflammatory cells infiltration and edema after administration of AE (200mg/kg) prior to carrageenan. CONCLUSIONS Ginger anti-inflammatory activity is mediated by inhibiting macrophage and neutrophils activation as well as negatively affecting monocyte and leukocyte migration. This was evidenced by the dose-dependent decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and replenishment the total antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahira M Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Science and Arts (MSA), 6th October, 12566, Egypt.
| | - Marwa I Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Mona M Okba
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Esther T Menze
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ashraf B Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Rahman HMA, Bashir S, Mandukhail SR, Huda S, Gilani AH. Pharmacological Evaluation of Gut Modulatory and Bronchodilator Activities of Achyranthes aspera Linn. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1776-1785. [PMID: 28840614 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Achyranthes aspera L. is traditionally used to relieve constipation, diarrhea, and asthma. Its crude extract (Aa.Cr) was evaluated through in vivo and ex vivo experiments to rationalize these medicinal uses of A. aspera and to provide their scientific basis. Aa.Cr, at 3 and 10 mg/kg, increased fecal output, similar to castor oil, whereas at 30, 100, 300, and 700 mg/kg, it protected against castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice when administered orally. Aa.Cr caused spasmogenic effect on rabbit jejunum and guinea pig ileum preparations, which was partially inhibited by atropine while completely blocked by cyproheptadine preincubation. Aa.Cr also relaxed high K+ (80 mM)-induced contraction in rabbit jejunum. Aa.Cr inhibited CCh (100 μg/kg)-induced bronchospasm in rats, similar to aminophylline. Like dicyclomine, Aa.Cr relaxed high K+ and CCh (1 μM)-induced contractions in guinea pig trachea and caused rightwards parallel shift of CCh concentration-response curves at the lower concentrations followed by non-parallel shift at the higher concentrations. On activity-directed fractionation, spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities of Aa.Cr were concentrated in aqueous and organic fraction, respectively. This study suggests the presence of dose-specific laxative and antidiarrheal effects in A. aspera, possibly mediated through cyproheptadine-sensitive receptors and dual cholinergic and calcium channel blockade, respectively. The latter combination is also a suggested mechanism underlying its bronchodilator effect. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Abdur Rahman
- Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Samra Bashir
- Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.,M. Islam College of Pharmacy, Deewan Road, Gujranwala, Pakistan
| | - Safur Rehman Mandukhail
- Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Sohaib Huda
- Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Anwarul Hassan Gilani
- Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.,Pakistan Council for Science and Technology, Shahra-e-Jamhuriat, G-5/2, Islamabad, Pakistan
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32
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Encapsulation of ginger ethanolic extract in nanoliposome and evaluation of its antioxidant activity on sunflower oil. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Therapeutic Action of Honokiol on Postoperative Ileus via Downregulation of iNOS Gene Expression. Inflammation 2017; 40:1331-1341. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Palla AH, Iqbal NT, Minhas K, Gilani AH. Flaxseed extract exhibits mucosal protective effect in acetic acid induced colitis in mice by modulating cytokines, antioxidant and antiinflammatory mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 38:153-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bello FH, Maiha BB, Anuka JA. The effect of methanol rhizome extract of Nymphaea lotus Linn. (Nymphaeaceae) in animal models of diarrhoea. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 190:13-21. [PMID: 27215682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nymphaea lotus, which is widely distributed throughout tropical Africa, enjoys a number of ethnomedical uses in Nigeria. Traditionally, the rhizomes of N. lotus are used to cure diarrhoea. AIM OF STUDY This study aims to evaluate the antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol rhizome extract of N. lotus plant in laboratory animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extract was screened for activity against castor oil-induced diarrhoea and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea as well as effect on gastric transit time in mice. The effect of methanol rhizome extract of Nymphaea lotus on the perfused isolated tissue preparation was also determined. RESULTS For castor oil-induced diarrhoea, the extract at doses of 200, 400 and 800mg/kg produced significant reduction in the frequency of diarrhoea (at p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively). The extract at 800mg/kg produced a significant delay in onset of diarrhoea (p<0.05) comparable to loperamide (3mg/kg). The frequency of magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea was also significantly reduced in the groups treated with 200, 400 and 800mg/kg of the extract at p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.01 respectively. At doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, the protection produced was comparable to loperamide, 3mg/kg. All treated groups produced significant reduction in the transit of charcoal meal along the intestinal tract at p<0.001. The extract at low concentration (4×10(-4)-6.4×10(-2)mg/ml) had contractile effect on the tone of contraction of the rabbit jejunum while at higher concentrations (8×10(-2)-512×10(-2)mg/ml) produced significant reduction in the tone and rate of spontaneous contraction of rabbit jejunum. The extract at lower concentrations (4×10(-4)-2×10(-2)mg/ml) has no effect on contraction of the guinea pig ileum while higher concentrations (4×10(-2)-512×10(-2)mg/ml) produced significant relaxant activity on guinea pig ileum. CONCLUSION This study has shown that the methanol rhizome extract of N. lotus has antidiarrhoeal properties thus justifying its use by the local population for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Hauwa Bello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
| | - Bilkisu B Maiha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Joseph A Anuka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
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Matthews K, O’Brien D, Whitley N, Burke J, Miller J, Barczewski R. Investigation of possible pumpkin seeds and ginger effects on gastrointestinal nematode infection indicators in meat goat kids and lambs. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abdul-Hamid M, Salah M. Intervention of ginger or propolis ameliorates methotrexate-induced ileum toxicity. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 32:313-22. [PMID: 24097362 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713500833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The long-term clinical use of methotrexate (MTX) is restricted due to its severe intestinal toxicity. The protective effect of ginger or propolis on the toxicity induced by MTX is relatively less understood, so the possible protective effect of ginger or propolis, used separately, was investigated. A total of 60 male albino rats were divided into six groups as follows: (1) control group; (2) ginger group; (3) propolis group; (4) MTX group; (5) ginger + MTX group; and (6) propolis + MTX group. The present results show that MTX caused ileum injury, including shortening and fusion of the villi, inflammatory cell infiltration and goblet cell depletion. Administration of ginger or propolis ameliorated the MTX-induced ileum injury as shown by histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigations and statistical analysis. This is revealed by intact villi, which shows marked increase in brown colouration of proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive nuclei in the crypts region, improvement in the number of goblet cells and brush border length of ileum. The current results conclude the efficacy and safety of ginger and propolis, which may be due to their antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Abdul-Hamid
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marwa Salah
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Cai ZX, Tang XD, Wang FY, Duan ZJ, Li YC, Qiu JJ, Guo HS. Effect of gingerol on colonic motility via inhibition of calcium channel currents in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:13466-13472. [PMID: 26730157 PMCID: PMC4690175 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i48.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of gingerol on colonic motility and the action of L-type calcium channel currents in this process.
METHODS: The distal colon was cut along the mesenteric border and cleaned with Ca2+-free physiological saline solution. Muscle strips were removed and placed in Ca2+-free physiological saline solution, which was oxygenated continuously. Longitudinal smooth muscle samples were prepared by cutting along the muscle strips and were then placed in a chamber. Mechanical contractile activities of isolated colonic segments in rats were recorded by a 4-channel physiograph. Colon smooth muscle cells were dissociated by enzymatic digestion. L-type calcium currents were recorded using the conventional whole-cell patch-clamp technique.
RESULTS: Gingerol inhibited the spontaneous contraction of colonic longitudinal smooth muscle in a dose-dependent manner with inhibition percentages of 13.3% ± 4.1%, 43.4% ± 3.9%, 78.2% ± 3.6% and 80.5% ± 4.5% at 25 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L, 75 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L, respectively (P < 0.01). Nifedipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, diminished the inhibition of colonic motility by gingerol. Gingerol inhibited L-type calcium channel currents in colonic longitudinal myocytes of rats. At a 75 μmol/L concentration of gingerol, the percentage of gingerol-induced inhibition was diminished by nifedipine from 77.1% ± 4.2% to 42.6% ± 3.6% (P < 0.01). Gingerol suppressed IBa in a dose-dependent manner, and the inhibition rates were 22.7% ± 2.38%, 35.77% ± 3.14%, 49.78% ± 3.48% and 53.78% ± 4.16% of control at 0 mV, respectively, at concentrations of 25 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L, 75 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L (P < 0.01). The steady-state activation curve was shifted to the right by treatment with gingerol. The value of half activation was -14.23 ± 1.12 mV in the control group and -10.56 ± 1.04 mV in the 75 μmol/L group (P < 0.05) with slope factors, Ks, of 7.16 ± 0.84 and 7.02 ± 0.93 (P < 0.05) in the control and 75 μmol/L groups, respectively. However, the steady-state inactivation curve was not changed, with a half-inactivation voltage, 0.5 V, of -27.43 ± 1.26 mV in the control group and -26.56 ± 1.53 mV in the 75 μmol/L gingerol group (P > 0.05), and a slope factor, K, of 13.24 ± 1.62 in the control group and 13.45 ± 1.68 (P > 0.05) in the 75 μmol/L gingerol group.
CONCLUSION: Gingerol inhibits colonic motility by preventing Ca2+ influx through L-type calcium channels.
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Hanif Palla A, Gilani AH. Dual effectiveness of Flaxseed in constipation and diarrhea: Possible mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:60-68. [PMID: 25889554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This study was planned to assess pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Flaxseed in constipation and diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS The oil and mucilage of Flaxseeds were studied for their laxative, and antidiarrheal activities in mice. The mechanisms of laxative and antidiarrheal activities were further studied using the isolated tissue preparations (rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig ileum) immersed in Tyrode׳s solution maintained at 37°C and aerated with carbogen gas. Isotonic responses were measured on spontaneously contracting isolated jejunum and guinea-pig ileum preparations. RESULTS Oral administration of Flaxseed oil (30 and 70mg/kg, orally) and mucilage (1 and 2.5g/kg, orally) caused dose-dependent increase in wet feces in mice. The spasmogenic effect of Flaxseed oil was partially blocked by pyrilamine (p<0.05) and atropine (p<0.01) in isolated rabbit jejunum whereas atropine completely blocked the effect of Flaxseed mucilage on isolated guinea-pig ileum. When studied for its antidiarrheal effect, Flaxseed oil reduced the castor oil-induced diarrheal score by 49.35% and 84.41% and intestinal secretions by 19% and 33.62% at the oral doses of 100 and 300mg/kg respectively. In isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, Flaxseed oil produced a dose-dependent inhibition of both spontaneous and low K(+) (25mM) -induced contractions in rabbit jejunum. The inhibitory effect against low K(+) was most sensitive to tetra-ethylammonium chloride, a non-specific K(+) channel blocker, followed by glibenclamide, a partial ATP-dependent K(+) channels blocker and 4-Aminopyridine, a voltage gated K(+)-channel blocker. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Flaxseed oil and mucilage exhibit laxative activity, mediated primarily through cholinergic pathway with weak histaminergic effect component evident in Flaxseed oil, which also showed antidiarrheal activity, mediated possibly through K(+) channels activation. Thus this study rationalizes the medicinal use of Flaxseed in both the constipation and diarrhea with sound mechanistic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Hanif Palla
- Natural Products Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Anwarul-Hassan Gilani
- Natural Products Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, PO Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
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Rehman NU, Gilani AH, Khan A, Nazneen M, El Gamal AA, Fawzy GA, Al-Ati HY, Abdel-kader MS. Antidiarrheal and Antispasmodic Activities ofBuddleja polystachyaare Mediated Through Dual Inhibition of Ca++Influx and Phosphodiesterase Enzyme. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1211-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb-ur Rehman
- Natural Products Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences; The Aga Khan University Medical College; Karachi 74800 Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences; Mekelle University; Mekelle Ethiopia
| | - Anwarul-Hassan Gilani
- Natural Products Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences; The Aga Khan University Medical College; Karachi 74800 Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences; Mekelle University; Mekelle Ethiopia
| | - Aslam Khan
- Natural Products Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences; The Aga Khan University Medical College; Karachi 74800 Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University; Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Maryam Nazneen
- Natural Products Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences; The Aga Khan University Medical College; Karachi 74800 Pakistan
| | - Ali A. El Gamal
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; P.O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Ghada A. Fawzy
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; P.O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy; Cairo University; Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Hanan Y. Al-Ati
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; P.O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged S. Abdel-kader
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy; Salman Bin Abdulaziz University; Alkharj Saudi Arabia
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Tangjitman K, Wongsawad C, Kamwong K, Sukkho T, Trisonthi C. Ethnomedicinal plants used for digestive system disorders by the Karen of northern Thailand. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2015; 11:27. [PMID: 25885534 PMCID: PMC4422539 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-015-0011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digestive system disorders have a substantial effect on worldwide morbidity and mortality rates, including in Thailand, where the majority of the rural areas have a lack of proper sanitation and awareness about disease prevention. This has led to the prevalence of different types of digestive diseases. Karen people in Thailand still use medicinal plants as first aid remedies in treating these diseases. Therefore, this study aimed at documenting the plants used to cure and prevent different types of digestive system disorders by Karen people of Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. METHODS Ethnomedicinal data were collected from six key informants and 172 non-specialist informants regarding their traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. Quantitative approaches were used to determine Use Value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) and Fidelity Level (FL) values. RESULTS The study revealed that 36 medicinal plant species belonging to 31 genera and 24 families were used to treat digestive system disorders. The most prevalent plant families were Zingiberaceae (6 species), Euphorbiaceae (4 species) and Fabaceae (4 species). Leaves were the most commonly used plant part accounting for 32.6% of the plants, followed by the bark (18.6%). About 60% of the administrations were given orally by potion (60%) and consumption as food was also indicated (14%). The highest ICF values were recorded for carminative disorders, stomachaches, geographic tongue, constipation, appetite stimulants and food poisoning (1.00 each) indicating the best agreement among the informants knowledge of medicinal plants that were used to treat aliments in these categories. The highest fidelity level values were recorded for Punica granatum (100.00), Psidium guajava (95.45), and Gymnopetalum integrifolium (90.91) showing conformity of knowledge on species with the best healing potential. CONCLUSION Medicinal plants still play an important role among Karen culture. The present information on these medicinal plants, which have high UV and FL values, may serve as the baseline data to initiate further research for the discovery of new compounds and the biological activities of these potential plant remedies. Further research on these plants may provide some important clues for the development of new drugs for the treatment of digestive system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornkanok Tangjitman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Huaykaew Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Chalobol Wongsawad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Huaykaew Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Kaweesin Kamwong
- Royal Park Rajapruek, Mae-hea, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Treetip Sukkho
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Huaykaew Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Chusie Trisonthi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Huaykaew Road, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Prokinetic activity of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch flowers extract and its possible mechanism of action in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:569853. [PMID: 25821812 PMCID: PMC4363542 DOI: 10.1155/2015/569853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The peach tree, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, is widely cultivated in China, and its flowers have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine to treat gut motility disorders. But few studies have explored the pharmacological effect of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch flowers on gastrointestinal motility. In this study, the activities of different extracts from Prunus persica (L.) Batsch flowers on the smooth muscle contractions were evaluated using isolated colon model, and the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) showed the strongest effects in vitro. EAE (10(-8)-10(-5) g/mL) caused a concentration-dependent stimulatory effect in rat colonic tissue. Additionally, ketotifen (100 µM), cimetidine (10 µM), and pyrilamine (1 µM) produced a significant inhibition of contractions caused by EAE. Furthermore, immunofluorescence and toluidine blue staining revealed increased numbers of mast cells in the EAE group, and EAE increased histamine release from the colonic tissues. These data indicate that EAE has significant prokinetic activity and acts by a mechanism that mainly involves mast cell degranulation. Our study provides a pharmacological basis for the use of an extract of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch flowers in the treatment of gut motility disorders.
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Palla AH, Khan NA, Bashir S, Ur-Rehman N, Iqbal J, Gilani AH. Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Linum usitatissimum (Flaxseed) in infectious and non-infectious diarrhea. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 160:61-8. [PMID: 25433250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Linum usitatissimum, commonly known as Flaxseed has traditionally been used for the management of diarrhea and gastrointestinal infections. This study was planned to assess pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Flaxseed in infectious and non-infectious diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crude aqueous-methanolic extract of Flaxseed was studied using the in vivo castor oil-induced diarrhea, gut motility and enteropooling assays. Mechanistic basis was further elucidated by testing the inhibitory effect on spontaneously contracting isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, suspended in a 10ml tissue bath containing Tyrode׳ solution, maintained at 37°C and aerated with carbogen. Antibacterial efficacy of the Flaxseed extract was tested against different enteric and non-enteric pathogenic bacteria using in vitro antibacterial assays. RESULTS Flaxseed extract reduced the diarrheal score in mice, by 39%, 63.90% and 68.34% at the respective doses of 100, 300 and 500mg/kg. Intestinal secretions were reduced by 24.12%, 28.09% and 38.80%, whereas the intestinal motility was reduced by 31.66%, 46.98% and 56.20% at respective doses of 100, 300 and 500mg/kg. When tested on isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, Flaxseed extract produced a dose-dependent inhibition of both spontaneous and high K(+) (80mM)-induced contractions, and shifted the concentration-response curves of Ca(++) to the right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to that caused by verapamil. Flaxseed extract was found to possess bactericidal activity at the tested concentrations of 12.5mg/ml, against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (100%), Escherichia coli K1 (88.88%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (98.76%), Bacillus cereus (92.64%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (76.83%) and Salmonella typhi (26.91±3.35%). The concentration of 10mg/ml showed bactericidal effects against all the aforementioned pathogens except Escherichia coli K1, whereas for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi, it was bacteriostatic at this concentration. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Linum usitatissimum (Flaxseed) extract exhibits antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities by virtue of its antimotility and antisecretory effects which are mediated possibly through inhibition of Ca(++) channels, though additional mechanism(s) cannot be ruled out. Flaxseed extract proved effective against both enteric and non-enteric pathogens causing diarrhea, thus ensuring wide coverage and rationalizing its medicinal use in both the infectious and non-infectious diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Hanif Palla
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Samra Bashir
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Ur-Rehman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, PO Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Junaid Iqbal
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Anwarul-Hassan Gilani
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, PO Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
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Pharmacokinetic interactions of herbs with cytochrome p450 and p-glycoprotein. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:736431. [PMID: 25632290 PMCID: PMC4302358 DOI: 10.1155/2015/736431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The concurrent use of drugs and herbal products is becoming increasingly prevalent over the last decade. Several herbal products have been known to modulate cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) which are recognized as representative drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporter, respectively. Thus, a summary of knowledge on the modulation of CYP and P-gp by commonly used herbs can provide robust fundamentals for optimizing CYP and/or P-gp substrate drug-based therapy. Herein, we review ten popular medicinal and/or dietary herbs as perpetrators of CYP- and P-gp-mediated pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions. The main focus is placed on previous works on the ability of herbal extracts and their phytochemicals to modulate the expression and function of CYP and P-gp in several in vitro and in vivo animal and human systems.
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Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Anwar F, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. Alhagi: a plant genus rich in bioactives for pharmaceuticals. Phytother Res 2014; 29:1-13. [PMID: 25256791 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alhagi, a plant genus from family Fabaceae, is widely distributed in many countries of Asia, Australia and Europe. Commonly known as camel thorn, Alhagi has many species famous for feed and folk medicinal uses. Different species of Alhagi such as Alhagi pseudalhagi, A. graecorum, A. sparsifolia, A. kirgisorum, A. maurorum, A. camelorum and A. persarum have been explored for their antioxidant potential and nutritive value along with various medicinal properties. A wide array of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids (alhacidin and alhacin), steroids, pseudalhagin A, phospholipids and polysaccharides have been reported from different parts of Alhagi species. A broad range of biological activities such as antioxidant, cardiovascular, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antinociceptive, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, antibacterial and antifungal have been ascribed to different parts of Alhagi. In addition, Alhagi plants are also valued as a rich source of digestible protein and important minerals. This review focuses on the medicinal applications and detailed profile of high-value bioactive phytochemicals along with pharmacological attributes and therapeutic potential of these multi-purpose plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzar Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
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Yeh AM, Golianu B. Integrative Treatment of Reflux and Functional Dyspepsia in Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 1:119-33. [PMID: 27417471 PMCID: PMC4928719 DOI: 10.3390/children1020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and functional dyspepsia (FD) are common problems in the pediatric population, with up to 7% of school-age children and up to 8% of adolescents suffering from epigastric pain, heartburn, and regurgitation. Reflux is defined as the passage of stomach contents into the esophagus, while GERD refers to reflux symptoms that are associated with symptoms or complications-such as pain, asthma, aspiration pneumonia, or chronic cough. FD, as defined by the Rome III classification, is a persistent upper abdominal pain or discomfort, not related to bowel movements, and without any organic cause, that is present for at least two months prior to diagnosis. Endoscopic examination is typically negative in FD, whereas patients with GERD may have evidence of esophagitis or gastritis either grossly or microscopically. Up to 70% of children with dyspepsia exhibit delayed gastric emptying. Treatment of GERD and FD requires an integrative approach that may include pharmacologic therapy, treating concurrent constipation, botanicals, mind body techniques, improving sleep hygiene, increasing physical activity, and traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Ming Yeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 750 Welch Road, Suite 116, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Brenda Golianu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr. Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
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Hussain AI, Rathore HA, Sattar MZA, Chatha SAS, Sarker SD, Gilani AH. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (bitter apple fruit): a review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology, traditional uses and nutritional potential. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:54-66. [PMID: 24936768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad is a valuable cucurbit plant, widely distributed in the desert areas of the world. Citrullus colocynthis fruits are usually recognized for its wide range of medicinal uses as well as pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential. This review aims to appraise the published information on the ethnobotanical knowledge, phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, nutraceutical potential and safety studies of Citrullus colocynthis (bitter apple) fruit, with critical analysis on the gaps and potential for future studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature survey was performed by searching the scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ACS as well as published books. RESULTS The plant has been reported to possess a wide range of traditional medicinal uses including in diabetes, leprosy, common cold, cough, asthma, bronchitis, jaundice, joint pain, cancer, toothache, wound, mastitis, and in gastrointestinal disorders such as indigestion, constipation, dysentery, gastroenteritis, colic pain and different microbial infections. Several bioactive chemical constituents from fruits were recorded, such as, glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, fatty acids and essential oils. The isolation and identification of curcurbitacins A, B, C, D, E, I, J, K, and L and Colocynthosides A, and B were also reported. The fruit of Citrullus colocynthis has been studied extensively for its wide range of biological activities, which include antioxidant, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antilipidemic, insecticide, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. The plant was also shown to be rich in nutritional value with high protein contents and important minerals as well as edible quality of seed oil. CONCLUSION It is evident from the literature that Citrullus colocynthis possesses a wide range of medicinal uses and has been well studied for its antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, while its therapeutic potential for gut, airways and cardiovascular disorders remains to be explored. Critical analysis revealed that the plant has the huge potential for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical application, with some indications for the presence of synergistic and /or side effects neutralizing combinations of activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah I Hussain
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Hassaan A Rathore
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Munavvar Z A Sattar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Shahzad A S Chatha
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England, UK
| | - Anwar H Gilani
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, PO Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia..
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Rosen JM, Cocjin JT, Schurman JV, Colombo JM, Friesen CA. Visceral hypersensitivity and electromechanical dysfunction as therapeutic targets in pediatric functional dyspepsia. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2014; 5:122-138. [PMID: 25133041 PMCID: PMC4133438 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i3.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are common clinical syndromes diagnosed in the absence of biochemical, structural, or metabolic abnormalities. They account for significant morbidity and health care expenditures and are identifiable across variable age, geography, and culture. Etiology of abdominal pain associated FGIDs, including functional dyspepsia (FD), remains incompletely understood, but growing evidence implicates the importance of visceral hypersensitivity and electromechanical dysfunction. This manuscript explores data supporting the role of visceral hypersensitivity and electromechanical dysfunction in FD, with focus on pediatric data when available, and provides a summary of potential therapeutic targets.
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Mehmood MH, Anila N, Begum S, Syed SA, Siddiqui BS, Gilani AH. Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Carissa carandas in constipation and diarrhea. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:359-367. [PMID: 24583104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Carissa carandas Linn. commonly known as "Karaunda" (Apocynaceae) is a popular medicinal herb widely distributed in different parts of Pakistan. In addition to other medicinal uses, Carissa carandas is popular in indigenous system of medicine for its medicinal use in gut motility disorders like, constipation and diarrhea. OBJECTIVE This study was planned to provide pharmacological basis to the medicinal use of Carissa carandas in constipation and diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crude extract of the leaves of Carissa carandas (Cc.Cr) was prepared in methanol and its fractionation was carried out with ethylacetate, petroleum ether and n-butanol. In-vivo studies were conducted on mice, while isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig ileum preparations were used for the in-vitro experiments. The spasmogenic and spasmolytic responses of gut tissues were recorded using isotonic transducers coupled with PowerLab data acquisition system. RESULTS The HPLC fingerprints of Cc.Cr, its petroleum (Cc.Pef), ethylacetate (Cc.Eaf) and n-butanol (Cc.Baf) fractions showed the presence of oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. Oral administration of Cc.Cr to mice increased fecal output at lower doses (30 and 50 mg/kg), while it showed protection against castor oil-induced diarrhea at higher doses (300 and 600 mg/kg). In isolated guinea-pig ileum and rabbit jejunum, Cc.Cr and Cc.Baf exhibited stimulatory effect at 0.003-3 mg/ml, which was partially sensitive to atropine or pyrillamine or partially/fully sensitive to atropine+pyrillamine, followed by relaxation at higher tested concentrations, being more potent in rabbit tissues. The ethylacetate fraction (0.1-5 mg/ml) exhibited fully atropine-sensitive contractions in both guinea-pig and rabbit tissues, being more potent in guinea-pig while more efficacious in rabbit tissues. However, the petroleum fraction (0.003-1.0 mg/ml) showed only spasmolytic activity in spontaneously contracting rabbit tissues, similar to nifedipine. In guinea-tissue, Cc.Pef did not cause any stimulant effect. When studied against high K(+) (80 mM)-induced contraction, the crude extract and its fractions caused a dose-dependent inhibition, with the following order of potency: Cc.Pef>Cc.Eaf>Cc.Cr≥Cc.Baf, similar to nifedipine indicating Ca(++) channel antagonist like activity, which was further confirmed when the plant extract displaced Ca(++) curves to the right with suppression of maximum effect similar to that of nifedipine. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the crude extract of Carissa carandas possesses a gut-stimulatory effect mediated primarily through the activation of muscarinic and histaminergic receptors while its spasmolytic effect was mediated possibly through Ca(++) antagonist pathway. Thus, this study provides a clear evidence for the dual effectiveness of Carissa carandas in constipation and diarrhea, thus validating its medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Hassan Mehmood
- Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Nfn Anila
- Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; Department of Pediatrics, Winthrop University Hospital, 120 Mineola Boulevard, NewYork
| | - Sabira Begum
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saqib A Syed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Bina S Siddiqui
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Anwarul-Hassan Gilani
- Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
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Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a widely prevalent problem in pediatrics, reportedly occurring in 3% to 27% of children and accounting for considerable impact on quality of life and health care costs. FD is defined by the Rome III classification as persistent upper abdominal pain or discomfort, not related to bowel movements, and without an organic cause, that is present for at least 2 months prior to diagnosis. Abnormal sensory perception, motor dysfunction, and psychosocial factors have been implicated in the causation of FD. Hypersensitivity to gastric distension, delayed gastric emptying, antral hypomotility, and gastric dysrhythmia are some abnormalities that have been noted in FD. Diagnosis of FD is based on a thorough history and examination, and an appropriate selection of tests based on clinical judgment, the presence of alarm signs, and response to treatment. A positive diagnosis of FD helps to shift focus from further testing to treatment of symptoms. The majority of children with dyspepsia do not have mucosal lesions on endoscopy; hence, endoscopy is not mandatory for the diagnosis of FD. Helicobacter pylori is an uncommon cause of dyspepsia in children, and test and treat strategy is discouraged. Delayed gastric emptying may be present in up to 70% of children with dyspepsia. A biopsychosocial approach to treatment involving medications, psychological and social supports, and complementary therapies is advocated. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and prokinetics are commonly used first-line medications. PPIs are preferred when epigastric pain is the predominant symptom, whereas prokinetics may be chosen when postprandial fullness or early satiety is the main symptom. PPIs may be more efficacious and cost-effective than H2 blockers according to adult data.
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