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Confuorti C, Jaramillo M, Plante I. Hormonal regulation of miRNA during mammary gland development. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060308. [PMID: 38712984 PMCID: PMC11190577 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a unique organ as most of its development occurs after birth through stages of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis that are tightly regulated by circulating hormones and growth factors. Throughout development, hormonal cues induce the regulation of different pathways, ultimately leading to differential transcription and expression of genes involved in this process, but also in the activation or inhibition of post-transcriptional mechanisms of regulation. However, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the different phases of mammary gland remodeling is still poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to analyze the expression of miRNA in key stages of mammary gland development in mice and to determine whether it could be associated with hormonal variation between stages. To do so, miRNAs were isolated from mouse mammary glands at stages of adulthood, pregnancy, lactation and involution, and sequenced. Results showed that 490, 473, 419, and 460 miRNAs are detected in adult, pregnant, lactating and involuting mice, respectively, most of them being common to all four groups, and 58 unique to one stage. Most genes could be divided into six clusters of expression, including two encompassing the highest number of miRNA (clusters 1 and 3) and showing opposite profiles of expression, reaching a peak at adulthood and valley at lactation, or showing the lowest expression at adulthood and peaking at lactation. GO and KEGG analyses suggest that the miRNAs differentially expressed between stages influence the expression of targets associated with mammary gland homeostasis and hormone regulation. To further understand the links between miRNA expression and hormones involved in mammary gland development, miRNAs were then sequenced in breast cells exposed to estradiol, progesterone, prolactin and oxytocin. Four, 38, 24 and 66 miRNAs were associated with progesterone, estradiol, prolactin, and oxytocin exposure, respectively. Finally, when looking at miRNAs modulated by the hormones, differentially expressed during mammary gland development, and having a pattern of expression that could be correlated with the relative levels of hormones known to be found in vivo, 16 miRNAs were identified as likely regulated by circulating hormones. Overall, our study brings a better understanding of the regulation of miRNAs throughout mammary gland development and suggests that there is a relationship between their expression and the main hormones involved in mammary gland development. Future studies will examine this role more in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Confuorti
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Maritza Jaramillo
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Isabelle Plante
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
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2
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Nightingale R, Reehorst CM, Vukelic N, Papadopoulos N, Liao Y, Guleria S, Bell C, Vaillant F, Paul S, Luk IY, Dhillon AS, Jenkins LJ, Morrow RJ, Jackling FC, Chand AL, Chisanga D, Chen Y, Williams DS, Anderson RL, Ellis S, Meikle PJ, Shi W, Visvader JE, Pal B, Mariadason JM. Ehf controls mammary alveolar lineage differentiation and is a putative suppressor of breast tumorigenesis. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00298-3. [PMID: 38781975 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The transcription factor EHF is highly expressed in the lactating mammary gland, but its role in mammary development and tumorigenesis is not fully understood. Utilizing a mouse model of Ehf deletion, herein, we demonstrate that loss of Ehf impairs mammary lobuloalveolar differentiation at late pregnancy, indicated by significantly reduced levels of milk genes and milk lipids, fewer differentiated alveolar cells, and an accumulation of alveolar progenitor cells. Further, deletion of Ehf increased proliferative capacity and attenuated prolactin-induced alveolar differentiation in mammary organoids. Ehf deletion also increased tumor incidence in the MMTV-PyMT mammary tumor model and increased the proliferative capacity of mammary tumor organoids, while low EHF expression was associated with higher tumor grade and poorer outcome in luminal A and basal human breast cancers. Collectively, these findings establish EHF as a non-redundant regulator of mammary alveolar differentiation and a putative suppressor of mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nightingale
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Camilla M Reehorst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Natalia Vukelic
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Yang Liao
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Shalini Guleria
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Caroline Bell
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - François Vaillant
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sudip Paul
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Ian Y Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Amardeep S Dhillon
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Laura J Jenkins
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Riley J Morrow
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Felicity C Jackling
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ashwini L Chand
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - David Chisanga
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Yunshun Chen
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David S Williams
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah Ellis
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Jane E Visvader
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Bhupinder Pal
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Miranda RA, Lima DGV, de Souza LL, Souza da Silva B, Bertasso IM, Meyer LG, Rossetti CL, Junior RR, Miranda-Alves L, de Moura EG, Lisboa PC. Maternal exposure to tributyltin alters the breast milk, hormonal profile, and thyroid morphology of dams and induces sex-specific changes in neonate rat offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123963. [PMID: 38621455 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is the chemical substance commonly used worldwide to prevent biofouling of vessels. Due to its ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify, even after being banned, significant concentrations of TBT can be detected in sediment, affecting marine and human life. Although studies have shown that direct exposure to TBT alters physiological parameters in mammals, the relationship between exposure to TBT during pregnancy and lactation, considered critical windows for metabolic programming, has not been fully elucidated. Our hypothesis is that offspring whose mothers were exposed to TBT during critical stages of development may exhibit dysfunctions in endocrine-metabolic parameters. We used pregnant Wistar rats that were divided into groups and received the following treatments from gestational day 7 until the end of lactation by intragastric gavage: vehicle (ethanol 0.01%; Control), low TBT dose (100 ng/kg of body weight (bw)/day; TBT100ng) and high TBT dose (1000 ng/kg bw/day; TBT1000ng). Dams and offspring at birth and weaning (21 days old) were studied. Maternal exposure to TBT promoted dose-dependent changes in dams. The findings for adiposity, milk composition and lipid profile were more pronounced in TBT100 ng dam; however, thyroid morphology was altered in TBT1000 ng dam. Female offspring were differentially affected by the dose of exposure. At birth, females in the TBT100ng group had low body weight, lower naso-anal length (NAL), and higher plasma T4, and at weaning, females in the TBT100ng group had lower insulin and leptin levels. Females in the TBT1000ng group had lower NAL at birth and lower leptinemia and weight of white adipose tissue at weaning. Male offspring from TBT groups showed high T3 at birth, without biometric alterations at birth or weaning. Despite these findings, both sexes exhibited dose-dependent morphological changes in the thyroid gland. Thus, maternal exposure to TBT constitutes an important route of contamination for both dams and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiane Aparecida Miranda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel Galinis Vieira Lima
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana Lopes de Souza
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Souza da Silva
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Iala Milene Bertasso
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lilian Guedes Meyer
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila Lüdke Rossetti
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Röpke Junior
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Post graduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Post graduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Post graduate Program of Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Post graduate Program of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Egberto Gaspar de Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cristina Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Pan S, Yu W, Zhang J, Guo Y, Qiao X, Xu P, Zhai Y. Environmental chemical TCPOBOP exposure alters milk liposomes and offspring growth trajectories in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116061. [PMID: 38340598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) has become a global health concern, and EEDs are known to be potent inducers of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). 1,4-bis [2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP, hereafter abbreviated as TC), a specific ligand for CAR, has been considered as a potential EED. Here, we analyzed the effect of TC exposure to female mice on the histological morphology of their alveoli in the basic unit of lactation. We quantified differences in the milk metabolome of the control and TC-exposed group while assessing the correlations between metabolites and neonatal growth. Mammary histological results showed that TC exposure inhibited alveolar development. Based on the milk metabolomic data, we identified a total of 1505 differential metabolites in both the positive and negative ion mode, which indicated that TC exposure affected milk composition. As expected, the differential metabolites were significantly enriched in the drug metabolism pathway. Further analyses revealed that differential metabolites were significantly enriched in multiple lipid metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid biosynthesis, suggesting that most differential metabolites were concentrated in lipids. Simultaneously, a quantitative analysis showed that TC exposure led to a decrease in the relative abundance of total milk lipids, affecting the proportion of some lipid subclasses. Notably, a portion of lipid metabolites were associated with neonatal growth. Taken together, these findings suggest that TC exposure may affect milk lipidomes, resulting in the inability of mothers to provide adequate nutrients, ultimately affecting the growth and health of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wen Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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5
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Mogus JP, Matouskova K, Clark ZW, Jerry DJ, Vandenberg LN. Effects of butyl benzyl phthalate exposure during pregnancy and lactation on the post-involution mammary gland. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 122:108470. [PMID: 37743007 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes comprehensive reorganization during pregnancy, lactation, and subsequent involution. Following involution, the mammary gland has structural and functional differences compared to the gland of a nulliparous female. These parity-associated changes are regulated by hormones and may be vulnerable to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In this study, we evaluated the long-term effects of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), an estrogenic plasticizer, on the parous mouse mammary gland. Pregnant BALB/c mice were treated with 0, 3, 500, or 18000 µg/kg/day BBP throughout both pregnancy and the lactational period. The litters born to these females were evaluated for litter size and growth. The parous females were then kept for five weeks following weaning of the pups, during which period there was no exposure to BBP. After five weeks of post-weaning, mammary glands were collected and assessed for changes in histomorphology, steroid receptor expression, innate immune cell number, and gene expression. An unexposed age-matched nulliparous control was also evaluated as a comparator group. BBP increased male and female pup weight at puberty and female offspring in adulthood. BBP also altered innate immune cells in the post-involution mammary gland, reducing the effect of parity on macrophages. Lastly, BBP modestly increased mammary gland ductal complexity and periductal structure, but had no effect on expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or a marker of proliferation. These results suggest that BBP may interfere with some effects of parity on the mouse mammary gland and induce weight gain in exposed offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Mogus
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Klara Matouskova
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Zachary W Clark
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Yuan L, Xie S, Bai H, Liu X, Cai P, Lu J, Wang C, Lin Z, Li S, Guo Y, Cai S. Reconstruction of dynamic mammary mini gland in vitro for normal physiology and oncogenesis. Nat Methods 2023; 20:2021-2033. [PMID: 37919421 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Organoid culture has been extensively exploited for normal tissue reconstruction and disease modeling. However, it is still challenging to establish organoids that mimic in vivo-like architecture, size and function under homeostatic conditions. Here we describe the development of a long-term adult stem cell-derived mammary mini gland culture system that supports robust three-dimensional outgrowths recapitulating the morphology, scale, cellular context and transcriptional heterogeneity of the normal mammary gland. The self-organization ability of stem cells and the stability of the outgrowths were determined by a coordinated combination of extracellular matrix, environmental signals and dynamic physiological cycles. We show that these mini glands were hormone responsive and could recapitulate the entire postnatal mammary development including puberty, estrus cycle, lactation and involution. We also observed that these mini glands maintained the presence of mammary stem cells and could also recapitulate the fate transition from embryonic bipotency to postnatal unipotency in lineage tracing assays. In addition, upon induction of oncogene expression in the mini glands, we observed tumor initiation in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model. Together, this study provides an experimental system that can support a dynamic miniature mammary gland for the study of physiologically relevant, complex biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yuan
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaofang Xie
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiru Bai
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Cai
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Disease Modeling Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuobao Lin
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Disease Modeling Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Guo
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shang Cai
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- Westlake Disease Modeling Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China.
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7
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Geiger A, Hovey R. Development of the mammary glands and its regulation: how not all species are equal. Anim Front 2023; 13:44-54. [PMID: 37324203 PMCID: PMC10266756 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
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8
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Kobayashi K. Culture Models to Investigate Mechanisms of Milk Production and Blood-Milk Barrier in Mammary Epithelial Cells: a Review and a Protocol. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:8. [PMID: 37126158 PMCID: PMC10151314 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) are the only cell type that produces milk during lactation. MECs also form less-permeable tight junctions (TJs) to prevent the leakage of milk and blood components through the paracellular pathway (blood-milk barrier). Multiple factors that include hormones, cytokines, nutrition, and temperature regulate milk production and TJ formation in MECs. Multiple intracellular signaling pathways that positively and negatively regulate milk production and TJ formation have been reported. However, their regulatory mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In addition, unidentified components that regulate milk production in MECs likely exist in foods, for example plants. Culture models of functional MECs that recapitulate milk production and TJs are useful tools for their study. Such models enable the elimination of indirect effects via cells other than MECs and allows for more detailed experimental conditions. However, culture models of MECs with inappropriate functionality may result in unphysiological reactions that never occur in lactating mammary glands in vivo. Here, I briefly review the physiological functions of alveolar MECs during lactation in vivo and culture models of MECs that feature milk production and less-permeable TJs, together with a protocol for establishment of MEC culture with functional TJ barrier and milk production capability using cell culture inserts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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Pan S, Guo Y, Yu W, Hong F, Qiao X, Zhang J, Xu P, Zhai Y. Environmental chemical TCPOBOP disrupts milk lipid homeostasis during pregnancy and lactation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114463. [PMID: 38321682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to different kinds of environmental contaminants or drugs throughout their lifetimes. The widespread presence of these compounds has raised concerns about the consequent adverse effects on lactating women. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, Nr1i3) is known as a xenobiotic sensor for environmental pollution or drugs. In this study, the model environmental chemical 1, 4-bis [2-(3, 5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene, TCPOBOP (TC), which is a highly specific agonist of CAR, was used to investigate the effects of exogenous exposure on lactation function and offspring health in mice. The results revealed that TC exposure decreased the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells during pregnancy. This deficiency further compromised lobular-alveolar structures, resulting in alveolar cell apoptosis, as well as premature stoppage of the lactation cycle and aberrant lactation. Furthermore, TC exposure significantly altered the size and number of milk lipid droplets, suggesting that TC exposure inhibits milk lipid synthesis. Additionally, TC exposure interfered with the milk lipid metabolism network, resulting in the inability of TC-exposed mice to efficiently secrete nutrients and feed their offspring. These findings demonstrated that restricted synthesis and secretion of milk lipids would indirectly block mammary gland form and function, which explained the possible reasons for lactation failure and retarded offspring growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wen Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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10
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Xuan R, Wang J, Zhao X, Li Q, Wang Y, Du S, Duan Q, Guo Y, Ji Z, Chao T. Transcriptome Analysis of Goat Mammary Gland Tissue Reveals the Adaptive Strategies and Molecular Mechanisms of Lactation and Involution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214424. [PMID: 36430911 PMCID: PMC9693614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how genes precisely regulate lactation physiological activity and the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying mammary gland involution, this study investigated the transcriptome characteristics of goat mammary gland tissues at the late gestation (LG), early lactation (EL), peak lactation (PL), late lactation (LL), dry period (DP), and involution (IN) stages. A total of 13,083 differentially expressed transcripts were identified by mutual comparison of mammary gland tissues at six developmental stages. Genes related to cell growth, apoptosis, immunity, nutrient transport, synthesis, and metabolism make adaptive transcriptional changes to meet the needs of mammary lactation. Notably, platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) was screened as a hub gene of the mammary gland developmental network, which is highly expressed during the DP and IN. Overexpression of PDGFRB in vitro could slow down the G1/S phase arrest of goat mammary epithelial cell cycle and promote cell proliferation by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In addition, PDGFRB overexpression can also affect the expression of genes related to apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinase family, and vascular development, which is beneficial to the remodeling of mammary gland tissue during involution. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in lactation and mammary gland involution.
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11
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Chen Q, Yang M, Liu X, Zhang J, Mi S, Wang Y, Xiao W, Yu Y. Blood transcriptome analysis and identification of genes associated with supernumerary teats in Chinese Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9837-9852. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Medicinal Mushroom Leucocalocybe mongolica Imai Extracts Improve Mammary Gland Differentiation in Lactating Rats via Regulating Protein Expression. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5762847. [PMID: 35761899 PMCID: PMC9233605 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5762847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leucocalocybe mongolica is a known medicinal mushroom in China. It possesses many biological activities. This study investigated the effect of L. mongolica petroleum ether and water extracts (200, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg BW) on mammary gland differentiation during lactation. However, prolactin, growth hormone, progesterone, and estrogen levels were determined in serum by ELISA assay. Immunofluorescence, western blot, and real-time PCR were utilized to evaluate the expression levels of β-casein, α-Lactalbumin, prolactin receptor, progesterone receptor, and STAT-5a. The immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect the presence of steroid receptors. The results showed that petroleum ether and water extracts increased milk yield and milk content of calcium, total fat, total carbohydrate, and total protein. Prolactin and growth hormone levels were significantly upregulated in all treated groups compared with the control group. In contrast, progesterone and estrogen were downregulated. The high doses of petroleum ether and water extracts increased the expression levels of β-Cas, α-Lactalb, PRLR, PR, and STAT-5a. The observation of histological sections showed that the extracts induced higher mammary gland differentiation than the control group. This study is the first to use mushrooms as nutritional supplements to improve milk production and mammary gland differentiation during lactation.
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13
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Plante I, Winn LM, Vaillancourt C, Grigorova P, Parent L. Killing two birds with one stone: Pregnancy is a sensitive window for endocrine effects on both the mother and the fetus. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112435. [PMID: 34843719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a complex process requiring tremendous physiological changes in the mother in order to fulfill the needs of the growing fetus, and to give birth, expel the placenta and nurse the newborn. These physiological modifications are accompanied with psychological changes, as well as with variations in habits and behaviors. As a result, this period of life is considered as a sensitive window as impaired functional and physiological changes in the mother can have short- and long-term impacts on her health. In addition, dysregulation of the placenta and of mechanisms governing placentation have been linked to chronic diseases later-on in life for the fetus, in a concept known as the Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases (DOHaD). This concept stipulates that any change in the environment during the pre-conception and perinatal (in utero life and neonatal) period to puberty, can be "imprinted" in the organism, thereby impacting the health and risk of chronic diseases later in life. Pregnancy is a succession of events that is regulated, in large part, by hormones and growth factors. Therefore, small changes in hormonal balance can have important effects on both the mother and the developing fetus. An increasing number of studies demonstrate that exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) affect both the mother and the fetus giving rise to growing concerns surrounding these exposures. This review will give an overview of changes that happen during pregnancy with respect to the mother, the placenta, and the fetus, and of the current literature regarding the effects of EDCs during this specific sensitive window of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Plante
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC, Canada.
| | - Louise M Winn
- Queen's University, School of Environmental Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Petya Grigorova
- Département Science et Technologie, Université TELUQ, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lise Parent
- Département Science et Technologie, Université TELUQ, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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Bielli A, Freitas-de-Melo A, Genovese P, Villagrán M, Tasende C, Ungerfeld R. Androgen and oestrogen receptors in the growing antlers velvet of adult and yearling pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) males. Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 50:947-955. [PMID: 34549460 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To determine the presence, quantity and distribution of androgen (AR) and oestrogen receptors (ER) in the antler velvet (AV), samples were collected from adult and yearling pampas deer males, as well as skin from the ventrolateral abdominal area (ASK). Samples were analysed with ligand-binding assays for AR and ER activity and processed for AR and ERβ immunohistochemistry. There was more content of AR in adults than in yearling males (p = 0.02), as well as a category and type of tissue interaction (p = 0.03). There was more ER content in adults than in yearling males (p = 0.005) and in the AV than in the skin (p = 0.0001). The AR-positive score (PS) was greater in AV than in ASK in the surface stroma (p = 0.0007). In the intermediate epidermis, the AR PS was greater in adults than in yearling males (p = 0.04) and in the ASK than in the AV (p < 0.0001). There was a male category and type of tissue interaction for AR PS in the sebaceous glands (p = 0.014). The ERβ PS in the surface stroma was greater in ASK than in AV (p = 0.004) and tended to be greater in yearling than in adult males (p = 0.093). The ERβ PS in the intermediate epithelium and the sebaceous glands was greater in adults than in yearlings (p = 0.004 and p = 0.007, respectively). In conclusion, we reported for the first time the presence of AR and ER in the velvet skin of growing antlers in pampas deer males. Therefore, the velvet skin is sensitive to both androgens and oestrogens. Furthermore, the greater content of oestrogen receptors in the velvet of adult males suggests that adults are more sensitive to this hormone than yearlings, and thus, oestrogens have greater importance in velvet activity regulation in adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Bielli
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1620, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Aline Freitas-de-Melo
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1620, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Genovese
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1620, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matías Villagrán
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1620, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Celia Tasende
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1620, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rodolfo Ungerfeld
- Departamento de Biociencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces 1620, Montevideo, Uruguay
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15
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Charifou E, Sumbal J, Koledova Z, Li H, Chiche A. A Robust Mammary Organoid System to Model Lactation and Involution-like Processes. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3996. [PMID: 34124297 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a highly dynamic tissue that changes throughout reproductive life, including growth during puberty and repetitive cycles of pregnancy and involution. Mammary gland tumors represent the most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide. Studying the regulatory mechanisms of mammary gland development is essential for understanding how dysregulation can lead to breast cancer initiation and progression. Three-dimensional (3D) mammary organoids offer many exciting possibilities for the study of tissue development and breast cancer. In the present protocol derived from Sumbal et al., we describe a straightforward 3D organoid system for the study of lactation and involution ex vivo. We use primary and passaged mouse mammary organoids stimulated with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and prolactin to model the three cycles of mouse mammary gland lactation and involution processes. This 3D organoid model represents a valuable tool to study late postnatal mammary gland development and breast cancer, in particular postpartum-associated breast cancer. Graphic abstract: Mammary gland organoid isolation and culture procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Charifou
- Cellular Plasticity & Disease Modeling - Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 - Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jakub Sumbal
- Cellular Plasticity & Disease Modeling - Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 - Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Han Li
- Cellular Plasticity & Disease Modeling - Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 - Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Aurélie Chiche
- Cellular Plasticity & Disease Modeling - Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR3738 - Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
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16
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Criswell R, Crawford KA, Bucinca H, Romano ME. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and breastfeeding duration: a review. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2020; 27:388-395. [PMID: 33027070 PMCID: PMC7968861 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe epidemiologic and toxicological literature investigating how endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect mammary gland development and function, thereby impacting lactation duration. RECENT FINDINGS Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances appear to reduce breastfeeding duration through impaired mammary gland development, lactogenesis, and suppressed endocrine signaling. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons have differing associations with lactation duration, likely because of the variety of signaling pathways that they affect, pointing to the importance of complex mixtures in epidemiologic studies. Although epidemiologic literature suggests that pesticides and fungicides decrease or have no effect on lactation duration, toxicology literature suggests enhanced mammary gland development through estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic pathways. Toxicological studies suggest that phthalates may affect mammary gland development via estrogenic pathways but no association with lactation duration has been observed. Bisphenol A was associated with decreased duration of breastfeeding, likely through direct and indirect action on estrogenic pathways. SUMMARY EDCs play a role in mammary gland development, function, and lactogenesis, which can affect breastfeeding duration. Further research should explore direct mechanisms of EDCs on lactation, the significance of toxicant mixtures, and transgenerational effects of EDCs on lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn A. Crawford
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH
- Environmental Studies Program, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT
| | - Hana Bucinca
- Research and Quality Improvement Program, Action for Mothers and Children, Prishtina, Kosovo
- Department of Pharmacy, Rezonanca College of Medical Sciences, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Megan E. Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH
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17
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Sumbal J, Chiche A, Charifou E, Koledova Z, Li H. Primary Mammary Organoid Model of Lactation and Involution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:68. [PMID: 32266252 PMCID: PMC7098375 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland development occurs mainly after birth and is composed of three successive stages: puberty, pregnancy and lactation, and involution. These developmental stages are associated with major tissue remodeling, including extensive changes in mammary epithelium, as well as surrounding stroma. Three-dimensional (3D) mammary organoid culture has become an important tool in mammary gland biology and enabled invaluable discoveries on pubertal mammary branching morphogenesis and breast cancer. However, a suitable 3D organoid model recapitulating key aspects of lactation and involution has been missing. Here, we describe a robust and straightforward mouse mammary organoid system modeling lactation and involution-like process, which can be applied to study mechanisms of physiological mammary gland lactation and involution as well as pregnancy-associated breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Aurelie Chiche
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elsa Charifou
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Han Li
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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18
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Occludin protects secretory cells from ER stress by facilitating SNARE-dependent apical protein exocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4758-4769. [PMID: 32051248 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909731117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are fundamental features of both epithelium and endothelium and are indispensable for vertebrate organ formation and homeostasis. However, mice lacking Occludin (Ocln) develop relatively normally to term. Here we show that Ocln is essential for mammary gland physiology, as mutant mice fail to produce milk. Surprisingly, Ocln null mammary glands showed intact TJ function and normal epithelial morphogenesis, cell differentiation, and tissue polarity, suggesting that Ocln is not required for these processes. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we identified milk-producing cells (MPCs) and found they were progressively more prone to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as protein production increased exponentially during late pregnancy and lactation. Importantly, Ocln loss in MPCs resulted in greatly heightened ER stress; this in turn led to increased apoptosis and acute shutdown of protein expression, ultimately leading to lactation failure in the mutant mice. We show that the increased ER stress was caused by a secretory failure of milk proteins in Ocln null cells. Consistent with an essential role in protein secretion, Occludin was seen to reside on secretory vesicles and to be bound to SNARE proteins. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Ocln protects MPCs from ER stress by facilitating SNARE-dependent protein secretion and raise the possibility that other TJ components may participate in functions similar to Ocln.
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19
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Lu P, Zhou T, Xu C, Lu Y. Mammary stem cells, where art thou? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 8:e357. [PMID: 31322329 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made in the field of stem cell biology. This is in part due to the emergence of various vertebrate organs, including the mammary gland, as an amenable model system for adult stem cell studies and remarkable technical advances in single cell technology and modern genetic lineage tracing. In the current review, we summarize the recent progress in mammary gland stem cell biology at both the adult and embryonic stages. We discuss current challenges and controversies, and potentially new and exciting directions for future research. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongshen Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzhe Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Perrot-Applanat M, Kolf-Clauw M, Michel C, Beausoleil C. Alteration of mammary gland development by bisphenol a and evidence of a mode of action mediated through endocrine disruption. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 475:29-53. [PMID: 30048677 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development and function of the mammary gland are endocrine-dependent processes, depending on the stage of development. Foetal and/or postnatal exposure to low doses of BPA alters tissue organisation through epithelial proliferation and stroma-epithelial interactions. BPA also alters the expression of E2-dependent epithelial and stroma transcriptomes. Several signalling pathways are consistent with the observed phenotype: proliferation and apoptosis, a focal adhesion pathway indicating changes in biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, and immune function. Some of BPA's effects are reversed by oestrogen and/or GPER inhibitors. BPA also alters the expression of epigenetic marks (EZH2, HOTAIR), which would explain the delayed effect of foetal BPA exposure. In conclusion, experimental evidence shows that pre- or postnatal BPA exposure consistently causes endocrine modifications in the mammary tissue of different animal species, disrupting stromal-epithelial interactions and ultimately increasing its susceptibility to carcinogens. An interspecies comparison highlights why and how these effects apply to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martine Kolf-Clauw
- CREFRE, Toulouse University, INSERM, Toulouse Veterinary School, 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, F 310176, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Cécile Michel
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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21
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Denson KE, Mussell AL, Shen H, Truskinovsky A, Yang N, Parashurama N, Chen Y, Frangou C, Yang F, Zhang J. The Hippo Signaling Transducer TAZ Regulates Mammary Gland Morphogenesis and Carcinogen-induced Mammary Tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6449. [PMID: 29691438 PMCID: PMC5915420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that controls organ size by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis and stem cell self-renewal. TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with the PDZ-binding motif) is a key downstream effector of the mammalian Hippo pathway. Here, using a transgenic mouse model with mammary-gland-specific expression of constitutively active TAZ, we found that TAZ induction in mammary epithelial cells was associated with an increase in mammary glandular size, which probably resulted from adipocyte hypertrophy. Consistent with its known oncogenic potential, we observed tumor formation in TAZ transgenic mice after administration of the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) and demonstrated that tumorigenesis was reliant on the presence of TAZ. Our findings establish a previously unknown roles of TAZ in regulating both mammary gland morphogenesis as well as carcinogen-induced mammary tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla E Denson
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Ashley L Mussell
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - He Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | | | - Nuo Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Yanmin Chen
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Costa Frangou
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fajun Yang
- Departments of Medicine, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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Th-POK regulates mammary gland lactation through mTOR-SREBP pathway. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007211. [PMID: 29420538 PMCID: PMC5821406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Th-inducing POK (Th-POK, also known as ZBTB7B or cKrox) transcription factor is a key regulator of lineage commitment of immature T cell precursors. It is yet unclear the physiological functions of Th-POK besides helper T cell differentiation. Here we show that Th-POK is restrictedly expressed in the luminal epithelial cells in the mammary glands that is upregulated at late pregnancy and lactation. Lineage restrictedly expressed Th-POK exerts distinct biological functions in the mammary epithelial cells and T cells in a tissue-specific manner. Th-POK is not required for mammary epithelial cell fate determination. Mammary gland morphogenesis in puberty and alveologenesis in pregnancy are phenotypically normal in the Th-POK-deficient mice. However, Th-POK-deficient mice are defective in triggering the onset of lactation upon parturition with large cellular lipid droplets retained within alveolar epithelial cells. As a result, Th-POK knockout mice are unable to efficiently secret milk lipid and to nurse the offspring. Such defect is mainly attributed to the malfunctioned mammary epithelial cells, but not the tissue microenvironment in the Th-POK deficient mice. Th-POK directly regulates expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and insulin-induced Akt-mTOR-SREBP signaling. Th-POK deficiency compromises IRS-1 expression and Akt-mTOR-SREBP signaling in the lactating mammary glands. Conversely, insulin induces Th-POK expression. Thus, Th-POK functions as an important feed-forward regulator of insulin signaling in mammary gland lactation.
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23
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Yu S, Zhao Y, Lai F, Chu M, Hao Y, Feng Y, Zhang H, Liu J, Cheng M, Li L, Shen W, Min L. LncRNA as ceRNAs may be involved in lactation process. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98014-98028. [PMID: 29228670 PMCID: PMC5716710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main function of the mammary gland is to secret milk for newborn growth. Milk production process is regulated by hormones, growth factors, noncoding RNAs and other factors locally. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), one type of recently discovered non-coding RNA, have been found in mammary gland and some studies suggested lncRNA may play important roles in mammary gland development. Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) are emerging to compete for miRNA binding and, in turn, regulate each other. In the current study, we sequenced mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA in goat mammary tissue at 2 points in lactation (early and mature). All data were co-expressed together from the same samples. Our data showed that the ceRNAs up-regulated during the mature lactation phase were associated with lipid, protein, carbon and amino acid synthesis and metabolism. This correlates with the function of the mature lactation phase: i.e. the continuous production of large amounts of milk, rich in proteins, lipids, amino acids and other nutrients. Alternately, the ceRNAs up-regulated during early lactation were associated with PI3K-AKT pathways and ECM-receptor interactions; these fulfil the functional role of preparing the mammary gland for full lactation. Therefore, the results suggest that ceRNAs work synergistically during different developmental stages to regulate specific functions associated with lactation control. This study suggests that ceRNAs (lncRNA-mRNA) may be involved in lactation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Fangnong Lai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Meiqiang Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yanni Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Core Laboratories of Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Qingdao Veterinary and Livestock Administration, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Lingjiang Min
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
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Chu M, Zhao Y, Yu S, Hao Y, Zhang P, Feng Y, Zhang H, Ma D, Liu J, Cheng M, Li L, Shen W, Cao H, Li Q, Min L. miR-15b negatively correlates with lipid metabolism in mammary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 314:C43-C52. [PMID: 28835435 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00115.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells are regulated by steroid hormones, growth factors, and even microRNAs. miR-15b has been found to regulate lipid metabolism in adipocytes; however, its effects on lipid metabolism in mammary epithelial cells, the cells of lipid synthesis and secretion, are as yet unknown. The main purpose of this investigation was to explore the effect of miR-15b on lipid metabolism in mammary epithelial cells, along with the underlying mechanisms. miR-15b was overexpressed or inhibited by miRNA mimics or inhibitors; subsequently, lipid formation in mammary epithelial cells, and proteins related to lipid metabolism, were investigated. Through overexpression or inhibition of miR-15b expression, the current investigation found that miR-15b downregulates lipid metabolism in mammary epithelial cells and is expressed differentially at various stages of mouse and goat mammary gland development. Inhibition of miR-15b expression increased lipid content in mammary epithelial cells through elevation of the lipid synthesis enzyme fatty acid synthetase (FASN), and overexpression of miR-15b reduced lipid content in mammary epithelial cells with decreasing levels of FASN. Moreover, the steroid hormones estradiol and progesterone decreased miR-15b expression with a subsequent increase in lipid formation in mammary epithelial cells. The expression of miR-15b was lower during lactation and negatively correlated with lipid synthesis proteins, which suggests that it may be involved in lipid synthesis and milk production. miR-15b might be a useful target for altering lipid production and milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqiang Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanni Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxue Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Core Laboratories of Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Qingdao Veterinary and Livestock Administration , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfang Cao
- Laiwu Veterinary and Livestock Administration, Laiwu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Laiwu Veterinary and Livestock Administration, Laiwu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjiang Min
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
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25
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Pham K, Dong J, Jiang X, Qu Y, Yu H, Yang Y, Olea W, Marini JC, Chan L, Wang J, Wehrens XHT, Cui X, Li Y, Hadsell DL, Cheng N. Loss of glutaredoxin 3 impedes mammary lobuloalveolar development during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E136-E149. [PMID: 27894063 PMCID: PMC5374299 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00150.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian glutaredoxin 3 (Grx3) has been shown to be important for regulating cellular redox homeostasis in the cell. Our previous studies indicate that Grx3 is significantly overexpressed in various human cancers including breast cancer and demonstrate that Grx3 controls cancer cell growth and invasion by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NF-κB signaling pathways. However, it remains to be determined whether Grx3 is required for normal mammary gland development and how it contributes to epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation in vivo. In the present study, we examined Grx3 expression in different cell types within the developing mouse mammary gland (MG) and found enhanced expression of Grx3 at pregnancy and lactation stages. To assess the physiological role of Grx3 in MG, we generated the mutant mice in which Grx3 was deleted specifically in mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Although the reduction of Grx3 expression had only minimal effects on mammary ductal development in virgin mice, it did reduce alveolar density during pregnancy and lactation. The impairment of lobuloalveolar development was associated with high levels of ROS accumulation and reduced expression of milk protein genes. In addition, proliferative gene expression was significantly suppressed with proliferation defects occurring in knockout MECs during alveolar development compared with wild-type controls. Therefore, our findings suggest that Grx3 is a key regulator of ROS in vivo and is involved in pregnancy-dependent mammary gland development and secretory activation through modulating cellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Pham
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jie Dong
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiqian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Han Yu
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yisheng Yang
- Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Walter Olea
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Juan C Marini
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Darryl L Hadsell
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ninghui Cheng
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
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26
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LPA receptor activity is basal specific and coincident with early pregnancy and involution during mammary gland postnatal development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35810. [PMID: 27808166 PMCID: PMC5093903 DOI: 10.1038/srep35810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, luminal and basal epithelial cells of the adult mammary gland proliferate and differentiate resulting in remodeling of the adult gland. While pathways that control this process have been characterized in the gland as a whole, the contribution of specific cell subtypes, in particular the basal compartment, remains largely unknown. Basal cells provide structural and contractile support, however they also orchestrate the communication between the stroma and the luminal compartment at all developmental stages. Using RNA-seq, we show that basal cells are extraordinarily transcriptionally dynamic throughout pregnancy when compared to luminal cells. We identified gene expression changes that define specific basal functions acquired during development that led to the identification of novel markers. Enrichment analysis of gene sets from 24 mouse models for breast cancer pinpoint to a potential new function for insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1r) in the basal epithelium during lactogenesis. We establish that β-catenin signaling is activated in basal cells during early pregnancy, and demonstrate that this activity is mediated by lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 (Lpar3). These findings identify novel pathways active during functional maturation of the adult mammary gland.
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27
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Zhao D, Ma G, Zhang X, He Y, Li M, Han X, Fu L, Dong XY, Nagy T, Zhao Q, Fu L, Dong JT. Zinc Finger Homeodomain Factor Zfhx3 Is Essential for Mammary Lactogenic Differentiation by Maintaining Prolactin Signaling Activity. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12809-12820. [PMID: 27129249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.719377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3, also named ATBF1 for AT motif binding factor 1) is a transcription factor that suppresses prostatic carcinogenesis and induces neuronal differentiation. It also interacts with estrogen receptor α to inhibit cell proliferation and regulate pubertal mammary gland development in mice. In the present study, we examined whether and how Zfhx3 regulates lactogenic differentiation in mouse mammary glands. At different stages of mammary gland development, Zfhx3 protein was expressed at varying levels, with the highest level at lactation. In the HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cell line, an in vitro model of lactogenesis, knockdown of Zfhx3 attenuated prolactin-induced β-casein expression and morphological changes, indicators of lactogenic differentiation. In mouse mammary tissue, knock-out of Zfhx3 interrupted lactogenesis, resulting in underdeveloped glands with much smaller and fewer alveoli, reduced β-casein expression, accumulation of large cytoplasmic lipid droplets in luminal cells after parturition, and failure in lactation. Mechanistically, Zfhx3 maintained the expression of Prlr (prolactin receptor) and Prlr-Jak2-Stat5 signaling activity, whereas knockdown and knock-out of Zfhx3 in HC11 cells and mammary tissues, respectively, decreased Prlr expression, Stat5 phosphorylation, and the expression of Prlr-Jak2-Stat5 target genes. These findings indicate that Zfhx3 plays an essential role in proper lactogenic development in mammary glands, at least in part by maintaining Prlr expression and Prlr-Jak2-Stat5 signaling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gui Ma
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan He
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mei Li
- the Ningbo Institute of Medical Sciences, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Xueying Han
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Liya Fu
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Dong
- the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Tamas Nagy
- the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and
| | - Qiang Zhao
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Fu
- the Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China,; the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322,.
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Carels N, Spinassé LB, Tilli TM, Tuszynski JA. Toward precision medicine of breast cancer. Theor Biol Med Model 2016; 13:7. [PMID: 26925829 PMCID: PMC4772532 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-016-0035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we report on breast cancer's molecular features and on how high throughput technologies are helping in understanding the dynamics of tumorigenesis and cancer progression with the aim of developing precision medicine methods. We first address the current state of the art in breast cancer therapies and challenges in order to progress towards its cure. Then, we show how the interaction of high-throughput technologies with in silico modeling has led to set up useful inferences for promising strategies of target-specific therapies with low secondary effect incidence for patients. Finally, we discuss the challenge of pharmacogenetics in the clinical practice of cancer therapy. All these issues are explored within the context of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Carels
- Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN, CNPq), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Lizânia Borges Spinassé
- Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN, CNPq), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Martins Tilli
- Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN, CNPq), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Jack Adam Tuszynski
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada. .,Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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29
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Anand V, Jaswal S, Singh S, Kumar S, Jena MK, Verma AK, Yadav ML, Janjanam J, Lotfan M, Malakar D, Dang AK, Mohanty TK, Kaushik JK, Mohanty AK. Functional characterization of Mammary Gland Protein-40, a chitinase-like glycoprotein expressed during mammary gland apoptosis. Apoptosis 2015; 21:209-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Paten AM, Duncan EJ, Pain SJ, Peterson SW, Kenyon PR, Blair HT, Dearden PK. Functional development of the adult ovine mammary gland--insights from gene expression profiling. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:748. [PMID: 26437771 PMCID: PMC4595059 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mammary gland is a dynamic organ that undergoes dramatic physiological adaptations during the transition from late pregnancy to lactation. Investigation of the molecular basis of mammary development and function will provide fundamental insights into tissue remodelling as well as a better understanding of milk production and mammary disease. This is important to livestock production systems and human health. Here we use RNA-seq to identify differences in gene expression in the ovine mammary gland between late pregnancy and lactation. Results Between late pregnancy (135 days of gestation ± 2.4 SD) and lactation (15 days post partum ± 1.27 SD) 13 % of genes in the sheep genome were differentially expressed in the ovine mammary gland. In late pregnancy, cell proliferation, beta-oxidation of fatty acids and translation were identified as key biological processes. During lactation, high levels of milk fat synthesis were mirrored by enrichment of genes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis, transport and lipogenesis. Protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum was enriched during lactation, likely in support of active milk protein synthesis. Hormone and growth factor signalling and activation of signal transduction pathways, including the JAK-STAT and PPAR pathways, were also differently regulated, indicating key roles for these pathways in functional development of the ovine mammary gland. Changes in the expression of epigenetic regulators, particularly chromatin remodellers, indicate a possible role in coordinating the large-scale transcriptional changes that appear to be required to switch mammary processes from growth and development during late pregnancy to synthesis and secretion of milk during lactation. Conclusions Coordinated transcriptional regulation of large numbers of genes is required to switch between mammary tissue establishment during late pregnancy, and activation and maintenance of milk production during lactation. Our findings indicate the remarkable plasticity of the mammary gland, and the coordinated regulation of multiple genes and pathways to begin milk production. Genes and pathways identified by the present study may be important for managing milk production and mammary development, and may inform studies of diseases affecting the mammary gland. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1947-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Paten
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Genetics Otago, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand. .,International Sheep Research Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa, New Zealand. .,Gravida; National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Elizabeth J Duncan
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Genetics Otago, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand. .,Gravida; National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sarah J Pain
- International Sheep Research Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa, New Zealand. .,Gravida; National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sam W Peterson
- International Sheep Research Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa, New Zealand. .,Gravida; National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Paul R Kenyon
- International Sheep Research Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa, New Zealand. .,Gravida; National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Hugh T Blair
- International Sheep Research Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa, New Zealand. .,Gravida; National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Peter K Dearden
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Genetics Otago, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand. .,Gravida; National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Klauzinska M, McCurdy D, Rangel MC, Vaidyanath A, Castro NP, Shen MM, Gonzales M, Bertolette D, Bianco C, Callahan R, Salomon DS, Raafat A. Cripto-1 ablation disrupts alveolar development in the mouse mammary gland through a progesterone receptor-mediated pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2907-22. [PMID: 26429739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cripto-1, a member of the epidermal growth factor-Cripto-1/FRL-1/Cryptic family, is critical for early embryonic development. Together with its ligand Nodal, Cripto-1 has been found to be associated with the undifferentiated status of mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Several studies have clearly shown that Cripto-1 is involved in regulating branching morphogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of the mammary gland both in vitro and in vivo and together with the cofactor GRP78 is critical for the maintenance of mammary stem cells ex vivo. Our previous studies showed that mammary-specific overexpression of human Cripto-1 exhibited dramatic morphological alterations in nulliparous mice mammary glands. The present study shows a novel mechanism for Cripto-1 regulation of mammary gland development through direct effects on progesterone receptor expression and pathways regulated by progesterone in the mammary gland. We demonstrate a strict temporal regulation of mouse Cripto-1 (mCripto-1) expression that occurs during mammary gland development and a stage-specific function of mCripto-1 signaling during mammary gland development. Our data suggest that Cripto-1, like the progesterone receptor, is not required for the initial ductal growth but is essential for subsequent side branching and alveologenesis during the initial stages of pregnancy. Dissection of the mechanism by which this occurs indicates that mCripto-1 activates receptor activator NF-κB/receptor activator NF-κB ligand, and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Klauzinska
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David McCurdy
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Arun Vaidyanath
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nadia P Castro
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Monica Gonzales
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Daniel Bertolette
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Caterina Bianco
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert Callahan
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David S Salomon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ahmed Raafat
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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32
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Lee S, Hennigar SR, Alam S, Nishida K, Kelleher SL. Essential Role for Zinc Transporter 2 (ZnT2)-mediated Zinc Transport in Mammary Gland Development and Function during Lactation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13064-78. [PMID: 25851903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.637439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The zinc transporter ZnT2 (SLC30A2) imports zinc into vesicles in secreting mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and is critical for zinc efflux into milk during lactation. Recent studies show that ZnT2 also imports zinc into mitochondria and is expressed in the non-lactating mammary gland and non-secreting MECs, highlighting the importance of ZnT2 in general mammary gland biology. In this study we used nulliparous and lactating ZnT2-null mice and characterized the consequences on mammary gland development, function during lactation, and milk composition. We found that ZnT2 was primarily expressed in MECs and to a limited extent in macrophages in the nulliparous mammary gland and loss of ZnT2 impaired mammary expansion during development. Secondly, we found that lactating ZnT2-null mice had substantial defects in mammary gland architecture and MEC function during secretion, including fewer, condensed and disorganized alveoli, impaired Stat5 activation, and unpolarized MECs. Loss of ZnT2 led to reduced milk volume and milk containing less protein, fat, and lactose compared with wild-type littermates, implicating ZnT2 in the regulation of mammary differentiation and optimal milk production during lactation. Together, these results demonstrate that ZnT2-mediated zinc transport is critical for mammary gland function, suggesting that defects in ZnT2 not only reduce milk zinc concentration but may compromise breast health and increase the risk for lactation insufficiency in lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Lee
- From the Interdisciplinary Graduate Physiology Program and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
| | - Stephen R Hennigar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Samina Alam
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Keigo Nishida
- Laboratory for Homeostatic Network, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan, and Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan
| | - Shannon L Kelleher
- From the Interdisciplinary Graduate Physiology Program and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, Pharmacology, and
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Jena MK, Janjanam J, Naru J, Kumar S, Kumar S, Singh S, Mohapatra SK, Kola S, Anand V, Jaswal S, Verma AK, Malakar D, Dang AK, Kaushik JK, Reddy VS, Mohanty AK. DIGE based proteome analysis of mammary gland tissue in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): lactating vis-a-vis heifer. J Proteomics 2015; 119:100-11. [PMID: 25661041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mammary gland is an exocrine and sebaceous gland made up of branching network of ducts that end in alveoli. Milk is synthesized in the alveoli and secreted into alveolar lumen. Mammary gland represents an ideal system for the study of organogenesis that undergoes successive cycles of pregnancy, lactation and involution. To gain insights on the molecular events that take place in pubertal and lactating mammary gland, we have identified 43 differentially expressed proteins in mammary tissue of heifer (non-lactating representing a virgin mammary gland), and lactating buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) by 2D-difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry. Twenty one proteins were upregulated during lactation whereas 8 proteins were upregulated in heifer mammary gland significantly (p<0.05). Bioinformatics analyses of the identified proteins showed that a majority of the proteins are involved in metabolic processes. The differentially expressed proteins were validated by real-time PCR and Western blotting. We observed differential expressions of certain new proteins including EEF1D, HSPA5, HSPD1 and PRDX6 during lactation which have not been reported before. The differentially expressed proteins were mapped to available biological pathways and networks involved in lactation. This study signifies the importance of some proteins which are preferentially expressed during lactation and in heifer mammary gland. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This work is important because we have generated information in water buffalo (B. bubalis) for the first time which is the major milk producing animal in Indian Subcontinent. Out of a present production of 133milliontons of milk produced in India, contribution of buffalo milk is around 54%. Its physiology is somewhat different from the lactating cows. Buffalo milk composition varies from cow milk in terms of higher fat and total solid content, which confers an advantage in preparation of specialized cheese, curd and other dairy products. Being a major milk producing animal in India it is highly essential to understand the lactation associated proteins in the mammary gland of buffalo. In the present investigation our attempt has been to identify new protein evidences which are expressed in lactating buffalo mammary gland and have not been reported before. The findings reported in the present study will help in understanding the lactation biology of buffalo mammary gland in particular and the mammary gland biology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Jena
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal 132001, India
| | | | - Jasmine Naru
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Saravanan Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal 132001, India
| | - Surender Singh
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal 132001, India
| | | | - Srujana Kola
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vijay Anand
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal 132001, India
| | - Shalini Jaswal
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal 132001, India
| | - Arvind K Verma
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal 132001, India
| | - Dhruba Malakar
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal 132001, India
| | - Ajay K Dang
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal 132001, India
| | - Jai K Kaushik
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal 132001, India
| | - Vanga S Reddy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok K Mohanty
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal 132001, India.
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Mammary fat of breast cancer: gene expression profiling and functional characterization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109742. [PMID: 25291184 PMCID: PMC4188628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary fat is the main composition of breast, and is the most probable candidate to affect tumor behavior because the fat produces hormones, growth factors and adipokines, a heterogeneous group of signaling molecules. Gene expression profiling and functional characterization of mammary fat in Chinese women has not been reported. Thus, we collected the mammary fat tissues adjacent to breast tumors from 60 subjects, among which 30 subjects had breast cancer and 30 had benign lesions. We isolated and cultured the stromal vascular cell fraction from mammary fat. The expression of genes related to adipose function (including adipogenesis and secretion) was detected at both the tissue and the cellular level. We also studied mammary fat browning. The results indicated that fat tissue close to malignant and benign lesions exhibited distinctive gene expression profiles and functional characteristics. Although the mammary fat of breast tumors atrophied, it secreted tumor growth stimulatory factors. Browning of mammary fat was observed and browning activity of fat close to malignant breast tumors was greater than that close to benign lesions. Understanding the diversity between these two fat depots may possibly help us improve our understanding of breast cancer pathogenesis and find the key to unlock new anticancer therapies.
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35
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Pooled analysis of the prognostic relevance of progesterone receptor status in five German cohort studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 148:143-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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36
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Chen Q, Zhang N, Gray RS, Li H, Ewald AJ, Zahnow CA, Pan D. A temporal requirement for Hippo signaling in mammary gland differentiation, growth, and tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2014; 28:432-7. [PMID: 24589775 PMCID: PMC3950341 DOI: 10.1101/gad.233676.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent progress, the physiological role of Hippo signaling in mammary gland development and tumorigenesis remains poorly understood. Here we show that the Hippo pathway is functionally dispensable in virgin mammary glands but specifically required during pregnancy. In contrast to many other tissues, hyperactivation of YAP in mammary epithelia does not induce hyperplasia but leads to defects in terminal differentiation. Interestingly, loss of YAP causes no obvious defects in virgin mammary glands but potently suppresses oncogene-induced mammary tumors. The selective requirement for YAP in oncogenic growth highlights the potential of YAP inhibitors as molecular targeted therapies against breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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37
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Shore AN, Rosen JM. Regulation of mammary epithelial cell homeostasis by lncRNAs. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:318-30. [PMID: 24680897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial cells of the mammary gland develop primarily after birth and undergo surges of hormonally regulated proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis during both puberty and pregnancy. Thus, the mammary gland is a useful model to study fundamental processes of development and adult tissue homeostasis, such as stem and progenitor cell regulation, cell fate commitment, and differentiation. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as prominent regulators of these essential processes, as their extraordinary versatility allows them to modulate gene expression via diverse mechanisms at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Not surprisingly, lncRNAs are also aberrantly expressed in cancer and promote tumorigenesis by disrupting vital cellular functions, such as cell cycle, survival, and migration. In this review, we first broadly summarize the functions of lncRNAs in mammalian development and cancer. Then we focus on what is currently known about the role of lncRNAs in mammary gland development and breast cancer. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: The Non-coding RNA Revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Shore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Gajewska M, Zielniok K, Debski B, Motyl T. IGF-I retards proper development of acinar structures formed by bovine mammary epithelial cells via sustained activation of Akt kinase. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2013; 45:111-21. [PMID: 23932581 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I is involved in mammary gland development, promoting proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Mitogenic actions of IGF-I are mainly mediated by the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. We have found that in the presence of IGF-I bovine BME-UV1 MECs cultured on reconstituted basement membrane form large spheroids with disrupted polarity and no cavity in the center. These cells showed enhanced phosphorylation of Akt, decreased level of cleaved caspase-3, and sustained proliferative activity throughout the 16-d period of 3-dimensional culture. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway by a specific inhibitor of PI3K, LY294002, resulted in the restoration of the normal acinar phenotype. However, this effect was noted only when LY294002 was added in the second week of 3-dimensional culture, which corresponded with the time of cell cycle arrest and polarity formation under control conditions. Normal development of acini was also obtained when BME-UV1 cells were treated simultaneously with IGF-I and 17β-estradiol. The addition of 17β-estradiol regulated Akt activation, enabling the subsequent initiation of polarization processes. 17β-Estradiol also increased the level of IGFBP-3 protein in MECs cultured on Matrigel in the presence of IGF-I. The presented results indicate important interactions between signaling pathways activated by estrogen and IGF-I, which regulate alveologenesis in bovine mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gajewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Ling H, Sylvestre JR, Jolicoeur P. Cyclin D1-dependent induction of luminal inflammatory breast tumors by activated notch3. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5963-73. [PMID: 23928992 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Notch3 (N3) is involved in breast cancer development, but its precise contributions are not well understood. Here, we report that pregnant mice expressing an activated intracellular form of N3 (N3(IC)) exhibit a cyclin D1-dependent expansion of premalignant CD24(+) CD29(low) luminal progenitors with enhanced differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo. Parous mice developed luminal mammary tumors in a cyclin D1-dependent manner. Notably, mice expressing higher levels of N3(IC) exhibited tumors resembling inflammatory breast cancer that frequently metastasized. N3(IC)-induced tumors contained a large percentage of tumor-initiating cells, but these were reduced significantly in tumors derived from N3(IC) transgenic mice that were heterozygous for cyclin D1. After transplantation in the presence of normal mammary cells, N3(IC)-expressing tumor cells became less malignant, differentiating into CK6(+) CK18(+) CK5(-) alveolar-like structures akin to expanded luminal progenitors from which they were likely derived. Taken together, our results argue that activated N3 signaling primarily affects luminal progenitors among mammary cell subsets, with more pronounced levels of activation influencing tumor type, and provide a novel model of inflammatory breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ling
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal; Department of Microbiology and Immunology Université de Montréal; and Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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El Sheikh Saad H, Toullec A, Vacher S, Pocard M, Bieche I, Perrot-Applanat M. In utero and lactational exposure to vinclozolin and genistein induces genomic changes in the rat mammary gland. J Endocrinol 2013; 216:245-63. [PMID: 23160963 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to low doses of environmental estrogens such as bisphenol A and genistein (G) alters mammary gland development. The effects of environmental anti-androgens, such as the fungicide vinclozolin (V), on mammary gland morphogenesis are unknown. We previously reported that perinatal exposure to G, V, and the GV combination causes histological changes in the mammary gland during the peripubertal period, suggesting alterations to the peripubertal hormone response. We now investigate whether perinatal exposure to these compounds alters the gene expression profiles of the developing glands to identify the dysregulated signaling pathways and the underlying mechanisms. G, V, or GV (1 mg/kg body weight per day) was added to diet of Wistar rats, from conception to weaning; female offspring mammary glands were collected at postnatal days (PNDs) 35 and 50. Genes displaying differential expression and belonging to different functional categories were validated by quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry. At PND35, G had little effect; the slight changes noted were in genes related to morphogenesis. The changes following exposure to V concerned the functional categories associated with development (Cldn1, Krt17, and Sprr1a), carbohydrate metabolism, and steroidogenesis. The GV mixture upregulated genes (Krt17, Pvalb, and Tnni2) involved in muscle development, indicating effects on myoepithelial cells during mammary gland morphogenesis. Importantly, at PND50, cycling females exposed to GV showed an increase in the expression of genes (Csn2, Wap, and Elf5) related to differentiation, consistent with the previously reported abnormal lobuloalveolar development previously described. Thus, perinatal exposure to GV alters the mammary gland hormone response differently at PND35 (puberty) and in animals with established cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H El Sheikh Saad
- INSERM U965, UFR Médecine, Hôpital Lariboisière; Université Paris 7, 41 Bd de la chapelle, F-75475 Paris Cedex 10, France Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique, Institut Curie Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud F-92210, France
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41
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Milani ES, Brinkhaus H, Dueggeli R, Klebba I, Mueller U, Stadler M, Kohler H, Smalley MJ, Bentires-Alj M. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B restrains mammary alveologenesis and secretory differentiation. Development 2013; 140:117-25. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.082941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation plays a fundamental role in mammary gland development. However, the role of specific tyrosine phosphatases in controlling mammary cell fate remains ill defined. We have identified protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as an essential regulator of alveologenesis and lactogenesis. PTP1B depletion increased the number of luminal mammary progenitors in nulliparous mice, leading to enhanced alveoli formation upon pregnancy. Mechanistically, Ptp1b deletion enhanced the expression of progesterone receptor and phosphorylation of Stat5, two key regulators of alveologenesis. Furthermore, glands from Ptp1b knockout mice exhibited increased expression of milk proteins during pregnancy due to enhanced Stat5 activation. These findings reveal that PTP1B constrains the number of mammary progenitors and thus prevents inappropriate onset of alveologenesis in early pregnancy. Moreover, PTP1B restrains the expression of milk proteins during pregnancy and thus prevents premature lactogenesis. Our work has implications for breast tumorigenesis because Ptp1b deletion has been shown to prevent or delay the onset of mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela S. Milani
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstr. 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heike Brinkhaus
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstr. 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Regula Dueggeli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstr. 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ina Klebba
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstr. 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Mueller
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstr. 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stadler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstr. 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hubertus Kohler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstr. 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew J. Smalley
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF1 3AX, UK
| | - Mohamed Bentires-Alj
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstr. 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Yang TL, Lin L, Hsiao YC, Lee HW, Young TH. Chitosan Biomaterials Induce Branching Morphogenesis in a Model of Tissue-Engineered Glandular Organs in Serum-Free Conditions. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:2220-30. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lin Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lin Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chuan Hsiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wei Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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43
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Qu B, Jiang Y, Zhao F, Xiao J, Li QZ. Changes of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in mammary epithelial cells during mammogenesis in Chinese Holstein dairy cows. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:448-53. [PMID: 21920588 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the research was to study the changes of the major organelles, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, in mammary epithelial cells of the Chinese Holstein dairy cow during mammogenesis. For this purpose, a mammary epithelial cell bank was established from 9 selected Chinese Holstein dairy cows using collagenase I digestion and attachment culture biotechniques. This cell bank included 9 samples at stages of pregnancy, lactation and involution. The changes of ER and mitochondria in the mammary cells were observed at the subcellular level using living cell fluorescent labeling and laser confocal microscopy. Subsequently, the area of integrated optical density of each sample was calculated to determine changes of ER and mitochondria in the mammary epithelial cells. The results showed clear differences in the epithelial major organelles during the various mammary gland development stages. The ER and mitochondria, as an indicator of lactogenic activity of alveolar secretory cells, increased in number from pregnancy to lactation by an average 37.32% and 18.44%, respectively, which was followed by a reduction at involution by an average 38.04% and 22.91% compared to lactation. Our study shows that the stages of mammogenesis are accompanied by changes in activity of the major organelles of the mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
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44
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Shore AN, Kabotyanski EB, Roarty K, Smith MA, Zhang Y, Creighton CJ, Dinger ME, Rosen JM. Pregnancy-induced noncoding RNA (PINC) associates with polycomb repressive complex 2 and regulates mammary epithelial differentiation. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002840. [PMID: 22911650 PMCID: PMC3406180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-induced noncoding RNA (PINC) and retinoblastoma-associated protein 46 (RbAp46) are upregulated in alveolar cells of the mammary gland during pregnancy and persist in alveolar cells that remain in the regressed lobules following involution. The cells that survive involution are thought to function as alveolar progenitor cells that rapidly differentiate into milk-producing cells in subsequent pregnancies, but it is unknown whether PINC and RbAp46 are involved in maintaining this progenitor population. Here, we show that, in the post-pubertal mouse mammary gland, mPINC is enriched in luminal and alveolar progenitors. mPINC levels increase throughout pregnancy and then decline in early lactation, when alveolar cells undergo terminal differentiation. Accordingly, mPINC expression is significantly decreased when HC11 mammary epithelial cells are induced to differentiate and produce milk proteins. This reduction in mPINC levels may be necessary for lactation, as overexpression of mPINC in HC11 cells blocks lactogenic differentiation, while knockdown of mPINC enhances differentiation. Finally, we demonstrate that mPINC interacts with RbAp46, as well as other members of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), and identify potential targets of mPINC that are differentially expressed following modulation of mPINC expression levels. Taken together, our data suggest that mPINC inhibits terminal differentiation of alveolar cells during pregnancy to prevent abundant milk production and secretion until parturition. Additionally, a PRC2 complex that includes mPINC and RbAp46 may confer epigenetic modifications that maintain a population of mammary epithelial cells committed to the alveolar fate in the involuted gland. During pregnancy, epithelial cells of the mammary gland begin to undergo differentiation into functional alveolar cells that, during lactation, will produce and secrete milk proteins, thereby providing nourishment to offspring. Following lactation, the majority of alveolar cells die and the mammary gland remodels to a pre-pregnancy-like state in a process called involution. However, some alveolar cells survive involution, and these cells are thought to serve as alveolar progenitors that are able to rapidly proliferate and differentiate into milk-producing cells in subsequent pregnancies. Keeping alveolar cells from undergoing terminal differentiation during pregnancy and involution is vital for the preservation of an alveolar progenitor population. Here, we show that the long noncoding RNA, PINC, is downregulated in the mammary gland between late pregnancy and early lactation, when alveolar cells begin to terminally differentiate. This reduction of PINC levels may be necessary for lactation, as overexpression of PINC inhibits differentiation, while knockdown of PINC enhances differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. Finally, we find that PINC interacts with the chromatin-modifying complex PRC2, suggesting epigenetic regulation may be involved in maintaining alveolar progenitors in the pregnant and involuting mammary gland. These results emphasize the potential importance of lncRNA-PRC2 involvement in regulating cell fate during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N. Shore
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elena B. Kabotyanski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kevin Roarty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Martin A. Smith
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chad J. Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marcel E. Dinger
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M. Rosen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Obr A, Edwards DP. The biology of progesterone receptor in the normal mammary gland and in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 357:4-17. [PMID: 22193050 PMCID: PMC3318965 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews work on progesterone and the progesterone receptor (PR) in the mouse mammary gland that has been used extensively as an experimental model. Studies have led to the concept that progesterone controls proliferation and morphogenesis of the luminal epithelium in a tightly orchestrated manner at distinct stages of development by paracrine signaling pathways, including receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) as a major paracrine factor. Progesterone also drives expansion of stem cells by paracrine signals to generate progenitors required for alveologenesis. During mid-to-late pregnancy, progesterone has another role to suppress secretory activation until parturition mediated in part by crosstalk between PR and prolactin/Stat5 signaling to inhibit induction of milk protein gene expression, and by inhibiting tight junction closure. In models of hormone-dependent mouse mammary tumors, the progesterone/PR signaling axis enhances pre-neoplastic progression by a switch from a paracrine to an autocrine mode of proliferation and dysregulation of the RANKL signaling pathway. Limited experiments with normal human breast show that progesterone/PR signaling also stimulates epithelial cell proliferation by a paracrine mechanism; however, the signaling pathways and whether RANKL is a major mediator remains unknown. Work with human breast cancer cell lines, patient tumor samples and clinical studies indicates that progesterone is a risk factor for breast cancer and that alteration in progesterone/PR signaling pathways contributes to early stage human breast cancer progression. However, loss of PR expression in primary tumors is associated with a less differentiated more invasive phenotype and worse prognosis, suggesting that PR may limit later stages of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Obr
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Dean P. Edwards
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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Jiao B, Ma H, Shokhirev MN, Drung A, Yang Q, Shin J, Lu S, Byron M, Kalantry S, Mercurio AM, Lawrence JB, Hoffmann A, Bach I. Paternal RLIM/Rnf12 is a survival factor for milk-producing alveolar cells. Cell 2012; 149:630-41. [PMID: 22541433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In female mouse embryos, somatic cells undergo a random form of X chromosome inactivation (XCI), whereas extraembryonic trophoblast cells in the placenta undergo imprinted XCI, silencing exclusively the paternal X chromosome. Initiation of imprinted XCI requires a functional maternal allele of the X-linked gene Rnf12, which encodes the ubiquitin ligase Rnf12/RLIM. We find that knockout (KO) of Rnf12 in female mammary glands inhibits alveolar differentiation and milk production upon pregnancy, with alveolar cells that lack RLIM undergoing apoptosis as they begin to differentiate. Genetic analyses demonstrate that these functions are mediated primarily by the paternal Rnf12 allele due to nonrandom maternal XCI in mammary epithelial cells. These results identify paternal Rnf12/RLIM as a critical survival factor for milk-producing alveolar cells and, together with population models, reveal implications of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Jiao
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Kass L, Altamirano GA, Bosquiazzo VL, Luque EH, Muñoz-de-Toro M. Perinatal exposure to xenoestrogens impairs mammary gland differentiation and modifies milk composition in Wistar rats. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 33:390-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kelleher SL, Velasquez V, Croxford TP, McCormick NH, Lopez V, MacDavid J. Mapping the zinc-transporting system in mammary cells: molecular analysis reveals a phenotype-dependent zinc-transporting network during lactation. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1761-70. [PMID: 21702047 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammary epithelial cell transitions from a non-secreting to a terminally differentiated, secreting cell during lactation. Zinc (Zn) is a key modulator of phenotypic transition as it regulates over 300 biological functions including transcription, translation, energy transformation, intracellular signaling, and apoptosis. In addition, Zn must be redirected from normal cellular functions into the secretory compartment, as many components of the secretory system are Zn-dependent and an extraordinary amount of Zn is secreted (1-3 mg Zn/day) into milk. Herein, we utilized a "systems biology" approach of genomic and proteomic profiling to explore mechanisms through which Zn is reallocated during phenotype transition in the lactating mammary gland from mice and cultured mammary cells. Nine Zn transporters play key roles in Zn redistribution within the network during lactation. Protein abundance of six Zip (Zip3, Zip5, Zip7, Zip8, Zip10, Zip11) and three ZnT (ZnT2, ZnT4, ZnT9) proteins was expanded >2-fold during lactation, which was not necessarily reflected by changes in mRNA expression. Our data suggest that Zip5, Zip8, and Zip10 may be key to Zn acquisition from maternal circulation, while multiple Zip proteins reuptake Zn from milk. Confocal microscopy of cultured mammary cells identified the Golgi apparatus (modulated in part by ZnT5, Zip7, and Zip11) and the late endosomal compartment (modulated in part by ZnT2 and Zip3) as key intracellular compartments through which Zn is reallocated during lactation. These results provide an important framework for understanding the "Zn-transporting network" through which mammary gland Zn pools are redistributed and secreted into milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Kelleher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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Shore AN, Herschkowitz JI, Rosen JM. Noncoding RNAs involved in mammary gland development and tumorigenesis: there's a long way to go. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2012; 17:43-58. [PMID: 22402938 PMCID: PMC3637027 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-012-9247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian genome encodes thousands of noncoding RNAs. These noncoding transcripts are broadly categorized into short noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) of greater than 200 nt. While the role of miRNAs in development and cancer biology has been extensively studied, much less is known about the vast majority of noncoding transcripts represented by lncRNAs. LncRNAs are emerging as key regulators of developmental processes and as such, their frequent misregulation in tumorigenesis and disease in not unexpected. The role of lncRNAs in mammary gland development and breast cancer is just beginning to be elucidated. This review will discuss the role of lncRNAs in mammalian and mammary gland development. In addition, we will review the contributions of lncRNAs to the stepwise progression of tumorigenesis, highlighting the role of lncRNAs in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Shore
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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50
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Dong J, Huang S, Caikovski M, Ji S, McGrath A, Custorio MG, Creighton CJ, Maliakkal P, Bogoslovskaia E, Du Z, Zhang X, Lewis MT, Sablitzky F, Brisken C, Li Y. ID4 regulates mammary gland development by suppressing p38MAPK activity. Development 2011; 138:5247-56. [PMID: 22069192 PMCID: PMC3210500 DOI: 10.1242/dev.069203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ID family of helix-loop-helix proteins regulates cell proliferation and differentiation in many different developmental pathways, but the functions of ID4 in mammary development are unknown. We report that mouse Id4 is expressed in cap cells, basal cells and in a subset of luminal epithelial cells, and that its targeted deletion impairs ductal expansion and branching morphogenesis as well as cell proliferation induced by estrogen and/or progesterone. We discover that p38MAPK is activated in Id4-null mammary cells. p38MAPK is also activated following siRNA-mediated Id4 knockdown in transformed mammary cells. This p38MAPK activation is required for the reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in Id4-ablated mammary glands. Therefore, ID4 promotes mammary gland development by suppressing p38MAPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marian Caikovski
- NCCR Molecular Oncology, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISREC-Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Amanda McGrath
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Myra G. Custorio
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad J. Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul Maliakkal
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Zhijun Du
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael T. Lewis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fred Sablitzky
- Institute of Genetics, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Cathrin Brisken
- NCCR Molecular Oncology, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISREC-Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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