SEOM clinical guidelines for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (2018)

Is cryoablation still suitable for advanced non-small cell lung cancer after failure of first-line chemotherapy? A multicenter, prospective, randomized-controlled trial of eighty-seven patients

The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of cryoablation treatment in advanced NSCLC patients who had failed first-line chemotherapy. Eighty-seven patients from ten hospitals in China were enrolled into the study, forty-four patients received cryoablation treatment plus basic treatment (experimental group), and forty-three patients had basic treatment alone (control group). Follow-up was performed once every three months until the end of the study or the death of the patient. The primary endpoints were overall and post-intervention survival; secondary endpoints included tumor markers, solid tumor efficacy, and symptom changes before and after treatment. There was no significant difference in median OS between the two groups of patients (9.0 months vs 11.2 months, P = 0.583). The disease control rate (DCR) and living quality of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. In terms of OS, indiscriminate use of cryoablation for such patients was not beneficial, though it could improve symptoms of patients. Cryoablation had a significant effect on selected advanced NSCLC patients after the failure of first-line chemotherapy.

Different types of tumor microvessels in stage I-IIIA squamous cell lung cancer and their clinical significance

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among malignant neoplasms. Improving the diagnosis and treatment of LC remains an urgent task of modern oncology. Previously, we established that in gastric, breast and cervical cancer, tumor microvessels (MVs) differ in morphology and have different prognostic significance. The connection between different types of tumor MVs and the progression of LC is not well understood.

AIM

To evaluate the morphological features and clinical significance of tumor MVs in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC).

METHODS

A single-center retrospective cohort study examined medical records and archival paraffin blocks of 62 and 180 patients with stage I-IIIA LUSC in the training and main cohorts, respectively. All patients underwent radical surgery (R0) at the Orenburg Regional Cancer Clinic from May/20/2009 to December/14/2021. Tumor sections were routinely processed, and routine Mayer's hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining for cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34), podoplanin, Snail and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha were performed. The morphological features of different types of tumor MVs, tumor parenchyma and stroma were studied according to clinicopathological characteristics and LUSC prognosis. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10.0 software. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify potential risk factors for LUSC metastasis to regional lymph nodes (RLNs) and disease recurrence. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to discriminate between patients with and without metastases in RLNs and those with and without disease recurrence. The effectiveness of the predictive models was assessed by the area under the curve. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test was used to compare survival curves between patient subgroups. A value of P < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

RESULTS

Depending on the morphology, we classified tumor vessels into the following types: normal MVs, dilated capillaries (DCs), atypical DCs, DCs with weak expression of CD34, "contact-type" DCs, structures with partial endothelial linings, capillaries in the tumor solid component and lymphatic vessels in lymphoid and polymorphocellular infiltrates. We also evaluated the presence of loose, fine fibrous connective tissue (LFFCT) and retraction clefts in the tumor stroma, tumor spread into the alveolar air spaces (AASs) and fragmentation of the tumor solid component. According to multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of LUSC metastasis in RLNs were central tumor location (P < 0.00001), the presence of retraction clefts (P = 0.003), capillaries in the tumor solid component (P = 0.023) and fragmentation in the tumor solid component (P = 0.009), whereas the independent predictors of LUSC recurrence were tumor grade 3 (G3) (P = 0.001), stage N2 (P = 0.016), the presence of LFFCT in the tumor stroma (P < 0.00001), fragmentation of the tumor solid component (P = 0.0001), and the absence of tumor spread through the AASs (P = 0.0083).

CONCLUSION

The results obtained confirm the correctness of our previously proposed classification of different types of tumor vessels and may contribute to improving the diagnosis and treatment of LUSC.

Tumor markers for lipid metabolism-related genes: Based on small cell lung cancer and bronchial asthma dual analysis

Numerous studies have elucidated the intricate relationship between bronchial asthma and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), as well as the role lipid metabolism genes play in transitioning from bronchial asthma to SCLC. Despite this, the predictive power of single gene biomarkers remains insufficient and necessitates the development of more accurate prognostic models. In our study, we downloaded and preprocessed scRNA-seq of SCLC from the GEO database GSE164404 and severe asthma scRNA-seq from GSE145013 using the Seurat package. Using the MSigDB database and geneCard database, we selected lipid metabolism-related genes and performed scRNA-seq data analysis from the gene expression GEO database, aiming to uncover potential links between immune signaling pathways in bronchial asthma and SCLC. Our investigations yielded differentially expressed genes based on the scRNA-seq dataset related to lipid metabolism. We executed differential gene analysis, gene ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. In-depth GSEA pathway activation analysis, crucial target gene predictions via protein-protein interactions, and key cluster gene evaluations for differential and diagnostic ROC values correlation analysis confirmed that key cluster genes are significant predictors for the progression of bronchial asthma to SCLC. To validate our findings, we performed wet laboratory experiments using real-time quantitative PCR to assess the expression of these relevant genes in SCLC cell lines. In conclusion, this research proposes a novel lipid metabolism-related gene marker that can offer comprehensive insights into the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma leading to SCLC. Although this study does not directly focus on senescence-associated molecular alterations, our findings in the lipid metabolism genes associated with inflammation and cancer progression offer valuable insights for further research targeting senescence-related changes in treating inflammatory diseases.

Clinical outcomes following total en bloc spondylectomy for spinal metastases from lung cancer

BACKGROUND

The current guidelines for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer encourage local curative treatment for selected patients with oligometastases. This study evaluated the surgical results of total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) for isolated spinal metastases originating from lung cancer in carefully selected patients.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 14 patients (7 men and 7 women) who underwent TES for spinal metastases originating from lung cancer between 2000 and 2017. The primary outcome measure was the postoperative overall survival time. The histological types included adenocarcinoma (n = 12), pleomorphic carcinoma (n = 1), and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) (n = 1 patient). We assessed postoperative survival using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test.

RESULTS

The median postoperative survival time was 83.0 months (6-162 months) in 13 patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and 6 months in 1 patient with SCLC. The 3-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival rates in patients with NSCLC were 61.5%, 53.8%, and 15.4%, respectively. Poor postoperative performance status (PS) and Frankel grade, and preoperative irradiation to the vertebrae to be resected were significantly associated with short-term survival after TES in patients with NSCLC (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The surgical results of TES for spinal metastases of lung cancer were relatively favorable among carefully selected patients. TES may be indicated for spinal metastases of lung cancer in patients with controlled primary lung cancer, NSCLC histology, prospect of good postoperative PS, and preferably no irradiation to the target vertebrae.

Anticancer and chemopreventive potential of Morinda citrifolia L. bioactive compounds: A comprehensive update

Morinda citrifolia L., commonly known as Noni, has a longstanding history in traditional medicine for treating various diseases. Recently, there has been an increased focus on exploring Noni extracts and phytoconstituents, particularly for their effectiveness against cancers such as lung, esophageal, liver, and breast cancer, and their potential in cancer chemoprevention. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of in vitro and in vivo studies assessing Noni's impact on cancer, alongside an exploration of its bioactive compounds. A systematic review was conducted, encompassing a wide range of scientific databases to gather pertinent literature. This review focused on in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials that explore the effects of Noni fruit and its phytoconstituents-including anthraquinones, flavonoids, sugar derivatives, and neolignans-on cancer. The search was meticulously structured around specific keywords and criteria to ensure a thorough analysis. The compiled studies highlight Noni's multifaceted role in cancer therapy, showcasing its various bioactive components and their modes of action. This includes mechanisms such as apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, antiangiogenesis, and immune system modulation, demonstrating significant anticancer and chemopreventive potential. The findings reinforce Noni's potential as a safe and effective option in cancer prevention and treatment. This review underscores the need for further research into Noni's anticancer properties, with the hope of stimulating additional studies and clinical trials to validate and expand upon these promising findings.

Transcriptional analysis of landmark molecular pathways in lung adenocarcinoma results in a clinically relevant classification with potential therapeutic implications

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a molecularly heterogeneous disease. In addition to genomic alterations, cancer transcriptional profiling can be helpful to tailor cancer treatment and to estimate each patient's outcome. Transcriptional activity levels of 50 molecular pathways were inferred in 4573 LUAD patients using Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) method. Seven LUAD subtypes were defined and independently validated based on the combined behavior of the studied pathways: AD (adenocarcinoma subtype) 1-7. AD1, AD4, and AD5 subtypes were associated with better overall survival. AD1 and AD4 subtypes were enriched in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, whereas AD2 and AD6 showed higher tumor protein p53 (TP53) alteration frequencies. AD2 and AD6 subtypes correlated with higher genome instability, proliferation-related pathway expression, and specific sensitivity to chemotherapy, based on data from LUAD cell lines. LUAD subtypes were able to predict immunotherapy response in addition to CD274 (PD-L1) gene expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB). AD2 and AD4 subtypes were associated with potential resistance and response to immunotherapy, respectively. Thus, analysis of transcriptomic data could improve patient stratification beyond genomics and single biomarkers (i.e., PD-L1 and TMB) and may lay the foundation for more personalized treatment avenues, especially in driver-negative LUAD.

Assessing the methodological strengths and limitations of the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) guidelines: a critical appraisal using AGREE II and AGREE-REX tool

BACKGROUND

The Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) has provided open-access guidelines for cancer since 2014. However, no independent assessment of their quality has been conducted to date. This study aimed to critically evaluate the quality of SEOM guidelines on cancer treatment.

METHODS

Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) and AGREE-REX tool was used to evaluate the qualities of the guidelines.

RESULTS

We assessed 33 guidelines, with 84.8% rated as "high quality". The highest median standardized scores (96.3) were observed in the domain "clarity of presentation", whereas "applicability" was distinctively low (31.4), with only one guideline scoring above 60%. SEOM guidelines did not include the views and preferences of the target population, nor did specify updating methods.

CONCLUSIONS

Although developed with acceptable methodological rigor, SEOM guidelines could be improved in the future, particularly in terms of clinical applicability and patient perspectives.

Economic evaluation of adjuvant therapy with osimertinib in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and mutated EGFR

PURPOSE

The ADAURA trial demonstrated the superiority of osimertinib over a placebo with regard to disease-free survival, showing it to be indicated as an adjuvant therapy for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with mutated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The aim of the present study was to conduct a cost-utility analysis and an analysis of the budgetary impact of adjuvant therapy with osimertinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR who had undergone resection surgery with curative intent.

METHODS

Analyses were based on the outcomes of the ADAURA clinical trial and were conducted through a Spanish National Health Service perspective. The outcome measures used were quality-adjusted life years (QALY).

RESULTS

The average overall cost of adjuvant treatment with osimertinib over a period of 100 months in the overall sample of trial patients (stages IB-IIIA) was 220,961 €, compared with 197,849 € in the placebo group. Effectiveness, estimated according to QALY, was 6.26 years in the osimertinib group and 5.96 years in the placebo group, with the incremental cost-utility ratio being 77,040 €/QALY. With regard to the budgetary impact, it was estimated that, in 2021, approximately 1130 patients would be subsidiaries to receive osimertinib. This pertains to a difference of 17,375,330 € over 100 months to fund this treatment relative to no treatment.

CONCLUSION

Taking into account a Spanish threshold of 24,000 €/QALY, the reduction in the acquisition cost of osimertinib will have to be greater than 10%, to obtain a cost-effective alternative.

Nutritional Management of Oncological Symptoms: A Comprehensive Review

Throughout their experience of illness and during the course of treatment, a substantial proportion of cancer patients are prone to develop nutritional and/or metabolic disturbances. Additionally, cancer patients often encounter long-term side effects from therapies, which may lead to impaired digestion, nutrient absorption or bowel motility. Therefore, the preservation and maintenance of an optimal and balanced nutritional status are pivotal to achieving a better prognosis, increasing the tolerance and adherence to cancer therapies and improving the overall quality of life. In this context, personalized nutritional programs are essential for addressing conditions predisposing to weight loss, feeding difficulties, digestion problems and intestinal irregularity, with the goal of promoting adequate nutrient absorption and minimizing the detrimental effects of treatment regimens. The focus of this research is to examine the most common clinical conditions and metabolic changes that cancer patients may experience, including stomatitis, xerostomia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, sub-occlusion, dysgeusia, dysosmia, anorexia, and cachexia. Furthermore, we present a pragmatic example of a multidisciplinary workflow that incorporates customized recipes tailored to individual clinical scenarios, all while maintaining the hedonic value of the meals.

Treatments for non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic quality assessment of clinical practice guidelines

AIM

To evaluate the methodological quality of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) on treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE, CPG developer websites, lung cancer societies, and oncology organizations to identify CPGs providing recommendations on treatments for NSCLC. The methodological quality for each CPG was determined independently by three appraisers using the AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II) instrument.

RESULTS

Twenty-two CPGs met the eligibility criteria. The median scores per AGREE II domain were: scope and purpose 90.7% (64.8-100%), stakeholder involvement 76.9% (27.8-96.3%); rigor of development 80.9% (27.1-92.4%); clarity of presentation 89.8% (50-100%); applicability 46.5% (12.5-87.5%); and editorial independence 91.7% (27.8-100%). Most of the CPGs (54.5%) were rated as "recommended with modifications" for clinical use.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the methodological quality of CPGs proving recommendations on the management of NSCLC is moderate, but there is still room for improvement in their development and implementation.

Real-world treatment patterns and survival outcomes for patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer in Spain: a nationwide cohort study

Background

The burden of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains high in Spain, with lung cancer accounting for 20% of cancer-related deaths annually. Programs such as the Spanish Thoracic Tumour Registry (TTR) and the global I-O Optimise initiative have been developed to observe patients in clinical practice with the aim of improving outcomes. This analysis examined treatment patterns and survival in patients with stage III NSCLC from the TTR. These patients represent a heterogenous group with complex treatment pathways.

Methods

The TTR is an ongoing, observational, prospective, and retrospective cohort multicentre study (NCT02941458) that follows patients with thoracic cancer in Spain. Adults aged ≥18 years with stage IIIA/IIIB NSCLC enrolled in the TTR between 01 Jan 2010 and 31 Oct 2019 were included in this analysis. Initial treatment received was described by cancer stage and histology (squamous and non-squamous NSCLC). Kaplan-Meier estimates of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated over a 5-year period.

Results

A total of 1,838 patients were included in the cohort, including 1,082 with stage IIIA (58.9%) and 756 with stage IIIB (41.1%). Median follow-up was 18.3 months. The median age of patients was 66 years, and most had non-squamous NSCLC (54.0%), were male (81.2%), and were active or former smokers (93.4%). Overall, 26.3% of patients received surgical resection (37.0% for stage IIIA and 11.1% for stage IIIB). The most frequent initial treatment received was concurrent chemoradiotherapy for stage IIIA (30.2%) and stage IIIB (37.0%) patients. Median OS was lower in patients with stage IIIB than stage IIIA (28 vs. 37 months) disease and was lower for patients with squamous than non-squamous histology (19 vs. 26 months). Median PFS and OS varied when patients were stratified by initial treatment.

Conclusions

This TTR analysis describes the clinical reality surrounding the initial management and survival outcomes for stage III NSCLC in Spain and presents survival outcomes comparable with other real-world evidence. It provides insights into the diverse approaches used before the availability of immunotherapies and targeted treatments in the non-metastatic NSCLC setting.

Engineering oncogene-targeted anisamide-functionalized pBAE nanoparticles as efficient lung cancer antisense therapies

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the leading causes of worldwide death, mainly due to the lack of efficient and safe therapies. Currently, NSCLC standard of care for consist on the use of traditional chemotherapeutics, non-selectively distributed through the whole body, thus causing severe side effects while not achieving high efficacy outcomes. Consequently, the need of novel therapies, targeted to modify specific subcellular routes aberrantly expressed only in tumor cells is still urgent. In this context, the delivery of siRNAs that can know-down overexpressed oncogenes, such as mTOR, could become the promised targeted therapy. However, siRNA effective delivery remains a challenge due to its compromised stability in biological fluids and its inability to cross biological and plasmatic membranes. Therefore, polymeric nanoparticles that efficiently encapsulate siRNAs and are selectively targeted to tumor cells could play a pivotal role. Accordingly, we demonstrate in this work that oligopeptide end-modified poly(beta aminoester) (OM-pBAE) polymers can efficiently complex siRNA in small nanometric particles using very low polymer amounts, protecting siRNA from nucleases attack. These nanoparticles are stable in the presence of serum, advantageous fact in terms of in vivo use. We also demonstrated that they efficiently transfect cells in vitro, in the presence of serum and are able to knock down target gene expression. Moreover, we demonstrated their antitumor efficacy by encapsulating mTOR siRNA, as a model antisense therapy, which showed specific lung tumor cell growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Finally, through the addition of anisamide functionalization to the surface of the nanoparticles, we proved that they become selective to lung tumor cells, while not affecting healthy cells. Therefore, our results are a first step in the discovery of a tumor cell-targeted efficient silencing nanotherapy for NSCLC patients survival improvement.

Tazemetostat synergistically combats multidrug resistance by the unique triple inhibition of ABCB1, ABCC1, and ABCG2 efflux transporters in vitro and ex vivo

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes play crucial roles in pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions and multidrug tumor resistance (MDR). Tazemetostat (EPZ-6438, Tazverik) is a novel epigenetic drug that has been recently approved for the therapy of advanced epithelioid sarcoma and follicular lymphoma. Additionally, this medication is currently being clinically tested to treat several other cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of tazemetostat on selected ABC transporters/cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme to comprehensively explore its role in MDR. First, our accumulation and molecular docking studies showed that tazemetostat is a unique triple inhibitor of ABCB1, ABCC1, and ABCG2 transporters. In contrast, tazemetostat exhibited only low level of interaction with the CYP3A4 isozyme. Drug combination assays confirmed that tazemetostat is a multipotent MDR modulator able to synergize with various conventional chemotherapeutics in vitro. Subsequent caspase activity assays and microscopic staining of apoptotic nuclei proved that the effective induction of apoptosis is behind the observed synergies. Notably, a potent MDR-modulatory capacity of tazemetostat was recorded in primary ex vivo NSCLC explants generated from patients' biopsies. On the contrary, its possible position of pharmacokinetic MDR's victim was excluded in comparative proliferation assays. Finally, tested drug has not been identified as an inducer of resistant phenotype in NSCLC cell lines. In conclusion, we demonstrated that tazemetostat is a unique multispecific chemosensitizer, which has strong potential to overcome limitations seen in the era of traditional MDR modulators.

Cost-Effectiveness of Lorlatinib for the Treatment of Adult Patients with Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Positive Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Spain

Purpose

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of lorlatinib compared to alectinib and brigatinib for the treatment of adult patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously not treated, in Spain.

Methods

A partitioned survival model comprised progression free, non-intracranial progression, intracranial progression, and death health states was constructed to estimate the total costs, life-years gained (LYG) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) accumulated in a lifetime horizon. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) for lorlatinib were obtained from the CROWN study. For alectinib and brigatinib, a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to estimate OS and PFS hazard ratios versus crizotinib. Utilities were estimated based on EQ-5D-5L data derived from the CROWN (lorlatinib), ALEX (alectinib) and ALTA-1L (brigatinib) studies. According to the Spanish National Health Service perspective the total costs (expressed in euros using a 2021 cost year) included drug acquisition and the administration's subsequent treatment, ALK+ advanced NSCLC management and adverse-event management, and palliative care. Unitary costs were obtained from local cost databases and literature. Costs, LYGs and QALYs were discounted at 3% annually. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to test the model's robustness.

Results

Lorlatinib provided higher health outcomes (+0.70 LYG/patient, +1.42 QALYs/patient) and lower costs (-€9239/patient) than alectinib. Lorlatinib yielded higher LYG (+1.74) and QALYs (+2.30) versus brigatinib but higher costs/patient (+€36,627), resulting in an incremental-cost-effectiveness-ratio of €15,912/QALY gained.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that lorlatinib may be a dominant treatment option versus alectinib. Considering a willingness-to-pay threshold of €25,000/QALY, lorlatinib may be an efficient option compared to brigatinib.

The Prevalence and Impact of Nutritional Risk and Malnutrition in Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology Patients: A Prospective, Observational, Multicenter, and Exploratory Study

A prospective, observational, multicenter, and exploratory study was conducted in 469 gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing elective surgery. The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria were used to assess nutritional risk. On admission, 17.9% and 21.1% of patients were at moderate (MUST score 1) and severe (MUST score ≥ 2) nutritional risk, respectively. The GLIM criteria used in patients with a MUST score ≥ 2 showed moderate malnutrition in 35.3% of patients and severe in 64.6%. Forty-seven percent of patients with a MUST score ≥ 2 on admission had the same score at discharge, and 20.7% with a MUST score 0 had moderate/severe risk at discharge. Small bowel, esophageal, and gastric cancer and diabetes were predictors of malnutrition on admission. Complications were significantly higher among patients with a MUST score 1 or ≥2 either on admission (p = 0.001) or at discharge (p < 0.0001). In patients who received nutritional therapy (n = 231), 43% continued to have moderate/severe nutritional risk on discharge, and 54% of those with MUST ≥ 2 on admission maintained this score at discharge. In gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing elective surgery, there is an urgent need for improving nutritional risk screening before and after surgery, as well as improving nutritional therapy during hospitalization.

[Questions and Answers in Lung Cancer]

Over the past 2 decades, scientific evidence has strongly supported the use of low-radiation dose chest computed tomography (CT) as a screening technique for lung cancer. This approach has resulted in a significant reduction in mortality rates by enabling the detection of early-stage lung cancer amenable to potentially curative treatments. Regarding diagnosis, there are also novel methods under study, such as liquid biopsy, identification of the pulmonary microbiome, and the use of artificial intelligence techniques, which will play a key role in the near future. At present, there is a growing trend towards less invasive surgical procedures, such as segmentectomy, as an alternative to lobectomy. This procedure is based on 2 recent clinical trials conducted on peripheral tumors measuring less than 2 cm. Although these approaches have demonstrated comparable survival rates, there remains controversy due to uncertainties surrounding recurrence rates and functional capacity preservation. With regard to adjuvant therapy, immunotherapy, either as a monotherapy or in conjunction with chemotherapy, has shown encouraging results in resectable stages of locally advanced lung cancer, demonstrating complete pathologic responses and improved overall survival.After surgery treatment, despite the lack of solid evidence for long-term follow-up of these patients, clinical practice recommends periodic CT scans during the early years.In conclusion, there have been significant advances in lung cancer that have improved diagnostic techniques using new technologies and screening programs. Furthermore, the treatment of lung cancer is increasingly personalized, resulting in an improvement in the survival of patients.

Survival and medical costs of non-small cell lung cancer patients according to the first-line treatment: An observational study using the Kyoto City Integrated Database

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer mortality and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the majority of lung cancer cases. New drug treatments have been developed since 2010 but there are concerns about the increase in medical costs. This study aimed to compare survival and medical costs among patients with NSCLC according to their initial treatment to estimate the impact of early NSCLC detection.

METHODS

Patients with primary NSCLC who filed insurance claims between April 2013 and March 2019 were identified using the Kyoto City Integrated Database. Patients were divided into two groups depending on their initial treatment: the resection group and drug or radiation group. The survival and medical costs were calculated.

RESULTS

A total of 2609 patients with primary NSCLC were identified. Among them, 1035 patients underwent resection. The 5-year survival was 75% for the resection group while below 25% for the drug or radiation group. At 6 months of survival, the median cumulative total cost was 2409 thousand yen (interquartile range [IQR] 1947-4012 thousand yen) in the resection group and 2951 thousand yen (IQR 1600-4706 thousand yen) in the drug or radiation group. At 4 years of survival, the cumulative median total cost was 5257 thousand yen (IQR 3808-8243 thousand yen) in the resection group and 10 202 thousand yen (IQR 4845-20 450 thousand yen) in the drug or radiation group.

CONCLUSIONS

As a first-line therapy in newly diagnosed patients with NSCLC, surgical resection is associated with longer survival and lower medical costs than pharmacotherapy or radiotherapy.

Aiding Cancer's "Sweet Tooth": Role of Hexokinases in Metabolic Reprogramming

Hexokinases (HKs) convert hexose sugars to hexose-6-phosphate, thus trapping them inside cells to meet the synthetic and energetic demands. HKs participate in various standard and altered physiological processes, including cancer, primarily through the reprogramming of cellular metabolism. Four canonical HKs have been identified with different expression patterns across tissues. HKs 1-3 play a role in glucose utilization, whereas HK 4 (glucokinase, GCK) also acts as a glucose sensor. Recently, a novel fifth HK, hexokinase domain containing 1 (HKDC1), has been identified, which plays a role in whole-body glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity. Beyond the metabolic functions, HKDC1 is differentially expressed in many forms of human cancer. This review focuses on the role of HKs, particularly HKDC1, in metabolic reprogramming and cancer progression.

[New update to the guidelines on testing predictive biomarkers in non-small-cell lung cancer: a National Consensus of the Spanish Society of Pathology and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology]

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents the greatest number of identified therapeutic targets, some of which have therapeutic utility. Currently, detecting EGFR, BRAF, KRAS and MET mutations, ALK, ROS1, NTRK and RET translocations, and PD-L1 expression in these patients is considered essential. The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) facilitates precise molecular diagnosis and allows the detection of other emerging mutations, such as the HER2 mutation and predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy responses. In this consensus, a group of experts in the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC selected by the Spanish Society of Pathology (SEAP) and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) have evaluated currently available information and propose a series of recommendations to optimize the detection and use of biomarkers in daily clinical practice.

Budget impact analysis of bevacizumab biosimilars for cancer treatment in adult patients in Spain

OBJECTIVE

To assess the economic impact of introducing biosimilars of bevacizumab for the management of cancer patients receiving systemic bevacizumab in the National Health System (SNHS) of Spain.

METHODS

A 3-year budget impact analysis model was adapted to estimate the cost of introducing biosimilars of bevacizumab in the SNHS for the adult population who were candidates to receive treatment with bevacizumab. Values for the estimation of the population were obtained from the literature and were validated by an expert panel. In this analysis only pharmaceutical costs (€, year 2021) obtained from official databases were considered. A sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the robustness of the model.

RESULTS

The introduction of bevacizumab biosimilars would generate an annual cost saving of €11 558 268 (-5.1%) for the first year with a penetration share of biosimilars from 30.0%, €29 126 373 (-8.5%) for the second year with a share of 50.0% and €52 361 778 (-13.6%) for the third year with a share of 80.0%. The total pharmaceutical costs of the scenario without biosimilars are €227 033 352 for the first year, €342 663 209 for the second year and €385 013 076 for the third year. In contrast, the pharmaceutical costs of the scenario with bevacizumab biosimilars are €215 475 084, €313 536 836 and €332 651 297 for years 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The introduction of biosimilars in the Spanish Health System would generate saving costs in the pharmacological budget to boost biological drugs from the first year.

Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic tests during follow-up in lung cancer patients: an evidence-based study

Background

Many patients with non-metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are cured by surgery but part of them develop recurrence. Strategies are needed to identify these relapses. Currently, there is no consensus on the follow-up schedule after curative resection for patients with NSCLC. The objective of this study is to analyze the diagnostic capacity of the tests performed during follow-up after surgery.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 392 patients with stage I-IIIA NSCLC who underwent surgery. Data were collected from patients diagnosed between January 1st, 2010 and December 31st, 2020. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed, as well as the tests performed during their follow-up. We identified as relevant in the diagnosis of relapses those tests that prompted further investigation and change of treatment.

Results

The number of tests matches those included in clinical practice guidelines. A total of 2,049 clinical follow-up consultations were performed, of which 2,004 were scheduled (0.59% informative). A total of 1,796 blood tests were performed, of which 1,756 were scheduled (0.17% informative). A total of 1,940 chest computer tomography (CT) scans were performed, of which 1,905 were scheduled and 128 were informative (6.7%). A total of 144 positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scans were performed, 132 of which were scheduled, of which 64 (48%) were informative. In all cases, the tests performed by unscheduled request exceeded the informative result of the scheduled ones several fold.

Conclusions

Most of the scheduled follow-up consultations were not relevant for the patients' management, and only body CT scan exceeded the threshold of 5% profitability, without reaching 10% even in stage IIIA. The profitability of the tests increased when performed in unscheduled visits. New follow-up strategies based on scientific evidence must be defined and follow-up schemes should be tailored focused on agile attention of the unscheduled demand.

Economic burden of locoregional and metastatic relapses in resectable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer in Spain

BACKGROUND

There are scarce data of the costs of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) recurrence in Spain. The objective of this study is to assess the economic burden of disease recurrence, for both locoregional and/or metastatic relapses, after appropriate early-stage NSCLC treatment in Spain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A two-round consensus panel of Spanish oncologists and hospital pharmacists was conducted to collect information on patient's flow, treatments, use of healthcare resources and sick leaves in patients with relapsed NSCLC. A decision-tree model was developed to calculate the economic burden of disease recurrence after appropriate early-stage NSCLC. Both direct and indirect costs were considered. Direct costs included drug acquisition and healthcare resources costs. Indirect costs were estimated using the human-capital approach. Unit costs were obtained from national databases (euros of 2022). A multi-way sensitivity analysis was performed to provide a range to the mean values.

RESULTS

Among a cohort of 100 patients with relapsed NSCLC, 45 patients would have locoregional relapse (36.3 would eventually progress to metastasis and 8.7 would be considered in remission) and 55 patients would have metastatic relapse. Over time, 91.3 patients would experience a metastatic relapse (55 as first relapse and 36.6 after previous locoregional relapse). The overall cost incurred by the 100-patients cohort is €10,095,846 (€9,336,782 direct costs, €795,064 indirect costs). The average cost of a locoregional relapse is €25,194 (€19,658 direct costs, €5536 indirect costs), while the average cost a patient with metastasis who receives up to 4 lines of treatment is €127,167 (€117,328 direct, €9839 indirect).

CONCLUSIONS

To our knowledge, this is the first study that specifically quantifies the cost of relapse in NSCLC in Spain. Our findings shown that the overall cost of a relapse after appropriate treatment of early-stage NSCLC patients is substantial, and it increases considerably in the metastatic relapse setting, mainly due to the high cost and long duration of first-line treatments.

Advances in Understanding the Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the most common and deadliest type of cancer worldwide. Research concerning lung cancer has made considerable progress in recent decades, but lung cancer remains the leading cause of malignancy-related mortality rate. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) mainly exist in fat, umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, bone, and muscle. MSCs are a primary component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent studies have shown that MSCs have roles in lung cancer-related proliferation, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Because MSCs can migrate to the TME, there is increasing attention toward the use of MSCs in drugs or gene vectors for cancer treatment. This review summarizes the roles and effects of MSCs in lung cancer, while addressing clinical applications of MSCs in lung cancer treatment.

Activities against Lung Cancer of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles: A Review

Nanomedicine is an interdisciplinary field where nanostructured objects are applied to treat or diagnose disease. Nanoparticles (NPs) are a special class of materials at nanometric scale that can be prepared from lipids, polymers, or noble metals through bottom-up approaches. Biological synthesis is a reliable, sustainable, and non-toxic bottom-up method that uses phytochemicals, microorganisms, and enzymes to induce the reduction of metal ions into NPs. Silver (Ag) NPs exhibit potent therapeutic properties that can be exploited to overcome the limitations of current treatment modalities for human health issues such as lung cancer (LC). Here, we review the preparation of AgNPs using biological synthesis and their application against LC using in vitro and in vivo models. An overview of the staging, diagnosis, genetic mutations, and treatment of LC, as well as its main subtypes, is presented. A summary of the reaction mechanisms of AgNPs using microbial cell cultures, plant extracts, phytochemicals, and amino acids is included. The use of capping agents in the biosynthesis of AgNPs with anticancer activity is also detailed. The history and biological activities of metal-based nanostructures synthesized with gold, copper, palladium, and platinum are considered. The possible anticancer mechanisms of AgNPs against LC models are covered. Our perspective about the future of AgNPs in LC treatment and nanomedicine is added.

Cost-effectiveness of atezolizumab versus pembrolizumab as first-line treatment in PD-L1-positive advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in Spain

BACKGROUND

Atezolizumab has recently been approved for first-line treatment of high PD-L1 expression metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients with no EGFR or ALK mutations, on the basis of the IMpower110 trial. This study aims to estimate the cost-effectiveness of atezolizumab compared with pembrolizumab among these patients in Spanish settings, based on the results of the two cut-offs of the IMpower110 study.

METHODS

A three-state partitioned-survival model was adapted to Spanish settings to calculate health outcomes and costs over a lifetime horizon. Clinical data for atezolizumab were collected from the interim and the exploratory results (data cut-off: Sept'18 and Feb'20, respectively) of the IMpower110 trial while a network meta-analysis was used to model pembrolizumab treatment. Utility data were collected from the trial. Direct medical costs were considered based on resources identified by experts. Costs and outcomes were discounted at 3% per year. Health outcomes were expressed as cost per Life Year (LY) and cost per Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY). Both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of results.

RESULTS

Over a lifetime horizon, the incremental results showed that atezolizumab generated similar health outcomes (LYs and QALYs) to pembrolizumab, with minimal differences depending on the cut-off used (+ 0.70 and + 0.42 LYs and QALYs with Sept'18 cut-off and - 0.80 and - 0.72 LYs and QALYs with Feb'20 cut-off). However, for both cut-offs, atezolizumab produced meaningfully less costs than pembrolizumab (€ - 54,261 with Sept'18 cut-off and € - 81,907 with Feb'20 cut-off). The sensitivity analyses carried out confirmed the robustness of the base-case results.

CONCLUSIONS

The cost-effectiveness analysis, comparing the two cut-off of IMpower110, shows that atezolizumab provides similar health gains to pembrolizumab but at a lower cost for the first-line treatment of metastasic NSCLC patients in Spain.

Evaluation of Nutritional Interventions in the Care Plan for Cancer Patients: The NOA Project

The NOA (Oncological Nutrition in Andalusia) project analyses the degree of integration and areas of improvement in implementing nutritional support in the care plans of cancer patients in Andalusia. The aim was to analyse nutritional interventions for better care of cancer patients and for the improvement of the management of malnutrition in cancer. A prospective evaluation of the implementation of two areas of improvement in nutrition was conducted in three hospitals. Data were collected from each hospital over a six-month period using an online platform. A standardised care plan was designed for hospitals in Andalusia, in which proposed improvements were devised and prioritised, selecting nutritional screening in oncology services and the participation of the Nutrition Support Team (NST) on the tumour boards, as well as the assessment of the patients presented at these sessions. Our results indicated an increase in the number of medical records with nutritional evaluation results six months later, regardless of the type of tumour or hospitalisation; and there was greater participation of the NST on the tumour boards, mainly for head and neck and oesophagogastric cases. Solutions for improvement have been pinpointed and implemented that have positively impacted the nutritional care plan in the course of oncological disease.

A Subset of PD-1-Expressing CD56bright NK Cells Identifies Patients with Good Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Lung Cancer

(1) Despite the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in lung cancer, there is a lack of knowledge about predictive biomarkers. The objective of our study is to analyze different subsets of T-lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells as predictive biomarkers in a cohort of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with ICI. (2) This is an observational, prospective study with 55 NSCLC patients treated with ICI. A total of 43 T and NK cell subsets are analyzed in peripheral blood, including the main markers of exhaustion, differentiation, memory, activation, and inhibition. (3) Regarding the descriptive data, Granzyme B+CD4+ Treg lymphocytes stand out (median 17.4%), and within the NK populations, most patients presented cytotoxic NK cells (CD56+CD3-CD16+GranzymeB+; median 94.8%), and about half of them have highly differentiated adaptive-like NK cells (CD56+CD3-CD16+CD57+ (mean 59.8%). A statistically significant difference was observed between the expression of PD1 within the CD56^bright NK cell subpopulation (CD56+CD3-CD16-PD-1+) (p = 0.047) and a better OS. (4) Circulating immune cell subpopulations are promising prognostic biomarkers for ICI. Pending on validation with a larger sample, here we provide an analysis of the major circulating T and NK cell subsets involved in cancer immunity, with promising results despite a small sample size.

Immunotherapy in Cancer Management: A Literature Review of Clinical Efficacy of Pembrolizumab in the Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment

Purpose: Cancer is a global public health problem that affects millions of people every year and the immunotherapy has been a promising alternative for its treatment. The aim of this study was to gather data concerning the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), emphasizing pembrolizumb, a humanized antibody. This study also reports the role of immunotherapy in cancer treatments, contemplating the anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-L1 and anti PD-1 action in lymphocyte T cells. Methods: A bibliographic review was performed using Pubmed, SCIELO and SCOPUS databases, screening the scientific studies published within the last 5 years. Results: Seven clinical trials were selected to discuss the benefits of pembrolizumab as NSCLC therapy in untreated and previously treated patients, considering or not the tumor proportion score (TPS). It was found that NSCLC occurs with great frequency in Brazil and worldwide, presenting a poor prognosis due to its late diagnosis in most cases. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy for NSCLC because its benefits overcome its risks compared to other therapies. Besides, the studies evidenced the efficiency of pembrolizumab as monotherapy or in association whit chemotherapy, in the first or second line of treatment and, additionally, patient's whit TPS ≥ 50% seem to have a greater benefit from the treatment. Conclusion: The data collected herein showed that pembrolizumab is a very promising, effective, and safe treatment option against NSCLC. Lastly, it is important to highlight the relevance of review's studies, since they are easy-to-read materials, collecting relevant information on a subject.

New update to the guidelines on testing predictive biomarkers in non-small-cell lung cancer: a National Consensus of the Spanish Society of Pathology and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents the greatest number of identified therapeutic targets, some of which have therapeutic utility. Currently, detecting EGFR, BRAF, KRAS and MET mutations, ALK, ROS1, NTRK and RET translocations, and PD-L1 expression in these patients is considered essential. The use of next-generation sequencing facilitates precise molecular diagnosis and allows the detection of other emerging mutations, such as the HER2 mutation and predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy responses. In this consensus, a group of experts in the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC selected by the Spanish Society of Pathology and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology have evaluated currently available information and propose a series of recommendations to optimize the detection and use of biomarkers in daily clinical practice.

TFG-β Nuclear Staining as a Potential Relapse Risk Factor in Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Nowadays, the impact of the tumor-immune microenvironment (TME) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) prognosis and treatment response remains unclear. Thus, we evaluated the expression of PD-L1, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in NSCLC to identify differences in TME, detect possible new prognostic factors, and assess their relationship. We retrospectively analyzed 55 samples from patients who underwent NSCLC surgery and had over a 5-year follow-up. PD-L1 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry following standard techniques. The presence of TILs was evaluated at low magnification and classified into two categories, “intense” and “non-intense”. Cytoplasmic TGF-β staining visualization was divided into four categories, and unequivocal nuclear staining in >1% of viable tumor cells was defined as “present” or “absent”. Our aim was to identify differences in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Tumor stage was the only objective prognostic factor for OS. PD-L1 expression and the presence of TILs had no prognostic impact, neither their combination. There seems to be a lower expression of PD-L1 and a higher expression of TILs in early stages of the disease. Our TGF-β nuclear staining analysis was promising, since it was associated with worse DFS, revealing this protein as a possible prognostic biomarker of recurrence for resectable NSCLC.

Cost-benefit analysis of ALK diagnosis vs. non-diagnosis in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Spain

Introduction

In recent years, target therapies to specific molecular alterations in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been identified and have shown superior efficacy compared to non-targeted treatments. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is one of the therapeutic targets; nevertheless, ALK diagnosis is not performed in all NSCLC patients in Spain. The objective of this study is to estimate in monetary terms the benefit for the Spanish society of ALK diagnosis in advanced NSCLC patients.

Methods

A cost-benefit analysis of ALK diagnosis vs. non-diagnosis in advanced NSCLC patients was carried out from the Spanish social perspective, with a time horizon of 5 years. Costs, benefits and the cost-benefit ratio were measured. The analysis has considered the overall survival in advanced NSCLC patients treated with the ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) alectinib. The natural history of NSCLC was simulated using a Markov model. A 3% discount rate was applied to both costs and benefits. The result was tested using a deterministic sensitivity analysis.

Results

The cost of ALK diagnosis vs. non-diagnosis in the base case would be €10.19 million, generating benefits of €11.71 million. The cost-benefit ratio would be €1.15. In the sensitivity analysis, the cost-benefit ratio could range from €0.89 to €2.10.

Conclusions

The results justify the universal application of ALK diagnosis in advanced NSCLC, which generates a benefit for Spanish society that outweighs its costs and allows optimal treatment with targeted therapies for these patients.

Application of dual-energy computed tomography in preoperative evaluation of Ki-67 expression levels in solid non-small cell lung cancer

To investigate whether there were significant differences in dual-energy CT (DECT) in reflecting different quantitative parameters among different levels of Ki-67 expression in patients with solid non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The diagnosis performance of DECT in patients with solid lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) among NSCLC was further discusses. Two hundred fifteen patients confirmed with solid NSCLC were enrolled and analyzed retrospectively in this study. 148 patients were confirmed with LAC among all patients. Three expression levels of Ki-67 were determined by the percentage of Ki-67 positive cancer cells with immunohistochemistry: high-level group (>30%), middle-level group (10%-30%), and low-level group (≤10%). And the latter two levels also known as non-high-level group. The quantitative parameters of enhanced chest DECT (venous phase, VP), including iodine concentration (IC), water concentration (WC), CT value at 40 keV (CT40keV), the slope of energy spectral attenuation curve (λHU) and normalized iodine concentration (NIC) were measured and calculated by gemstone spectral imaging Viewer software. One-way ANOVA was used for the comparison of normal distribution DECT parameters between three levels for patients with NSCLC and patients with LAC. Non-normal distribution data were tested by non-parametric test. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic curve of statistically significant DECT parameters was drawn to distinguish the non-high-level and the high-level of Ki-67. Area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity was calculated to measure the diagnostic performance of parameter. Both in solid NSCLC and LAC, the IC, NIC, WC, λHU and CT40keV at VP in the high-level group were significantly lower than those in the middle- and low-level group respectively, and the WC at VP in the high-level group was significantly higher than that in the middle- and low-level group respectively (all P < .05). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that IC and λHU at VP performed better in distinguishing the high-level and the non-high-level of Ki-67 (NSCLC: AUC = 0.713 and 0.714 respectively; LAC: AUC = 0.705 and 0.706 respectively). Quantitative parameters of DECT provide a new non-invasive method for evaluating the proliferation of cancer cells in solid NSCLC and LAC.

Patient-Derived Lung Tumoroids—An Emerging Technology in Drug Development and Precision Medicine

Synthetic 3D multicellular systems derived from patient tumors, or tumoroids, have been developed to complete the cancer research arsenal and overcome the limits of current preclinical models. They aim to represent the molecular and structural heterogeneity of the tumor micro-environment, and its complex network of interactions, with greater accuracy. They are more predictive of clinical outcomes, of adverse events, and of resistance mechanisms. Thus, they increase the success rate of drug development, and help clinicians in their decision-making process. Lung cancer remains amongst the deadliest of diseases, and still requires intensive research. In this review, we analyze the merits and drawbacks of the current preclinical models used in lung cancer research, and the position of tumoroids. The introduction of immune cells and healthy regulatory cells in autologous tumoroid models has enabled their application to most recent therapeutic concepts. The possibility of deriving tumoroids from primary tumors within reasonable time has opened a direct approach to patient-specific features, supporting their future role in precision medicine.

Current Advances in PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade in Recurrent Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of a variety of cancers. Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, and the rate of advanced tumor progression or recurrence is as high as 80%. Current salvage strategies for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are rarely curative. Recurrent ovarian cancer is a “cold tumor”, predominantly due to a lack of tumor antigens and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In trials testing programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade as a monotherapy, the response rate was only 8.0-22.2%. In this review, we illustrate the status of cold tumors in ovarian cancer and summarize the existing clinical trials investigating PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in recurrent ovarian cancer. Increasing numbers of immunotherapy combination trials have been set up to improve the response rate of EOC. The current preclinical and clinical development of immunotherapy combination therapy to convert an immune cold tumor into a hot tumor and their underlying mechanisms are also reviewed. The combination of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 with other immunomodulatory drugs or therapies, such as chemotherapy, antiangiogenic therapies, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, and oncolytic therapy, could be beneficial. Further efforts are merited to transfer these results to a broader clinical application.

Targeting molecular alterations in non-small-cell lung cancer: what's next?

In recent years, major advances have been achieved in our understanding of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with oncogenic driver alterations and in the specific treatment of these with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Currently, state-of-the-art management of patients with NSCLC (particularly adenocarcinoma or non-adenocarcinoma but with mild tobacco exposure) consists of the determination of EGFR, ALK, ROS1 and BRAF status, as they have US FDA and EMA approved targeted therapies. The increase in molecular knowledge of NSCLC and the development of drugs against other targets has settled new therapeutic indications. In this review we have incorporated the development around MET, KRAS and NTRK in the diagnosis of NSCLC given the therapeutic potential that they represent, as well as the drugs approved for these indications.

Medium to Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of Spinal Metastasectomy

The prolonged survival of metastatic cancer patients highlights the importance of the local control of spinal metastases, which reduce patient performance status. This retrospective study examined the medium to long-term outcomes of spinal metastasectomy by evaluating 124 patients who underwent metastasectomy for isolated spinal metastases (2006-2018) with a postoperative follow-up for a minimum of 3 years. The findings present information on patient demographics (i.e., performance status, location of non-spinal metastases, and history of systemic therapy) and postoperative outcomes, including perioperative complications, disease progression of non-operated metastases, and additional excisional surgeries. Additionally, postoperative survival, local tumor control in the operated spine, and maintenance of spinal reconstruction without instrumentation failure were determined using Kaplan-Meier analyses. The primary malignancy was kidney and thyroid cancer in 51 and 14 patients, respectively, low-grade sarcoma and lung cancer in 13 patients, breast cancer in 12 patients, and other malignancies in 21 patients. The 3-year and 5-year survival rates were 70% and 60%, respectively. We found that patients with thyroid cancer had the best survival results, with local tumor recurrence and instrumentation failure at 10% and 22%, respectively. These findings suggest that for certain patients with isolated and removable spine metastases, metastasectomy can improve function and survival.

Spanish Society of Thoracic Surgery (SECT) consensus document. Long-term follow-up for operated patients with lung cancer

The most effective treatment for lung cancer is complete lung resection, although recurrences reach up to 10% and the appearance of second neoplasms, up to 6%. Therefore, the follow-up of these patients will be essential for the early detection and treatment of these events; however there is no definition of the form, time and cadence of these follow-ups. In this consensus document, we try to define them based on the available scientific evidence. A critical review of the literature is carried out (meta-analysis, systematic reviews, reviews, consensus recommendations of scientific societies, randomized controlled studies, non-randomized controlled studies, observational studies and case series studies) and communications to the main congresses on oncology and thoracic surgery in Spanish, English and French. The evidences found are classified following the GRADE system. It is defined according to the existing evidence that the patient resected for lung cancer should be followed up, as well as that this follow-up should be close during the first years and with CT (not being necessary to follow up with PET-CT, biomarkers or bronchoscopy). Cessation of smoking is also recommended in this follow-up.

Treatment Sequencing Strategies in Lung Cancer

BACKGROUND

The advances in the lung cancer screening methods and therapeutics, together with awareness towards deleterious habits, such as smoking, is increasing the overall survival with better quality of life for the patients. However, lung cancer is still one of the most common and fatal neoplasm with a high incidence and consequently burden to public health worldwide. Thus, based on guidelines and recent phases II and III clinical trials studies, this manuscript summarizes the current treatment sequencing strategies in lung cancer.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of related articles was performed focused on phases II and III clinical trials studies.

RESULTS

The lung cancer management should take into consideration the tumor characteristics, histology, molecular pathology and be discussed in a multidisciplinary team. Lung cancer treatment options comprises surgery whenever possible, radiotherapy associate with/or chemotherapy and immunotherapy as monotherapy, or combined with chemotherapy and best palliative care.

CONCLUSIONS

The screening predictability in more patients, smoking reduction, early diagnosis, better disease understanding and individualized, more effective and tolerable therapeutics are related to an increasing in overall survival and quality of life. In the near future improvement of personalized therapy in precision medicine is expected, enhancing new predictive biomarkers, optimal doses and optimal treatment sequencing as well as anti-cancer vaccines development.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of a lung cancer screening programme in Spain

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the implementation of national lung cancer (LC) screening programme (SP) in a high-risk population from the perspective of the Spanish National Health System (NHS).

METHODS

A cost-effectiveness analysis for a LC SP was carried out on a lifetime horizon. A Markov model was designed that assumed two scenarios, one with the implementation of the SP and another one without it. Effectiveness and cost of LC management, diagnosis and screening were included in the different health states. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate its robustness. A discount rate was set at 3% both for effectiveness and cost.

RESULTS

In the base-case, an increase of 4.80 quality-adjusted life years (QALY) per patient was obtained, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €2345/QALY. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed the national LC SP to be cost-effective in 80% of cases (probability=0.8) for a willingness-to-pay threshold equivalent to the gross domestic product per capita in Spain, which was set at €25 854/QALY in 2018 based on the per capita income of Spain. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the obtained results are robust in terms of changes in the presentation rates and costs, and the cost-effectiveness thresholds.

CONCLUSIONS

This analysis suggests that the implementation of a LC SP in the high-risk Spanish population would be a cost-effective strategy for the Spanish NHS.

Modelling an evaluation of the efficacy and safety of gemcitabine combined with platinum in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVES

Gemcitabine combined with platinum is currently the recommended first-line chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to quantitatively compare the efficacy and safety of gemcitabine-platinum combinations in the treatment of advanced NSCLC under different dosing regimens based on extensive literature data.

METHODS

The PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for clinical trials in patients with NSCLC treated with a gemcitabine-platinum regimen. A parametric survival function was used to analyse the time course of overall survival (OS). The objective response rate (ORR) and the incidence of grade 3/4 adverse events were summarized using the random-effects model of a single-arm meta-analysis.

RESULTS

The study included 63 arms from 47 publications, with a total sample size of 4344 patients for analysis. The model revealed that East Asians has a better survival benefit than non-East Asians, with a median OS of 16.4 (95% CI: 14.3-19.0) and 9.9 (95% CI: 8.1-12.4) months, respectively. Moreover, the OS of patients that underwent a 6-cycle treatment was significantly longer than those that had a 4-cycle treatment in non-East Asians, with a median OS of 10.2 (95% CI: 9.5-11.1) and 8.4 (95% CI: 7.7-9.3) months, respectively. However, the incidence of neutropenia, nausea and vomiting also increased after 6 cycles of treatment. When the dose of gemcitabine increased from 1000 mg/m² to 1250 mg/m² , the median OS was extended by approximately 1 month, but the incidence of grade 3/4 adverse reactions did not increase.

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION

Race is an important factor affecting OS in the treatment of advanced NSCLC, which should be considered when conducting international multicentre clinical trials. Additionally, this study found that the OS increased with an increase in gemcitabine exposure, so it is necessary to construct an exposure-response model to obtain the best benefit-risk ratio for patients.

The role of surgery in the treatment of metastatic bone tumor

Surgery for bone metastasis has two primary goals-palliative care to relieve pain, instability and paralysis, and tumor resection for curing the disease. Oncologically en bloc resection, followed by a reconstruction of the bone defect is the treatment of choice in single bone metastasis from renal cell carcinoma or thyroid cancer. Bone metastases may occur in the extremities, pelvis, or spine, and different resection and reconstruction methods depend on the regional anatomy. For instance, multiple options are available for reconstruction of the pelvis, especially for the acetabulum, including anatomical reconstruction using custom-made implants or recycled autologous bone grafting when a long-term prognosis is expected. Recently, for the spine, total en bloc spondylectomy is extensively performed despite the initial limitations of surgical invasiveness, such as blood loss. Principally, palliative surgery aims to maintain lasting bony stability with minimal surgical invasiveness. Intramedullary nails and plate fixation are frequently used in the extremities but the postoperative failure rate is relatively high. Therefore, surgeons should consider the use of long intramedullary nails and long-type stems for endoprosthesis reconstruction along with cement fixation to reduce the failure rate. Although short-term complications, such as dislocation, have been observed with endoprosthesis reconstruction, it is stable in the long-term follow-up. Percutaneous bone cement injection into the spine and pelvis is also effective and less invasive.

SUVmax to tumor perimeter distance: a robust radiomics prognostic biomarker in resectable non-small cell lung cancer patients

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of novel geometric variables obtained from pre-treatment [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT with respect to classical ones in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS

Retrospective study including stage I-III NSCLC patients with baseline [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT. Clinical, histopathologic, and metabolic parameters were obtained. After tumor segmentation, SUV and volume-based variables, global texture, sphericity, and two novel parameters, normalized SUVpeak to centroid distance (nSCD) and normalized SUVmax to perimeter distance (nSPD), were obtained. Early recurrence (ER) and short-term mortality (STM) were used as end points. Univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression with respect to ER and STM were performed.

RESULTS

A cohort of 173 patients was selected. ER was detected in 49/104 of patients with recurrent disease. Additionally, 100 patients died and 53 had STM. Age, pathologic lymphovascular invasion, lymph nodal infiltration, TNM stage, nSCD, and nSPD were associated with ER, although only age (aOR = 1.06, p = 0.002), pathologic lymphovascular invasion (aOR = 3.40, p = 0.022), and nSPD (aOR = 0.02, p = 0.018) were significant independent predictors of ER in multivariate analysis. Age, lymph nodal infiltration, TNM stage, nSCD, and nSPD were predictors of STM. Age (aOR = 1.05, p = 0.006), lymph nodal infiltration (aOR = 2.72, p = 0.005), and nSPD (aOR = 0.03, p = 0.022) were significantly associated with STM in multivariate analysis. Coefficient of variation (COV) and SUVmean/SUVmax ratio did not show significant predictive value with respect to ER or STM.

CONCLUSION

The geometric variables, nSCD and nSPD, are robust biomarkers of the poorest outcome prediction of patients with NSCLC with respect to classical PET variables.

KEY POINTS

• In NSCLC patients, it is crucial to find prognostic parameters since TNM system alone cannot explain the variation in lung cancer survival. • Age, lymphovascular invasion, lymph nodal infiltration, and metabolic geometrical parameters were useful as prognostic parameters. • The displacement grade of the highest point of metabolic activity towards the periphery assessed by geometric variables obtained from [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT was a robust biomarker of the poorest outcome prediction of patients with NSCLC.

Real-World Survival Outcomes Based on EGFR Mutation Status in Chinese Patients With Lung Adenocarcinoma After Complete Resection: Results From the ICAN Study

Introduction

The adjuvant treatment of patients with resected lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unstandardized. We analyzed the survival outcomes of these patients based on EGFR mutation status and adjuvant chemotherapy treatment.

Methods

This noninterventional real-world study (ICAN) enrolled Chinese patients with resected stages I to III LUAD from April 8, 2010, to December 31, 2010. Tumor EGFR mutation status and 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) were determined. The extension phase provided long-term follow-up with overall survival (OS) as the primary end point. Secondary end points included DFS and prognostic factors of survival. Survival outcomes based on adjuvant chemotherapy treatment, EGFR mutation status, and postoperative stage were analyzed post hoc.

Results

Among 568 patients in the ICAN cohort, 472 continued to the extension phase and remained eligible. The 3-year DFS rate was 58.8%. In the extension cohort, 260 patients (55.1%) had EGFR-mutant disease and 207 (43.9%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. At a median follow-up of 109.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 106.6–111.4) months, median OS and DFS were 103.3 (95% CI: 101.7–104.9) and 67.4 (95% CI: 49.7–85.2) months, respectively. The 5-year OS and DFS rates were 68.9% (95% CI: 64.3–73.6) and 52.9% (95% CI: 48.2–57.7), respectively. EGFR wild-type disease was a significant independent predictor of worse OS (HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.07–1.44, p= 0.004) based on the Cox regression analysis of common factors. Post hoc subgroup analysis revealed that survival outcomes were not significantly different with adjuvant chemotherapy regardless of EGFR mutation status across all postoperative stages.

Conclusions

EGFR mutations are common in operable LUAD, and recurrence and mortality after resection were considerable. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not improve survival outcomes, regardless of EGFR mutation status and postoperative stage.

Impact of the use of antibiotics on the clinical response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer

OBJECTIVE

Recent research suggests that the use of antibiotics could reduce the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors, in addition to other well-known factors. It could be due to gut microbiota modification, which impact over the immune system response. However, the information available so far is contradictory. The objective of this research was to clarify whether antibiotic use influences efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors treatments in non-small cell lung cancer patients in clinical practice.

METHODS

Therefore, a retrospective observational study was designed. Use of antibiotics among patients treated with atezolizumab, pembrolizumab or nivolumab was assessed within 2 months of checkpoint inhibitors treatments initiation.

RESULTS

A total of 140 patients were included, mostly men, with good performance status (ECOG 0-1), all of them previously treated with chemotherapy. An antibiotic prescription was identified in 31% of these patients, mainly fluoroquinolones or beta-lactams. The most frequent indication was respiratory infection. Both progression-free survival and overall survival were lower for patients treated with anti-infective drugs, although this difference was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

More studies are needed to draw conclusions about the impact of antibiotics on the efficacy of immunotherapy.

PD-L1 testing and clinical management of newly diagnosed metastatic non-small cell lung cancer in Spain: MOREL study

Aim

To describe the clinical management and PD-L1 testing of patients with newly diagnosed stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without driver mutations in Spain.

Methods

Multicenter, retrospective study.

Results

Among 297 evaluated patients, 89.2% received systemic treatment for stage IV disease, of whom 53.6% received platinum doublet therapy, 26.8% immunotherapy as monotherapy and 14.7% immunotherapy + chemotherapy, with 9.4% receiving treatment as part of a clinical trial. Treatment was initiated 1 month after histological diagnosis, with PD-L1 test results available in most cases (92.6%). PD-L1 testing was performed in 287 patients, 95.1% by in-house tests, mostly with the 22C3 pharmDx assay. The factor most strongly associated with treatment selection was, as expected, the expression of PD-L1.

Conclusion

PD-L1 testing is implemented in clinical practice and seems to guide treatment decisions in patients with NSCLC in Spain.

Cost-effectiveness of carbon-ion radiotherapy versus stereotactic body radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer

Carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for clinical stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is used as an advanced medical treatment regimen in Japan. Carbon-ion radiotherapy reportedly aids in achieving excellent treatment outcomes, despite its high medical cost. We aimed to compare CIRT with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in terms of cost-effectiveness for treating clinical stage I NSCLC. Data of patients with clinical stage I NSCLC treated with CIRT or SBRT at Gunma University between 2010 and 2015 were analyzed. The CIRT and SBRT groups included 62 and 27 patients, respectively. After propensity-score matching, both groups comprised 15 patients. Life year (LY) was used as an indicator of outcome. The CIRT technical fee was 3 140 000 JPY. There was no technical fee for the second CIRT carried out on the same organ within 2 years. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated by dividing the incremental cost by the incremental LY for 5 years after treatment. Sensitivity analysis was applied to evaluate the impact of LY or costs of each group on ICER. The ICERs were 7 491 017 JPY/LY and 3 708 330 JPY/LY for all patients and matched patients, respectively. Hospitalization and examination costs were significantly higher in the CIRT group, and the impact of the CIRT technical costs was smaller than other costs and LY. Carbon-ion radiotherapy is a cost-effective treatment approach. However, our findings suggest that reducing excessive costs by considering the validity and necessity of examinations and hospitalizations would make CIRT a more cost-effective approach.

Spanish Society of Thoracic Surgery (SECT) consensus document. Long-term follow-up for operated patients with lung cancer

The most effective treatment for lung cancer is complete lung resection, although recurrences reach up to 10% and the appearance of second neoplasms, up to 6%. Therefore, the follow-up of these patients will be essential for the early detection and treatment of these events; however, there is no definition of the form, time and cadence of these follow-ups. In this consensus document, we try to define them based on the available scientific evidence. A critical review of the literature is carried out (meta-analysis, systematic reviews, reviews, consensus recommendations of scientific societies, randomized controlled studies, non-randomized controlled studies, observational studies and case series studies) and communications to the main congresses on oncology and thoracic surgery in Spanish, English and French. The evidences found are classified following the GRADE system. It is defined according to the existing evidence that the patient resected for lung cancer should be followed up, as well as that this follow-up should be close during the first years and with CT (not being necessary to follow up with PET-CT, biomarkers or bronchoscopy). Cessation of smoking is also recommended in this follow-up.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveals Novel Biomarkers and Mechanistic Insights on Lorlatinib Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier

Of late, lorlatinib has played an increasingly pivotal role in the treatment of brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer. However, its pharmacokinetics in the brain and the mechanism of entry are still controversial. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanisms of brain penetration by lorlatinib and identify potential biomarkers for the prediction of lorlatinib concentration in the brain. Detection of lorlatinib in lorlatinib-administered mice and control mice was performed using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Metabolomics and transcriptomics were combined to investigate the pathway and relationships between metabolites and genes. Multilayer perceptron was applied to construct an artificial neural network model for prediction of the distribution of lorlatinib in the brain. Nine biomarkers related to lorlatinib concentration in the brain were identified. A metabolite-reaction-enzyme-gene interaction network was built to reveal the mechanism of lorlatinib. A multilayer perceptron model based on the identified biomarkers provides a prediction accuracy rate of greater than 85%. The identified biomarkers and the neural network constructed with these metabolites will be valuable for predicting the concentration of drugs in the brain. The model provides a lorlatinib to treat tumor brain metastases in the clinic.

PD-L1 Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Data from a Referral Center in Spain

Anti-programmed cell death (PD1)/ligand-1 (PD-L1) checkpoint inhibitors have improved the survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Additionally, PD-L1 has emerged as a predictive biomarker of response. Our goal was to examine the histological features of all PD-L1 cases of NSCLC analyzed in our center between 2017 and 2020, as well as to correlate the expression values of the same patient in different tested samples. PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out on 1279 external and internal samples: 482 negative (tumor proportion score, TPS < 1%; 37.7%), 444 low-expression (TPS 1–49%; 34.7%) and 353 high-expression (TPS ≥ 50%; 27.6%). Similar results were observed with samples from our institution (N = 816). Significant differences were observed with respect to tumor histological type (p = 0.004); squamous carcinoma was positive in a higher proportion of cases than other histological types. There were also differences between PD-L1 expression and the type of sample analyzed (surgical, biopsy, cytology; p < 0.001), with a higher frequency of negative cytology. In addition, there were cases with more than one PD-L1 determination, showing heterogeneity. Our results show strong correlation with the literature data and reveal heterogeneity between tumors and samples from the same patient, which could affect eligibility for treatment with immunotherapy.

The clinical efficacy of argon-helium knife cryoablation combined with nivolumab in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer

To investigate the clinical safety and efficacy of argon-helium knife cryoablation combined with nivolumab in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 64 patients with advanced NSCLC were retrospectively reviewed. From July 2019 to December 2019, all patients received argon-helium knife cryoablation combined with nivolumab (cryo-nivolumab group, n = 32) or cryoablation alone (cryoablation group, n = 32) at Guangzhou Fuda Cancer Hospital. Short-term efficacy, adverse effects, immune function, tumor markers cytokeratin 21-1 (CYFRA21-1), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) levels were compared between the two groups. Baseline characteristics were balanced between the two groups. All adverse effects were manageable and no significant difference was noted between the two groups (P > 0.05). Patients in cryo-nivolumab group had a significant improvement in immune function and short-term efficacy (P < 0.05). The levels of CTCs and tumor markers CYFRA21-1 and NSE in cryo-nivolumab group were reduced significantly (P < 0.05). Argon-helium knife cryoablation combined with nivolumab was well tolerated and safe and was superior to cryoablation alone in improving clinical efficacy in patients with advanced NSCLC.