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Pomegranate Seed Oil as a Source of Conjugated Linolenic Acid (CLnA) Has No Effect on Atherosclerosis Development but Improves Lipid Profile and Affects the Expression of Lipid Metabolism Genes in apoE/LDLR -/- Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021737. [PMID: 36675252 PMCID: PMC9863817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-atherosclerotic effect of pomegranate seed oil as a source of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) (cis-9,trans-11,cis-13; punicic acid) compared to linolenic acid (LnA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (cis-9,trans-11) in apoE/LDLR-/- mice. In the LONG experiment, 10-week old mice were fed for the 18 weeks. In the SHORT experiment, 18-week old mice were fed for the 10 weeks. Diets were supplied with seed oils equivalent to an amount of 0.5% of studied fatty acids. In the SHORT experiment, plasma TCh and LDL+VLDL cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in animals fed CLnA and CLA compared to the Control. The expression of PPARα in liver was four-fold increased in CLnA group in the SHORT experiment, and as a consequence the expression of its target gene ACO was three-fold increased, whereas the liver's expression of SREBP-1 and FAS were decreased in CLnA mice only in the LONG experiment. Punicic acid and CLA isomers were determined in the adipose tissue and liver in animals receiving pomegranate seed oil. In both experiments, there were no effects on the area of atherosclerotic plaque in aortic roots. However, in the SHORT experiment, the area of atherosclerosis in the entire aorta in the CLA group compared to CLnA and LnA was significantly decreased. In conclusion, CLnA improved the lipid profile and affected the lipid metabolism gene expression, but did not have the impact on the development of atherosclerotic plaque in apoE/LDLR-/- mice.
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Chhabria S, Mathur S, Vadakan S, Sahoo DK, Mishra P, Paital B. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological facets of tropical ethnomedicinal plants as reformed DPP-IV inhibitors to regulate incretin activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1027237. [PMID: 36440220 PMCID: PMC9691845 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1027237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from impaired insulin secretion and resistance. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV is an enzyme known to trigger the catalysis of insulinotropic hormones, further abating the endogenous insulin levels and elevating the glucose levels in blood plasma. In the field of drug development, DPP-IV inhibitors have opened up numerous opportunities for leveraging this target to generate compounds as hypoglycemic agents by regulating incretin activity and subsequently decreasing blood glucose levels. However, the practice of synthetic drugs is an apparent choice but poses a great pharmacovigilance issue due to their incessant undesirable effects. The ideology was set to inventively look upon different ethnomedicinal plants for their anti-diabetic properties to address these issues. To date, myriads of phytochemicals are characterized, eliciting an anti-diabetic response by targeting various enzymes and augmenting glucose homeostasis. Antioxidants have played a crucial role in alleviating the symptoms of diabetes by scavenging free radicals or treating the underlying causes of metabolic disorders and reducing free radical formation. Plant-based DPP-IV inhibitors, including alkaloids, phenolic acid, flavonoids, quercetin, and coumarin, also possess antioxidant capabilities, providing anti-diabetic and antioxidative protection. This review article provides a new gateway for exploring the ability of plant-based DPP-IV inhibitors to withstand oxidative stress under pathological conditions related to diabetes and for reforming the strategic role of ethnomedicinal plants as potent DPP-IV inhibitors through the development of polyherbal formulations and nanophytomedicines to regulate incretin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Chhabria
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, St Xavier’s College, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shivangi Mathur
- Department of Biotechnology, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Biotechnology, President Science College, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sebastian Vadakan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, St Xavier’s College, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Biswaranjan Paital, ; Dipak Kumar Sahoo, ;
| | - Pragnyashree Mishra
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Chipilima, Sambalpur, India
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
- *Correspondence: Biswaranjan Paital, ; Dipak Kumar Sahoo, ;
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Kung WM, Lin MS. Beneficial Impacts of Alpha-Eleostearic Acid from Wild Bitter Melon and Curcumin on Promotion of CDGSH Iron-Sulfur Domain 2: Therapeutic Roles in CNS Injuries and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073289. [PMID: 33804820 PMCID: PMC8037269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and abnormal mitochondrial function are related to the cause of aging, neurodegeneration, and neurotrauma. The activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), exaggerating these two pathologies, underlies the pathogenesis for the aforementioned injuries and diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). CDGSH iron-sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) belongs to the human NEET protein family with the [2Fe-2S] cluster. CISD2 has been verified as an NFκB antagonist through the association with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β (PPAR-β). This protective protein can be attenuated under circumstances of CNS injuries and diseases, thereby causing NFκB activation and exaggerating NFκB-provoked neuroinflammation and abnormal mitochondrial function. Consequently, CISD2-elevating plans of action provide pathways in the management of various disease categories. Various bioactive molecules derived from plants exert protective anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and serve as natural antioxidants, such as conjugated fatty acids and phenolic compounds. Herein, we have summarized pharmacological characters of the two phytochemicals, namely, alpha-eleostearic acid (α-ESA), an isomer of conjugated linolenic acids derived from wild bitter melon (Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser.), and curcumin, a polyphenol derived from rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. In this review, the unique function of the CISD2-elevating effect of α-ESA and curcumin are particularly emphasized, and these natural compounds are expected to serve as a potential therapeutic target for CNS injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon-Man Kung
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Muh-Shi Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Health Business Administration, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2665-1900
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Gong M, Hu Y, Wei W, Jin Q, Wang X. Production of conjugated fatty acids: A review of recent advances. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107454. [PMID: 31639444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated fatty acids (CFAs) have received a deal of attention due to the increasing understanding of their beneficial physiological effects, especially the anti-cancer effects and metabolism-regulation activities. However, the production of CFAs is generally difficult. Several challenges are the low CFAs content in natural sources, the difficulty to chemically synthesize target CFA isomers in high purity, and the sensitive characteristics of CFAs. In this article, the current technologies to produce CFAs, including physical, chemical, and biotechnical approaches were summarized, with a focus on the conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and conjugated linolenic acids (CLNAs) which are the most common investigated CFAs. CFAs usually demonstrate stronger physiological effects than other non-conjugated fatty acids; however, they are more sensitive to heat and oxidation. Consequently, the quality control throughout the entire production process of CFAs is significant. Special attention was given to the micro- or nano-encapsulation which presented as an emerging technique to improve the bioavailability and storage stability of CFAs. The current applications of CFAs and the potential research directions were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Gong
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yulin Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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Dhar Dubey KK, Sharma G, Kumar A. Conjugated Linolenic Acids: Implication in Cancer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6091-6101. [PMID: 31070027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated fatty acids (CFAs) including both conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and conjugated linolenic acids (CLNAs) have various health promoting effects. These beneficial effects are comprised by their antioxidant, antiatherogenecity, anticarcinogenic activities, etc. Several reports indicate that CLNAs such as eleostearic acid, punicic acid, jacaric acid, and calendic acid possess anticancer properties. These CLNAs are produced and accumulated in seeds of certain commonly available plants. This review discusses their role in chemoprevention of cancer. Using in vitro as well as in vivo models of cancer, bioactivities of these CLNAs have been explored in detail. CLNAs have been shown to have potent anticancer activity as compared to the CLAs. Although the molecular basis of these effects has been summarized here, more detailed studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms. Further clinical trials are obligatory for assessing the safety and efficacy of CLNAs as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik K Dhar Dubey
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University Uttar Pradesh , Noida - 201303 , India
| | - Girish Sharma
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University Uttar Pradesh , Noida - 201303 , India
- Amity Center for Cancer Epidemiology and Cancer Research , Amity University Uttar Pradesh , Noida - 201303 , India
| | - Aruna Kumar
- Molecular Genetics Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology , Amity University Uttar Pradesh , Noida - 201303 , India
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Costa A, Silva L, Torres A. Chemical composition of commercial cold-pressed pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed oil from Turkey and Israel, and the use of bioactive compounds for samples’ origin preliminary discrimination. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Adu‐Frimpong M, Firempong CK, Omari‐Siaw E, Wang Q, Mukhtar YM, Deng W, Yu Q, Xu X, Yu J. Preparation, optimization, and pharmacokinetic study of nanoliposomes loaded with triacylglycerol‐bound punicic acid for increased antihepatotoxic activity. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:230-245. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Adu‐Frimpong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Tissue Engineering, School of PharmacyJiangsu University Zhenjiang P.R. China
- Department of Biomedical and Basic SciencesCollege of Health and Well‐Being Kintampo Ghana
| | - Caleb Kesse Firempong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of ScienceKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Omari‐Siaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumasi Technical University Kumasi Ghana
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Tissue Engineering, School of PharmacyJiangsu University Zhenjiang P.R. China
| | - Yusif Mohammed Mukhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Tissue Engineering, School of PharmacyJiangsu University Zhenjiang P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Tissue Engineering, School of PharmacyJiangsu University Zhenjiang P.R. China
| | - Qingtong Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Tissue Engineering, School of PharmacyJiangsu University Zhenjiang P.R. China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Tissue Engineering, School of PharmacyJiangsu University Zhenjiang P.R. China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Tissue Engineering, School of PharmacyJiangsu University Zhenjiang P.R. China
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Pereira de Melo IL, de Oliveira e Silva AM, Yoshime LT, Gasparotto Sattler JA, Teixeira de Carvalho EB, Mancini-Filho J. Punicic acid was metabolised and incorporated in the form of conjugated linoleic acid in different rat tissues. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2018; 70:421-431. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1519528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Illana Louise Pereira de Melo
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition Laboratory of Lipids Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Tedesco Yoshime
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition Laboratory of Lipids Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Gasparotto Sattler
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition Laboratory of Lipids Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Mancini-Filho
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition Laboratory of Lipids Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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dos Santos DM, Rocha CVJ, da Silveira EF, Marinho MAG, Rodrigues MR, Silva NO, da Silva Ferreira A, de Moura NF, Darelli GJS, Braganhol E, Horn AP, de Lima VR. In Vitro Anti/Pro-oxidant Activities of R. ferruginea Extract and Its Effect on Glioma Cell Viability: Correlation with Phenolic Compound Content and Effects on Membrane Dynamics. J Membr Biol 2018; 251:247-261. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-018-0017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fontes AL, Pimentel LL, Simões CD, Gomes AMP, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM. Evidences and perspectives in the utilization of CLNA isomers as bioactive compounds in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2611-2622. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1063478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Fontes
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lígia L. Pimentel
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina D. Simões
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M. P. Gomes
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís M. Rodríguez-Alcalá
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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11
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Topkafa M, Kara H, Sherazi STH. Evaluation of the Triglyceride Composition of Pomegranate Seed Oil by RP-HPLC Followed by GC-MS. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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12
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Yuan GF, Chen XE, Li D. Conjugated linolenic acids and their bioactivities: a review. Food Funct 2015; 5:1360-8. [PMID: 24760201 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00037d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) is a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of octadecatrienoic acid (α-linolenic acid, cis9,cis12,cis15-18:3 n-3) found in plant seeds. Three 8,10,12-18:3 isomers and four 9,11,13-18:3 isomers have been reported to occur naturally. CLNA isomers such as punicic acid, α-eleostearic acid and jacaric acid have been attributed to exhibit several health benefits that are largely based on animal and in vitro studies. This review has summarized and updated the evidence regarding the metabolism and bioactivities of CLNA isomers, and comprehensively discussed the recent studies on the effects of anti-carcinogenic, lipid metabolism regulation, anti-inflammatory, anti-obese and antioxidant activities of CLNA isomers. The available results may provide a potential application for CLNA isomers from natural sources, especially edible plant seeds, as effective functional food ingredients and dietary supplements for the above mentioned disease management. Further research, especially human randomized clinical trials, is warranted to investigate the detailed physiological effects, bioactivity and molecular mechanism of CLNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Yuan
- College of Food and Medicine, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
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Paul D, Mukherjee S, Chakraborty R, Mallick SK, Dhar P. Comparative real-time study of cellular uptake of a formulated conjugated linolenic acid rich nano and conventional macro emulsions and their bioactivity in ex vivo models for parenteral applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 126:426-36. [PMID: 25579219 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to fabricate and monitor real-time, impact of a stable conjugated linolenic acid, α-eleostearic acid (ESA) rich nanoemulsion (NE) formulation (d < 200 nm) vis-à-vis ESA conventional emulsion (CE) system in ex vivo systems against both endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accordingly, stable nanoemulsion formulation of ESA was engineered with the aid of bitter melon seed oil and non-toxic excipients. Morphology and particle size of the emulsion formulations were studied to validate stability. The real-time rapid uptake of the ESA NE and its increased prophylactic efficacy against induced endogenous and exogenous ROS in terms of cell viability and membrane integrity was evaluated flow-cytometrically and with fluorescence microscopic analysis of different primary cells. It was found that the fabricated non-toxic ESA NE had stable parameters (hydrodynamic mean diameter, particle size distribution and zeta potential) for over 12 weeks. Further, ESA NE at a concentration of ∼ 70 μM exhibited maximum efficacy in protecting cells from oxidative damage against both endogenous and exogenous ROS in lymphocytes and hepatocytes as compared to its corresponding presence in the CE formulation. This study provides a real-time empirical evidence on the influence of nano formulation in enhancing bioavailability and antioxidative properties of ESA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjyoti Paul
- Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Food & Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20 B Judges Court Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700027,India; Centre for Research in Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, JD 2, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal 700098, India
| | - Sayani Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Food & Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20 B Judges Court Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700027,India; Centre for Research in Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, JD 2, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal 700098, India
| | - Rajarshi Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700019, India
| | - Sanjaya K Mallick
- Centre for Research in Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, JD 2, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal 700098, India
| | - Pubali Dhar
- Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Food & Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20 B Judges Court Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700027,India; Centre for Research in Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, JD 2, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal 700098, India.
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Characterization of a soluble phosphatidic acid phosphatase in bitter melon (Momordica charantia). PLoS One 2014; 9:e106403. [PMID: 25203006 PMCID: PMC4159287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia is often called bitter melon, bitter gourd or bitter squash because its fruit has a bitter taste. The fruit has been widely used as vegetable and herbal medicine. Alpha-eleostearic acid is the major fatty acid in the seeds, but little is known about its biosynthesis. As an initial step towards understanding the biochemical mechanism of fatty acid accumulation in bitter melon seeds, this study focused on a soluble phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP, 3-sn-phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.4) that hydrolyzes the phosphomonoester bond in phosphatidate yielding diacylglycerol and Pi. PAPs are typically categorized into two subfamilies: Mg2+-dependent soluble PAP and Mg2+-independent membrane-associated PAP. We report here the partial purification and characterization of an Mg2+-independent PAP activity from developing cotyledons of bitter melon. PAP protein was partially purified by successive centrifugation and UNOsphere Q and S columns from the soluble extract. PAP activity was optimized at pH 6.5 and 53–60°C and unaffected by up to 0.3 mM MgCl2. The Km and Vmax values for dioleoyl-phosphatidic acid were 595.4 µM and 104.9 ηkat/mg of protein, respectively. PAP activity was inhibited by NaF, Na3VO4, Triton X-100, FeSO4 and CuSO4, but stimulated by MnSO4, ZnSO4 and Co(NO3)2. In-gel activity assay and mass spectrometry showed that PAP activity was copurified with a number of other proteins. This study suggests that PAP protein is probably associated with other proteins in bitter melon seeds and that a new class of PAP exists as a soluble and Mg2+-independent enzyme in plants.
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Comparative prophylactic effects of α-eleostearic acid rich nano and conventional emulsions in induced diabetic rats. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 51:1724-36. [PMID: 25190828 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present work entailed perspicacious fabrication of Bitter Gourd Seed Oil Nanoemulsion (BGO-NE) for increasing bioavailability of CLnA in oxidative stress induced in vivo system. The BGO-NE was characterized and evaluated for dimensional as well as rheological changes periodically during a 12 week storage period. BGO comprising ∼50 % α-eleostearic acid, was assessed in conventional and NE formulation at different doses, for its ability to stimulate antioxidative enzyme marker paradigm comprising SOD, GPx, CAT and GSH, inherent to the subjects under study. The formulated BGO-NE (d < 100 nm) was found to be stable for 12 weeks compared to BGO-CE as was determined by particle size characterization and associated parameters. Diet supplementation of 0.5 % (w/v) BGO-NE formulation exhibited maximum efficiency in countering oxidative stress as compared to 1 % BGO-NE formulation and equivalent doses of BGO-CE. Higher efficacy at very low dose of the nano-sized formulation was thus, also established. Histopathological data from liver, pancreas and kidney sections corroborated the above findings. The present study with formulated BGO-NE and BGO-CE evaluates and confirms the implications of a NE formulation of a bioactive lipid - conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA), targeting specific in vivo processes to counter the negative influence of excess ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) in the system. It, thus presents itself as a potent nutraceutical against diabetes mellitus in an optimized delivery system.
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de Sousa RS, de Moraes Nogueira AO, Marques VG, Clementin RM, de Lima VR. Effects of α-eleostearic acid on asolectin liposomes dynamics: relevance to its antioxidant activity. Bioorg Chem 2013; 51:8-15. [PMID: 24076476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of α-eleostearic acid (α-ESA) on the lipid peroxidation of soybean asolectin (ASO) liposomes was investigated. This effect was correlated to changes caused by the fatty acid in the membrane dynamics. The influence of α-ESA on the dynamic properties of liposomes, such as hydration, mobility and order, were followed by horizontal attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (HATR-FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and UV-vis techniques. The α-ESA showed an in vitro antioxidant activity against the damage induced by hydroxyl radical (OH) in ASO liposomes. The analysis of HATR-FTIR frequency shifts and bandwidths and (1)H NMR spin-lattice relaxation times, related to specific lipid groups, showed that α-ESA causes an ordering effect on the polar and interfacial regions of ASO liposomes, which may restrict the OH diffusion in the membrane. The DSC enthalpy variation analysis suggested that the fatty acid promoted a disordering effect on lipid hydrophobic regions, which may facilitate interactions between the reactive specie and α-ESA. Turbidity results showed that α-ESA induces a global disordering effect on ASO liposomes, which may be attributed to a change in the lipid geometry and shape. Results of this study may allow a more complete view of α-ESA antioxidant mode of action against OH, considering its influence on the membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Simplício de Sousa
- Research Group of Membrane Molecular Interactions, School of Chemical and Food Engineering, Post-graduation Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande-RS 96203-900, Brazil
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Conjugated linolenic acid nanoparticles inhibit hypercholesterolemia induced by feeding a high-fat diet in male albino rats. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-0974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Protective effect of conjugated linolenic acid isomers present in vegetable oils against arsenite-induced renal toxicity in rat model. Nutrition 2013; 29:903-10. [PMID: 23422533 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA), present in vegetable oils against arsenite-induced renal oxidative stress. METHODS Albino rats were divided into six groups. Group 1 was control and group 2 was treated with sodium arsenite (Sa; 10 mg/kg BW). Rats in groups 3 and 4 were treated with mixture of α-eleostearic acid and punicic acid (1:1) (0.5% and 1.0%, respectively), whereas rats in the groups 5 and 6 were treated with 0.5% of α-eleostearic acid and 0.5% of punicic acid, respectively, along with Sa by oral gavage once daily. RESULTS Results revealed that activity of antioxidant enzymes and total reduced glutathione content, total protein content, and phospholipid content in kidney were decreased significantly in arsenite-treated group compared with control. Activity of nitric oxide synthase, peroxidation of lipid, protein oxidation, total cholesterol content, total lipid content of kidney, and plasma creatinine level were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in arsenite-treated rats compared with control. Fatty-acid composition of renal lipids showed significant decrease in monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, and increase in saturated fatty acid content due to oxidative stress. PUFA such as γ-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid decreased significantly with significant (P < 0.05) increase in arachidonic acid content after Sa treatment. Administration of blended product of both the isomers caused better restoration of renal fatty acids and other altered parameters. CONCLUSION CLnA isomers caused amelioration of renal oxidative stress and the isomers showed synergistic activity.
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Saha SS, Dasgupta P, Sengupta (Bandyopadhyay) S, Ghosh M. Synergistic effect of conjugated linolenic acid isomers against induced oxidative stress, inflammation and erythrocyte membrane disintegrity in rat model. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1951-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Prophylactic effect of α-linolenic acid and α-eleostearic acid against MeHg induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and structural changes in RBC membrane. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2811-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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In vitro antioxidant study of vegetable oils containing conjugated linolenic acid isomers. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Pal M, Ghosh M. Studies on comparative efficacy of α-linolenic acid and α-eleostearic acid on prevention of organic mercury-induced oxidative stress in kidney and liver of rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1066-72. [PMID: 22269903 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of α-linolenic acid and α-eleostearic acid, two isomers of linolenic acid, against oxidative stress induced by organic mercury in kidney and liver cells of rat. Male albino rats were divided into six groups. Groups 1, 2 were normal control and methyl mercury chloride (MeHgCl) treated (5 mg/kg BW/day) control, respectively. Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 were orally treated with different doses of two fatty acids (0.5% and 1.0% of total lipid given for each isomer) along with MeHgCl (5 mg/kg BW). Results showed that activity of antioxidant enzymes viz. catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver and kidney decreased significantly due to oxidative stress generated by MeHg. Administration of the linolenic acid isomers almost restored all the altered parameters and also reduced lipid peroxidation and leakage of trans-aminase enzymes from liver to blood due to liver injury when administrated in higher doses. Histopathology of liver and kidney cells showed that administration of α-linolenic acid significantly reduced the damage generated by MeHg. Thus, α-linolenic acid and α-eleostearic acid could serve as cost-effective and natural phytochemical preparation to protect against the adverse effects caused by organic mercury in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Pal
- Oil Technology Section, Department of Chemical Technology, University College of Science & Technology, University of Calcutta, India
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Lee KS, Shin JA, Lee KT. Preparation of Conjugated Linolenic Acid from Urea Fractionated Perilla Seed Oil Hydrolysate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2011.40.12.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of conjugated linolenic acid isomers against streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Br J Nutr 2011; 108:974-83. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511006325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of α-eleostearic acid and punicic acid, two isomers of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) present in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and snake gourd oil (Trichosanthes anguina), respectively, against oxidative stress, inflammatory challenge and aberration in erythrocyte morphology due to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Male albino rats were divided into four groups consisting of eight animals in each group. The first group served as control and diabetes was induced in rats in groups 2–4 by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Moreover, rats in groups 3 and 4 were treated with 0·5 % of α-eleostearic acid and 0·5 % of punicic acid of the total lipid given, respectively, by oral administration once per d. After administration, CLnA isomers had significantly reduced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and restored antioxidant and pro-inflammatory enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, NO synthase level in pancreas, blood and erythrocyte lysate. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay of plasma showed that CLnA treatment caused improvement in the FRAP value which was altered after STZ treatment due to an increased level of free radicals. Expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 in blood and expression of hepatic NF-κB (p65) increased significantly after STZ treatment due to increased inflammation which was restored with the administration of CLnA isomers. From the obtained results, it could be concluded that α-eleostearic acid and punicic acid showed potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with varying effectivity.
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Saha SS, Chakraborty A, Ghosh S, Ghosh M. Comparative study of hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects of conjugated linolenic acid isomers against induced biochemical perturbations and aberration in erythrocyte membrane fluidity. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:483-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Antioxidant effect of vegetable oils containing conjugated linolenic acid isomers against induced tissue lipid peroxidation and inflammation in rat model. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 190:109-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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The health promoting properties of the conjugated isomers of α-linolenic acid. Lipids 2010; 46:105-19. [PMID: 21161605 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The bioactive properties of the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have long been recognised and are the subject of a number of excellent reviews. However, despite this prominence the CLA isomers are not the only group of naturally occurring dietary conjugated fatty acids which have shown potent bioactivity. In a large number of in vitro and in vivo studies, conjugated α-linolenic acid (CLNA) isomers have displayed potent anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-obese and anti-carcinogenic activity, along with the ability to improve biomarkers of cardio-vascular health. CLNA isomers are naturally present in high concentrations in a large variety of seed oils but can also be produced in vitro by strains of lactobacilli and bifidobactena through the activity of the enzyme linoleic acid isomerase on α-linolenic acid. In this review, we will address the possible therapeutic roles that CLNA may play in a number of conditions afflicting Western society and the mechanisms through which this activity is mediated.
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Saha S, Ghosh M. Ameliorative role of conjugated linolenic acid isomers against oxidative DNA damage induced by sodium arsenite in rat model. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3398-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kaushik G, Satya S, Khandelwal RK, Naik S. Commonly consumed Indian plant food materials in the management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Saha S, Ghosh M. Comparative study of antioxidant activity of α-eleostearic acid and punicic acid against oxidative stress generated by sodium arsenite. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2551-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Yuan G, Sun H, Sinclair AJ, Li D. Effects of conjugated linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in mice. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yang L, Cao Y, Chen JN, Chen ZY. Oxidative stability of conjugated linolenic acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4212-4217. [PMID: 19368396 DOI: 10.1021/jf900657f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Interest in conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as functional lipids is growing. The present study was (i) to study the oxidative stability of individual CLnA isomers and (ii) to compare the oxidative stabilities of CLnA and CLA with their corresponding nonconjugated counterparts, α-linolenic acid (LN) and linoleic acid (LA). The oxidation was carried out in air at 50 °C and monitored by the gas-liquid chromatography (GC) and the oxygen consumption test. First, it was found that CLnA was most unstable followed by CLA, LN, and LA in decreasing order. Second, analyses of silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography (Ag(+)-HPLC) demonstrated that t,t,t-CLnA isomers had greater stability than c,t,t-CLnA and c,t,c-CLnA isomers. Finally, both green tea catechins (GTCs) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were capable of preventing the CLnA oxidation, with the former being more effective than the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453007, China.
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33
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Fatty acid composition of seeds of yellow, red, and black colored Prunus mahaleb fruits in Turkey. Chem Nat Compd 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-008-0024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Lam CK, Chen J, Cao Y, Yang L, Wong YM, Yeung SYV, Yao X, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Conjugated and non-conjugated octadecaenoic acids affect differently intestinal acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase activity. Atherosclerosis 2007; 198:85-93. [PMID: 18078940 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relative hypocholesterolemic activity of linoleic acid (LA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), alpha-linolenic acid (LN) and conjugated linolenic acid (CLN) in hamsters. Five groups of hamsters (n=10 each) were fed either the control diet or one of the four fatty acids-supplemented diets for 6 weeks. Results demonstrated that the four octadecaenoic acids decreased plasma cholesterol differently, with CLA being the most effective. Western blotting and RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the four octadecaenoic acids had no effect on sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), liver X receptor (LXR), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA reductase (HMGR), LDL receptor (LDLR), and cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). However, the four octadecaenoic acids increased the excretion of fecal neutral sterols with CLA being most effective followed by LN, LA and CLN, suggesting they all differentially affect cholesterol absorption. Dietary CLA was associated with the least intestinal acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity followed by LN, LA and CLN in a decreasing trend. Since esterification of cholesterol is catalyzed by intestinal ACAT, and is a rate-limiting step in cholesterol absorption, it was concluded that the varying effects of CLA, LN, LA and CLN on blood cholesterol were mediated, at least in part, by their inhibition on intestinal ACAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk Kai Lam
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme of Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Yang L, Leung KY, Cao Y, Huang Y, Ratnayake WMN, Chen ZY. α-Linolenic acid but not conjugated linolenic acid is hypocholesterolaemic in hamsters. Br J Nutr 2007; 93:433-8. [PMID: 15946404 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linolenic acid (CLN) refers to a group of octadecatrienoic acid isomers that have three double bonds in conjugation. Both pomegranate and tung seed oils are rich in CLN but the major isomer in the former iscis9,trans11,cis13 while in the latter it iscis9,trans11,trans13. The present study examined the effects of CLN, isolated from either pomegranate seed oil or tung seed oil, and α-linolenic acid (LN), isolated from flaxseed oil, on serum cholesterol levels in male hamsters (body weight 105 g; age 10 weeks) fed a 0.1 % cholesterol and 10 % lard diet, for a period of 6 weeks. All hamsters were allowed free access to food and fluid. The blood samples were taken by bleeding from the retro-orbital sinus into a heparinized capillary tube under light ether anaesthesia after overnight fasting at weeks 0, 2, 4 and 6. It was found that supplementation of CLN at levels of 12.2–12.7 g/kg diet exhibited no significant effect on serum cholesterol level while LN at a similar level of supplementation had serum cholesterol reduced by 17–21 % compared with the control diet containing no LN and CLN. Supplementation of CLN and LN significantly decreased hepatic cholesterol but no effect was observed on heart and kidney cholesterol levels. It was concluded that LN possessed hypocholesterolaemic activity while CLN had no effect on blood cholesterol, at least in hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Henan Normal University, China
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Dhar P, Chattopadhyay K, Bhattacharyya D, Roychoudhury A, Biswas A, Ghosh S. Antioxidative Effect of Conjugated Linolenic Acid in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Blood: an in vitro Study. J Oleo Sci 2007; 56:19-24. [PMID: 17693694 DOI: 10.5650/jos.56.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the in vitro antioxidant activity of conjugated octadecatrienoic fatty acid (9cis, 11 trans, 13 trans-18:3), alpha-eleostearic acid present in karela seed oil (Momordica charantia) at about 55% level. The in vitro antioxidant properties of alpha-eleostearic acid are investigated on oxidative modification of human plasma, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and erythrocyte membrane lipid. Blood samples are collected from diabetic and non-diabetic (normal) healthy individuals. alpha-eleostearic acid is added at 0.05% and 0.1% concentrations to plasma, LDL and erythrocyte membrane isolated from the respective blood samples and peroxidations are determined against control samples. A significant increase of respective peroxidation levels has been observed in diabetic control blood than the non-diabetic control blood. alpha-eleostearic acid has decreased lipid peroxidation level against control samples in a dose dependent manner. The present findings suggest that CLnA, 9cis, 11trans, 13trans-18:3 is a potentially effective antioxidant that can protect plasma, low density lipoprotein and erythrocyte membrane from oxidation which may be effective in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pubali Dhar
- Department of Physiology, Krishnagar Govt. College, Nadia, West Bengal, INDIA
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Chuang CY, Hsu C, Chao CY, Wein YS, Kuo YH, Huang CJ. Fractionation and identification of 9c, 11t, 13t-conjugated linolenic acid as an activator of PPARα in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). J Biomed Sci 2006; 13:763-72. [PMID: 16955349 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-006-9109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is a common vegetable in Asia that has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of Diabetes. PPARs are ligand-dependent transcription factors that belong to the steroid hormone nuclear receptor family and control lipid and glucose homeostasis in the body. We previously reported that the ethyl acetate (EA) extract of bitter gourd activated peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPARs) alpha and gamma. To identify the active compound that activated PPARalpha, wild bitter gourd EA extract was partitioned between n-hexane and 90% methanol/10% H(2)O, and the n-hexane soluble fraction was further separated by silica gel column chromatography and finally by preparative HPLC. A transactivation assay employing a clone of CHOK1 cells stably transfected with a (UAS)(4)-tk-alkaline phosphatase reporter and a chimeric receptor of GAL4-rPPARalpha LBD was used to track the active component. Based on Mass, NMR, and IR spectroscopy, 9cis, 11trans, 13trans-conjugated linolenic acid (9c, 11t, 13t-CLN) was identified as a PPARalpha activator in wild bitter gourd. The isolated 9c, 11t, 13t-CLN rich fraction also significantly induced acyl CoA oxidase (ACO) activity in a peroxisome proliferator-responsive murine hepatoma cell line, H4IIEC3, implying that 9c, 11t, 13t-CLN was able to act on a natural PPARalpha signaling pathway as well. The content of 9c, 11t, 13t-CLN was estimated to be about 7.1 g/kg of our dried wild bitter gourd sample. The concentration of 9c, 11t, 13t-CLN and activation activity in the hydrolyzed EA extract of the seeds was higher than that of the flesh. The potential health benefits of 9c, 11t, 13t-CLN through the PPARalpha regulated mechanism are worthy to be further characterized in in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Chuang
- Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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Dhar P, Bhattacharyya D, Bhattacharyya DK, Ghosh S. Dietary comparison of conjugated linolenic acid (9 cis, 11 trans, 13 trans) and alpha-tocopherol effects on blood lipids and lipid peroxidation in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Lipids 2006; 41:49-54. [PMID: 16555471 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the dietary effect of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) on lipid profiles and lipid peroxidations in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Diabetic rats were fed with 20% sunflower oil (diabetic control), sunflower oil supplemented with 0.5% CLnA, sunflower oil supplemented with 0.15% alpha-tocopherol, and sunflower oil containing 0.25% CLnA + 0.15% alpha-tocopherol. The results demonstrated that 0.5% CLnA, 0.15% alpha-tocopherol, and 0.25% CLnA + 0.15% alpha-tocopherol each on supplementation significantly lowered total cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol in comparison with the diabetic control group. The TAG level was significantly lowered in both the 0.15% alpha-tocopherol and 0.25% CLnA + 0.15% alpha-tocopherol groups. LDL-lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation were reduced significantly in each of the experimental groups vs. the control group. The CLnA + alpha-tocopherol diet induced a greater reduction in membrane lipid and liver lipid peroxidation than the alpha-tocopherol diet alone. In conclusion, dietary CLnA exerts antioxidant activity as evidenced by reduced lipid peroxidation in chemically induced diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dhar
- Department of Physiology, Krishnagar Government College, Calcutta University, Kolkata-700 009, India
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Kobori M, Amemiya J, Sakai M, Shiraki M, Sugishita H, Sakaue N, Hoshi Y, Yukizaki C. Bitter Gourd Induces Apoptosis in HL60 Human Leukemia Cells and Suppresses the Production of Inflammatory Cytokine in RAW264.7 Macrophage Like Cells. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.53.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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40
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Özgül-Yücel S. Determination of conjugated linolenic acid content of selected oil seeds grown in Turkey. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-005-1161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Kohno H, Yasui Y, Suzuki R, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K, Tanaka T. Dietary seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid from bitter melon inhibits azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis through elevation of colonic PPARgamma expression and alteration of lipid composition. Int J Cancer 2004; 110:896-901. [PMID: 15170673 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Our previous short-term experiment demonstrated that seed oil from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) (BMO), which is rich in cis(c)9, trans(t)11, t13-conjugated linolenic acid (CLN), inhibited the development of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF). In our study, the possible inhibitory effect of dietary administration of BMO on the development of colonic neoplasms was investigated using an animal colon carcinogenesis model initiated with a colon carcinogen AOM. Male F344 rats were given subcutaneous injections of AOM (20 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 2 weeks to induce colon neoplasms. They also received diets containing 0.01%, 0.1% or 1% BMO for 32 weeks, starting 1 week before the first dosing of AOM. At the termination of the study (32 weeks), AOM induced 83% incidence (15/18 rats) of colonic adenocarcinoma. Dietary supplementation with 0.01% and 0.1% BMO caused significant reduction in the incidence (47% inhibition by 0.01% BMO, p<0.02; 40% inhibition by 0.1% BMO, p<0.05; and 17% inhibition by 1% BMO) and the multiplicity (64% inhibition by 0.01% BMO, p<0.005; 58% inhibition by 0.1% BMO, p<0.02; and 48% inhibition by 1% BMO, p<0.05) of colonic adenocarcinoma, though a clear dose response was not observed. Such inhibition was associated with the increased content of CLA (c9,t11-18:2) in the lipid composition in colonic mucosa and liver. Also, BMO administration in diet enhanced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma protein in the nonlesional colonic mucosa. These findings suggest that BMO rich in CLN can suppress AOM-induced colon carcinogenesis and the inhibition might be caused, in part, by modification of lipid composition in the colon and liver and/or increased expression of PPARgamma protein level in the colon mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kohno
- First Departments of Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Grover JK, Yadav SP. Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: a review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 93:123-32. [PMID: 15182917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, plants and herbal preparations have been used as medicine. Research carried out in last few decades has certified several such claims of use of several plants of traditional medicine. Popularity of Momordica charantia (MC) in various systems of traditional medicine for several ailments (antidiabetic, abortifacient, anthelmintic, contraceptive, dysmenorrhea, eczema, emmenagogue, antimalarial, galactagogue, gout, jaundice, abdominal pain, kidney (stone), laxative, leprosy, leucorrhea, piles, pneumonia, psoriasis, purgative, rheumatism, fever and scabies) focused the investigator's attention on this plant. Over 100 studies using modern techniques have authenticated its use in diabetes and its complications (nephropathy, cataract, insulin resistance), as antibacterial as well as antiviral agent (including HIV infection), as anthelmintic and abortifacient. Traditionally it has also been used in treating peptic ulcers, interestingly in a recent experimental studies have exhibited its potential against Helicobacter pylori. Most importantly, the studies have shown its efficacy in various cancers (lymphoid leukemia, lymphoma, choriocarcinoma, melanoma, breast cancer, skin tumor, prostatic cancer, squamous carcinoma of tongue and larynx, human bladder carcinomas and Hodgkin's disease). There are few reports available on clinical use of MC in diabetes and cancer patients that have shown promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Grover
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110049, India.
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Kohno H, Suzuki R, Yasui Y, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K, Tanaka T. Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid suppresses chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:481-6. [PMID: 15182427 PMCID: PMC11158596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 04/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil (PGO) contains more than 70% cis(c)9,trans(t)11,c13-18:3 as conjugated linolenic acids (CLN). Our previous short-term experiment demonstrated that seed oil from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) (BMO), which is rich in c9,t11,t13-CLN, inhibited the occurrence of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) induced by azoxymethane (AOM). In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary PGO on the development of AOM-induced colonic malignancies and compared it with that of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). To induce colonic tumors, 6-week old male F344 rats were given subcutaneous injections of AOM (20 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 2 weeks. One week before the AOM treatment they were started on diet containing 0.01%, 0.1%, or 1% PGO or 1% CLA for 32 weeks. Upon termination of the bioassay (32 weeks) colon tumors were evaluated histopathologically. AOM exposure produced colonic adenocarcinoma with an incidence of 81% and multiplicity of 1.88 +/- 1.54 at week 32. Administration of PGO in the diet significantly inhibited the incidence (AOM + 0.01% PGO, 44%, P < 0.05; AOM + 0.1% PGO, 38%, P < 0.01; AOM + 1% PGO, 56%) and the multiplicity (AOM + 0.01% PGO, 0.56 +/- 0.73, P < 0.01; AOM + 0.1% PGO, 0.50 +/- 0.73, P < 0.005; AOM + 1% PGO, 0.88 +/- 0.96, P < 0.05) of colonic adenocarcinomas, although a clear dose-response relationship was not observed at these dose levels. CLA feeding also slightly, but not significantly, reduced the incidence and multiplicity of colonic adenocarcinomas. The inhibition of colonic tumors by PGO was associated with an increased content of CLA (c9,t11-18:2) in the lipid fraction of colonic mucosa and liver. Also, administration of PGO in the diet elevated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma protein in the non-tumor mucosa. These results suggest that PGO rich in c9,t11,c13-CLN can suppress AOM-induced colon carcinogenesis, and the inhibition is associated in part with the increased content of CLA in the colon and liver and/or increased expression of PPARgamma protein in the colon mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kohno
- Department of Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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DHAR P, GHOSH S, BHATTACHARYYA DK. Dietary Effects of Natural Conjugated Triene Fatty Acid in Comparison with Trans Fatty Acids of Hydrogenated Fat on Plasma and Tissue Lipid Profile. J Oleo Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.53.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Bitter gourd(Momordica charantia) extract activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and upregulates the expression of the acyl CoA oxidase gene in H4IIEC3 hepatoma cells. J Biomed Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02256331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Skiathitis S, Dionyssiou-Asteriou A, Donta I, Hatziantoniou S, Demetzos K, Papaioannou GT, Karatzas G, Giamarellou H. Rapid alterations of serum oxidant and antioxidant status with the intravenous administration of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002; 67:57-62. [PMID: 12213437 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2002.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to achieve the safe intravenous administration of two n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and arachidonic acid (AA), and to study the subsequent changes on the total oxidant and antioxidant status, various steadily increasing doses of each acid were injected intravenously at different infusion times in 28 male rabbits. Blood samples were collected at 15-min time intervals by the hepatic veins and from the carotid artery; oxidant status was determined by the thiobarbiturate assay and total antioxidant status (TAS) was assessed by a colorimetric assay. Both n-6 PUFAs were administered with safety at a dose of 25 mg/kg within 10 min accompanied by an increase of malonodialdehyde concentrations in the hepatic veins and in the carotid artery 30-45 min, respectively, after the end of the infusion of GLA and/or AA. Similar changes did not occur in red cell membranes after the infusion of AA. TAS presented reciprocal changes to malonodialdehyde production; the main consumption of TAS was observed in all samples 30-60 min after the end of the infusion of n-6 PUFAs. The above-mentioned rapid alterations occurring in both serum oxidant and antioxidant status after GLA might have a future clinical therapeutic significance in conditions like cancer and disseminated infectious diseases.
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Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. Medicinal plants of India with anti-diabetic potential. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2002; 81:81-100. [PMID: 12020931 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, plants have been an exemplary source of medicine. Ayurveda and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in treatment of various human ailments. India has about 45000 plant species and among them, several thousands have been claimed to possess medicinal properties. Research conducted in last few decades on plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for diabetes have shown anti-diabetic property. The present paper reviews 45 such plants and their products (active, natural principles and crude extracts) that have been mentioned/used in the Indian traditional system of medicine and have shown experimental or clinical anti-diabetic activity. Indian plants which are most effective and the most commonly studied in relation to diabetes and their complications are: Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Cajanus cajan, Coccinia indica, Caesalpinia bonducella, Ficus bengalenesis, Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Ocimum sanctum, Pterocarpus marsupium, Swertia chirayita, Syzigium cumini, Tinospora cordifolia and Trigonella foenum graecum. Among these we have evaluated M. charantia, Eugenia jambolana, Mucuna pruriens, T. cordifolia, T. foenum graecum, O. sanctum, P. marsupium, Murraya koeingii and Brassica juncea. All plants have shown varying degree of hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Grover
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110049, India.
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Koba K, Akahoshi A, Yamasaki M, Tanaka K, Yamada K, Iwata T, Kamegai T, Tsutsumi K, Sugano M. Dietary conjugated linolenic acid in relation to CLA differently modifies body fat mass and serum and liver lipid levels in rats. Lipids 2002; 37:343-50. [PMID: 12030314 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-002-0901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared the effect of dietary conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) on body fat and serum and liver lipid levels with that of CLA in rats. FFA rich in linoleic acid, a-linolenic acid, CLA, or CLNA were used as experimental fats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (4 wk old) were fed purified diets containing 1% of one of these experimental fats. After 4 wk of feeding, adipose tissue weights, serum and liver lipid concentrations, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and leptin levels, and hepatic beta-oxidation activities were measured. Compared with linoleic acid, CLA and, more potently, CLNA were found to reduce perirenal adipose tissue weight. The same trend was observed in the weight of epididymal adipose tissue. CLNA, but not CLA, was found to significantly increase serum and liver TG concentrations. Serum FFA concentration was also increased in the CLNA group more than in the other groups. The activity of beta-oxidation in liver mitochondria and peroxisomes was significantly higher in the CLNA group than in the other groups. Thus, the amount of liver TG exceeded the ability of hepatic beta-oxidation. Significant positive correlation was found between the adipose tissue weights and serum leptin levels in all animals (vs. perirenal: r = 0.557, P < 0.001; vs. epididymal: r = 0.405, P < 0.05). A less significant correlation was found between adipose tissue weights and serum TNF-alpha level (vs. perirenal: r = 0.069, P > 0.1; vs. epididymal: r = 0.382, P < 0.05). Although the mechanism for the specific effect of CLNA is not clear at present, these findings indicate that in rats CLNA modulated the body fat and TG metabolism differently from CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Koba
- Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Siebold University of Nagasaki, Japan.
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Kohno H, Suzuki R, Noguchi R, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K, Tanaka T. Dietary conjugated linolenic acid inhibits azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93:133-42. [PMID: 11856476 PMCID: PMC5926953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The modifying effects of dietary feeding of conjugated linolenic acid (CLN) isolated from the seeds of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) on the development of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) were investigated in male F344 rats to predict its possible cancer chemopreventive efficacy. The effect of CLN on the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) index in colonic ACF was also examined. Rats were given subcutaneous injections of AOM (20 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 2 weeks to induce ACF. They also received the experimental diet containing 0.01%, 0.1% or 1% CLN for 5 weeks, starting one week before the first dosing of AOM. AOM exposure produced a substantial number of ACF (108 +/- 21/rat) at the end of the study (week 4). Dietary administration of CLN caused a significant reduction in the frequency of ACF: 87 +/- 14 (19.4% reduction, P < 0.05) at a dose of 0.01%, 69 +/- 28 (36.1% reduction, P < 0.01) at a dose of 0.1% and 40 +/- 6 (63.0% reduction, P < 0.001) at a dose of 1%. Also, CLN administration lowered the PCNA index and induced apoptosis in ACF. These findings might suggest possible chemopreventive activity of CLN in the early phase of colon tumorigenesis through modulation of cryptal cell proliferation activity and/or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kohno
- Department of Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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MUKHERJEE C, BHATTACHARYYA S, GHOSH S, BHATTACHARYYA DK. Dietary Effects of Punicic Acid on the Composition and Peroxidation of Rat Plasma Lipid. J Oleo Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.51.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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