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Talaat KR, Porter CK, Chakraborty S, Feijoo BL, Brubaker J, Adjoodani BM, DeNearing B, Prouty MG, Poole ST, Bourgeois AL, Billingsley M, Sack DA, Eder-Lingelbach S, Taucher C. Validation of a Human Challenge Model Using an LT-Expressing Enterotoxigenic E. coli Strain (LSN03-016011) and Characterization of Potential Amelioration of Disease by an Investigational Oral Vaccine Candidate (VLA1701). Microorganisms 2024; 12:727. [PMID: 38674674 PMCID: PMC11051778 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlled human infection models are important tools for the evaluation of vaccines against diseases where an appropriate correlate of protection has not been identified. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain LSN03-016011/A (LSN03) is an LT enterotoxin and CS17-expressing ETEC strain useful for evaluating vaccine candidates targeting LT-expressing strains. We sought to confirm the ability of the LSN03 strain to induce moderate-to-severe diarrhea in a healthy American adult population, as well as the impact of immunization with an investigational cholera/ETEC vaccine (VLA-1701) on disease outcomes. A randomized, double-blinded pilot study was conducted in which participants received two doses of VLA1701 or placebo orally, one week apart; eight days after the second vaccination, 30 participants (15 vaccinees and 15 placebo recipients) were challenged with approximately 5 × 109 colony-forming units of LSN03. The vaccine was well tolerated, with no significant adverse events. The vaccine also induced serum IgA and IgG responses to LT. After challenge, 11 of the placebo recipients (73.3%; 95%CI: 48.0-89.1) and 7 of the VLA1701 recipients (46.7%; 95%CI: 24.8-68.8) had moderate-to-severe diarrhea (p = 0.26), while 14 placebo recipients (93%) and 8 vaccine recipients (53.3%) experienced diarrhea of any severity, resulting in a protective efficacy of 42.9% (p = 0.035). In addition, the vaccine also appeared to provide protection against more severe diarrhea (p = 0.054). Vaccinees also tended to shed lower levels of the LSN03 challenge strain compared to placebo recipients (p = 0.056). In addition, the disease severity score was lower for the vaccinees than for the placebo recipients (p = 0.046). In summary, the LSN03 ETEC challenge strain induced moderate-to-severe diarrhea in 73.3% of placebo recipients. VLA1701 vaccination ameliorated disease severity, as observed by several parameters, including the percentage of participants experiencing diarrhea, as well as stool frequency and ETEC severity scores. These data highlight the potential value of LSN03 as a suitable ETEC challenge strain to evaluate LT-based vaccine targets (NCT03576183).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawsar R. Talaat
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (S.C.); (B.L.F.); (B.M.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.B.); (M.B.); (D.A.S.)
| | - Chad K. Porter
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (C.K.P.); (M.G.P.); (S.T.P.)
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (S.C.); (B.L.F.); (B.M.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.B.); (M.B.); (D.A.S.)
| | - Brittany L. Feijoo
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (S.C.); (B.L.F.); (B.M.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.B.); (M.B.); (D.A.S.)
| | - Jessica Brubaker
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (S.C.); (B.L.F.); (B.M.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.B.); (M.B.); (D.A.S.)
| | - Brittany M. Adjoodani
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (S.C.); (B.L.F.); (B.M.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.B.); (M.B.); (D.A.S.)
| | - Barbara DeNearing
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (S.C.); (B.L.F.); (B.M.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.B.); (M.B.); (D.A.S.)
| | - Michael G. Prouty
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (C.K.P.); (M.G.P.); (S.T.P.)
| | - Steven T. Poole
- Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (C.K.P.); (M.G.P.); (S.T.P.)
| | - A. Louis Bourgeois
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (S.C.); (B.L.F.); (B.M.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.B.); (M.B.); (D.A.S.)
| | - Madison Billingsley
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (S.C.); (B.L.F.); (B.M.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.B.); (M.B.); (D.A.S.)
| | - David A. Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (S.C.); (B.L.F.); (B.M.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.B.); (M.B.); (D.A.S.)
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Khalil I, Anderson JD, Bagamian KH, Baqar S, Giersing B, Hausdorff WP, Marshall C, Porter CK, Walker RI, Bourgeois AL. Vaccine value profile for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Vaccine 2023; 41 Suppl 2:S95-S113. [PMID: 37951695 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhoea, especially among children in low-resource settings, and travellers and military personnel from high-income countries. WHO's primary strategic goal for ETEC vaccine development is to develop a safe, effective, and affordable ETEC vaccine that reduces mortality and morbidity due to moderate-to-severe diarrhoeal disease in infants and children under 5 years of age in LMICs, as well as the long-term negative health impact on infant physical and cognitive development resulting from infection with this enteric pathogen. An effective ETEC vaccine will also likely reduce the need for antibiotic treatment and help limit the further emergence of antimicrobial resistance bacterial pathogens. The lead ETEC vaccine candidate, ETVAX, has shown field efficacy in travellers and has moved into field efficacy testing in LMIC infants and children. A Phase 3 efficacy study in LMIC infants is projected to start in 2024 and plans for a Phase 3 trial in travellers are under discussion with the U.S. FDA. Licensing for both travel and LMIC indications is projected to be feasible in the next 5-8 years. Given increasing recognition of its negative impact on child health and development in LMICs and predominance as the leading etiology of travellers' diarrhoea (TD), a standalone vaccine for ETEC is more cost-effective than vaccines targeting other TD pathogens, and a viable commercial market also exists. In contrast, combination of an ETEC vaccine with other vaccines for childhood pathogens in LMICs would maximize protection in a more cost-effective manner than a series of stand-alone vaccines. This 'Vaccine Value Profile' (VVP) for ETEC is intended to provide a high-level, holistic assessment of available data to inform the potential public health, economic and societal value of pipeline vaccines and vaccine-like products. This VVP was developed by a working group of subject matter experts from academia, non-profit organizations, public private partnerships, and multi-lateral organizations. All contributors have extensive expertise on various elements of the ETEC VVP and collectively aimed to identify current research and knowledge gaps. The VVP was developed using only existing and publicly available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Khalil
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - John D Anderson
- Bagamian Scientific Consulting, LLC, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA; Office of Health Affairs, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Karoun H Bagamian
- Bagamian Scientific Consulting, LLC, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Shahida Baqar
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Birgitte Giersing
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - William P Hausdorff
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, 455 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20001 USA; Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Caroline Marshall
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chad K Porter
- Directorate for DoD Infectious Diseases Research, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20190, USA
| | - Richard I Walker
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, 455 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20001 USA
| | - A Louis Bourgeois
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, 455 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20001 USA
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Zhuo W, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Yao Z, Qiu X, Huang Y, Li H, Shen J, Zhu Z, Li T, Li S, Huang Q, Zhou R. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is a predominant pathotype in healthy pigs in Hubei Province of China. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad260. [PMID: 37962953 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to investigate the prevalence of intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (InPEC) in healthy pig-related samples and evaluate the potential virulence of the InPEC strains. METHODS AND RESULTS A multiplex PCR method was established to identify different pathotypes of InPEC. A total of 800 rectal swab samples and 296 pork samples were collected from pig farms and slaughterhouses in Hubei province, China. From these samples, a total of 21 InPEC strains were isolated, including 19 enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and 2 shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains. By whole-genome sequencing and in silico typing, it was shown that the sequence types and serotypes were diverse among the strains. Antimicrobial susceptibility assays showed that 90.48% of the strains were multi-drug resistant. The virulence of the strains was first evaluated using the Galleria mellonella larvae model, which showed that most of the strains possessed medium to high pathogenicity. A moderately virulent EPEC isolate was further selected to characterize its pathogenicity using a mouse model, which suggested that it could cause significant diarrhea. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was then used to investigate the colonization dynamics of this EPEC isolate, which showed that the EPEC strain could colonize the mouse cecum for up to 5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Zhuo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianglin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhiming Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxiu Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaxue Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huaixia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhihao Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Hubei Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaowen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science & Technology of China), College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science & Technology of China), College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan 430070, China
- The HZAU-HVSEN Research Institute, Wuhan 430042, China
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4
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Smith EM, Papadimas A, Gabor C, Cooney C, Wu T, Rasko D, Barry EM. The role of the minor colonization factor CS14 in adherence to intestinal cell models by geographically diverse ETEC isolates. mSphere 2023; 8:e0030223. [PMID: 37787523 PMCID: PMC10597352 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00302-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a primary causative agent of diarrhea in travelers and young children in low- to middle-income countries. ETEC adheres to small intestinal epithelia via colonization factors (CFs) and secretes heat-stable toxin and/or heat-labile toxin, causing dysregulated ion transport and water secretion. There are over 30 CFs identified, including major CFs associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) and minor CFs for which a role in pathogenesis is less clear. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study identified CS14, a class 5a fimbriae, as the only minor CF significantly associated with MSD and was recommended for inclusion in ETEC vaccines. Despite detection of CS14 in ETEC isolates, the sequence conservation of the CS14 operon, its role in adherence, and functional cross-reactivity to other class 5a fimbriae like CFA/I and CS4 are not understood. Sequence analysis determined that the CS14 operon is >99.9% identical among seven geographically diverse isolates with expanded sequence analysis demonstrating SNPs exclusively in the gene encoding the tip adhesin CsuD. Western blots and electron microscopy demonstrated that CS14 expression required the growth of isolates on CFA agar with the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate. CS14 expression resulted in significantly increased adherence to cultured intestinal cells and human enteroids. Anti-CS14 antibodies and anti-CS4 antibodies, but not anti-CFA/I antibodies, inhibited the adherence of a subset of ETEC isolates, demonstrating CS14-specific inhibition with partial cross-reactivity within the class 5a fimbrial family. These data provide support for CS14 as an important fimbrial CF and its consideration as a vaccine antigen in future strategies. IMPORTANCE Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection causes profuse watery diarrhea in adults and children in low- to middle-income countries and is a leading cause of traveler's diarrhea. Despite increased use of rehydration therapies, young children especially can suffer long-term effects including gastrointestinal dysfunction as well as stunting and malnutrition. As there is no licensed vaccine for ETEC, there remains a need to identify and understand specific antigens for inclusion in vaccine strategies. This study investigated one adhesin named CS14. This adhesin is expressed on the bacterial surface of ETEC isolates and was recently recognized for its significant association with diarrheal disease. We demonstrated that CS14 plays a role in bacterial adhesion to human target cells, a critical first step in the disease process, and that adherence could be blocked by CS14-specific antibodies. This work will significantly impact the ETEC field by supporting inclusion of CS14 as an antigen for ETEC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Smith
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonia Papadimas
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caitlin Gabor
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ceanna Cooney
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Rasko
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eileen M. Barry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Kuhlmann FM, Grigura V, Vickers TJ, Prouty MG, Iannotti LL, Dulience SJL, Fleckenstein JM. Seroprevalence Study of Conserved Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Antigens in Globally Diverse Populations. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2221. [PMID: 37764065 PMCID: PMC10536235 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are common causes of infectious diarrhea among young children of low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and travelers to these regions. Despite their significant contributions to the morbidity and mortality associated with childhood and traveler's diarrhea, no licensed vaccines are available. Current vaccine strategies may benefit from the inclusion of additional conserved antigens, which may contribute to broader coverage and enhanced efficacy, given their key roles in facilitating intestinal colonization and effective enterotoxin delivery. EatA and EtpA are widely conserved in diverse populations of ETEC, but their immunogenicity has only been studied in controlled human infection models and a population of children in Bangladesh. Here, we compared serologic responses to EatA, EtpA and heat-labile toxin in populations from endemic regions including Haitian children and subjects residing in Egypt, Cameroon, and Peru to US children and adults where ETEC infections are sporadic. We observed elevated IgG and IgA responses in individuals from endemic regions to each of the antigens studied. In a cohort of Haitian children, we observed increased immune responses following exposure to each of the profiled antigens. These findings reflect the wide distribution of ETEC infections across multiple endemic regions and support further evaluation of EatA and EtpA as candidate ETEC vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Matthew Kuhlmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (F.M.K.); (V.G.); (T.J.V.)
| | - Vadim Grigura
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (F.M.K.); (V.G.); (T.J.V.)
| | - Timothy J. Vickers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (F.M.K.); (V.G.); (T.J.V.)
| | | | - Lora L. Iannotti
- Institute for Public Health, Brown School, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (L.L.I.); (S.J.L.D.)
| | - Sherlie Jean Louis Dulience
- Institute for Public Health, Brown School, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (L.L.I.); (S.J.L.D.)
| | - James M. Fleckenstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (F.M.K.); (V.G.); (T.J.V.)
- Medicine Service, Infectious Diseases, Saint Louis VA Health Care System, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Hollifield IE, Motyka NI, Fernando KA, Bitoun JP. Heat-Labile Enterotoxin Decreases Macrophage Phagocytosis of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2121. [PMID: 37630681 PMCID: PMC10459231 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are endemic in low-resource settings and cause robust secretory diarrheal disease in children less than five years of age. ETEC cause secretory diarrhea by producing the heat-stable (ST) and/or heat-labile (LT) enterotoxins. Recent studies have shown that ETEC can be carried asymptomatically in children and adults, but how ETEC subvert mucosal immunity to establish intestinal residency remains unclear. Macrophages are innate immune cells that can be exploited by enteric pathogens to evade mucosal immunity, so we interrogated the ability of ETEC and other E. coli pathovars to survive within macrophages. Using gentamicin protection assays, we show that ETEC H10407 is phagocytosed more readily than other ETEC and non-ETEC isolates. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ETEC H10407, at high bacterial burdens, causes nitrite accumulation in macrophages, which is indicative of a proinflammatory macrophage nitric oxide killing response. However, at low bacterial burdens, ETEC H10407 remains viable within macrophages for an extended period without nitrite accumulation. We demonstrate that LT, but not ST, intoxication decreases the number of ETEC phagocytosed by macrophages. Furthermore, we now show that macrophages exposed simultaneously to LPS and LT produce IL-33, which is a cytokine implicated in promoting macrophage alternative activation, iron recycling, and intestinal repair. Lastly, iron restriction using deferoxamine induces IL-33 receptor (IL-33R) expression and allows ETEC to escape macrophages. Altogether, these data demonstrate that LT provides ETEC with the ability to decrease the perceived ETEC burden and suppresses the initiation of inflammation. Furthermore, these data suggest that host IL-33/IL-33R signaling may augment pathways that promote iron restriction to facilitate ETEC escape from macrophages. These data could help explain novel mechanisms of immune subversion that may contribute to asymptomatic ETEC carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jacob P. Bitoun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, #8638, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (I.E.H.); (N.I.M.); (K.A.F.)
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7
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Ferreira G, Cardozo R, Sastre S, Costa C, Santander A, Chavarría L, Guizzo V, Puglisi J, Nicolson GL. Bacterial toxins and heart function: heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin B promotes changes in cardiac function with possible relevance for sudden cardiac death. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:447-473. [PMID: 37681088 PMCID: PMC10480140 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial toxins can cause cardiomyopathy, though it is not its most common cause. Some bacterial toxins can form pores in the membrane of cardiomyocytes, while others can bind to membrane receptors. Enterotoxigenic E. coli can secrete enterotoxins, including heat-resistant (ST) or labile (LT) enterotoxins. LT is an AB5-type toxin that can bind to specific cell receptors and disrupt essential host functions, causing several common conditions, such as certain diarrhea. The pentameric B subunit of LT, without A subunit (LTB), binds specifically to certain plasma membrane ganglioside receptors, found in lipid rafts of cardiomyocytes. Isolated guinea pig hearts and cardiomyocytes were exposed to different concentrations of purified LTB. In isolated hearts, mechanical and electrical alternans and an increment of heart rate variability, with an IC50 of ~0.2 μg/ml LTB, were observed. In isolated cardiomyocytes, LTB promoted significant decreases in the amplitude and the duration of action potentials. Na+ currents were inhibited whereas L-type Ca2+ currents were augmented at their peak and their fast inactivation was promoted. Delayed rectifier K+ currents decreased. Measurements of basal Ca2+ or Ca2+ release events in cells exposed to LTB suggest that LTB impairs Ca2+ homeostasis. Impaired calcium homeostasis is linked to sudden cardiac death. The results are consistent with the recent view that the B subunit is not merely a carrier of the A subunit, having a role explaining sudden cardiac death in children (SIDS) infected with enterotoxigenic E. coli, explaining several epidemiological findings that establish a strong relationship between SIDS and ETEC E. coli. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12551-023-01100-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Ferreira
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Romina Cardozo
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Santiago Sastre
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CeInBio), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Carlos Costa
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Axel Santander
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Luisina Chavarría
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - Valentina Guizzo
- Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Dept. Of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Gral Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, CP Uruguay
| | - José Puglisi
- College of Medicine, California North State University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA 95757 USA
| | - G. L. Nicolson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Beach, Huntington, CA USA
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Haque MA, Nasrin S, Palit P, Das R, Wahid BZ, Gazi MA, Mahfuz M, Golam Faruque AS, Ahmed T. Site-Specific Analysis of the Incidence Rate of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection Elucidates an Association with Childhood Stunting, Wasting, and Being Underweight: A Secondary Analysis of the MAL-ED Birth Cohort. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:1192-1200. [PMID: 37011892 PMCID: PMC10540109 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic infection by fecal enteropathogens is a major contributor to childhood malnutrition. Here, we investigated the incidence rate of asymptomatic infection by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and assessed its association with childhood stunting, wasting, and being underweight among children under 2 years of age. The Malnutrition and Enteric Disease birth cohort study included 1,715 children who were followed from birth to 24 months of age from eight distinct geographic locations including Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Peru, Tanzania, Pakistan, Nepal, and South Africa. The TaqMan array card assay was used to determine the presence of ETEC in the nondiarrheal stool samples collected from these children. Poisson regression was used to estimate the incidence rate, and multiple generalized estimating equations with binomial family, logit link function, and exchangeable correlation were used to analyze the association between asymptomatic ETEC infection and anthropometric indicators such as stunting, wasting, and being underweight. The site-specific incidence rates of asymptomatic ETEC infections per 100 child-months were also higher at the study locations in Tanzania (54.81 [95% CI: 52.64, 57.07]) and Bangladesh (46.75 [95% CI: 44.75, 48.83]). In the Bangladesh, India, and Tanzania sites, the composite indicator of anthropometric failure was significantly associated with asymptomatic ETEC infection. Furthermore, a significant association between asymptomatic heat-stable toxin ETEC infections and childhood stunting, wasting, and being underweight was found in only the Bangladesh and Tanzania sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahshanul Haque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabiha Nasrin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Parag Palit
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rina Das
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Barbie Zaman Wahid
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Md Amran Gazi
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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9
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Diaz JN, Iannotti LL, Louis Dulience SJ, Vie S, Jiang X, Grigura V, Boncy J, Pierre FJM, Kuhlmann FM. Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and impact on child health in Cap-Haitien, Haiti. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001863. [PMID: 37145992 PMCID: PMC10162540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are common pathogens infecting children during their growth and development. Determining the epidemiology and the impact of DEC on child anthropometric measures informs prioritization of prevention efforts. These relationships were evaluated in a novel setting, Cap-Haitien, Haiti. METHODS We performed pre-specified secondary analysis of a case-control study of community-dwelling children, 6-36 months of age, enrolled 96 cases with diarrhea and 99 asymptomatic controls. Assessments were performed at enrollment and one month later at follow-up. Established endpoint PCR methodologies targeted DEC gDNA isolated from fecal swabs. The association between DEC and anthropometric z-scores at enrollment was determined using multivariate linear regression. Lastly, we assessed the association between specific biomarkers, choline and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and diarrheal burden. RESULTS Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was identified in 21.9% of cases vs. 16.1% of controls with heat-stable producing ETEC significantly associated with symptomatic disease. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) was found in 30.2% of cases vs. 27.3% of controls, and typical enteropathogenic E. coli in 6.3% vs. 4.0% of cases and controls, respectively. Multivariate linear regression, controlled for case or control status, demonstrated ETEC and EAEC were significantly associated with reduced weight-age z-score (WAZ) and height-age z-score (HAZ) after adjusting for confounders. An interaction between ETEC and EAEC was observed. Choline and DHA were not associated with diarrheal burden. CONCLUSIONS DEC are prevalent in north Haitian children. ETEC, EAEC, household environment, and diet are associated with unfavorable anthropometric measures, with possible synergistic interactions between ETEC and EAEC. Further studies with longer follow up may quantify the contribution of individual pathogens to adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N. Diaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lora L. Iannotti
- Brown School, Institute for Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sherlie Jean Louis Dulience
- Brown School, Institute for Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sydney Vie
- Brown School, Institute for Public Health, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vadim Grigura
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jacques Boncy
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Francesca J. Marhône Pierre
- Unité de Coordination du Programme National d’Alimentation et de Nutrition, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - F. Matthew Kuhlmann
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
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10
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Debnath A, Sabui S, Chatterjee NS. Structural and functional characterization of colonization factors AIBI-CS6 and AIIBII-CS6 of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 203:106201. [PMID: 36400365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over time, the structure and function of the broadly dispersed colonization factor (CF) CS6 of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) have become more significant. CS6 is composed of tightly-associated subunits, CssA and CssB which due to presence of natural point mutation gave rise to CS6 subtypes. In contrast to the other ETEC CFs, CS6 is an afimbrial, spherical-shaped oligomers of (CssA-CssB)n complex where 'n' is concentration dependent. In this study, we have compared AIBI-CS6 and AIIBII-CS6 structurally and functionally. The Mw of CssAI was 18.5 kDa but Mw of CssAII was 15.1 kDa. Both CssBI and CssBII had Mw of 15.9 kDa. The substitution of Gly39 with Ala39 in CssAI leads to reduction in Mw from 18.5 to 15.1 kDa. Due to higher Mw of CssAI, the size of AIBI concentration-dependent oligomers should be higher. However, the Mw of AIIBII oligomers were higher and AIIBII also showed higher oligomeric forms compared to AIBI both in native PAGE and electron microscopy. The oligomers of both subtypes could withstand greater temperatures and denaturant concentrations. In terms of cellular response, the levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in case of AIBI-CS6 expressing ETEC as compared to AIIBII-CS6 expressing ETEC both in vitro and in vivo. When inflammatory cytokines were evaluated after infecting suckling mice with these ETEC strains, the results were consistent. In conclusion, even though there was subtle structural difference between AIBI-CS6 and AIIBII-CS6 due to natural point mutations but ETEC strains expressing these subtypes displayed great variability in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusuya Debnath
- Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, Kolkata, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
| | - Subrata Sabui
- University of California-Irvine, VAMCLB-151, Long Beach, CA, 90822, USA; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Nabendu Sekhar Chatterjee
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences at Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India; National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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11
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Mohammadkhani F, Mousavi Gargari SL, Nazarian S, Mafi M. Protective effects of anti-CfaB-EtpA-LTB IgY antibody against adherence and toxicity of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:6994376. [PMID: 36662123 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM Production of IgY antibodies against CfaB-EtpA-LTB (CEL) chimeric protein and evaluation of its protective effects against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) by in vivo and in vitro investigation. METHODS AND RESULTS Indirect ELISA and immunoblotting methods were applied to assess the immunogenicity and specificity of IgYs and also to evaluate the efficacy of IgYs in binding prevention and neutralizing the heat-labile (LT) toxin of ETEC bacteria. The results indicated that the anti-CEL IgY at a concentration of 2 mg ml-1 could decrease the bacterial adhesion to HT-29 cells by 74% compared to the control group.At a concentration of 750 μg ml-1, the IgY antibody managed to neutralize the disruptive LT toxin effect on the Y1 cell line. At a concentration of 2 mg ml-1, 81% reduction was observed in the fluid accumulation in the ileal loop assay. CONCLUSION According to our findings, passive immunotherapy with anti-CEL IgY can prevent bacterial colonization and toxicity, thus facilitating in controlling the enteric diseases caused by ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahram Nazarian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, 1651155017, Iran
| | - Maryam Mafi
- Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran, 3319118651, Iran
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12
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Lima MDC, Magnani M, Lima MDS, Macarisin D, de Sousa CP, Dubreuil JD, de Souza EL. Exploring the antimicrobial effects of a phenolic-rich extract from jabuticaba depulping waste against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:6991430. [PMID: 36715328 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of a phenolic-rich extract from jabuticaba [Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg] depulping waste (PEJ) on the survival, antibiotic susceptibility, virulence, and cellular functions of various enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration of PEJ against the five tested ETEC strains was 125 mg mL-1. PEJ at 125 and 250 mg mL-1 caused reductions in viable cell counts of ≥ 3 and ≥ 5 log CFU mL-1 in ETEC over 24 h, respectively. PEJ at subinhibitory concentrations (31.25 and 62.5 mg mL-1) reduced the viable cell counts of ETEC when exposed to in vitro gastrointestinal conditions, besides decreasing the biofilm formation, cell surface hydrophobicity, mucin adhesion, and swimming and swarming motility. PEJ (31.25 and 62.5 mg mL-1) increased the susceptibility of the tested ETEC strains to various clinically relevant antibiotics. The exposure to PEJ (62.5 and 125 mg mL-1) impaired the membrane permeability and enzymatic and efflux pump activities in ETEC cells. PEJ effectively reduces survival, increases antibiotic susceptibility, and attenuates virulence in ETEC. These effects could be linked to a PEJ multi-target action disturbing various cellular functions in ETEC cells. PEJ could be a candidate for developing innovative solutions to prevent and treat ETEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara da Costa Lima
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Nutrition, Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900,Brazil
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes in Foods, Department of Food Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Dos Santos Lima
- Department of Food Technology,Federal Institute of Sertão de Pernambuco,Petrolina, PE 56316-686,Brazil
| | - Dumitru Macarisin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD HFS-009, USA
| | - Cristina Paiva de Sousa
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.,Biotechnology Graduation Program, Center of Exact Sciences and Technologies, Federal University of São Carlos,São Carlos, SP 13565-905,Brazil
| | - J Daniel Dubreuil
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Evandro Leite de Souza
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Nutrition, Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900,Brazil
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Pokharel P, Dhakal S, Dozois CM. The Diversity of Escherichia coli Pathotypes and Vaccination Strategies against This Versatile Bacterial Pathogen. Microorganisms 2023; 11:344. [PMID: 36838308 PMCID: PMC9965155 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative bacillus and resident of the normal intestinal microbiota. However, some E. coli strains can cause diseases in humans, other mammals and birds ranging from intestinal infections, for example, diarrhea and dysentery, to extraintestinal infections, such as urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, meningitis, and sepsis. In terms of morbidity and mortality, pathogenic E. coli has a great impact on public health, with an economic cost of several billion dollars annually worldwide. Antibiotics are not usually used as first-line treatment for diarrheal illness caused by E. coli and in the case of bloody diarrhea, antibiotics are avoided due to the increased risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome. On the other hand, extraintestinal infections are treated with various antibiotics depending on the site of infection and susceptibility testing. Several alarming papers concerning the rising antibiotic resistance rates in E. coli strains have been published. The silent pandemic of multidrug-resistant bacteria including pathogenic E. coli that have become more difficult to treat favored prophylactic approaches such as E. coli vaccines. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of different pathotypes of E. coli, the virulence factors involved and updates on the major aspects of vaccine development against different E. coli pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravil Pokharel
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sabin Dhakal
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Charles M. Dozois
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Pasteur Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
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14
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Tauheed I, Ahmed T, Akter A, Firoj MG, Ahmmed F, Rahman SIA, Afrad MH, Islam MN, Rahman A, Khan AI, Alam B, Bhuiyan TR, Chowdhury F, Qadri F. A snap-shot of a diarrheal epidemic in Dhaka due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae O1 in 2022. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1132927. [PMID: 37124777 PMCID: PMC10140589 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1132927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Vibrio cholerae O1 are most common bacterial causes of diarrheal diseases in Bangladesh. This analysis projected distribution of ETEC and V. cholerae O1 among diarrheal patients of icddr,b, Dhaka hospital in two diarrheal peaks of 2022. Methodology Under the 2% systematic surveillance system, stool samples collected from diarrheal patients of icddr,b hospital were cultured and diagnostic testing was done for ETEC and V. cholerae O1. Comparison of positive cases was done between first peak (March-April) and second peak (October-November) in 2022. Results A total of 2,937 stool specimens were tested of which 12% were ETEC and 20% were V. cholerae O1. About 40% of the severe dehydration cases were infected with V. cholerae O1. Predominant ETEC enterotoxin type was 'LT/ST' (41%). The LT enterotoxin significantly increased from 13% to 28% in the second peak (p = 0.015). The predominant colonization factors (CFs) on ETEC were CS5 + CS6 (23%), followed by CS6 (15%). CF-positive isolates was significantly higher in the second peak (36%) than in the first peak (22%) (p = 0.043). Total 14% cases were co-infected with ETEC and V. cholerae O1. Significant differences in the distribution of enterotoxin types were observed (p = 0.029) among the co-infection cases. Conclusion Changing patterns of enterotoxin and CFs observed in ETEC pathogens should be taken into consideration for ETEC vaccine development. Considering cholera and ETEC biannual trends in causing diarrheal epidemics and outbreaks, emphasizes the need for thoughts on combination vaccine strategies for preventing acute watery diarrhea due to the two major bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imam Tauheed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnuva Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afroza Akter
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Golam Firoj
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faisal Ahmmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Isfat Ara Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mokibul Hassan Afrad
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Aninda Rahman
- Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful Islam Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Baharul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Firdausi Qadri,
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15
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Williams AJ, Warfel KF, Desai P, Li J, Lee JJ, Wong DA, Nguyen PM, Qin Y, Sobol SE, Jewett MC, Chang YF, DeLisa MP. A low-cost recombinant glycoconjugate vaccine confers immunogenicity and protection against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in mice. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1085887. [PMID: 36936989 PMCID: PMC10018396 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1085887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the primary etiologic agent of traveler's diarrhea and a major cause of diarrheal disease and death worldwide, especially in infants and young children. Despite significant efforts over the past several decades, an affordable vaccine that appreciably decreases mortality and morbidity associated with ETEC infection among children under the age of 5 years remains an unmet aspirational goal. Here, we describe robust, cost-effective biosynthetic routes that leverage glycoengineered strains of non-pathogenic E. coli or their cell-free extracts for producing conjugate vaccine candidates against two of the most prevalent O serogroups of ETEC, O148 and O78. Specifically, we demonstrate site-specific installation of O-antigen polysaccharides (O-PS) corresponding to these serogroups onto licensed carrier proteins using the oligosaccharyltransferase PglB from Campylobacter jejuni. The resulting conjugates stimulate strong O-PS-specific humoral responses in mice and elicit IgG antibodies that possess bactericidal activity against the cognate pathogens. We also show that one of the prototype conjugates decorated with serogroup O148 O-PS reduces ETEC colonization in mice, providing evidence of vaccine-induced mucosal protection. We anticipate that our bacterial cell-based and cell-free platforms will enable creation of multivalent formulations with the potential for broad ETEC serogroup protection and increased access through low-cost biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher J. Williams
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Katherine F. Warfel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Evanston, IL, United States
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Primit Desai
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jen-Jie Lee
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Derek A. Wong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Evanston, IL, United States
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Phuong M. Nguyen
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Yufan Qin
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sarah E. Sobol
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Evanston, IL, United States
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Evanston, IL, United States
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew P. DeLisa,
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16
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Geurtsen J, de Been M, Weerdenburg E, Zomer A, McNally A, Poolman J. Genomics and pathotypes of the many faces of Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6617594. [PMID: 35749579 PMCID: PMC9629502 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the most researched microbial organism in the world. Its varied impact on human health, consisting of commensalism, gastrointestinal disease, or extraintestinal pathologies, has generated a separation of the species into at least eleven pathotypes (also known as pathovars). These are broadly split into two groups, intestinal pathogenic E. coli (InPEC) and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). However, components of E. coli's infinite open accessory genome are horizontally transferred with substantial frequency, creating pathogenic hybrid strains that defy a clear pathotype designation. Here, we take a birds-eye view of the E. coli species, characterizing it from historical, clinical, and genetic perspectives. We examine the wide spectrum of human disease caused by E. coli, the genome content of the bacterium, and its propensity to acquire, exchange, and maintain antibiotic resistance genes and virulence traits. Our portrayal of the species also discusses elements that have shaped its overall population structure and summarizes the current state of vaccine development targeted at the most frequent E. coli pathovars. In our conclusions, we advocate streamlining efforts for clinical reporting of ExPEC, and emphasize the pathogenic potential that exists throughout the entire species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Geurtsen
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mark de Been
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alan McNally
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Poolman
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
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17
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Azam MW, Khan AU. CRISPRi -mediated suppression of E. coli Nissle 1917 virulence factors: A strategy for creating an engineered probiotic using csgD gene suppression. Front Nutr 2022; 9:938989. [PMID: 35978963 PMCID: PMC9376613 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.938989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biofilm formation is a complex phenomenon, and it is the causative agent of several human infections. Bacterial amyloids are involved in biofilm formation leading to infection persistence. Due to antibiotic resistance, their treatment is a great challenge for physicians. Probiotics, especially E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), are used to treat human intestinal disorders and ulcerative colitis. It also expresses virulence factors associated with biofilm and amyloid formation. EcN produces biofilm equivalent to the pathogenic UPEC strains. Methods CRISPRi was used to create the knockdown mutants of the csgD gene (csgD-KD). The qRT-PCR was performed to assess the expression of the csgD gene in csgD-KD cells. The csgD-KD cells were also evaluated for the expression of csgA, csgB, fimA, fimH, ompR, luxS, and bolA genes. The gene expression data obtained was further confirmed by spectroscopic, microscopic, and other assays to validate our study. Results CRISPRi-mediated knockdown of csgD gene shows reduction in curli amyloid formation, biofilm formation, and suppression of genes (csgA, csgB, fimA, fimH, ompR, bolA, and luxS) involved in virulence factors production. Conclusion Curli amyloid fibers and fimbriae fibers play a critical role in biofilm formation leading to pathogenicity. CsgD protein is the master regulator of curli synthesis in E. coli. Hence, curli amyloid inhibition through the csgD gene may be used to improve the EcN and different probiotic strains by suppressing virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd W Azam
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Asad U Khan
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Silwamba S, Chilyabanyama ON, Liswaniso F, Chisenga CC, Chilengi R, Dougan G, Kwenda G, Chakraborty S, Simuyandi M. Field evaluation of a novel, rapid diagnostic assay, and molecular epidemiology of enterotoxigenic E. coli among Zambian children presenting with diarrhea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010207. [PMID: 35930612 PMCID: PMC9385031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the top aetiologic agents of diarrhea in children under the age of 5 in low-middle income countries (LMICs). The lack of point of care diagnostic tools for routine ETEC diagnosis results in limited data regarding the actual burden and epidemiology in the endemic areas. We evaluated performance of the novel Rapid LAMP based Diagnostic Test (RLDT) for detection of ETEC in stool as a point of care diagnostic assay in a resource-limited setting. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 324 randomly selected stool samples from children under 5 presenting with moderate to severe diarrhea (MSD). The samples were collected between November 2012 to September 2013 at selected health facilities in Zambia. The RLDT was evaluated by targeting three ETEC toxin genes [heat labile toxin (LT) and heat stable toxins (STh and STp)]. Quantitative PCR was used as the “gold standard” to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of RLDT for detection of ETEC. We additionally described the prevalence and seasonality of ETEC. Results The study included 324 participants, 50.6% of which were female. The overall prevalence of ETEC was 19.8% by qPCR and 19.4% by RLDT. The children between 12 to 59 months had the highest prevalence of 22%. The study determined ETEC toxin distribution was LT 28/321(9%), ST 18/321(6%) and LT/ST 16/321(5%). The sensitivity and specificity of the RLDT compared to qPCR using a Ct 35 as the cut-off, were 90.7% and 97.5% for LT, 85.2% and 99.3% for STh and 100% and 99.7% for STp, respectively. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that RLDT is sufficiently sensitive and specific and easy to implement in the endemic countries. Being rapid and simple, the RLDT also presents as an attractive tool for point-of-care testing at the health facilities and laboratories in the resource-limited settings. ETEC is one of the top causes of diarrheal diseases in low and middle income countries. The advancement of molecular diagnosis has made it possible to accurately detect ETEC in endemic areas. However, the complexity, infrastructure and cost implication of these tests has made it a challenge to routinely incorporate them in health facilities in endemic settings. The ETEC RLDT is a simple and cost-effective molecular tool that can be used to screen for ETEC in resource limited settings. Here, we described the performance of the RLDT against a qPCR as the gold standard. Our findings showed that the ETEC RLDT performs comparable to the qPCR and would be a suitable screening tool in health facilities in recourse limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwilanji Silwamba
- Enteric Diseases and Vaccines Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Obvious N. Chilyabanyama
- Enteric Diseases and Vaccines Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Fraser Liswaniso
- Enteric Diseases and Vaccines Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Caroline C. Chisenga
- Enteric Diseases and Vaccines Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Enteric Diseases and Vaccines Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SC); (MS)
| | - Michelo Simuyandi
- Enteric Diseases and Vaccines Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- * E-mail: (SC); (MS)
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Zhang W, Lai S, Zhou Z, Yang J, Liu H, Zhong Z, Fu H, Ren Z, Shen L, Cao S, Deng L, Peng G. Screening and evaluation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential from local Holstein raw milk. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918774. [PMID: 35979483 PMCID: PMC9377552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are massive bacteria in the raw milk, especially the lactic acid bacteria (LABs), which have been considered probiotics in humans and animals for a long time. Novel probiotics are still urgently needed because of the rapid development of the probiotic industry. To obtain new LABs with high probiotic potential, we obtained 26 LAB isolates, named L1 ~ L26, from local Holstein raw milk collected from a farm whose milk had never been used for LAB isolation. We identified them at the species level by biochemical and 16S rDNA sequencing methods. Their antagonistic activities against four target pathogens (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, and Salmonella enterica H9812), co-aggregative ability with these target pathogens, survivability in the simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions and phenol, auto-aggregation and hydrophobicity, hemolytic activity, and antibiotic susceptibility, were evaluated in vitro. Five Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolates (L5, L14, L17, L19, and L20) showed more promising probiotic potential than others. Specifically, these five isolates conglutinated with and inhibited all the target pathogens, and survived in the simulated gastric juice (92.55 ~ 99.69%), intestinal juice (76.18 ~ 83.39%), and 0.4% phenol (76.95 ~ 88.91%); possessed considerable auto-aggregation (83.91 ~ 90.33% at 24 h) and hydrophobicity (79.32 ~ 92.70%); and were non-hemolytic, sensitive to kinds of common antimicrobials. Our findings demonstrated that these five isolates could be preliminarily determined as probiotic candidates because they have better probiotic potential than those previously reported. Again, this study highlighted the potential of raw milk for probiotic isolating and screening and provided the probiotic industry with five new LAB candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiji Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuhong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lei Deng,
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Guangneng Peng,
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20
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Enciso-Martínez Y, González-Aguilar GA, Martínez-Téllez MA, González-Pérez CJ, Valencia-Rivera DE, Barrios-Villa E, Ayala-Zavala JF. Relevance of tracking the diversity of Escherichia coli pathotypes to reinforce food safety. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 374:109736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Smith EM, Grassel CL, Papadimas A, Foulke-Abel J, Barry EM. The role of CFA/I in adherence and toxin delivery by ETEC expressing multiple colonization factors in the human enteroid model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010638. [PMID: 35881640 PMCID: PMC9355178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a primary causative agent of diarrhea in travelers and young children in low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs). ETEC adhere to intestinal epithelia via colonization factors (CFs) and secrete heat-stable toxin (ST) and/or heat-labile toxin (LT), causing dysregulated cellular ion transport and water secretion. ETEC isolates often harbor genes encoding more than one CF that are targets as vaccine antigens. CFA/I is a major CF that is associated with ETEC that causes moderate-to-severe diarrhea and plays an important role in pathogenesis. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study finding that 78% of CFA/I-expressing ETEC also encode the minor CF CS21 prompted investigation of the combined role of these two CFs. Western blots and electron microscopy demonstrated growth media-dependent and strain-dependent differences in CFA/I and CS21 expression. The critical role of CFA/I in adherence by ETEC strains expressing CFA/I and CS21 was demonstrated using the human enteroid model and a series of CFA/I- and CS21-specific mutants. Furthermore, only anti-CFA/I antibodies inhibited adherence by global ETEC isolates expressing CFA/I and CS21. Delivery of ST and resulting cGMP secretion was measured in supernatants from infected enteroid monolayers, and strain-specific ST delivery and time-dependent cGMP production was observed. Interestingly, cGMP levels were similar across wildtype and CF-deficient strains, reflecting a limitation of this static aerobic infection model. Despite adherence by ETEC and delivery of ST, the enteroid monolayer integrity was not disrupted, as shown by the lack of decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and the lack of IL-8 cytokines produced during infection. Taken together, these data demonstrate that targeting CFA/I in global clinical CFA/I-CS21 strains is sufficient for adherence inhibition, supporting a vaccine strategy that focuses on blocking major CFs. In addition, the human enteroid model has significant utility for the study of ETEC pathogenesis and evaluation of vaccine-induced functional antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Smith
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christen L. Grassel
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Antonia Papadimas
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eileen M. Barry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sheikh A, Wangdi T, Vickers TJ, Aaron B, Palmer M, Miller MJ, Kim S, Herring C, Simoes R, Crainic JA, Gildersleeve JC, van der Post S, Hansson GC, Fleckenstein JM. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Degrades the Host MUC2 Mucin Barrier To Facilitate Critical Pathogen-Enterocyte Interactions in Human Small Intestine. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0057221. [PMID: 34807735 PMCID: PMC8853678 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00572-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates are genetically diverse pathological variants of E. coli defined by the production of heat-labile (LT) and/or heat-stable (ST) toxins. ETEC strains are estimated to cause hundreds of millions of cases of diarrheal illness annually. However, it is not clear that all strains are equally equipped to cause disease, and asymptomatic colonization with ETEC is common in low- to middle-income regions lacking basic sanitation and clean water where ETEC are ubiquitous. Recent molecular epidemiology studies have revealed a significant association between strains that produce EatA, a secreted autotransporter protein, and the development of symptomatic infection. Here, we demonstrate that LT stimulates production of MUC2 mucin by goblet cells in human small intestine, enhancing the protective barrier between pathogens and enterocytes. In contrast, using explants of human small intestine as well as small intestinal enteroids, we show that EatA counters this host defense by engaging and degrading the MUC2 mucin barrier to promote bacterial access to target enterocytes and ultimately toxin delivery, suggesting that EatA plays a crucial role in the molecular pathogenesis of ETEC. These findings may inform novel approaches to prevention of acute diarrheal illness as well as the sequelae associated with ETEC and other pathogens that rely on EatA and similar proteases for efficient interaction with their human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaullah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tamding Wangdi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tim J. Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bailey Aaron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Margot Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Seonyoung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cassandra Herring
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rita Simoes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Crainic
- Center for Cancer Research, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Fredrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Center for Cancer Research, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Fredrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sjoerd van der Post
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar C. Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - James M. Fleckenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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23
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Jones RM, Seo H, Zhang W, Sack DA. A multi-epitope fusion antigen candidate vaccine for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is protective against strain B7A colonization in a rabbit model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010177. [PMID: 35139116 PMCID: PMC8863229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are a leading cause of children's and travelers' diarrhea. Developing effective vaccines against this heterologous group has proven difficult due to the varied nature of toxins and adhesins that determine their pathology. A multivalent candidate vaccine was developed using a multi-epitope fusion antigen (MEFA) vaccinology platform and shown to effectively elicit broad protective antibody responses in mice and pigs. However, direct protection against ETEC colonization of the small intestine was not measured in these systems. Colonization of ETEC strains is known to be a determining factor in disease outcomes and is adhesin-dependent. In this study, we developed a non-surgical rabbit colonization model to study immune protection against ETEC colonization in rabbits. We tested the ability for the MEFA-based vaccine adhesin antigen, in combination with dmLT adjuvant, to induce broad immune responses and to protect from ETEC colonization of the rabbit small intestine. Our results indicate that the candidate vaccine MEFA antigen elicits antibodies in rabbits that react to seven adhesins included in its construction and protects against colonization of a challenge strain that consistently colonized naïve rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Jones
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hyesuk Seo
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Weiping Zhang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David A. Sack
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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24
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Berzosa M, Nemeskalova A, Calvo A, Quincoces G, Collantes M, Pareja F, Gamazo C, Irache JM. Oral Immunogenicity of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Vesicles Encapsulated into Zein Nanoparticles Coated with a Gantrez ® AN-Mannosamine Polymer Conjugate. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:123. [PMID: 35057017 PMCID: PMC8780369 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population. In particular, ETEC infections affect children under the age of five from low-middle income countries. However, there is no licensed vaccine against this pathogen. ETEC vaccine development is challenging since this pathotype expresses a wide variety of antigenically diverse virulence factors whose genes can be modified due to ETEC genetic plasticity. To overcome this challenge, we propose the use of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) isolated from two ETEC clinical strains. In these OMVs, proteomic studies revealed the presence of important immunogens, such as heat-labile toxin, colonization factors, adhesins and mucinases. Furthermore, these vesicles proved to be immunogenic after subcutaneous administration in BALB/c mice. Since ETEC is an enteropathogen, it is necessary to induce both systemic and mucosal immunity. For this purpose, the vesicles, free or encapsulated in zein nanoparticles coated with a Gantrez®-mannosamine conjugate, were administered orally. Biodistribution studies showed that the encapsulation of OMVs delayed the transit through the gut. These results were confirmed by in vivo study, in which OMV encapsulation resulted in higher levels of specific antibodies IgG2a. Further studies are needed to evaluate the protection efficacy of this vaccine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melibea Berzosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Alzbeta Nemeskalova
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.C.); (C.G.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alba Calvo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Gemma Quincoces
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (G.Q.); (M.C.); (F.P.)
| | - María Collantes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (G.Q.); (M.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Felix Pareja
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (G.Q.); (M.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Carlos Gamazo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.N.); (A.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Juan Manuel Irache
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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David EE, Yameen MA, Igwenyi IO, David CN, Nwobodo V, Ismail AK. Zinc Deficiency Elevates Fecal Protein, But Not Electrolyte and Short-Chain Fatty Acid, Levels in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-Induced Diarrhea in Rats. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2022; 25:79-86. [PMID: 35087736 PMCID: PMC8762603 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2022.25.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of zinc deficiency on fecal protein, electrolyte, and short-chain fatty acid levels in both heat-stable (ST) and heat-labile (LT) enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced diarrhea in rats. METHODS Albino rats, weighing 100 to 150 g, were divided into 2 groups, with 15 animals each: non-zinc and zinc-deficient. These two groups were sub-divided into three sub-groups with five rats each: control (saline); LT-ETEC; and ST-ETEC. Sodium phytate (30 mmol/L) was added to the animals' water to induce zinc deficiency, while diarrhea was induced using 5×109 ETEC cells/mL. Fecal protein levels were estimated using the Bradford method, while sodium and potassium levels were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Short-chain fatty acids were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Among the non-zinc and zinc-deficient groups, there were significant increases (p=0.04), (p=0.03) in fecal protein concentrations (mg/mL) in the LT-ETEC- (4.50±0.33), (6.50±0.26) and ST-ETEC- (3.85±0.19), (5.98±0.32) induced groups compared to the control groups (2.60±0.52), (3.50±0.11) respectively. Fecal sodium and potassium levels (mg/L) were significantly (p=0.029) increased in non-zinc-deficient rats induced with LT-ETEC (9.35±0.95, 1.05±0.48), and ST-ETEC (9.96±1.02, 1.21±0.45) compared with the control group (8.07±0.44, 0.47±0.17) but the increase were not statistically significant (p=0.059) in the zinc deficient rat groups. Fecal acetate and propionate levels (mg/g) significantly (p=0.032) increased when induced with LT-ETEC and ST-ETEC in non-zinc and zinc-deficient groups compared with the control groups. CONCLUSION Zinc deficiency among rats with ETEC-induced diarrhea elevated fecal protein loss but may not have an effect on fecal sodium, potassium and short-chain fatty acid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebuka E. David
- Department of Biochemistry, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Chidinma N. David
- Department of Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Valentine Nwobodo
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Akindele K. Ismail
- Department of Microbiology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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Zhang Z, Zhang XR, Jin
T, Yang CG, Sun YP, Li Q, Yang K. Antibacterial mechanism of Cu-bearing 430 ferritic stainless steel. RARE METALS 2022; 41:559-569. [PMID: 34177195 PMCID: PMC8214840 DOI: 10.1007/s12598-021-01751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu)-bearing stainless steel has testified its effectiveness to reduce the risk of bacterial infections. However, its antibacterial mechanism is still controversial. Therefore, three 430 ferritic stainless steels with different Cu contents are selected to conduct deeper research by the way of bacterial inactivation from two aspects of material and biology. Hereinto, electrochemical and antibacterial results show that the increase in Cu content simultaneously improves the corrosion resistance and antibacterial property of 430 stainless steel. In addition, it is found that Escherichia coli (E. coli) on the surface 430 Cu-bearing stainless steel by the dry method of inoculation possesses a rapid inactivation ability. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) aids with ion chelation experiments prove that Cu (I) plays a more crucial role in the contact-killing efficiency than Cu (II), resulting from more production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036 China
| | - Xin-Rui Zhang
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Shenyang Chest Hospital, Shenyang, 110044 China
| | - Chun-Guang Yang
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Yu-Peng Sun
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036 China
| | - Ke Yang
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016 China
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27
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Yang C, Li Y, Zuo L, Jiang M, Zhang X, Xie L, Luo M, She Y, Wang L, Jiang Y, Wu S, Cai R, Shi X, Cui Y, Wan C, Hu Q. Genomic Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli From Outpatients With Diarrhea in Shenzhen, China, 2015-2020. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:732068. [PMID: 34777281 PMCID: PMC8581654 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.732068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children and the most common cause of diarrhea in travelers. However, most ETEC infections in Shenzhen, China were from indigenous adults. In this study, we characterized 106 ETEC isolates from indigenous outpatients with diarrhea (77% were adults aged >20 years) in Shenzhen between 2015 and 2020 by whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Shenzhen ETEC isolates showed a remarkable high diversity, which belonged to four E. coli phylogroups (A: 71%, B1: 13%, E: 10%, and D: 6%) and 15 ETEC lineages, with L11 (25%, O159:H34/O159:H43, ST218/ST3153), novel L2/4 (21%, O6:H16, ST48), and L4 (15%, O25:H16, ST1491) being major lineages. Heat-stable toxin (ST) was most prevalent (76%, STh: 60% STp: 16%), followed by heat-labile toxin (LT, 17%) and ST + LT (7%). One or multiple colonization factors (CFs) were identified in 68 (64%) isolates, with the common CFs being CS21 (48%) and CS6 (34%). Antimicrobial resistance mutation/gene profiles of genomes were concordant with the phenotype testing results of 52 representative isolates, which revealed high resistance rate to nalidixic acid (71%), ampicillin (69%), and ampicillin/sulbactam (46%), and demonstrated that the novel L2/4 was a multidrug-resistant lineage. This study provides novel insight into the genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of ETEC infections in indigenous adults for the first time, which further improves our understanding on ETEC epidemiology and has implications for the development of vaccine and future surveillance and prevention of ETEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Le Zuo
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianglilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xie
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Miaomiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiying She
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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Nabwera HM, Espinoza JL, Worwui A, Betts M, Okoi C, Sesay AK, Bancroft R, Agbla SC, Jarju S, Bradbury RS, Colley M, Jallow AT, Liu J, Houpt ER, Prentice AM, Antonio M, Bernstein RM, Dupont CL, Kwambana-Adams BA. Interactions between fecal gut microbiome, enteric pathogens, and energy regulating hormones among acutely malnourished rural Gambian children. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103644. [PMID: 34695658 PMCID: PMC8550991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The specific roles that gut microbiota, known pathogens, and host energy-regulating hormones play in the pathogenesis of non-edematous severe acute malnutrition (marasmus SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) during outpatient nutritional rehabilitation are yet to be explored. METHODS We applied an ensemble of sample-specific (intra- and inter-modality) association networks to gain deeper insights into the pathogenesis of acute malnutrition and its severity among children under 5 years of age in rural Gambia, where marasmus SAM is most prevalent. FINDINGS Children with marasmus SAM have distinct microbiome characteristics and biologically-relevant multimodal biomarkers not observed among children with moderate acute malnutrition. Marasmus SAM was characterized by lower microbial richness and biomass, significant enrichments in Enterobacteriaceae, altered interactions between specific Enterobacteriaceae and key energy regulating hormones and their receptors. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that marasmus SAM is characterized by the collapse of a complex system with nested interactions and key associations between the gut microbiome, enteric pathogens, and energy regulating hormones. Further exploration of these systems will help inform innovative preventive and therapeutic interventions. FUNDING The work was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC; MC-A760-5QX00) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP 1066932) and the National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), UK. This network analysis was supported by NIH U54GH009824 [CLD] and NSF OCE-1558453 [CLD].
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Nabwera
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Josh L Espinoza
- J. Craig Venture Institute, 4120 Capricorn Ln, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Archibald Worwui
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Modupeh Betts
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Okoi
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Abdul K Sesay
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Rowan Bancroft
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Schadrac C Agbla
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | | | - Mariama Colley
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Amadou T Jallow
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia; Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robin M Bernstein
- Growth and Development Lab, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | | | - Brenda A Kwambana-Adams
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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29
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Zhao H, Xu Y, Li G, Liu X, Li X, Wang L. Protective efficacy of a novel multivalent vaccine in the prevention of diarrhea induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in a murine model. J Vet Sci 2021; 23:e7. [PMID: 34841745 PMCID: PMC8799940 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection is a primary cause of livestock diarrhea. Therefore, effective vaccines are needed to reduce the incidence of ETEC infection. Objectives Our study aimed to develop a multivalent ETEC vaccine targeting major virulence factors of ETEC, including enterotoxins and fimbriae. Methods SLS (STa-LTB-STb) recombinant enterotoxin and fimbriae proteins (F4, F5, F6, F18, and F41) were prepared to develop a multivalent vaccine. A total of 65 mice were immunized subcutaneously by vaccines and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The levels of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days post-vaccination (dpv). A challenge test with a lethal dose of ETEC was performed, and the survival rate of the mice in each group was recorded. Feces and intestine washes were collected to measure the concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Results Anti-SLS and anti-fimbriae-specific IgG in serums of antigen-vaccinated mice were significantly higher than those of the control group. Immunization with the SLS enterotoxin and multivalent vaccine increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations. Compared to diarrheal symptoms and 100% death of mice in the control group, mice inoculated with the multivalent vaccine showed an 80% survival rate without any symptom of diarrhea, while SLS and fimbriae vaccinated groups showed 60 and 70% survival rates, respectively. Conclusions Both SLS and fimbriae proteins can serve as vaccine antigens, and the combination of these two antigens can elicit stronger immune responses. The results suggest that the multivalent vaccine can be successfully used for preventing ETEC in important livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co. Ltd., Dalian 116620, China
| | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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30
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Pakbin B, Brück WM, Rossen JWA. Virulence Factors of Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9922. [PMID: 34576083 PMCID: PMC8468683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli are remarkably versatile microorganisms and important members of the normal intestinal microbiota of humans and animals. This harmless commensal organism can acquire a mixture of comprehensive mobile genetic elements that contain genes encoding virulence factors, becoming an emerging human pathogen capable of causing a broad spectrum of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Nine definite enteric E. coli pathotypes have been well characterized, causing diseases ranging from various gastrointestinal disorders to urinary tract infections. These pathotypes employ many virulence factors and effectors subverting the functions of host cells to mediate their virulence and pathogenesis. This review summarizes new developments in our understanding of diverse virulence factors associated with encoding genes used by different pathotypes of enteric pathogenic E. coli to cause intestinal and extraintestinal diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Pakbin
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran
| | - Wolfram M. Brück
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland;
| | - John W. A. Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
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31
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Richards A, Baranova D, Mantis NJ. The prospect of orally administered monoclonal secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies to prevent enteric bacterial infections. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 18:1964317. [PMID: 34491878 PMCID: PMC9103515 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1964317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliminating diarrheal diseases as a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) will require multiple intervention strategies. In this review, we spotlight a series of preclinical studies investigating the potential of orally administered monoclonal secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies (MAbs) to reduce disease associated with three enteric bacterial pathogens: Campylobacter jejuni, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. IgA MAbs targeting bacterial surface antigens (flagella, adhesins, and lipopolysaccharide) were generated from mice, humanized mice, and human tonsillar B cells. Recombinant SIgA1 and/or SIgA2 derivates of those MAbs were purified from supernatants following transient transfection of 293 cells with plasmids encoding antibody heavy and light chains, J-chain, and secretory component (SC). When administered to mice by gavage immediately prior to (or admixed with) the bacterial challenge, SIgA MAbs reduced infection C. jejuni, ETEC, and S. Typhimurium infections. Fv-matched IgG1 MAbs by comparison were largely ineffective against C. jejuni and S. Typhimurium under the same conditions, although they were partially effective against ETEC. While these findings highlight future applications of orally administered SIgA, the studies also underscored the fundamental challenges associated with using MAbs as prophylactic tools against enteric bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelene Richards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Danielle Baranova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School, Albany, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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32
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Structure of the master regulator Rns reveals an inhibitor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli virulence regulons. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15663. [PMID: 34341412 PMCID: PMC8329261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric infections caused by the gram-negative bacteria enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella enterica are among the most common and affect billions of people each year. These bacteria control expression of virulence factors using a network of transcriptional regulators, some of which are modulated by small molecules as has been shown for ToxT, an AraC family member from V. cholerae. In ETEC the expression of many types of adhesive pili is dependent upon the AraC family member Rns. We present here the 3 Å crystal structure of Rns and show it closely resembles ToxT. Rns crystallized as a dimer via an interface similar to that observed in other dimeric AraC's. Furthermore, the structure of Rns revealed the presence of a ligand, decanoic acid, that inhibits its activity in a manner similar to the fatty acid mediated inhibition observed for ToxT and the S. enterica homologue HilD. Together, these results support our hypothesis that fatty acids regulate virulence controlling AraC family members in a common manner across a number of enteric pathogens. Furthermore, for the first time this work identifies a small molecule capable of inhibiting the ETEC Rns regulon, providing a basis for development of therapeutics against this deadly human pathogen.
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Henrique C, Falcão MAP, De Araújo Pimenta L, Maleski ALA, Lima C, Mitsunari T, Sampaio SC, Lopes-Ferreira M, Piazza RMF. Heat-Labile Toxin from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Causes Systemic Impairment in Zebrafish Model. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:419. [PMID: 34204819 PMCID: PMC8231604 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-labile toxin I (LT-I), produced by strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), causes profuse watery diarrhea in humans. Different in vitro and in vivo models have already elucidated the mechanism of action of this toxin; however, their use does not always allow for more specific studies on how the LT-I toxin acts in systemic tracts and intestinal cell lines. In the present work, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and human intestinal cells (Caco-2) were used as models to study the toxin LT-I. Caco-2 cells were used, in the 62nd passage, at different cell concentrations. LT-I was conjugated to FITC to visualize its transport in cells, as well as microinjected into the caudal vein of zebrafish larvae, in order to investigate its effects on survival, systemic traffic, and morphological formation. The internalization of LT-I was visualized in 3 × 104 Caco-2 cells, being associated with the cell membrane and nucleus. The systemic traffic of LT-I in zebrafish larvae showed its presence in the cardiac cavity, yolk, and regions of the intestine, as demonstrated by cardiac edema (100%), the absence of a swimming bladder (100%), and yolk edema (80%), in addition to growth limitation in the larvae, compared to the control group. There was a reduction in heart rate during the assessment of larval survival kinetics, demonstrating the cardiotoxic effect of LT-I. Thus, in this study, we provide essential new depictions of the features of LT-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Henrique
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (C.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Maria Alice Pimentel Falcão
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (M.A.P.F.); (A.L.A.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Luciana De Araújo Pimenta
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (L.D.A.P.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Adolfo Luís Almeida Maleski
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (M.A.P.F.); (A.L.A.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Carla Lima
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (M.A.P.F.); (A.L.A.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Thais Mitsunari
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (C.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Sandra Coccuzzo Sampaio
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (L.D.A.P.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Mônica Lopes-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (M.A.P.F.); (A.L.A.M.); (C.L.)
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Contribution of Noncanonical Antigens to Virulence and Adaptive Immunity in Human Infection with Enterotoxigenic E. coli. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00041-21. [PMID: 33558320 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00041-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) contributes significantly to the substantial burden of infectious diarrhea among children living in low- and middle-income countries. In the absence of a vaccine for ETEC, children succumb to acute dehydration as well as nondiarrheal sequelae related to these infections, including malnutrition. The considerable diversity of ETEC genomes has complicated canonical vaccine development approaches defined by a subset of ETEC pathovar-specific antigens known as colonization factors (CFs). To identify additional conserved immunogens unique to this pathovar, we employed an "open-aperture" approach to capture all potential conserved ETEC surface antigens, in which we mined the genomic sequences of 89 ETEC isolates, bioinformatically selected potential surface-exposed pathovar-specific antigens conserved in more than 40% of the genomes (n = 118), and assembled the representative proteins onto microarrays, complemented with known or putative colonization factor subunit molecules (n = 52) and toxin subunits. These arrays were then used to interrogate samples from individuals with acute symptomatic ETEC infections. Surprisingly, in this approach, we found that immune responses were largely constrained to a small number of antigens, including individual colonization factor antigens and EtpA, an extracellular adhesin. In a Bangladeshi cohort of naturally infected children <2 years of age, both EtpA and a second antigen, EatA, elicited significant serologic responses that were associated with protection from symptomatic illness. In addition, children infected with ETEC isolates bearing either etpA or eatA genes were significantly more likely to develop symptomatic disease. These studies support a role for antigens not presently targeted by vaccines (noncanonical) in virulence and the development of adaptive immune responses during ETEC infections. These findings may inform vaccine design efforts to complement existing approaches.
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35
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Gong Y, Jin X, Yuan B, Lv Y, Yan G, Liu M, Xie C, Liu J, Tang Y, Gao H, Zhu Y, Huang Y, Wang W. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 109A Maintains the Intestinal Integrity and Protects Against ETEC Mucosal Infection by Promoting IgA Secretion. Front Immunol 2021; 11:583652. [PMID: 33488584 PMCID: PMC7821714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported an intricate link between the G protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and intestinal health. Upon activation, induced by butyric acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid, GPR109A regulates the expression of tight junction proteins, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, and maintains the integrity of the intestinal barrier. However, its function and the mechanism of action in combating the infection caused by exogenous pathogenic microorganisms remain unclear. This study established an animal model of infection by oral enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) gavage to examine the underlying mechanism(s) and protective effects of GPR109A on the intestinal tract. Experimental GPR109A-/-and GPR109A+/+ mice were orally administered with 1 × 109 colony-forming units (CFUs) of ETEC, and changes in body weight were then observed. The colonization and translocation of ETEC in the intestine were detected by the plate counting method. The expression of tight junction proteins and the levels of inflammatory factors and secretory IgA (SIgA) in the intestine were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR), western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunohistochemistry. The results demonstrated that GPR109A-/-mice were more susceptible to ETEC infection, showing more severe inflammatory reactions and intestinal damage. Moreover, the secretion of IgA in the intestinal tract of GPR109A+/+ mice was significantly increased after ETEC infection, whereas the IgA levels in GPR109A-/-mice did not change significantly. We added 5 g/L sodium butyrate to the drinking water of all mice. The GPR109A+/+ mice were protected against ETEC infection and no effect was observed in GPR109A-/-mice. Similarly, sodium butyrate increased the SIgA content in the gut of the GPR109A+/+ mice and no effect was observed in GPR109A-/-mice. In conclusion, activated GPR109A is effective against the colonization and translocation of ETEC in the gut and maintains the integrity of the intestinal barrier, possibly by promoting the secretion of intestinal IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Gong
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory Animal Center of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Boyu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yantao Lv
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangmou Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changxin Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juxiong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yimei Tang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Huang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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36
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Zhao H, Xu Y, Li G, Liu X, Li X, Wang L. Protective efficacy of a novel multivalent vaccine in the prevention of diarrhea induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in a murine model. J Vet Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co. Ltd., Dalian 116620, China
| | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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The Intriguing Interaction of Escherichia coli with the Host Environment and Innovative Strategies To Interfere with Colonization: a Summary of the 2019 E. coli and the Mucosal Immune System Meeting. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02085-20. [PMID: 33008822 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02085-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The third E. coli and the Mucosal Immune System (ECMIS) meeting was held at Ghent University in Belgium from 2 to 5 June 2019. It brought together an international group of scientists interested in mechanisms of colonization, host response, and vaccine development. ECMIS distinguishes itself from related meetings on these enteropathogens by providing a greater emphasis on animal health and disease and covering a broad range of pathotypes, including enterohemorrhagic, enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroaggregative, and extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli As it is well established that the genus Shigella represents a subspecies of E. coli, these organisms along with related enteroinvasive E. coli are also included. In addition, Tannerella forsythia, a periodontal pathogen, was presented as an example of a pathogen which uses its surface glycans for mucosal interaction. This review summarizes several highlights from the 2019 meeting and major advances to our understanding of the biology of these pathogens and their impact on the host.
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A first in human clinical trial assessing the safety and immunogenicity of transcutaneously delivered enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli fimbrial tip adhesin with heat-labile enterotoxin with mutation R192G. Vaccine 2020; 38:7040-7048. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wang W, Ma H, Yu H, Qin G, Tan Z, Wang Y, Pang H. Screening of Lactobacillus plantarum Subsp. plantarum with Potential Probiotic Activities for Inhibiting ETEC K88 in Weaned Piglets. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194481. [PMID: 33003556 PMCID: PMC7582832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For screening excellent lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains to inhibit enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88, inhibitory activities of more than 1100 LAB strains isolated from different materials, and kept in the lab, were evaluated in this study. Nine strains with inhibition zones, at least 22.00 mm (including that of a hole puncher, 10.00 mm), and good physiological and biochemical characteristics identified by 16S DNA gene sequencing and recA gene multiple detection, were assigned to Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum subsp. plantarum (5), L. fermentum (1), L. reuteri (1), Weissella cibaria (1) and Enterococcus faecalis (1), respectively. As investigated for their tolerance abilities and safety, only strain ZA3 possessed high hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation abilities, had high survival rate in low pH, bile salt environment, and gastrointestinal (GI) fluids, was sensitive to ampicillin, and resistant to norfloxacin and amikacin, without hemolytic activity, and did not carry antibiotic resistance genes, but exhibited broad spectrum activity against a wide range of microorganisms. Antibacterial substance may attribute to organic acids, especially lactic acid and acetic acid. The results indicated that the selected strain L. plantarum subsp. plantarum ZA3 could be considered a potential probiotic to inhibit ETEC K88 in weaned piglets for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Henan Key Lab Ion Beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (W.W.); (H.M.); (H.Y.); (G.Q.); (Z.T.); (Y.W.)
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hao Ma
- Henan Key Lab Ion Beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (W.W.); (H.M.); (H.Y.); (G.Q.); (Z.T.); (Y.W.)
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Haojie Yu
- Henan Key Lab Ion Beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (W.W.); (H.M.); (H.Y.); (G.Q.); (Z.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Guangyong Qin
- Henan Key Lab Ion Beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (W.W.); (H.M.); (H.Y.); (G.Q.); (Z.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhongfang Tan
- Henan Key Lab Ion Beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (W.W.); (H.M.); (H.Y.); (G.Q.); (Z.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanping Wang
- Henan Key Lab Ion Beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (W.W.); (H.M.); (H.Y.); (G.Q.); (Z.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Huili Pang
- Henan Key Lab Ion Beam Bioengineering, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (W.W.); (H.M.); (H.Y.); (G.Q.); (Z.T.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-150-3715-1053
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Boxall MD, Day MR, Greig DR, Jenkins C. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolated from travellers returning to the UK, 2015-2017. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:932-943. [PMID: 32530393 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are difficult to distinguish from non-pathogenic commensal E. coli using traditional culture methods. The implementation of PCR targeting specific virulence genes characteristic of the five DEC pathotypes, has improved the detection of DEC in faecal specimens from patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal disease.Aim. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of 660 strains of DEC isolated between 2015 and 2017 from UK travellers reporting symptoms of gastrointestinal disease were reviewed to look for evidence of emerging AMR associated with travellers' diarrhoea.Methodology. All isolates of DEC were sequenced, and sequence type, serotype, pathotype markers and AMR profiles were derived from the genome data.Results. A travel history was provided for 54.1 % (357/660) of cases, of which 77.0 % (275/357) reported travel outside the UK within 7 days of onset of symptoms, and 23.0 % (82/357) reported no travel in that time frame. Of the 660 strains of DEC in this study, 265 (40.2 %) samples were identified as EAEC, 48 (7.3 %) as EIEC, 61 (9.2 %) were ETEC and 286 (43.3 %) were EPEC. EPEC caused the highest percentage of infections in children (40.6 %) whilst the highest proportion of cases reporting recent travel were infected with ETEC (86.1 %). There were 390/660 (59.0 %) isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial on the panel tested (EIEC, 81.3 %; ETEC, n=65.6 %; EAEC, n=73.2 %; EPEC, 40.9 %) and 265/660 (40.2 %) were multidrug-resistant (EIEC, 33.3 %; ETEC, 32.8 %; EAEC, 56.2 %; EPEC, 28.0 %). Genes conferring resistance to the beta-lactams and fluroquinolones were highest in the EAEC pathotype, 56.6 and 60.7%, respectively.Conclusions. Increasing MDR, along with resistance to the fluroquinolones and the third-generation cephalosporins, in DEC causing travellers' diarrhoea provides further evidence for the need to restrict the use of antimicrobial agents and continuous monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Boxall
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Martin R Day
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - David R Greig
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
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Tan K, Deng D, Ma X, Cui Y, Tian Z. Pediococcus acidilactici P25 Protected Caenorhabditis elegans against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 Infection and Transcriptomic Analysis of Its Potential Mechanisms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7340312. [PMID: 32337270 PMCID: PMC7150717 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7340312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 is a zoonotic pathogen. Previous studies have shown that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have great potential in promoting health and resisting pathogenic infections; however, relatively little research has been done on the Pediococcus genus of LAB. This study is aimed at exploring the mechanisms imparted by Pediococcus acidilactici P25 against ETEC K88 in Caenorhabditis elegans. The probiotic performance of P25 was investigated in vitro. Colonization of K88 in the intestinal tract of C. elegans and abundance of enterotoxin genes were measured. In addition, the transcriptome of C. elegans infected by K88 was analyzed. The result showed that P25 possessed the ability to produce acid, as well as high tolerances to acidic and high bile salt concentrations. Coculture revealed that the growth of ETEC K88 was significantly inhibited by the presence of P25. The median survival of C. elegans fed P25 was 2 days longer than the group infected with K88 alone (P < 0.01). At the same time, the number of colonizing K88 and the abundances of estB and elt were reduced by up to 71.70% and 2.17 times, respectively, by P25. Transcriptome data indicated that P25 affected expression of genes relative to innate immune response and upregulated the abundance of genes in multiple pathways of C. elegans, including peroxisome, longevity, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. These results demonstrated that in the presence of P25, K88 colonization and their expression of enterotoxin genes were reduced. This was accomplished through the alteration of environmental parameters (pH and bile salt) as well as through the promotion of the innate immune response processes, increased longevity, and increased antipathogenic bacteria-related pathways. This work highlights the potential application of P. acidilactici P25 as a probiotic resistant to ETEC K88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Tan
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China 510640
| | - Dun Deng
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China 510640
| | - Xianyong Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China 510640
| | - Yiyan Cui
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China 510640
| | - Zhimei Tian
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China 510640
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Rueter C, Bielaszewska M. Secretion and Delivery of Intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence Factors via Outer Membrane Vesicles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:91. [PMID: 32211344 PMCID: PMC7068151 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoscale proteoliposomes secreted from the cell envelope of all Gram-negative bacteria. Originally considered as an artifact of the cell wall, OMVs are now recognized as a general secretion system, which serves to improve the fitness of bacteria and facilitate bacterial interactions in polymicrobial communities as well as interactions between the microbe and the host. In general, OMVs are released in increased amounts from pathogenic bacteria and have been found to harbor much of the contents of the parental bacterium. They mainly encompass components of the outer membrane and the periplasm including various virulence factors such as toxins, adhesins, and immunomodulatory molecules. Numerous studies have clearly shown that the delivery of toxins and other virulence factors via OMVs essentially influences their interactions with host cells. Here, we review the OMV-mediated intracellular deployment of toxins and other virulence factors with a special focus on intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Especially, OMVs ubiquitously produced and secreted by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) appear as a highly advanced mechanism for secretion and simultaneous, coordinated and direct delivery of bacterial virulence factors into host cells. OMV-associated virulence factors are not only stabilized by the association with OMVs, but can also often target previously unknown target structures and perform novel activities. The toxins are released by OMVs in their active forms and are transported via cell sorting processes to their specific cell compartments, where they can develop their detrimental effects. OMVs can be considered as bacterial “long distance weapons” that attack host tissues and help bacterial pathogens to establish the colonization of their biological niche(s), impair host cell function, and modulate the defense of the host. Thus, OMVs contribute significantly to the virulence of the pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rueter
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Institute of Infectiology, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martina Bielaszewska
- National Institute of Public Health, Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigellae, Prague, Czechia.,Institute for Hygiene, University Hospital of Muenster, University of Muenster, Münster, Germany
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Kuhlmann FM, Martin J, Hazen TH, Vickers TJ, Pashos M, Okhuysen PC, Gómez-Duarte OG, Cebelinski E, Boxrud D, del Canto F, Vidal R, Qadri F, Mitreva M, Rasko DA, Fleckenstein JM. Conservation and global distribution of non-canonical antigens in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007825. [PMID: 31756188 PMCID: PMC6897418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) cause significant diarrheal morbidity and mortality in children of resource-limited regions, warranting development of effective vaccine strategies. Genetic diversity of the ETEC pathovar has impeded development of broadly protective vaccines centered on the classical canonical antigens, the colonization factors and heat-labile toxin. Two non-canonical ETEC antigens, the EtpA adhesin, and the EatA mucinase are immunogenic in humans and protective in animal models. To foster rational vaccine design that complements existing strategies, we examined the distribution and molecular conservation of these antigens in a diverse population of ETEC isolates. METHODS Geographically diverse ETEC isolates (n = 1159) were interrogated by PCR, immunoblotting, and/or whole genome sequencing (n = 46) to examine antigen conservation. The most divergent proteins were purified and their core functions assessed in vitro. RESULTS EatA and EtpA or their coding sequences were present in 57.0% and 51.5% of the ETEC isolates overall, respectively; and were globally dispersed without significant regional differences in antigen distribution. These antigens also exhibited >93% amino acid sequence identity with even the most divergent proteins retaining the core adhesin and mucinase activity assigned to the prototype molecules. CONCLUSIONS EtpA and EatA are well-conserved molecules in the ETEC pathovar, suggesting that they serve important roles in virulence and that they could be exploited for rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Matthew Kuhlmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John Martin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tracy H. Hazen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tim J. Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Madeline Pashos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pablo C. Okhuysen
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Oscar G. Gómez-Duarte
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Dave Boxrud
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Felipe del Canto
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunonología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David A. Rasko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James M. Fleckenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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