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Maheshwari S, Vilema-Enríquez G, Wade-Martins R. Patient-derived iPSC models of Friedreich ataxia: a new frontier for understanding disease mechanisms and therapeutic application. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:45. [PMID: 37726850 PMCID: PMC10510273 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a rare genetic multisystem disorder caused by a pathological GAA trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FXN gene. The numerous drawbacks of historical cellular and rodent models of FRDA have caused difficulty in performing effective mechanistic and translational studies to investigate the disease. The recent discovery and subsequent development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology provides an exciting platform to enable enhanced disease modelling for studies of rare genetic diseases. Utilising iPSCs, researchers have created phenotypically relevant and previously inaccessible cellular models of FRDA. These models enable studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying GAA-induced pathology, as well as providing an exciting tool for the screening and testing of novel disease-modifying therapies. This review explores how the use of iPSCs to study FRDA has developed over the past decade, as well as discussing the enormous therapeutic potentials of iPSC-derived models, their current limitations and their future direction within the field of FRDA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Maheshwari
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Gabriela Vilema-Enríquez
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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Cotticelli MG, Xia S, Truitt R, Doliba NM, Rozo AV, Tobias JW, Lee T, Chen J, Napierala JS, Napierala M, Yang W, Wilson RB. Acute frataxin knockdown in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes activates a type I interferon response. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:276639. [PMID: 36107856 PMCID: PMC9637271 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia, the most common hereditary ataxia, is a neuro- and cardio-degenerative disorder caused, in most cases, by decreased expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of premature death. Frataxin functions in the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters, which are prosthetic groups that are found in proteins involved in many biological processes. To study the changes associated with decreased frataxin in human cardiomyocytes, we developed a novel isogenic model by acutely knocking down frataxin, post-differentiation, in cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Transcriptome analysis of four biological replicates identified severe mitochondrial dysfunction and a type I interferon response as the pathways most affected by frataxin knockdown. We confirmed that, in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, loss of frataxin leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. The type I interferon response was activated in multiple cell types following acute frataxin knockdown and was caused, at least in part, by release of mitochondrial DNA into the cytosol, activating the cGAS-STING sensor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Grazia Cotticelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shujuan Xia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel Truitt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicolai M. Doliba
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrea V. Rozo
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John W. Tobias
- Department of Genetics, Penn Genomics Analysis Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Taehee Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Justin Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jill S. Napierala
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wenli Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert B. Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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Kelekçi S, Yıldız AB, Sevinç K, Çimen DU, Önder T. Perspectives on current models of Friedreich’s ataxia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:958398. [PMID: 36036008 PMCID: PMC9403045 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.958398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA, OMIM#229300) is the most common hereditary ataxia, resulting from the reduction of frataxin protein levels due to the expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the FXN gene. Why the triplet repeat expansion causes a decrease in Frataxin protein levels is not entirely known. Generation of effective FRDA disease models is crucial for answering questions regarding the pathophysiology of this disease. There have been considerable efforts to generate in vitro and in vivo models of FRDA. In this perspective article, we highlight studies conducted using FRDA animal models, patient-derived materials, and particularly induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived models. We discuss the current challenges in using FRDA animal models and patient-derived cells. Additionally, we provide a brief overview of how iPSC-based models of FRDA were used to investigate the main pathways involved in disease progression and to screen for potential therapeutic agents for FRDA. The specific focus of this perspective article is to discuss the outlook and the remaining challenges in the context of FRDA iPSC-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tamer Önder
- *Correspondence: Simge Kelekçi, , ; Tamer Önder,
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Monfort B, Want K, Gervason S, D’Autréaux B. Recent Advances in the Elucidation of Frataxin Biochemical Function Open Novel Perspectives for the Treatment of Friedreich’s Ataxia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:838335. [PMID: 35310092 PMCID: PMC8924461 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.838335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is the most prevalent autosomic recessive ataxia and is associated with a severe cardiac hypertrophy and less frequently diabetes. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding frataxin (FXN), a small mitochondrial protein. The primary consequence is a defective expression of FXN, with basal protein levels decreased by 70–98%, which foremost affects the cerebellum, dorsal root ganglia, heart and liver. FXN is a mitochondrial protein involved in iron metabolism but its exact function has remained elusive and highly debated since its discovery. At the cellular level, FRDA is characterized by a general deficit in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters and heme, iron accumulation and deposition in mitochondria, and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Based on these phenotypes and the proposed ability of FXN to bind iron, a role as an iron storage protein providing iron for Fe-S cluster and heme biosynthesis was initially proposed. However, this model was challenged by several other studies and it is now widely accepted that FXN functions primarily in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, with iron accumulation, heme deficiency and oxidative stress sensitivity appearing later on as secondary defects. Nonetheless, the biochemical function of FXN in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis is still debated. Several roles have been proposed for FXN: iron chaperone, gate-keeper of detrimental Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, sulfide production stimulator and sulfur transfer accelerator. A picture is now emerging which points toward a unique function of FXN as an accelerator of a key step of sulfur transfer between two components of the Fe-S cluster biosynthetic complex. These findings should foster the development of new strategies for the treatment of FRDA. We will review here the latest discoveries on the biochemical function of frataxin and the implication for a potential therapeutic treatment of FRDA.
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Marwaha S, Knowles JW, Ashley EA. A guide for the diagnosis of rare and undiagnosed disease: beyond the exome. Genome Med 2022; 14:23. [PMID: 35220969 PMCID: PMC8883622 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare diseases affect 30 million people in the USA and more than 300-400 million worldwide, often causing chronic illness, disability, and premature death. Traditional diagnostic techniques rely heavily on heuristic approaches, coupling clinical experience from prior rare disease presentations with the medical literature. A large number of rare disease patients remain undiagnosed for years and many even die without an accurate diagnosis. In recent years, gene panels, microarrays, and exome sequencing have helped to identify the molecular cause of such rare and undiagnosed diseases. These technologies have allowed diagnoses for a sizable proportion (25-35%) of undiagnosed patients, often with actionable findings. However, a large proportion of these patients remain undiagnosed. In this review, we focus on technologies that can be adopted if exome sequencing is unrevealing. We discuss the benefits of sequencing the whole genome and the additional benefit that may be offered by long-read technology, pan-genome reference, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and methyl profiling. We highlight computational methods to help identify regionally distant patients with similar phenotypes or similar genetic mutations. Finally, we describe approaches to automate and accelerate genomic analysis. The strategies discussed here are intended to serve as a guide for clinicians and researchers in the next steps when encountering patients with non-diagnostic exomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Marwaha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Joshua W Knowles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute and Prevention Research Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Euan A Ashley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Sabitha KR, Shetty AK, Upadhya D. Patient-derived iPSC modeling of rare neurodevelopmental disorders: Molecular pathophysiology and prospective therapies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 121:201-219. [PMID: 33370574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathological alterations that manifest during the early embryonic development due to inherited and acquired factors trigger various neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Besides major NDDs, there are several rare NDDs, exhibiting specific characteristics and varying levels of severity triggered due to genetic and epigenetic anomalies. The rarity of subjects, paucity of neural tissues for detailed analysis, and the unavailability of disease-specific animal models have hampered detailed comprehension of rare NDDs, imposing heightened challenge to the medical and scientific community until a decade ago. The generation of functional neurons and glia through directed differentiation protocols for patient-derived iPSCs, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and 3D brain organoid models have provided an excellent opportunity and vibrant resource for decoding the etiology of brain development for rare NDDs caused due to monogenic as well as polygenic disorders. The present review identifies cellular and molecular phenotypes demonstrated from patient-derived iPSCs and possible therapeutic opportunities identified for these disorders. New insights to reinforce the existing knowledge of the pathophysiology of these disorders and prospective therapeutic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Sabitha
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Mazzara PG, Muggeo S, Luoni M, Massimino L, Zaghi M, Valverde PTT, Brusco S, Marzi MJ, Palma C, Colasante G, Iannielli A, Paulis M, Cordiglieri C, Giannelli SG, Podini P, Gellera C, Taroni F, Nicassio F, Rasponi M, Broccoli V. Frataxin gene editing rescues Friedreich's ataxia pathology in dorsal root ganglia organoid-derived sensory neurons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4178. [PMID: 32826895 PMCID: PMC7442818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17954-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal-recessive neurodegenerative and cardiac disorder which occurs when transcription of the FXN gene is silenced due to an excessive expansion of GAA repeats into its first intron. Herein, we generate dorsal root ganglia organoids (DRG organoids) by in vitro differentiation of human iPSCs. Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing show that DRG organoids present a transcriptional signature similar to native DRGs and display the main peripheral sensory neuronal and glial cell subtypes. Furthermore, when co-cultured with human intrafusal muscle fibers, DRG organoid sensory neurons contact their peripheral targets and reconstitute the muscle spindle proprioceptive receptors. FRDA DRG organoids model some molecular and cellular deficits of the disease that are rescued when the entire FXN intron 1 is removed, and not with the excision of the expanded GAA tract. These results strongly suggest that removal of the repressed chromatin flanking the GAA tract might contribute to rescue FXN total expression and fully revert the pathological hallmarks of FRDA DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Giuseppe Mazzara
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 92037, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Muggeo
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Luoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Zaghi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Simone Brusco
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Jacopo Marzi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Palma
- Department of Electronics, Information & Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Colasante
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Iannielli
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Paulis
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordiglieri
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo e Enrica Invernizzi" - INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Gea Giannelli
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Podini
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Gellera
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Taroni
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicassio
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information & Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience, 20129, Milan, Italy.
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Pueraria lobata and Daidzein Reduce Cytotoxicity by Enhancing Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Function in SCA3-iPSC-Derived Neurons. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8130481. [PMID: 31687087 PMCID: PMC6800904 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8130481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion within the ATXN3/MJD1 gene. The expanded CAG repeats encode a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract at the C-terminus of the ATXN3 protein. ATXN3 containing expanded polyQ forms aggregates, leading to subsequent cellular dysfunctions including an impaired ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). To investigate the pathogenesis of SCA3 and develop potential therapeutic strategies, we established induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from SCA3 patients (SCA3-iPSC). Neurons derived from SCA3-iPSCs formed aggregates that are positive to the polyQ marker 1C2. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor, MG132, on SCA3-iPSC-derived neurons downregulated proteasome activity, increased production of radical oxygen species (ROS), and upregulated the cleaved caspase 3 level and caspase 3 activity. This increased susceptibility to the proteasome inhibitor can be rescued by a Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) extract NH037 (from Pueraria lobata) and its constituent daidzein via upregulating proteasome activity and reducing protein ubiquitination, oxidative stress, cleaved caspase 3 level, and caspase 3 activity. Our results successfully recapitulate the key phenotypes of the neurons derived from SCA3 patients, as well as indicate the potential of NH037 and daidzein in the treatment for SCA3 patients.
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Schreiber AM, Misiorek JO, Napierala JS, Napierala M. Progress in understanding Friedreich's ataxia using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019; 7:81-90. [PMID: 30828501 DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1562334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive multisystem disease mainly affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems, and heart. FRDA is caused by a GAA repeat expansion in the first intron of the frataxin (FXN) gene, that leads to reduced expression of FXN mRNA and frataxin protein. Neuronal and cardiac cells are primary targets of frataxin deficiency and generating models via differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into these cell types is essential for progress towards developing therapies for FRDA. Areas covered This review is focused on modeling FRDA using human iPSCs and various iPSC-differentiated cell types. We emphasized the importance of patient and corrected isogenic cell line pairs to minimize effects caused by biological variability between individuals. Expert opinion The versatility of iPSC-derived cellular models of FRDA is advantageous for developing new therapeutic strategies, and rigorous testing in such models will be critical for approval of the first treatment for FRDA. Creating a well-characterized and diverse set of iPSC lines, including appropriate isogenic controls, will facilitate achieving this goal. Also, improvement of differentiation protocols, especially towards proprioceptive sensory neurons and organoid generation, is necessary to utilize the full potential of iPSC technology in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Schreiber
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Julia O Misiorek
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jill S Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, United States
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, United States
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Pacitti D, Privolizzi R, Bax BE. Organs to Cells and Cells to Organoids: The Evolution of in vitro Central Nervous System Modelling. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:129. [PMID: 31024259 PMCID: PMC6465581 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, the human brain is not just the most complex organ in the human body, but has also been described as "the most complex thing in the universe." The limited availability of human living brain tissue for the study of neurogenesis, neural processes and neurological disorders has resulted in more than a century-long strive from researchers worldwide to model the central nervous system (CNS) and dissect both its striking physiology and enigmatic pathophysiology. The invaluable knowledge gained with the use of animal models and post mortem human tissue remains limited to cross-species similarities and structural features, respectively. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) and 3-D organoid technologies has revolutionised the approach to the study of human brain and CNS in vitro, presenting great potential for disease modelling and translational adoption in drug screening and regenerative medicine, also contributing beneficially to clinical research. We have surveyed more than 100 years of research in CNS modelling and provide in this review an historical excursus of its evolution, from early neural tissue explants and organotypic cultures, to 2-D patient-derived cell monolayers, to the latest development of 3-D cerebral organoids. We have generated a comprehensive summary of CNS modelling techniques and approaches, protocol refinements throughout the course of decades and developments in the study of specific neuropathologies. Current limitations and caveats such as clonal variation, developmental stage, validation of pluripotency and chromosomal stability, functional assessment, reproducibility, accuracy and scalability of these models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pacitti
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine and Health, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Privolizzi
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget E. Bax
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Bridget E. Bax,
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a spectrum of muscle disorders, which are caused by a number of gene mutations. The studies of MDs are limited due to lack of appropriate models, except for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), and certain type of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD). Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies are emerging to offer a useful model for mechanistic studies, drug discovery, and cell-based therapy to supplement in vivo animal models. This review will focus on current applications of iPSC as disease models of MDs for studies of pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic development. Recent Findings Many and more human disease-specific iPSCs have been or being established, which carry the natural mutation of MDs with human genomic background. These iPSCs can be differentiated into specific cell types affected in a particular MDs such as skeletal muscle progenitor cells, skeletal muscle fibers, and cardiomyocytes. Human iPSCs are particularly useful for studies of the pathogenicity at the early stage or developmental phase of MDs. High-throughput screening using disease-specific human iPSCs has become a powerful technology in drug discovery. While MD iPSCs have been generated for cell-based replacement therapy, recent advances in genome editing technologies enabled correction of genetic mutations in these cells in culture, raising hope for in vivo genome therapy, which offers a fundamental cure for these daunting inherited MDs. Summary Human disease-specific iPSC models for MDs are emerging as an additional tool to current disease models for elucidating disease mechanisms and developing therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Xia
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Naohiro Terada
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Houston Methodist Neurological Institute and Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave R11-117, Houston, TX USA
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Anderson RH, Francis KR. Modeling rare diseases with induced pluripotent stem cell technology. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 40:52-59. [PMID: 29307697 PMCID: PMC6033695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rare diseases, in totality, affect a significant proportion of the population and represent an unmet medical need facing the scientific community. However, the treatment of individuals affected by rare diseases is hampered by poorly understood mechanisms preventing the development of viable therapeutics. The discovery and application of cellular reprogramming to create novel induced pluripotent stem cell models of rare diseases has revolutionized the rare disease community. Through developmental and functional analysis of differentiated cell types, these stem cell models carrying patient-specific mutations have become an invaluable tool for rare disease research. In this review article, we discuss the reprogramming of samples from individuals affected with rare diseases to induced pluripotent stem cells, current and future applications for this technology, and how integration of genome editing to rare disease research will help to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and lead to patient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthellen H Anderson
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Kevin R Francis
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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Kumari R, Kumar D, Brahmachari SK, Srivastava AK, Faruq M, Mukerji M. Paradigm for disease deconvolution in rare neurodegenerative disorders in Indian population: insights from studies in cerebellar ataxias. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wong MMK, Watson LM, Becker EBE. Recent advances in modelling of cerebellar ataxia using induced pluripotent stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:11-15. [PMID: 28825058 PMCID: PMC5558869 DOI: 10.29245/2572.942x/2017/7.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellar ataxias are a group of incurable brain disorders that are caused primarily by the progressive dysfunction and degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells. The lack of reliable disease models for the heterogeneous ataxias has hindered the understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms as well as the development of effective therapies for these devastating diseases. Recent advances in the field of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offer new possibilities to better understand and potentially reverse disease pathology. Given the neurodevelopmental phenotypes observed in several types of ataxias, iPSC-based models have the potential to provide significant insights into disease progression, as well as opportunities for the development of early intervention therapies. To date, however, very few studies have successfully used iPSC-derived cells to model cerebellar ataxias. In this review, we focus on recent breakthroughs in generating human iPSC-derived Purkinje cells. We also highlight the future challenges that will need to be addressed in order to fully exploit these models for the modelling of the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebellar ataxias and the development of effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M K Wong
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren M Watson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Crombie DE, Curl CL, Raaijmakers AJA, Sivakumaran P, Kulkarni T, Wong RCB, Minami I, Evans-Galea MV, Lim SY, Delbridge L, Corben LA, Dottori M, Nakatsuji N, Trounce IA, Hewitt AW, Delatycki MB, Pera MF, Pébay A. Friedreich's ataxia induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes display electrophysiological abnormalities and calcium handling deficiency. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:1440-1452. [PMID: 28562313 PMCID: PMC5472743 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We sought to identify the impacts of Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) on cardiomyocytes. FRDA is an autosomal recessive degenerative condition with neuronal and non-neuronal manifestations, the latter including progressive cardiomyopathy of the left ventricle, the leading cause of death in FRDA. Little is known about the cellular pathogenesis of FRDA in cardiomyocytes. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were derived from three FRDA individuals with characterized GAA repeats. The cells were differentiated into cardiomyocytes to assess phenotypes. FRDA iPSC- cardiomyocytes retained low levels of FRATAXIN (FXN) mRNA and protein. Electrophysiology revealed an increased variation of FRDA- cardiomyocyte beating rates which was prevented by addition of nifedipine, suggestive of a calcium handling deficiency. Finally, calcium imaging was performed and we identified small amplitude, diastolic and systolic calcium transients confirming a deficiency in calcium handling. We defined a robust FRDA cardiac-specific electrophysiological profile in patient-derived iPSCs which could be used for high throughput compound screening. This cell-specific signature will contribute to the identification and screening of novel treatments for this life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan E. Crombie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire L. Curl
- Department of Physiology, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Tejal Kulkarni
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Neural Engineering & Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Raymond CB Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Itsunari Minami
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Marguerite V. Evans-Galea
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shiang Y. Lim
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Lea Delbridge
- O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Louise A. Corben
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Mirella Dottori
- Centre for Neural Engineering & Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Norio Nakatsuji
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ian A. Trounce
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Martin B. Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Australia
| | - Martin F. Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, the University of Melbourne, Florey Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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16
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Jaworska E, Kozlowska E, Switonski PM, Krzyzosiak WJ. Modeling simple repeat expansion diseases with iPSC technology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4085-100. [PMID: 27261369 PMCID: PMC11108530 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of human genetic disorders, including Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy type 1, C9ORF72 form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and several spinocerebellar ataxias, are caused by the expansion of various microsatellite sequences in single implicated genes. The neurodegenerative and neuromuscular nature of the repeat expansion disorders considerably limits the access of researchers to appropriate cellular models of these diseases. This limitation, however, can be overcome by the application of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the modeling of repeat expansion diseases with human iPSCs and iPSC-derived cells, focusing on the disease phenotypes recapitulated in these models. In subsequent sections, we provide basic practical knowledge regarding iPSC generation, characterization and differentiation into neurons. We also cover disease modeling in iPSCs, neuronal stem cells and specialized neuronal cultures. Furthermore, we also summarize the therapeutic potential of iPSC technology in repeat expansion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Jaworska
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str., 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Emilia Kozlowska
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str., 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel M Switonski
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str., 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz J Krzyzosiak
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Str., 61-704, Poznan, Poland.
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17
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Lukovic D, Moreno-Manzano V, Rodriguez-Jimenez FJ, Vilches A, Sykova E, Jendelova P, Stojkovic M, Erceg S. hiPSC Disease Modeling of Rare Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias: Opportunities and Future Challenges. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:554-566. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858416672652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias are clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases affecting primary cerebellar cells. The lack of availability of affected tissue from cerebellar ataxias patients is the main obstacle in investigating the pathogenicity of these diseases. The landmark discovery of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) has permitted the derivation of patient-specific cells with an unlimited self-renewing capacity. Additionally, their potential to differentiate into virtually any cell type of the human organism allows for large amounts of affected cells to be generated in culture, converting this hiPSC technology into a revolutionary tool in the study of the mechanisms of disease, drug discovery, and gene correction. In this review, we will summarize the current studies in which hiPSC were utilized to study cerebellar ataxias. Describing the currently available 2D and 3D hiPSC-based cellular models, and due to the fact that extracerebellar cells were used to model these diseases, we will discuss whether or not they represent a faithful cellular model and whether they have contributed to a better understanding of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Lukovic
- Stem Cells Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Research Center “Principe Felipe,” Valencia, Spain
- National Stem Cell Bank-Valencia Node, Biomolecular and Bioinformatics Resources Platform PRB2, ISCIII, Research Center “Principe Felipe,” Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Angel Vilches
- Stem Cells Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Research Center “Principe Felipe,” Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Sykova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miodrag Stojkovic
- Spebo Medical, Leskovac, Serbia
- Human Genetics Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slaven Erceg
- Stem Cells Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab, Research Center “Principe Felipe,” Valencia, Spain
- National Stem Cell Bank-Valencia Node, Biomolecular and Bioinformatics Resources Platform PRB2, ISCIII, Research Center “Principe Felipe,” Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Bett GCL, Kaplan AD, Rasmusson RL. Action Potential Shape Is a Crucial Measure of Cell Type of Stem Cell-Derived Cardiocytes. Biophys J 2016; 110:284-6. [PMID: 26745432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Glenna C L Bett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Cellular and Systems Electrophysiology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cellular and Systems Electrophysiology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
| | - Aaron D Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Cellular and Systems Electrophysiology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Cellular and Systems Electrophysiology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Randall L Rasmusson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Cellular and Systems Electrophysiology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Cellular and Systems Electrophysiology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
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19
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Barral S, Kurian MA. Utility of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Study and Treatment of Genetic Diseases: Focus on Childhood Neurological Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:78. [PMID: 27656126 PMCID: PMC5012159 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of neurological disorders often presents with significant challenges due to the inaccessibility of human neuronal cells for further investigation. Advances in cellular reprogramming techniques, have however provided a new source of human cells for laboratory-based research. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can now be robustly differentiated into specific neural subtypes, including dopaminergic, inhibitory GABAergic, motorneurons and cortical neurons. These neurons can then be utilized for in vitro studies to elucidate molecular causes underpinning neurological disease. Although human iPSC-derived neuronal models are increasingly regarded as a useful tool in cell biology, there are a number of limitations, including the relatively early, fetal stage of differentiated cells and the mainly two dimensional, simple nature of the in vitro system. Furthermore, clonal variation is a well-described phenomenon in iPSC lines. In order to account for this, robust baseline data from multiple control lines is necessary to determine whether a particular gene defect leads to a specific cellular phenotype. Over the last few years patient-derived neural cells have proven very useful in addressing several mechanistic questions related to central nervous system diseases, including early-onset neurological disorders of childhood. Many studies report the clinical utility of human-derived neural cells for testing known drugs with repurposing potential, novel compounds and gene therapies, which then can be translated to clinical reality. iPSCs derived neural cells, therefore provide great promise and potential to gain insight into, and treat early-onset neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Barral
- Neurogenetics Group, Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health,University College London London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Neurogenetics Group, Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health,University College LondonLondon, UK; Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street HospitalLondon, UK
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20
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Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as a Model for Heart Development and Congenital Heart Disease. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:710-27. [PMID: 26085192 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) remains a significant health problem, with a growing population of survivors with chronic disease. Despite intense efforts to understand the genetic basis of CHD in humans, the etiology of most CHD is unknown. Furthermore, new models of CHD are required to better understand the development of CHD and to explore novel therapies for this patient population. In this review, we highlight the role that human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes can serve to enhance our understanding of the development, pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets for CHD. We highlight the use of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes to model gene regulatory interactions, cell-cell interactions and tissue interactions contributing to CHD. We further emphasize the importance of using hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes as personalized research models. The use of hiPSCs presents an unprecedented opportunity to generate disease-specific cellular models, investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease and uncover new therapeutic targets for CHD.
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21
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Watson LM, Wong MMK, Becker EBE. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology for modelling and therapy of cerebellar ataxia. Open Biol 2016; 5:150056. [PMID: 26136256 PMCID: PMC4632502 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has emerged as an important tool in understanding, and potentially reversing, disease pathology. This is particularly true in the case of neurodegenerative diseases, in which the affected cell types are not readily accessible for study. Since the first descriptions of iPSC-based disease modelling, considerable advances have been made in understanding the aetiology and progression of a diverse array of neurodegenerative conditions, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. To date, however, relatively few studies have succeeded in using iPSCs to model the neurodegeneration observed in cerebellar ataxia. Given the distinct neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with certain types of ataxia, iPSC-based models are likely to provide significant insights, not only into disease progression, but also to the development of early-intervention therapies. In this review, we describe the existing iPSC-based disease models of this heterogeneous group of conditions and explore the challenges associated with generating cerebellar neurons from iPSCs, which have thus far hindered the expansion of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Watson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maggie M K Wong
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Crombie DE, Pera MF, Delatycki MB, Pébay A. Using human pluripotent stem cells to study Friedreich ataxia cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2016; 212:37-43. [PMID: 27019046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is the most common of the inherited ataxias. It is an autosomal recessive disease characterised by degeneration of peripheral sensory neurons, regions of the central nervous system and cardiomyopathy. FRDA is usually due to homozygosity for trinucleotide GAA repeat expansions found within first intron of the FRATAXIN (FXN) gene, which results in reduced levels of the mitochondrial protein FXN. Reduced FXN protein results in mitochondrial dysfunction and iron accumulation leading to increased oxidative stress and cell death in the nervous system and heart. Yet the precise functions of FXN and the underlying mechanisms leading to disease pathology remain elusive. This is particularly true of the cardiac aspect of FRDA, which remains largely uncharacterized at the cellular level. Here, we summarise current knowledge on experimental models in which to study FRDA cardiomyopathy, with a particular focus on the use of human pluripotent stem cells as a disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan E Crombie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martin F Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, The University of Melbourne, Florey Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Australia
| | - Martin B Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia; Clinical Genetics, Austin Health, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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23
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Revisiting Mitochondrial Function and Metabolism in Pluripotent Stem Cells: Where Do We Stand in Neurological Diseases? Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1858-1873. [PMID: 26892627 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are powerful cellular tools that can generate all the different cell types of the body, and thus overcome the often limited access to human disease tissues; this becomes highly relevant when aiming to investigate cellular (dys)function in diseases affecting the central nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated that PSC and differentiated cells show altered mitochondrial function and metabolic profiles and production of reactive oxygen species. This raises an emerging paradigm about the role of mitochondria in stem cell biology and urges the need to identify mitochondrial pathways involved in these processes. In this respect, this review focuses on the metabolic profile of PSC and how mitochondrial function can influence the reprogramming and differentiation processes. Indeed, both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) favor the glycolytic pathway as a major source of energy production over oxidative phosphorylation. PSC mitochondria are characterized by a spherical shape, low copy number of mitochondrial DNA, and a hyperpolarized state. Indeed, mitochondria appear to have a crucial role in reprogramming iPSC, in the maintenance of a pluripotent state, and in differentiation. Moreover, an increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation has to occur for differentiation to succeed. Therefore, in vitro differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into neurons can be compromised if those mechanisms are impaired. Future research should shed light on how mitochondrial impairment occurring in pre differentiation neural stages (e.g., in NSC or premature neurons) may contribute for the etiopathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders.
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24
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An Overview of Direct Somatic Reprogramming: The Ins and Outs of iPSCs. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010141. [PMID: 26805822 PMCID: PMC4730380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are classified into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. An evolving alternative to conventional stem cell therapies is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have a multi-lineage potential comparable to conventionally acquired embryonic stem cells with the additional benefits of being less immunoreactive and avoiding many of the ethical concerns raised with the use of embryonic material. The ability to generate iPSCs from somatic cells provides tremendous promise for regenerative medicine. The breakthrough of iPSCs has raised the possibility that patient-specific iPSCs can provide autologous cells for cell therapy without the concern for immune rejection. iPSCs are also relevant tools for modeling human diseases and drugs screening. However, there are still several hurdles to overcome before iPSCs can be used for translational purposes. Here, we review the recent advances in somatic reprogramming and the challenges that must be overcome to move this strategy closer to clinical application.
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25
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Crombie DE, Van Bergen N, Davidson KC, Anjomani Virmouni S, Mckelvie PA, Chrysostomou V, Conquest A, Corben LA, Pook MA, Kulkarni T, Trounce IA, Pera MF, Delatycki MB, Pébay A. Characterization of the retinal pigment epithelium in Friedreich ataxia. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 4:141-147. [PMID: 29124197 PMCID: PMC5668915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed structural elements of the retina in individuals with Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) and in mouse models of FRDA, as well as functions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in FRDA using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We analyzed the retina of the FRDA mouse models YG22R and YG8R containing a human FRATAXIN (FXN) transgene by histology. We complemented this work with post-mortem evaluation of eyes from FRDA patients. Finally, we derived RPE cells from patient FRDA-iPSCs to assess oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and phagocytosis. We showed that whilst the YG22R and YG8R mouse models display elements of retinal degeneration, they do not recapitulate the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) found in the human disease. Further, RPE cells differentiated from human FRDA-iPSCs showed normal OXPHOS and we did not observe functional impairment of the RPE in Humans. We examined the retinal pigment epithelium in Friedreich ataxia. We used mouse models, human postmortem eyes and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium cells. We did not find evidence of retinal pigment epithelium impairment in humans. We described elements of degeneration in YG22R and YG8R mouse retina and human eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan E Crombie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital & Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole Van Bergen
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital & Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn C Davidson
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital & Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sara Anjomani Virmouni
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences & Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Vicki Chrysostomou
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital & Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alison Conquest
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital & Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise A Corben
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences , Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mark A Pook
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health & Life Sciences & Synthetic Biology Theme, Institute of Environment, Health & Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Tejal Kulkarni
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital & Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian A Trounce
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital & Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martin F Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, The University of Melbourne, Florey Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martin B Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences , Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Clinical Genetics, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital & Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
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26
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Isaacs CJ, Shinnick JE, Schadt K, Lynch DR, Lin KY. Prospects of gene and cell therapy for managing cardiac complications in Friedreich ataxia. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1083854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Cardiovascular Disease Modeling Using Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:18894-922. [PMID: 26274955 PMCID: PMC4581278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160818894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has opened up a new scientific frontier in medicine. This technology has made it possible to obtain pluripotent stem cells from individuals with genetic disorders. Because iPSCs carry the identical genetic anomalies related to those disorders, iPSCs are an ideal platform for medical research. The pathophysiological cellular phenotypes of genetically heritable heart diseases such as arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies, have been modeled on cell culture dishes using disease-specific iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. These model systems can potentially provide new insights into disease mechanisms and drug discoveries. This review focuses on recent progress in cardiovascular disease modeling using iPSCs, and discusses problems and future perspectives concerning their use.
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28
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Ichida JK, Kiskinis E. Probing disorders of the nervous system using reprogramming approaches. EMBO J 2015; 34:1456-77. [PMID: 25925386 PMCID: PMC4474524 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The groundbreaking technologies of induced pluripotency and lineage conversion have generated a genuine opportunity to address fundamental aspects of the diseases that affect the nervous system. These approaches have granted us unrestricted access to the brain and spinal cord of patients and have allowed for the study of disease in the context of human cells, expressing physiological levels of proteins and under each patient's unique genetic constellation. Along with this unprecedented opportunity have come significant challenges, particularly in relation to patient variability, experimental design and data interpretation. Nevertheless, significant progress has been achieved over the past few years both in our ability to create the various neural subtypes that comprise the nervous system and in our efforts to develop cellular models of disease that recapitulate clinical findings identified in patients. In this Review, we present tables listing the various human neural cell types that can be generated and the neurological disease modeling studies that have been reported, describe the current state of the field, highlight important breakthroughs and discuss the next steps and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin K Ichida
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad, CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evangelos Kiskinis
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology & Clinical Neurological Sciences and Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Igoillo-Esteve M, Gurgul-Convey E, Hu A, Romagueira Bichara Dos Santos L, Abdulkarim B, Chintawar S, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Jonas JC, Eizirik DL, Pandolfo M, Cnop M. Unveiling a common mechanism of apoptosis in β-cells and neurons in Friedreich's ataxia. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2274-86. [PMID: 25552656 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with cardiomyopathy and diabetes. Effective therapies for FRDA are an urgent unmet need; there are currently no options to prevent or treat this orphan disease. FRDA is caused by reduced expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. We have previously demonstrated that pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and death cause diabetes in FRDA. This is secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not known. Here we show that β-cell demise in frataxin deficiency is the consequence of oxidative stress-mediated activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bad, DP5 and Bim are the key mediators of frataxin deficiency-induced β-cell death. Importantly, the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is also activated in FRDA patients' induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Interestingly, cAMP induction normalizes mitochondrial oxidative status and fully prevents activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in frataxin-deficient β-cells and neurons. This preclinical study suggests that incretin analogs hold potential to prevent/delay both diabetes and neurodegeneration in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Gurgul-Convey
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Amélie Hu
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Laila Romagueira Bichara Dos Santos
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d' Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | | | - Satyan Chintawar
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy and
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy and
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d' Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | | | - Massimo Pandolfo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research and, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Li Y, Polak U, Bhalla AD, Rozwadowska N, Butler JS, Lynch DR, Dent SYR, Napierala M. Excision of Expanded GAA Repeats Alleviates the Molecular Phenotype of Friedreich's Ataxia. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1055-1065. [PMID: 25758173 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurological disease caused by expansions of guanine-adenine-adenine (GAA) repeats in intron 1 of the frataxin (FXN) gene. The expansion results in significantly decreased frataxin expression. We report that human FRDA cells can be corrected by zinc finger nuclease-mediated excision of the expanded GAA repeats. Editing of a single expanded GAA allele created heterozygous, FRDA carrier-like cells and significantly increased frataxin expression. This correction persisted during reprogramming of zinc finger nuclease-edited fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells and subsequent differentiation into neurons. The expression of FRDA biomarkers was normalized in corrected patient cells and disease-associated phenotypes, such as decreases in aconitase activity and intracellular ATP levels, were reversed in zinc finger nuclease corrected neuronal cells. Genetically and phenotypically corrected patient cells represent not only a preferred disease-relevant model system to study pathogenic mechanisms, but also a critical step towards development of cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, UAB Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Urszula Polak
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, Texas, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Angela D Bhalla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, UAB Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Natalia Rozwadowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, UAB Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Science, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jill Sergesketter Butler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, UAB Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David R Lynch
- Division of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharon Y R Dent
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, UAB Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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31
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Eschenhagen T, Mummery C, Knollmann BC. Modelling sarcomeric cardiomyopathies in the dish: from human heart samples to iPSC cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 105:424-38. [PMID: 25618410 PMCID: PMC4349163 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the obstacles to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of human cardiomyopathies has been poor availability of heart-tissue samples at early stages of disease development. This has possibly changed by the advent of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) from which cardiomyocytes can be derived in vitro. The main promise of hiPSC technology is that by capturing the effects of thousands of individual gene variants, the phenotype of differentiated derivatives of these cells will provide more information on a particular disease than simple genotyping. This article summarizes what is known about the ‘human cardiomyopathy or heart failure phenotype in vitro’, which constitutes the reference for modelling sarcomeric cardiomyopathies in hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. The current techniques for hiPSC generation and cardiac myocyte differentiation are briefly reviewed and the few published reports of hiPSC models of sarcomeric cardiomyopathies described. A discussion of promises and challenges of hiPSC-modelling of sarcomeric cardiomyopathies and individualized approaches is followed by a number of questions that, in the view of the authors, need to be answered before the true potential of this technology can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck
| | - Christine Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Einthovenweg 20, 2333ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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32
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Datta D, Kim KS. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) to Study and Treat Movement Disorders. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Brändl B, Schneider SA, Loring JF, Hardy J, Gribbon P, Müller FJ. Stem cell reprogramming: basic implications and future perspective for movement disorders. Mov Disord 2014; 30:301-12. [PMID: 25546831 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of stem cell-associated molecular factors into human patient-derived cells allows for their reprogramming in the laboratory environment. As a result, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) can now be reprogrammed epigenetically without disruption of their overall genomic integrity. For patients with neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive loss of functional neurons, the ability to reprogram any individual's cells and drive their differentiation toward susceptible neuronal subtypes holds great promise. Apart from applications in regenerative medicine and cell replacement-based therapy, hiPSCs are increasingly used in preclinical research for establishing disease models and screening for drug toxicities. The rapid developments in this field prompted us to review recent progress toward the applications of stem cell technologies for movement disorders. We introduce reprogramming strategies and explain the critical steps in the differentiation of hiPSCs to clinical relevant subtypes of cells in the context of movement disorders. We summarize and discuss recent discoveries in this field, which, based on the rapidly expanding basic science literature as well as upcoming trends in personalized medicine, will strongly influence the future therapeutic options available to practitioners working with patients suffering from such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Brändl
- Center for Psychiatry, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
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34
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Noisa P, Raivio T. Neural crest cells: From developmental biology to clinical interventions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:263-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parinya Noisa
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology; University of Helsinki; Finland
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology; University of Helsinki; Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital; Finland
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35
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Lee YK, Ho PWL, Schick R, Lau YM, Lai WH, Zhou T, Li Y, Ng KM, Ho SL, Esteban MA, Binah O, Tse HF, Siu CW. Modeling of Friedreich ataxia-related iron overloading cardiomyopathy using patient-specific-induced pluripotent stem cells. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1831-44. [PMID: 24327207 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), a recessive neurodegenerative disorder commonly associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is due to GAA repeat expansions within the first intron of the frataxin (FXN) gene encoding the mitochondrial protein involved in iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis. The triplet codon repeats lead to heterochromatin-mediated gene silencing and loss of frataxin. Nevertheless, inadequacy of existing FRDA-cardiac cellular models limited cardiomyopathy studies. We tested the hypothesis that iron homeostasis deregulation accelerates reduction in energy synthesis dynamics which contributes to impaired cardiac calcium homeostasis and contractile force. Silencing of FXN expressions occurred both in somatic FRDA-skin fibroblasts and two of the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) clones; a sign of stress condition was shown in FRDA-iPSC cardiomyocytes with disorganized mitochondrial network and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion; hypertrophic cardiac stress responses were observed by an increase in α-actinin-positive cell sizes revealed by FACS analysis as well as elevation in brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) gene expression; the intracellular iron accumulated in FRDA cardiomyocytes might be due to attenuated negative feedback response of transferring receptor (TSFR) expression and positive feedback response of ferritin (FTH1); energy synthesis dynamics, in terms of ATP production rate, was impaired in FRDA-iPSC cardiomyocytes, which were prone to iron overload condition. Energetic insufficiency determined slower Ca(2+) transients by retarding calcium reuptake to sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and impaired the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses to adrenergic stimulation. Our data showed for the first time that FRDA-iPSCs cardiac derivatives represent promising models to study cardiac stress response due to impaired iron homeostasis condition and mitochondrial damages. The cardiomyopathy phenotype was accelerated in an iron-overloaded condition early in calcium homeostasis aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Ki Lee
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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36
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Tajiri N, Staples M, Kaneko Y, Kim SU, Zesiewicz TA, Borlongan CV. Autologous stem cell transplant with gene therapy for Friedreich ataxia. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:296-8. [PMID: 24962209 PMCID: PMC4145018 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We advance the overarching hypothesis that stem cell therapy is a potent treatment for Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA). Here, we discuss the feasibility of autologous transplantation in FRDA, highlighting the need for the successful isolation of the FRDA patient's bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, followed by characterization that these cells maintain the GAA repeat expansion and the reduced FXN mRNA expression, both hallmark features of FRDA. Next, we discuss the need for assessment of the proliferative capability and pluripotency of FRDA patient's bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. In particular, we view the need for characterizing the in vitro differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into the two cell types primarily affected in FRDA, peripheral neurons and cardiomyocytes. Finally, we discuss the need to test the application of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells as potent autologous donor cells for FRDA. The demonstration of the functional correction of the mutated gene in these cells will be a critical endpoint of determining the potential of stem cell therapy in FRDA. We envision a gene-based cell transplant strategy as a likely therapeutic approach for FRDA, involving stable insertion of functional human bacterial artificial chromosomes or BACs containing the intact FXN gene into stem cells, thereafter leading to the expression of frataxin protein in differentiated neurons/cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tajiri
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Meaghan Staples
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Seung U Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Theresa A Zesiewicz
- University of South Florida Ataxia Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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37
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Bird MJ, Needham K, Frazier AE, van Rooijen J, Leung J, Hough S, Denham M, Thornton ME, Parish CL, Nayagam BA, Pera M, Thorburn DR, Thompson LH, Dottori M. Functional characterization of Friedreich ataxia iPS-derived neuronal progenitors and their integration in the adult brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101718. [PMID: 25000412 PMCID: PMC4084949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterised by neurodegeneration and cardiomyopathy that is caused by an insufficiency of the mitochondrial protein, frataxin. Our previous studies described the generation of FRDA induced pluripotent stem cell lines (FA3 and FA4 iPS) that retained genetic characteristics of this disease. Here we extend these studies, showing that neural derivatives of FA iPS cells are able to differentiate into functional neurons, which don't show altered susceptibility to cell death, and have normal mitochondrial function. Furthermore, FA iPS-derived neural progenitors are able to differentiate into functional neurons and integrate in the nervous system when transplanted into the cerebellar regions of host adult rodent brain. These are the first studies to describe both in vitro and in vivo characterization of FA iPS-derived neurons and demonstrate their capacity to survive long term. These findings are highly significant for developing FRDA therapies using patient-derived stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Bird
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karina Needham
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ann E. Frazier
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jorien van Rooijen
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessie Leung
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shelley Hough
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Denham
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew E. Thornton
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Clare L. Parish
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryony A. Nayagam
- Department of Audiology and Speech Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Thorburn
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan H. Thompson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mirella Dottori
- Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Jang J, Quan Z, Yum YJ, Song HS, Paek S, Kang HC. Induced pluripotent stem cells for modeling of pediatric neurological disorders. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:871-81. [PMID: 24838856 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying childhood neurological disorders have remained obscure due to a lack of suitable disease models reflecting human pathogenesis. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, various neurological disorders can now be extensively modeled. Specifically, iPSC technology has aided the study and treatment of early-onset pediatric neurodegenerative diseases such as Rett syndrome, Down syndrome, Angelman syndrome. Prader-Willi syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), fragile X syndrome, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), and SCN1A gene-related epilepsies. In this paper, we provide an overview of various gene delivery systems for generating iPSCs, the current state of modeling early-onset neurological disorders and the ultimate application of these in vitro models in cell therapy through the correction of disease-specific mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Jang
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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39
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Evans-Galea MV, Pébay A, Dottori M, Corben LA, Ong SH, Lockhart PJ, Delatycki MB. Cell and gene therapy for Friedreich ataxia: progress to date. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:684-93. [PMID: 24749505 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) present significant challenges in developing effective therapeutic intervention. Current treatments aim to manage symptoms and thus improve quality of life, but none can cure, nor are proven to slow, the neurodegeneration inherent to this disease. The primary clinical features of FRDA include progressive ataxia and shortened life span, with complications of cardiomyopathy being the major cause of death. FRDA is most commonly caused by an expanded GAA trinucleotide repeat in the first intron of FXN that leads to reduced levels of frataxin, a mitochondrial protein important for iron metabolism. The GAA expansion in FRDA does not alter the coding sequence of FXN. It results in reduced production of structurally normal frataxin, and hence any increase in protein level is expected to be therapeutically beneficial. Recently, there has been increased interest in developing novel therapeutic applications like cell and/or gene therapies, and these cutting-edge applications could provide effective treatment options for FRDA. Importantly, since individuals with FRDA produce frataxin at low levels, increased expression should not elicit an immune response. Here we review the advances to date and highlight the future potential for cell and gene therapy to treat this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite V Evans-Galea
- 1 Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
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40
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Abstract
With the discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, it is now possible to convert differentiated somatic cells into multipotent stem cells that have the capacity to generate all cell types of adult tissues. Thus, there is a wide variety of applications for this technology, including regenerative medicine, in vitro disease modeling, and drug screening/discovery. Although biological and biochemical techniques have been well established for cell reprogramming, bioengineering technologies offer novel tools for the reprogramming, expansion, isolation, and differentiation of iPS cells. In this article, we review these bioengineering approaches for the derivation and manipulation of iPS cells and focus on their relevance to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Hirschi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511;
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41
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Puccio H, Anheim M, Tranchant C. Pathophysiogical and therapeutic progress in Friedreich ataxia. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:355-65. [PMID: 24792433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is the most common hereditary autosomal recessive ataxia, but is also a multisystemic condition with frequent presence of cardiomyopathy or diabetes. It has been linked to expansion of a GAA-triplet repeat in the first intron of the FXN gene, leading to a reduced level of frataxin, a mitochondrial protein which, by controlling both iron entry and/or sulfide production, is essential to properly assemble and protect the Fe-S cluster during the initial stage of biogenesis. Several data emphasize the role of oxidative damage in FRDA, but better understanding of pathophysiological consequences of FXN mutations has led to develop animal models. Conditional knockout models recapitulate important features of the human disease but lack the genetic context, GAA repeat expansion-based knock-in and transgenic models carry a GAA repeat expansion but they only show a very mild phenotype. Cells derived from FRDA patients constitute the most relevant frataxin-deficient cell model as they carry the complete frataxin locus together with GAA repeat expansions and regulatory sequences. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons present a maturation delay and lower mitochondrial membrane potential, while cardiomyocytes exhibit progressive mitochondrial degeneration, with frequent dark mitochondria and proliferation/accumulation of normal mitochondria. Efforts in developing therapeutic strategies can be divided into three categories: iron chelators, antioxidants and/or stimulants of mitochondrial biogenesis, and frataxin level modifiers. A promising therapeutic strategy that is currently the subject of intense research is to directly target the heterochromatin state of the GAA repeat expansion with histone deacytelase inhibitors (HDACi) to restore frataxin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Puccio
- Translational medicine and neurogenetics, institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), 1, rue Laurent-Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France; Inserm, U596, 1, rue Laurent-Fries, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; CNRS, UMR7104, 1, rue Laurent-Fries, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise-Pascal, 67400 Strasbourg, France; Collège de France, chaire de génétique humaine, 1, rue Laurent-Fries, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - M Anheim
- Translational medicine and neurogenetics, institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), 1, rue Laurent-Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France; Inserm, U596, 1, rue Laurent-Fries, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; CNRS, UMR7104, 1, rue Laurent-Fries, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise-Pascal, 67400 Strasbourg, France; Service de neurologie, unité des pathologies du mouvement, hôpital de Hautepierre, hôpital universitaire, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - C Tranchant
- Translational medicine and neurogenetics, institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), 1, rue Laurent-Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France; Inserm, U596, 1, rue Laurent-Fries, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; CNRS, UMR7104, 1, rue Laurent-Fries, 67400 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France; Université de Strasbourg, 4, rue Blaise-Pascal, 67400 Strasbourg, France; Service de neurologie, unité des pathologies du mouvement, hôpital de Hautepierre, hôpital universitaire, 1, place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Carletti B, Piermarini E, Tozzi G, Travaglini L, Torraco A, Pastore A, Sparaco M, Petrillo S, Carrozzo R, Bertini E, Piemonte F. Frataxin silencing inactivates mitochondrial Complex I in NSC34 motoneuronal cells and alters glutathione homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5789-806. [PMID: 24714088 PMCID: PMC4013596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disease characterized by a reduced synthesis of the mitochondrial iron chaperon protein frataxin as a result of a large GAA triplet-repeat expansion within the first intron of the frataxin gene. Despite neurodegeneration being the prominent feature of this pathology involving both the central and the peripheral nervous system, information on the impact of frataxin deficiency in neurons is scant. Here, we describe a neuronal model displaying some major biochemical and morphological features of FRDA. By silencing the mouse NSC34 motor neurons for the frataxin gene with shRNA lentiviral vectors, we generated two cell lines with 40% and 70% residual amounts of frataxin, respectively. Frataxin-deficient cells showed a specific inhibition of mitochondrial Complex I (CI) activity already at 70% residual frataxin levels, whereas the glutathione imbalance progressively increased after silencing. These biochemical defects were associated with the inhibition of cell proliferation and morphological changes at the axonal compartment, both depending on the frataxin amount. Interestingly, at 70% residual frataxin levels, the in vivo treatment with the reduced glutathione revealed a partial rescue of cell proliferation. Thus, NSC34 frataxin silenced cells could be a suitable model to study the effect of frataxin deficiency in neurons and highlight glutathione as a potential beneficial therapeutic target for FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carletti
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Piermarini
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Tozzi
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lorena Travaglini
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Torraco
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Pastore
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Sparaco
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliera, "G. Rummo", Via Pacevecchia 53, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Piemonte
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù", Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
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43
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Martins AM, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Reis RL. The current status of iPS cells in cardiac research and their potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:177-90. [PMID: 24425421 PMCID: PMC4476262 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The recent availability of human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells opens new opportunities to build in vitro models of cardiac disease, screening for new drugs, and patient-specific cardiac therapy. Notably, the use of iPS cells enables studies in the wide pool of genotypes and phenotypes. We describe progress in reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells towards the cardiac lineage/differentiation. The focus is on challenges of cardiac disease modeling using iPS cells and their potential to produce safe, effective and affordable therapies/applications with the emphasis of cardiac tissue engineering. We also discuss implications of human iPS cells to biological research and some of the future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Martins
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal. ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal. ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, S. Cláudio do Barco, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
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44
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Botman O, Wyns C. Induced pluripotent stem cell potential in medicine, specifically focused on reproductive medicine. Front Surg 2014; 1:5. [PMID: 25671222 PMCID: PMC4313692 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2014.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2006, several laboratories have proved that somatic cells can be reprogramed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs have enormous potential in stem cell biology as they can give rise to numerous cell lineages, including the three germ layers. In this review, we discuss past and recent advances in human iPSCs used for modeling diseases in vitro, screening drugs to test new treatments, and autologous cell and tissue regenerative therapies, with a special focus on reproductive medicine applications. While this latter field of research is still in its infancy, it holds great promise for investigating germ cell development and studying the genetic and physiopathological mechanisms of infertility. A major cause of infertility is the absence of germ cells in the testes, mainly due to genetic background or as a consequence of gonadotoxic treatments. For these patients, no effective fertility restoration strategy has so far been identified. The derivation of germ cells from iPSCs represents an alternative source of stem cells able to differentiate into spermatozoa. Lessons learned from animal models as well as studies on human iPSCs for reproductive purposes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Botman
- Gynecology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Christine Wyns
- Gynecology Unit, Medical School, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium ; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
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45
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Srikanth P, Young-Pearse TL. Stem cells on the brain: modeling neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases using human induced pluripotent stem cells. J Neurogenet 2014; 28:5-29. [PMID: 24628482 PMCID: PMC4285381 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2014.881358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seven years have passed since the initial report of the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from adult human somatic cells, and in the intervening time the field of neuroscience has developed numerous disease models using this technology. Here, we review progress in the field and describe both the advantages and potential pitfalls of modeling neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases using this technology. We include tables with information on neural differentiation protocols and studies that developed human iPSC lines to model neurological diseases. We also discuss how one can: investigate effects of genetic mutations with iPSCs, examine cell fate-specific phenotypes, best determine the specificity of a phenotype, and bring in vivo relevance to this in vitro technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Srikanth
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA
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46
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Sandi C, Sandi M, Jassal H, Ezzatizadeh V, Anjomani-Virmouni S, Al-Mahdawi S, Pook MA. Generation and characterisation of Friedreich ataxia YG8R mouse fibroblast and neural stem cell models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89488. [PMID: 24586819 PMCID: PMC3931792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by GAA repeat expansion in the first intron of the FXN gene, which encodes frataxin, an essential mitochondrial protein. To further characterise the molecular abnormalities associated with FRDA pathogenesis and to hasten drug screening, the development and use of animal and cellular models is considered essential. Studies of lower organisms have already contributed to understanding FRDA disease pathology, but mammalian cells are more related to FRDA patient cells in physiological terms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have generated fibroblast cells and neural stem cells (NSCs) from control Y47R mice (9 GAA repeats) and GAA repeat expansion YG8R mice (190+120 GAA repeats). We then differentiated the NSCs in to neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes as confirmed by immunocytochemical analysis of cell specific markers. The three YG8R mouse cell types (fibroblasts, NSCs and differentiated NSCs) exhibit GAA repeat stability, together with reduced expression of frataxin and reduced aconitase activity compared to control Y47R cells. Furthermore, YG8R cells also show increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and downregulation of Pgc-1α and antioxidant gene expression levels, especially Sod2. We also analysed various DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene expression levels and found that YG8R cells displayed significant reduction in expression of several MMR genes, which may contribute to the GAA repeat stability. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We describe the first fibroblast and NSC models from YG8R FRDA mice and we confirm that the NSCs can be differentiated into neurons and glia. These novel FRDA mouse cell models, which exhibit a FRDA-like cellular and molecular phenotype, will be valuable resources to further study FRDA molecular pathogenesis. They will also provide very useful tools for preclinical testing of frataxin-increasing compounds for FRDA drug therapy, for gene therapy, and as a source of cells for cell therapy testing in FRDA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeevi Sandi
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Madhavi Sandi
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harvinder Jassal
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vahid Ezzatizadeh
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Anjomani-Virmouni
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sahar Al-Mahdawi
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Pook
- Ataxia Research Group, Division of Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Hargus G, Ehrlich M, Hallmann AL, Kuhlmann T. Human stem cell models of neurodegeneration: a novel approach to study mechanisms of disease development. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:151-73. [PMID: 24306942 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of patients with neurodegenerative diseases is increasing significantly worldwide. Thus, intense research is being pursued to uncover mechanisms of disease development in an effort to identify molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. Analysis of postmortem tissue from patients has yielded important histological and biochemical markers of disease progression. However, this approach is inherently limited because it is not possible to study patient neurons prior to degeneration. As such, transgenic and knockout models of neurodegenerative diseases are commonly employed. While these animal models have yielded important insights into some molecular mechanisms of disease development, they do not provide the opportunity to study mechanisms of neurodegeneration in human neurons at risk and thus, it is often difficult or even impossible to replicate human pathogenesis with this approach. The generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offers a unique opportunity to overcome these obstacles. By expanding and differentiating iPS cells, it is possible to generate large numbers of functional neurons in vitro, which can then be used to study the disease of the donating patient. Here, we provide an overview of human stem cell models of neurodegeneration using iPS cells from patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease, spinal muscular atrophy and other neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we describe how further refinements of reprogramming technology resulted in the generation of patient-specific induced neurons, which have also been used to model neurodegenerative changes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Hargus
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Pottkamp 2, 48149, Münster, Germany,
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Enhancing Human Cardiomyocyte Differentiation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells with Trichostatin A. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1357:415-21. [PMID: 25520285 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are a promising source of autologous cardiomyocytes to repair and regenerate myocardium for treatment of heart disease. In this study, we describe a method for enhanced cardiomyocyte production from human iPS cells by treating embryoid bodies with a histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), together with activin A and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4. The resulting cardiomyocytes expressed cardiac-specific transcription factors and contractile proteins at both gene and protein levels. Functionally, the contractile embryoid bodies (EBs) displayed calcium cycling and were responsive to the chronotropic agents isoprenaline (0.1 μM) and carbachol (1 μM). The cardiomyocytes derived from human iPS cells may be used to engineer functional cardiac muscle tissue for studying pathophysiology of cardiac disease, for drug discovery test beds, and potentially for generation of cardiac grafts to surgically replace damaged myocardium.
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Eigentler A, Boesch S, Schneider R, Dechant G, Nat R. Induced pluripotent stem cells from friedreich ataxia patients fail to upregulate frataxin during in vitro differentiation to peripheral sensory neurons. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:3271-82. [PMID: 23879205 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The value of human disease models, which are based on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), depends on the capacity to generate specifically those cell types affected by pathology. We describe a new iPSC-based model of Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder with an intronic GAA repeat expansion in the frataxin gene. As the peripheral sensory neurons are particularly susceptible to neurodegeneration in FRDA, we applied a development-based differentiation protocol to generate specifically these cells. FRDA and control iPSC lines were efficiently differentiated toward neural crest progenitors and peripheral sensory neurons. The progress of the cell lines through discrete steps of in vitro differentiation was closely monitored by expression levels of key markers for peripheral neural development. Since it had been suggested that FRDA pathology might start early during ontogenesis, we investigated frataxin expression in our development-related model. A pronounced frataxin deficit was found in FRDA iPSCs and neural crest cells compared to controls. Whereas we identified an upregulation of frataxin expression during sensory specification for control cells, this increase was not observed for FRDA peripheral sensory neurons. This early failure, aggravating frataxin deficiency in a specifically vulnerable human cell population, indicates a developmental component in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Eigentler
- 1 Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University , Innsbruck, Austria
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50
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Electronic "expression" of the inward rectifier in cardiocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10:1903-10. [PMID: 24055949 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (h-iPSC)-derived cardiac myocytes are a unique model in which human myocyte function and dysfunction are studied, especially those from patients with genetic disorders. They are also considered a major advance for drug safety testing. However, these cells have considerable unexplored potential limitations when applied to quantitative action potential (AP) analysis. One major factor is spontaneous activity and resulting variability and potentially anomalous behavior of AP parameters. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the effect of using an in silico interface on electronically expressed I(K1), a major component lacking in h-iPSC-derived cardiac myocytes. METHODS An in silico interface was developed to express synthetic I(K1) in cells under whole-cell voltage clamp. RESULTS Electronic I(K1) expression established a physiological resting potential, eliminated spontaneous activity, reduced spontaneous early and delayed afterdepolarizations, and decreased AP variability. The initiated APs had the classic rapid upstroke and spike and dome morphology consistent with data obtained with freshly isolated human myocytes as well as the readily recognizable repolarization attributes of ventricular and atrial cells. The application of 1 µM of BayK-8644 resulted in anomalous AP shortening in h-iPSC-derived cardiac myocytes. When I(K1) was electronically expressed, BayK-8644 prolonged the AP, which is consistent with the existing results on native cardiac myocytes. CONCLUSIONS The electronic expression of I(K1) is a simple and robust method to significantly improve the physiological behavior of the AP and electrical profile of h-iPSC-derived cardiac myocytes. Increased stability enables the use of this preparation for a controlled quantitative analysis of AP parameters, for example, drug responsiveness, genetic disorders, and dynamic behavior restitution profiles.
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