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Lekang K, Lanzén A, Jonassen I, Thompson E, Troedsson C. Evaluation of a eukaryote phylogenetic microarray for environmental monitoring of marine sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 154:111102. [PMID: 32319925 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased exploitation of resources in sensitive marine ecosystems emphasizes the importance of knowledge regarding ecological impacts. However, current bio-monitoring practices are limited in terms of target-organisms and temporal resolution. Hence, developing new technologies is vital for enhanced ecosystem understanding. In this study, we have applied a prototype version of a phylogenetic microarray to assess the eukaryote community structures of marine sediments from an area with ongoing oil and gas drilling activity. The results were compared with data from both sequencing (metabarcoding) and morphology-based monitoring to evaluate whether microarrays were capable of detecting ecosystem disturbances. A significant correlation between microarray data and chemical pollution indicators, as well as sequencing-based results, was demonstrated, and several potential indicator organisms for pollution-associated parameters were identified, among them a large fraction of microorganisms not covered by traditional morphology-based monitoring. This suggests that microarrays have a potential in future environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Lekang
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders Lanzén
- AZTI-Tecnalia, Marine Research Division, Pasaia, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Inge Jonassen
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Eric Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; NORCE, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christofer Troedsson
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; NORCE, Bergen, Norway; Ocean Bergen AS, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Danchenko S, Fragoso B, Guillebault D, Icely J, Berzano M, Newton A. Harmful phytoplankton diversity and dynamics in an upwelling region (Sagres, SW Portugal) revealed by ribosomal RNA microarray combined with microscopy. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 82:52-71. [PMID: 30928011 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study region in Sagres, SW Portugal, is subject to natural eutrophication of coastal waters by wind-driven upwelling, which stimulates high primary productivity facilitating the recent economic expansion of bivalve aquaculture in the region. However, this economic activity is threatened by harmful algal blooms (HAB) caused by the diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia spp., Dinophysis spp. and other HAB dinoflagellates, all of which can produce toxins, that can induce Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP). This study couples traditional microscopy with 18S/28S rRNA microarray to improve the detection of HAB species and investigates the relation between HAB and the specific oceanographic conditions in the region. Good agreement was obtained between microscopy and microarray data for diatoms of genus Pseudo-nitzschia and dinoflagellates Dinophysis spp., Gymnodinium catenatum and raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo, with less effective results for Prorocentrum. Microarray provided detection of flagellates Prymnesium spp., Pseudochattonella spp., Chloromorum toxicum and the important HAB dinoflagellates of the genera Alexandrium and Azadinium, with the latter being one of the first records from the study region. Seasonality and upwelling induced by northerly winds were found to be the driving forces of HAB development, with Pseudo-nitzschia spp. causing the risk of ASP during spring and summer upwelling season, and dinoflagellates causing the risk of DSP and PSP during upwelling relaxation, mainly in summer and autumn. The findings were in agreement with the results from toxicity monitoring of shellfish by the Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere and confirm the suitability of the RNA microarray method for HABs detection and aquaculture management applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Danchenko
- CIMA - Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, University of Cadiz, Campus de Puerto Real, Polígono San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Bruno Fragoso
- CIMA - Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, University of Cadiz, Campus de Puerto Real, Polígono San Pedro s/n, Puerto Real, 11510, Cadiz, Spain; Sagremarisco Lda., Apartado 21, Vila do Bispo, 8650-999, Portugal
| | | | - John Icely
- CIMA - Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Sagremarisco Lda., Apartado 21, Vila do Bispo, 8650-999, Portugal
| | - Marco Berzano
- Polytechnic University of Marche, Piazza Roma, 22, 60121 Ancona, AN, Italy
| | - Alice Newton
- FCT - University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; NILU-IMPEC, Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
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3
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Bates SS, Hubbard KA, Lundholm N, Montresor M, Leaw CP. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 79:3-43. [PMID: 30420013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Some diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a compound that caused amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans just over 30 years ago (December 1987) in eastern Canada. This review covers new information since two previous reviews in 2012. Nitzschia bizertensis was subsequently discovered to be toxigenic in Tunisian waters. The known distribution of N. navis-varingica has expanded from Vietnam to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Furthermore, 15 new species (and one new variety) of Pseudo-nitzschia have been discovered, bringing the total to 52. Seven new species were found to produce DA, bringing the total of toxigenic species to 26. We list all Pseudo-nitzschia species, their ability to produce DA, and show their global distribution. A consequence of the extended distribution and increased number of toxigenic species worldwide is that DA is now found more pervasively in the food web, contaminating new marine organisms (especially marine mammals), affecting their physiology and disrupting ecosystems. Recent findings highlight how zooplankton grazers can induce DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia and how bacteria interact with Pseudo-nitzschia. Since 2012, new discoveries have been reported on physiological controls of Pseudo-nitzschia growth and DA production, its sexual reproduction, and infection by an oomycete parasitoid. Many advances are the result of applying molecular approaches to discovering new species, and to understanding the population genetic structure of Pseudo-nitzschia and mechanisms used to cope with iron limitation. The availability of genomes from three Pseudo-nitzschia species, coupled with a comparative transcriptomic approach, has allowed advances in our understanding of the sexual reproduction of Pseudo-nitzschia, its signaling pathways, its interactions with bacteria, and genes involved in iron and vitamin B12 and B7 metabolism. Although there have been no new confirmed cases of ASP since 1987 because of monitoring efforts, new blooms have occurred. A massive toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom affected the entire west coast of North America during 2015-2016, and was linked to a 'warm blob' of ocean water. Other smaller toxic blooms occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and east coast of North America. Knowledge gaps remain, including how and why DA and its isomers are produced, the world distribution of potentially toxigenic Nitzschia species, the prevalence of DA isomers, and molecular markers to discriminate between toxigenic and non-toxigenic species and to discover sexually reproducing populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Bates
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 9B6, Canada.
| | - Katherine A Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI), Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), 100 Eighth Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701 USA; Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA, 02543 USA
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Marina Montresor
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
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McPartlin DA, Loftus JH, Crawley AS, Silke J, Murphy CS, O'Kennedy RJ. Biosensors for the monitoring of harmful algal blooms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 45:164-169. [PMID: 28427011 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a major global concern due to their propensity to cause environmental damage, healthcare issues and economic losses. In particular, the presence of toxic phytoplankton is a cause for concern. Current HAB monitoring programs often involve laborious laboratory-based analysis at a high cost and with long turnaround times. The latter also hampers the potential to develop accurate and reliable models that can predict HAB occurrence. However, a promising solution for this issue may be in the form of remotely deployed biosensors, which can rapidly and continuously measure algal and toxin levels at the point-of-need (PON), at a low cost. This review summarises the issues HABs present, how they are difficult to monitor and recently developed biosensors that may improve HAB-monitoring challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aoife S Crawley
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Joe Silke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
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Pugliese L, Casabianca S, Perini F, Andreoni F, Penna A. A high resolution melting method for the molecular identification of the potentially toxic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in the Mediterranean Sea. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4259. [PMID: 28652566 PMCID: PMC5484702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04245-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a high resolution melting (HRM) method for the rapid, accurate identification of the various harmful diatom Pseudo-nitzschia species in marine environments. Pseudo-nitzschia has a worldwide distribution and some species are toxic, producing the potent domoic acid toxin, which poses a threat to both human and animal health. Hence, it is important to identify toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species. A pair of primers targeting the LSU rDNA of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia was designed for the development of the assay and its specificity was validated using 22 control DNAs of the P. calliantha, P. delicatissima/P. arenysensis complex and P. pungens. The post-PCR HRM assay was applied to numerous unidentified Pseudo-nitzschia strains isolated from the northwestern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea), and it was able to detect and discriminate three distinct Pseudo-nitzschia taxa from unidentified samples. Moreover, the species-specific identification of Pseudo-nitzschia isolates by the HRM assay was consistent with phylogenetic analyses. The HRM assay was specific, robust and rapid when applied to high numbers of cultured samples in order to taxonomically identify Pseudo-nitzschia isolates recovered from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pugliese
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121, Pesaro, Italy.,Conisma, Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Pz. Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Perini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Andreoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Viale Trieste 296, 61121, Pesaro, Italy. .,Conisma, Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Pz. Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy. .,CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125, Ancona, Italy.
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6
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Molecular Techniques for the Detection of Organisms in Aquatic Environments, with Emphasis on Harmful Algal Bloom Species. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17051184. [PMID: 28531156 PMCID: PMC5470929 DOI: 10.3390/s17051184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular techniques to detect organisms in aquatic ecosystems are being gradually considered as an attractive alternative to standard laboratory methods. They offer faster and more accurate means of detecting and monitoring species, with respect to their traditional homologues based on culture and microscopic counting. Molecular techniques are particularly attractive when multiple species need to be detected and/or are in very low abundance. This paper reviews molecular techniques based on whole cells, such as microscope-based enumeration and Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization (FISH) and molecular cell-free formats, such as sandwich hybridization assay (SHA), biosensors, microarrays, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and real time PCR (RT-PCR). Those that combine one or several laboratory functions into a single integrated system (lab-on-a-chip) and techniques that generate a much higher throughput data, such as next-generation systems (NGS), were also reviewed. We also included some other approaches that enhance the performance of molecular techniques. For instance, nano-bioengineered probes and platforms, pre-concentration and magnetic separation systems, and solid-phase hybridization offer highly pre-concentration capabilities. Isothermal amplification and hybridization chain reaction (HCR) improve hybridization and amplification techniques. Finally, we presented a study case of field remote sensing of harmful algal blooms (HABs), the only example of real time monitoring, and close the discussion with future directions and concluding remarks.
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Blanco Y, Moreno-Paz M, Parro V. Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287562 DOI: 10.3791/54994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming and eutrophication make some aquatic ecosystems behave as true bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth; this has relevant health and economic consequences. Many cyanobacterial strains are toxin producers, and only a few cells are necessary to induce irreparable damage to the environment. Therefore, water-body authorities and administrations require rapid and efficient early-warning systems providing reliable data to support their preventive or curative decisions. This manuscript reports an experimental protocol for the in-field detection of toxin-producing cyanobacterial strains by using an antibody microarray chip with 17 antibodies (Abs) with taxonomic resolution (CYANOCHIP). Here, a multiplex fluorescent sandwich microarray immunoassay (FSMI) for the simultaneous monitoring of 17 cyanobacterial strains frequently found blooming in freshwater ecosystems, some of them toxin producers, is described. A microarray with multiple identical replicates (up to 24) of the CYANOCHIP was printed onto a single microscope slide to simultaneously test a similar number of samples. Liquid samples can be tested either by direct incubation with the antibodies (Abs) or after cell concentration by filtration through a 1- to 3-μm filter. Solid samples, such as sediments and ground rocks, are first homogenized and dispersed by a hand-held ultrasonicator in an incubation buffer. They are then filtered (5 - 20 μm) to remove the coarse material, and the filtrate is incubated with Abs. Immunoreactions are revealed by a final incubation with a mixture of the 17 fluorescence-labeled Abs and are read by a portable fluorescence detector. The whole process takes around 3 h, most of it corresponding to two 1-h periods of incubation. The output is an image, where bright spots correspond to the positive detection of cyanobacterial markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Blanco
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CAB, INTA-CSIC)
| | | | - Victor Parro
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CAB, INTA-CSIC);
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Eckford-Soper LK, Daugbjerg N. Interspecific Competition Study Between Pseudochattonella farcimen and P. verruculosa (Dictyochophyceae)-Two Ichthyotoxic Species that Co-occur in Scandinavian Waters. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:259-270. [PMID: 27645137 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Pseudochattonella has become a frequent component of late winter-early spring phytoplankton community in Scandinavian waters, causing extensive fish kills and substantial economic losses. One of currently two recognised species, P. farcimen, is often abundant prior to the diatom spring bloom. Recent field studies have revealed that P. farcimen and P. verruculosa have a period of overlap in their temperature ranges and thus their seasonal occurrences. Using laboratory cultures, we investigated the seasonal succession and growth of P. farcimen and P. verruculosa in both mono- and mixed-culture using the recently developed Pseudochattonella 'qPCR subtraction method', which for the first time allowed the simultaneous enumeration of these morphologically indistinguishable species in mixed assemblages. We examined how these species interacted over four different temperatures (5, 8, 11 and 15 °C). The observed growth rates and cell yields varied with temperature revealing their preferred temperature optima. P. farcimen was able to achieve positive net growth over all temperatures, while P. verruculosa failed to grow below 11 °C. Growth responses were statistically different between mono- and mixed-cultures with the outcome of these interactions being temperature-dependent. Nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) and pH levels were also measured throughout the growth experiments to better understand how these factors influenced growth of both species. P. verruculosa was shown to be less sensitive to high pH as growth ceased at pH 9.1, whereas P. farcimen stopped growing at pH 8.4. Understanding the influence of abiotic factors (e.g. temperature, pH and competition) on growth rates allows for a better understanding and prediction of phytoplankton community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Eckford-Soper
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Niels Daugbjerg
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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9
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Eckford-Soper L, Daugbjerg N. The ichthyotoxic genus Pseudochattonella (Dictyochophyceae): Distribution, toxicity, enumeration, ecological impact, succession and life history - A review. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 58:51-58. [PMID: 28073458 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The marine genus Pseudochattonella is a recent addition to the list of fish killing microalgae. Currently two species are recognised (viz. P. verruculosa and P. farcimen) which both form recurrent coastal blooms sometimes overlapping in space and time. These events and their ecological and economic consequences have resulted in great interest and concern from marine biologists and the aquaculture industry. Since the first recorded blooms in Japanese (late 1980s), Scandinavian (1993) and Chilean (2004) waters numerous studies have focused on understanding the causative means of the fish killing. Mortality is probably due to Pseudochattonella discharging mucocysts that cause gill irritation and damage to the fish fills. Here, a review is provided of the literature on Pseudochattonella that covers the last ca. 25 years and focus on a number of topics relevant to understanding the general biology of the genus including ways to distinguish the two species. The literature addressing biogeography and known harmful events is evaluated and based on these findings an updated distribution map is proposed. P. farcimen is presently restricted to North European waters. Despite being very difficult to delineate based on morphology alone the two Pseudochattonella species seem to have separate growth optima. In laboratory experiments P. verruculosa consistently has higher temperature growth optima compared to P. farcimen though periods of overlap have been noted in the field. The review ends by proposing five areas with knowledge gaps and each of these could form the basis of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Eckford-Soper
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Niels Daugbjerg
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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10
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McNamee SE, Medlin LK, Kegel J, McCoy GR, Raine R, Barra L, Ruggiero MV, Kooistra WHCF, Montresor M, Hagstrom J, Blanco EP, Graneli E, Rodríguez F, Escalera L, Reguera B, Dittami S, Edvardsen B, Taylor J, Lewis JM, Pazos Y, Elliott CT, Campbell K. Distribution, occurrence and biotoxin composition of the main shellfish toxin producing microalgae within European waters: A comparison of methods of analysis. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 55:112-120. [PMID: 28073524 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a natural global phenomena emerging in severity and extent. Incidents have many economic, ecological and human health impacts. Monitoring and providing early warning of toxic HABs are critical for protecting public health. Current monitoring programmes include measuring the number of toxic phytoplankton cells in the water and biotoxin levels in shellfish tissue. As these efforts are demanding and labour intensive, methods which improve the efficiency are essential. This study compares the utilisation of a multitoxin surface plasmon resonance (multitoxin SPR) biosensor with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and analytical methods such as high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for toxic HAB monitoring efforts in Europe. Seawater samples (n=256) from European waters, collected 2009-2011, were analysed for biotoxins: saxitoxin and analogues, okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins 1/2 (DTX1/DTX2) and domoic acid responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), respectively. Biotoxins were detected mainly in samples from Spain and Ireland. France and Norway appeared to have the lowest number of toxic samples. Both the multitoxin SPR biosensor and the RNA microarray were more sensitive at detecting toxic HABs than standard light microscopy phytoplankton monitoring. Correlations between each of the detection methods were performed with the overall agreement, based on statistical 2×2 comparison tables, between each testing platform ranging between 32% and 74% for all three toxin families illustrating that one individual testing method may not be an ideal solution. An efficient early warning monitoring system for the detection of toxic HABs could therefore be achieved by combining both the multitoxin SPR biosensor and RNA microarray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E McNamee
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Linda K Medlin
- Marine Biological Association of UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
| | - Jessica Kegel
- Marine Biological Association of UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, UK
| | - Gary R McCoy
- Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robin Raine
- Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lucia Barra
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Marina Montresor
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Johannes Hagstrom
- Linnaeus University, Marine Ecology Department, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Eva Perez Blanco
- Linnaeus University, Marine Ecology Department, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Edna Graneli
- Linnaeus University, Marine Ecology Department, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Laura Escalera
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Simon Dittami
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Edvardsen
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Joe Taylor
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Jane M Lewis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Yolanda Pazos
- INTECMAR, Peirao de Vilaxoán, Villagarcía de Arosa 36611, Spain
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
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11
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Eckford-Soper LK, Daugbjerg N. A quantitative real-time PCR assay for identification and enumeration of the occasionally co-occurring ichthyotoxic Pseudochattonella farcimen and P. verruculosa (Dictyochophyceae) and analysis of variation in gene copy numbers during the growth phase of single and mixed cultures. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:174-83. [PMID: 27037583 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ichthyotoxic genus Pseudochattonella forms recurrent extensive blooms in coastal waters in Japan, New Zealand and Northern Europe. It comprises of two morphologically similar species, P. verruculosa and P. farcimen, which complicates visual species identification and enumeration of live and fixed material. Primers designed previously could not quantitatively distinguish species in mixed assemblages. To address this issue we developed two primer sets: one revealed itself to be genus specific for Pseudochattonella and the other species-specific for P. verruculosa. By subtracting cell estimates for P. verruculosa from combined results we could calculate cell numbers for P. farcimen. This approach has overcome the challenges posed by the very limited sequence availability and low gene variability between the two species. The qPCR assay was extensively tested for specificity, efficiency and sensitivity over an entire growth cycle in both single and mixed assemblages. Comparison of cell abundance estimates obtained by qPCR assay and microscopy showed no statistically significant difference until stationary and death phases. The assay was also tested on environmental samples collected during a small Pseudochattonella bloom in Denmark in March-April 2015. It was impossible to distinguish P. farcimen and P. verruculosa by light microscopy but qPCR showed both species were present. The two methods provided nearly identical cell numbers but the assay provided discrimination and enumeration of both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Eckford-Soper
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Niels Daugbjerg
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100, Denmark
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Rodríguez LP, González V, Martínez A, Paz B, Lago J, Cordeiro V, Blanco L, Vieites JM, Cabado AG. Occurrence of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish from Galicia (NW of Spain) and synergies among them. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1666-87. [PMID: 25815891 PMCID: PMC4413180 DOI: 10.3390/md13041666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic marine toxins pose a serious threat for consumers and an enormous economic problem for shellfish producers. Synergistic interaction among toxins may play an important role in the toxicity of shellfish and consequently in human intoxications. In order to study the toxic profile of molluscs, sampled during toxic episodes occurring in different locations in Galicia in 2014, shellfish were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the official method for the detection of lipophilic toxins. The performance of this procedure was demonstrated to be fit for purpose and was validated in house following European guidelines. The vast majority of toxins present in shellfish belonged to the okadaic acid (OA) group and some samples from a particular area contained yessotoxin (YTX). Since these toxins occur very often with other lipophilic toxins, we evaluated the potential interactions among them. A human neuroblastoma cell line was used to study the possible synergies of OA with other lipophilic toxins. Results show that combination of OA with dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX2) or YTX enhances the toxicity triggered by OA, decreasing cell viability and cell proliferation, depending on the toxin concentration and incubation time. The effects of other lipophilic toxins as 13-desmethyl Spirolide C were also evaluated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Rodríguez
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Virginia González
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Aníbal Martínez
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Paz
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Jorge Lago
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Victoria Cordeiro
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Lucía Blanco
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Vieites
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Ana G Cabado
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
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Blanco Y, Quesada A, Gallardo-Carreño I, Aguirre J, Parro V. CYANOCHIP: an antibody microarray for high-taxonomical-resolution cyanobacterial monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1611-1620. [PMID: 25565212 DOI: 10.1021/es5051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are Gram-negative photosynthetic prokaryotes that are widespread on Earth. Eutrophication and global warming make some aquatic ecosystems behave as bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth with remarkable economic and health consequences. Rapid and efficient early warning systems are required to support decisions by water body authorities. We have produced 17 specific antibodies to the most frequent cyanobacterial strains blooming in freshwater ecosystems, some of which are toxin producers. A sandwich-type antibody microarray immunoassay (CYANOCHIP) was developed for the simultaneous testing of any of the 17 strains, or other closely related strains, in field samples from different habitats (water, rocks, and sediments). We titrated and tested all of the antibodies in succession using a fluorescent sandwich microarray immunoassay. Although most showed high specificity, we applied a deconvolution method based on graph theory to disentangle the few existing cross-reactions. The CYANOCHIP sensitivity ranged from 10(2) to 10(4) cells mL(-1), with most antibodies detecting approximately 10(2) cells mL(-1). We validated the system by testing multiple isolates and crude natural samples from freshwater reservoirs and rocks, both in the laboratory and by in situ testing in the field. The results demonstrated that CYANOCHIP is a valuable tool for the sensitive and reliable detection of cyanobacteria for early warning and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Blanco
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC) , Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
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