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Yin J, Liu H, Chen Y, Zhou J, Liu Y, Liang Z, Zhu X, Liu H, Ding P, Liu E, Zhang Y, Wu S, Wang A. Development and application of a high-sensitivity immunochromatographic test strip for detecting pseudorabies virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1399123. [PMID: 38765685 PMCID: PMC11099248 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1399123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pseudorabies (PR) is a multi-animal comorbid disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), which are naturally found in pigs. At the end of 2011, the emergence of PRV variant strains in many provinces in China had caused huge economic losses to pig farms. Rapid detection diagnosis of pigs infected with the PRV variant helps prevent outbreaks of PR. The immunochromatography test strip with colloidal gold nanoparticles is often used in clinical testing due to its low cost and high throughput. Methods This study was designed to produce monoclonal antibodies targeting PRV through immunization of mice using the eukaryotic system to express the gE glycoprotein. Subsequently, paired monoclonal antibodies were screened based on their sensitivity and specificity for use in the preparation of test strips. Results and discussion The strip prepared in this study was highly specific, only PRV was detected, and there was no cross-reactivity with glycoprotein gB, glycoprotein gC, glycoprotein gD, and glycoprotein gE of herpes simplex virus and varicellazoster virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Senecavirus A, classical swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and porcine parvovirus. Moreover, it demonstrated high sensitivity with a detection limit of 1.336 × 103 copies/μL (the number of viral genome copies per microliter); the coincidence rate with the RT-PCR detection method was 96.4%. The strip developed by our laboratory provides an effective method for monitoring PRV infection and controlling of PR vaccine quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yin
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Basic Science, Zhengzhou University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Enping Liu
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sixuan Wu
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
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Wu Z, Deng J, Chen M, Lu P, Yan Z, Wu X, Ji Q, Fan H, Luo Y, Ju C. Additional Insertion of gC Gene Triggers Better Immune Efficacy of TK/gI/gE-Deleted Pseudorabies Virus in Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:706. [PMID: 38793591 PMCID: PMC11125823 DOI: 10.3390/v16050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants have resulted in an epidemic in swine herds and huge economic losses in China. Therefore, it is essential to develop an efficacious vaccine against the spread of PRV variants. Here, the triple-gene-deletion virus and the triple-gene-deletion plus gC virus were constructed by homologous recombination (HR). And then, their growth capacity, proliferation ability, and immune efficacy were evaluated. The results showed that the growth kinetics of the recombinant viruses were similar to those of the parental strain PRV-AH. Compared with the triple-gene-deletion virus group, the more dominant level of neutralizing antibody (NA) can be induced in the triple-gene-deletion plus gC virus group with the same 106.0 TCID50 dose after 4 and 6 weeks post-initial immunization (PII) (p < 0.0001). In addition, the antibody titers in mice immunized with the triple-gene-deletion plus gC virus were significantly higher than those immunized with triple-gene deletion virus with the same 105.0 TCID50 dose after 6 weeks PII (p < 0.001). More importantly, in the triple-gene-deletion plus gC virus group with 105.0 TCID50, the level of NA was close to that in the triple-gene deletion virus group with 106.0 TCID50 at 6 weeks PII. Meanwhile, the cytokines IL-4 and IFN-γ in sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in each group. The highest level of IL-4 or IFN-γ was also elicited in the triple-gene deletion plus gC virus group at a dose of 106.0 TCID50. After challenge with PRV-AH, the survival rates of the triple-gene deletion plus gC virus immunized groups were higher than those of other groups. In immunized groups with 105.0 TCID50, the survival rate shows a significant difference between the triple-gene deletion plus gC virus group (75%, 6/8) and the triple-gene deletion virus group (12.5%, 1/8). In general, the immune efficacy of the PRV TK/gI/gE-deleted virus can be increased with additional gC insertion in mice, which has potential for developing an attenuated vaccine candidate for PRV control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (J.D.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (Z.Y.); (X.W.); (Q.J.); (H.F.)
| | - Chunmei Ju
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (J.D.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (Z.Y.); (X.W.); (Q.J.); (H.F.)
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Ma Y, Shi K, Chen Z, Shi Y, Zhou Q, Mo S, Wei H, Hu L, Mo M. Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine Influenza Virus, and Pseudorabies Virus via Quadruplex One-Step RT-qPCR. Pathogens 2024; 13:341. [PMID: 38668296 PMCID: PMC11054806 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are significant viruses causing respiratory diseases in pigs. Sick pigs exhibit similar clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, runny nose, and dyspnea, making it very difficult to accurately differentially diagnose these diseases on site. In this study, a quadruplex one-step reverse-transcription real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for the detection of PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV was established. The assay showed strong specificity, high sensitivity, and good repeatability. It could detect only PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV, without cross-reactions with TGEV, PEDV, PRoV, ASFV, FMDV, PCV2, PDCoV, and CSFV. The limits of detection (LODs) for PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV were 129.594, 133.205, 139.791, and 136.600 copies/reaction, respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 0.29% to 1.89%. The established quadruplex RT-qPCR was used to test 4909 clinical specimens, which were collected in Guangxi Province, China, from July 2022 to September 2023. PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV showed positivity rates of 1.36%, 10.17%, 4.87%, and 0.84%, respectively. In addition, the previously reported RT-qPCR was also used to test these specimens, and the agreement between these methods was higher than 99.43%. The established quadruplex RT-qPCR can accurately detect these four porcine respiratory viruses simultaneously, providing an accurate and reliable detection technique for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Meilan Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
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Guo H, Liu Q, Yang D, Zhang H, Kuang Y, Li Y, Chen H, Wang X. Brincidofovir Effectively Inhibits Proliferation of Pseudorabies Virus by Disrupting Viral Replication. Viruses 2024; 16:464. [PMID: 38543829 PMCID: PMC10975951 DOI: 10.3390/v16030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies is an acute and febrile infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV), a member of the family Herpesviridae. Currently, PRV is predominantly endemoepidemic and has caused significant economic losses among domestic pigs. Other animals have been proven to be susceptible to PRV, with a mortality rate of 100%. In addition, 30 human cases of PRV infection have been reported in China since 2017, and all patients have shown severe neurological symptoms and eventually died or developed various neurological sequelae. In these cases, broad-spectrum anti-herpesvirus drugs and integrated treatments were mostly applied. However, the inhibitory effect of the commonly used anti-herpesvirus drugs (e.g., acyclovir, etc.) against PRV were evaluated and found to be limited in this study. It is therefore urgent and important to develop drugs that are clinically effective against PRV infection. Here, we constructed a high-throughput method for screening antiviral drugs based on fluorescence-tagged PRV strains and multi-modal microplate readers that detect fluorescence intensity to account for virus proliferation. A total of 2104 small molecule drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were studied and validated by applying this screening model, and 104 drugs providing more than 75% inhibition of fluorescence intensity were selected. Furthermore, 10 drugs that could significantly inhibit PRV proliferation in vitro were strictly identified based on their cytopathic effects, virus titer, and viral gene expression, etc. Based on the determined 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), the selectivity index (SI) was calculated to be 26.3-3937.2 for these 10 drugs, indicating excellent drugability. The antiviral effects of the 10 drugs were then assessed in a mouse model. It was found that 10 mg/kg brincidofovir administered continuously for 5 days provided 100% protection in mice challenged with lethal doses of the human-origin PRV strain hSD-1/2019. Brincidofovir significantly attenuated symptoms and pathological changes in infected mice. Additionally, time-of-addition experiments confirmed that brincidofovir inhibited the proliferation of PRV mainly by interfering with the viral replication stage. Therefore, this study confirms that brincidofovir can significantly inhibit PRV both in vitro and in vivo and is expected to be an effective drug candidate for the clinical treatment of PRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Kuang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yafei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.G.); (Q.L.); (D.Y.); (H.Z.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
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Feng Y, He T, Zhang B, Yuan H, Zhou Y. Epidemiology and diagnosis technologies of human metapneumovirus in China: a mini review. Virol J 2024; 21:59. [PMID: 38454484 PMCID: PMC10921660 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a newly identified pathogen causing acute respiratory tract infections in young infants worldwide. Since the initial document of HMPV infection in China in 2003, Chinese scientists have made lots of efforts to prevent and control this disease, including developing diagnosis methods, vaccines and antiviral agents against HMPV, as well as conducting epidemiological investigations. However, effective vaccines or special antiviral agents against HMPV are currently not approved, thus developing early diagnosis methods and knowing its epidemiological characteristics will be beneficial for HMPV control. Here, we summarized current research focused on the epidemiological characteristics of HMPV in China and its available detection methods, which will be beneficial to increase the public awareness and disease control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Feng
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, 411100, Hunan, China
| | - Tao He
- Xiangtan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, 411100, Hunan, China
| | - Haibin Yuan
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, 411100, Hunan, China
| | - Yinfei Zhou
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, 411100, Hunan, China.
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Guo Z, Xu H, Zhang S, Kang H, Li C, Sun Q, Zhao J, Li J, Zhou G, Wang Q, Xiang L, Tang Y, Liu H, Leng C, An T, Cai X, Tian Z, Zhang H, Peng J. Improved detection sensitivity of anti-PRV variant antibodies through preparation of anti-gB and anti-gE monoclonal antibodies and development of blocking ELISAs. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129425. [PMID: 38219937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Since 2011, PRV has resurged in China and is characterized by a mutated strain with significant alterations in antigenicity and virulence. Therefore, we hypothesized that antibody detection kits based on classic PRV strains may have limitations in detecting PRV variants. For more sensitive antibody detection of PRV variants, two MABs targeting the gB and gE proteins were developed. IFA revealed that these MABs exhibited strong reactivity toward both classic and variant PRV strains. MAB-gE recognizes a novel conserved linear B-cell epitope (41PSAEVWD47), while MAB-gB recognizes a conformational B-cell epitope. The binding of both MABs was effectively inhibited in the PRV-positive pig blood samples. Accordingly, we established blocking-ELISAs to detect anti-PRV gB and gE antibodies, which achieved higher sensitivity than commercial kits. Moreover, the clinical serum samples results of our method and that of IFA were in high agreement, and our test results had a higher coincidence rate than that of a commercial kit. Assessing antibody levels by our methods at various times following immunization and challenge accurately reflected the trend of antibody-level changes and revealed the conversion to positive antibody status before the commercial kit. Our method is crucial for monitoring PRV infections, assessing immune responses, and controlling disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Haonan Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jinhao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Lirun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yandong Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Huairan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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Song C, Ye H, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yao J, Gao L, Wang S, Yu Y, Shu X. Isolation and Characterization of Yunnan Variants of the Pseudorabies Virus and Their Pathogenicity in Rats. Viruses 2024; 16:233. [PMID: 38400009 PMCID: PMC10891970 DOI: 10.3390/v16020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine pseudorabies has long existed in China and is a serious threat to the Chinese farming industry. To understand the prevalence and genetic variation of the porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) and its pathogenicity in Yunnan Province, China, we collected 560 serum samples across seven Yunnan Province regions from 2020 to 2021 and detected anti-gE antibodies in these samples. Sixty-one clinical tissue samples were also collected from pigs with suspected PRV that were vaccinated with Bartha-K61. PRV-gE antibodies were found in 29.6% (166/560) of the serum samples. The PRV positivity rate in clinical tissue samples was 13.1% (8/61). Two isolates, PRV-KM and PRV-QJ, were obtained. The identity of the gB, gD, and gE genes between these isolates and the Chinese mutants exceeded 99.5%. These isolates and the classical Fa strain were used to infect 4-week-old rats intranasally to assess their pathogenicity. All infected rats showed the typical clinical and pathological features of PRV two days post-infection. The viral loads in the organs differed significantly among the infected groups. Viruses were detected in the saliva and feces at 12 h. Significant dynamic changes in total white blood cell counts (WBC), lymphocyte counts (Lym), and neutrophil counts (Gran) occurred in the blood of the infected groups at 24 and 48 h. These results show that mutant PRV strains are prevalent in Bartha-K61-vaccinated pigs in Yunnan Province, China. Moreover, rats shed PRV in their saliva and feces during early infection, indicating the need for rodent control in combatting PRV infections in Yunnan Province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlian Song
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.S.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hua Ye
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.S.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.S.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yalun Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.S.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yonghui Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.S.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jun Yao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (J.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Lin Gao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science & Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (J.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Shanqiang Wang
- Weixin County Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Station, Zhaotong 657000, China;
| | - Yougeng Yu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Weixin County, Zhaotong 657000, China;
| | - Xianghua Shu
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (C.S.); (H.Y.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
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Deng L, Min W, Guo S, Deng J, Wu X, Tong D, Yuan A, Yang Q. Interference of pseudorabies virus infection on functions of porcine granulosa cells via apoptosis modulated by MAPK signaling pathways. Virol J 2024; 21:25. [PMID: 38263223 PMCID: PMC10807058 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the major viral pathogens leading to reproductive disorders in swine. However, little is known about the effects of PRV infection on porcine reproductive system. Ovarian granulosa cells are somatic cells surrounding oocytes in ovary and required for folliculogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the interference of PRV on functions of porcine ovarian granulosa cells in vitro. METHODS Primary granulosa cells were isolated from porcine ovaries. To investigate the PRV infectivity, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to check the presence of viral particles, and the expression of viral gE gene was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in PRV-inoculated cells. After PRV infection, cell viability was detected by MTS assay, Ki67 for proliferative status was determined by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry, and progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) were determined by radioimmunoassay. The checkpoint genes of cell cycle and apoptosis-related proteins were studied by qPCR and western blotting. RESULTS Virus particles were observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of PRV-infected granulosa cells by TEM imaging, and the expression of viral gE gene increased in a time-dependent manner post infection. PRV infection inhibited cell viability and blocked cell cycle at S phase in porcine granulosa cells, accompanied by decreases in expression of Ki67 protein and checkpoint genes related to S phase. Radioimmunoassay revealed decreased levels in P4 and E2, and the expressions of key steroidogenic enzymes were also down-regulated post PRV-infection. In addition, PRV induced apoptosis with an increase in Bax expression and activation of caspase 9, and the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and p38 MAPKs were significantly up-regulated in porcine ovarian granulosa cells post PRV infection. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that PRV causes infection on porcine ovarian granulosa cells and interferes the cell functions through apoptosis, and the MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingcong Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenpeng Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Songyangnian Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiping Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaosong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Anwen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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9
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Li F, Yu H, Qi A, Zhang T, Huo Y, Tu Q, Qi C, Wu H, Wang X, Zhou J, Hu L, Ouyang H, Pang D, Xie Z. Regulatory Non-Coding RNAs during Porcine Viral Infections: Potential Targets for Antiviral Therapy. Viruses 2024; 16:118. [PMID: 38257818 PMCID: PMC10818342 DOI: 10.3390/v16010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs play important roles in agriculture and bio-medicine; however, porcine viral infections have caused huge losses to the pig industry and severely affected the animal welfare and social public safety. During viral infections, many non-coding RNAs are induced or repressed by viruses and regulate viral infection. Many viruses have, therefore, developed a number of mechanisms that use ncRNAs to evade the host immune system. Understanding how ncRNAs regulate host immunity during porcine viral infections is critical for the development of antiviral therapies. In this review, we provide a summary of the classification, production and function of ncRNAs involved in regulating porcine viral infections. Additionally, we outline pathways and modes of action by which ncRNAs regulate viral infections and highlight the therapeutic potential of artificial microRNA. Our hope is that this information will aid in the development of antiviral therapies based on ncRNAs for the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Aosi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Yuran Huo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Qiuse Tu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Chunyun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Heyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Lanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
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10
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Wang H, Li H, Tang B, Ye C, Han M, Teng L, Yue M, Li Y. Fast and sensitive differential diagnosis of pseudorabies virus-infected versus pseudorabies virus-vaccinated swine using CRISPR-Cas12a. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0261723. [PMID: 38078715 PMCID: PMC10783010 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02617-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes high mortality and miscarriage rates in the infected swine, and the eradication policy coupled with large-scale vaccination of live attenuated vaccines has been adopted globally against PRV. Differential diagnosis of the vaccinated and infected swine is highly demanded. Our multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA)-Cas12a detection method described in this study can diagnose PRV with a superior sensitivity comparable to the quantitative PCR (qPCR) and a competitive detection speed (only half the time as qPCR needs). The portable feature and the simple procedure of MIRA-Cas12a make it easier to deploy for clinical diagnosis, even in resource-limited settings. The MIRA-Cas12a method would provide immediate and accurate diagnostic information for policymakers to respond promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meiqing Han
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Teng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Zhang Y, Xu L, Tao Q, Liu Z, Wen J, Xu T, Lai S, Ai Y, Xu Z, Zhu L. The immunity protection of intestine induced by pseudorabies virus del gI/gE/TK in piglets. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1295524. [PMID: 38249453 PMCID: PMC10796999 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1295524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Compared to the classical strain of Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the PRV variant exhibits stronger transmissibility and pathogenicity, causing immense disasters for the global pig industry. Based on this variant, our laboratory has preliminarily constructed a modified pseudorabies virus with deletions in the gE/gI/TK genes. In this study, the protective efficacy of PRV XJ del gI/gE/TK against piglet intestinal damage was evaluated. The results demonstrated that piglets immunized with PRV XJ del gI/gE/TK exhibited alleviated intestinal damage caused by the PRV XJ variant strain. This included reduced viral load, suppressed inflammation, and maintenance of intestinal structure and function. Additionally, PRV XJ del gI/gE/TK also strongly activated the innate immune response in the intestines, increasing the expression of antiviral factor mRNA and the secretion of SIgA to counteract the attack of the PRV XJ variant strain. Our study indicates that PRV XJ del gI/gE/TK can inhibit intestinal damage caused by PRV XJ variant strain and activate the innate immune response in the intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheyan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhua Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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12
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Ye S, Su F, Li J, Yu B, Xu L, Xiong T, Shao K, Yuan X. Enhanced in vivo antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus through transforming gallic acid into graphene quantum dots with stimulation of interferon-related immune responses. J Mater Chem B 2023; 12:122-130. [PMID: 37997769 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01844j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
With the urgent need for antiviral agents, antiviral materials with high biocompatibility and antiviral effects have attracted a lot of attention. In this study, gallic acid, a natural polyphenolic compound, was transformed into biocompatible graphene quantum dots (GAGQDs) which exhibit enhanced antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus (PRV). The as-prepared GAGQDs inhibit PRV proliferation with a 104-fold reduction in viral titers. Investigation of the antiviral mechanism revealed that GAGQDs inhibit the adsorption, invasion and replication of PRV infection. Treatment with GAGQDs regulates the expression levels of interferon-related antiviral proteins, including mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), suggesting that GAGQDs can stimulate innate antiviral immune responses, resulting in enhanced antiviral effects. More importantly, GAGQD treatments alleviate clinical symptoms and reduce mortality in PRV-infected mice. Our results reveal the enhanced therapeutic effects of GAGQDs against PRV infection in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the potential of GAGQDs as a promising novel antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Ye
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, P. R. China.
| | - Fei Su
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, P. R. China.
| | - Junxing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, P. R. China.
| | - Lihua Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, P. R. China
| | - Kang Shao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiufang Yuan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, P. R. China.
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13
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Huang X, Qin S, Wang X, Xu L, Zhao S, Ren T, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Wei Z, Qin Y, Huang W. Molecular epidemiological and genetic characterization of pseudorabies virus in Guangxi, China. Arch Virol 2023; 168:285. [PMID: 37938380 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an important pathogen that can cause harm to the pig population. Since 2011, there have been a number of large-scale outbreaks of pseudorabies on Chinese farms where animals had been vaccinated with the Bartha-K61 vaccine. In order to understand the epidemiological trend and genetic variations of PRV in Guangxi province, China, 819 tissue samples were collected from swine farms where PRV infection was suspected from 2013 to 2019, and these were tested for infectious wild strains of PRV. The results showed a positive rate of PRV in Guangxi province of 28.21% (231/819). Thirty-six wild-type PRV strains were successfully isolated from PRV-positive tissue samples, and a genetic evolutionary analysis was performed based on the gB, gC, gD, gE, and TK genes. Thirty of the PRV strains were found to be closely related to the Chinese variant strains HeN1-China-2012 and HLJ8-China-2013. In addition, five PRV strains were genetically related to Chinese classical strains, and one isolate was a recombinant of the PRV variant and the vaccine strain Bartha-K61. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that all 36 PRV strains had characteristic variant sites in the amino acid sequences of the gB, gC, gD, and gE proteins. Pathogenicity analysis showed that, compared to classical PRV strains, the PRV variant strains were more pathogenic in mice and had a lower LD50. Taken together, our results show that wild-type PRV infections are common on pig farms in Guangxi province of China and that the dominant prevalent strains were those of the PRV variants. The PRV variant strains also had increased pathogenicity in mice. Our data will provide a useful reference for understanding the prevalence and genetic evolution of PRV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Shuying Qin
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuying Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Lishi Xu
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China.
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China.
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14
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Zhao M, Chen J, Luo S, Yan R, Zhang P, Ren Z, Chen X, Wang G, Xiang H, Cai R, Huang Y, Li N, Li H, Yuan ZG, Wang X. Pseudorabies gD protein protects mice and piglets against lethal doses of pseudorabies virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1288458. [PMID: 38029147 PMCID: PMC10658007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1288458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pseudorabies (PR) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV), which can cause disease in a wide range of domestic and wild animals. Studies have shown that new mutant strains have emerged in pig farms in many regions and that commercial inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are becoming less effective at protecting pigs. Methods Porcine pseudorabies glycoprotein D (gD) gene (GenBank: QEY95774.1) with hexa-His tag to the C terminus for further purification processes was cloned into the lentiviral expression plasmid pLV-CMV-eGFP by restriction enzyme, the resulting plasmid was designated as pLV-CMV-gD. HEK-293T cells with robust and stable expression of recombinant gD protein was established by infection with recombinant lentivirus vector pLV-CMV-gD. We expressed porcine pseudorabies virus gD protein using HEK-293T cells. Results We describe in this study that individual gD proteins produced by a mammalian cell expression system are well immunogenic and stimulate high levels of PRV-specific and neutralizing antibodies in mice and piglets. All mice and piglets survived lethal doses of PRV, significantly reducing the amount of PRV virus in piglets' lymph nodes, lungs, spleen, and other tissues. It also significantly reduced the time cycle and amount of viral excretion from piglets to the environment through the nasal and anal cavities. Discussion The results suggest that PRV gD protein is expected to be a potential candidate for the preparation of genetically engineered PR vaccines for the prevention of PRV infection and the control of PR epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengpo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renhe Yan
- Department of Research and Development, Guangzhou Bioneeds Biotechnology Co., LTD, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaowen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- School of Laboratory and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Guo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Hu X, Feng S, Shi K, Shi Y, Yin Y, Long F, Wei X, Li Z. Development of a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR for detection and differentiation of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1276505. [PMID: 38026635 PMCID: PMC10643766 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1276505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) cause similar neurological symptoms in the infected pigs, and their differential diagnosis depends on laboratory testing. Four pairs of specific primers and probes were designed targeting the PHEV N gene, PRV gB gene, CSFV 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), and JEV NS1 gene, respectively, and a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was developed to detect and differentiate PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV. The assay showed high sensitivity, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 × 101 copies/μL for each pathogen. The assay specifically detected only PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV, without cross-reaction with other swine viruses. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of the intra-assay and the inter-assay were less than 1.84%, with great repeatability. A total of 1,977 clinical samples, including tissue samples, and whole blood samples collected from Guangxi province in China, were tested by the developed quadruplex qRT-PCR, and the positivity rates of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV were 1.57% (31/1,977), 0.35% (7/1,977), 1.06% (21/1,977), and 0.10% (2/1,977), respectively. These 1,977 samples were also tested by the previously reported qRT-PCR assays, and the coincidence rates of these methods were more than 99.90%. The developed assay is demonstrated to be rapid, sensitive, and accurate for detection and differentiation of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xiankai Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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16
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Silva E, Medina-Ramirez E, Pavulraj S, Gladue DP, Borca M, Chowdhury SI. A Triple Gene-Deleted Pseudorabies Virus-Vectored Subunit PCV2b and CSFV Vaccine Protect Pigs against a Virulent CSFV Challenge. Viruses 2023; 15:2143. [PMID: 38005821 PMCID: PMC10674279 DOI: 10.3390/v15112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) remains one of the most economically significant viral diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars worldwide. To develop a safe and effective vaccine against CSF, we have constructed a triple gene-deleted pseudorabies virus (PRVtmv)-vectored bivalent subunit vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) and CSFV (PRVtmv+). In this study, we determined the protective efficacy of the PRVtmv+ against virulent CSFV challenge in pigs. The results revealed that the sham-vaccinated control group pigs developed severe CSFV-specific clinical signs characterized by pyrexia and diarrhea, and became moribund on or before the seventh day post challenge (dpc). However, the PRVtmv+-vaccinated pigs survived until the day of euthanasia at 21 dpc. A few vaccinated pigs showed transient diarrhea but recovered within a day or two. One pig had a low-grade fever for a day but recovered. The sham-vaccinated control group pigs had a high level of viremia, severe lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. In contrast, the vaccinated pigs had a low-moderate degree of lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia on four dpc, but recovered by seven dpc. Based on the gross pathology, none of the vaccinated pigs had any CSFV-specific lesions. Therefore, our results demonstrated that the PRVtmv+ vaccinated pigs are protected against virulent CSFV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediane Silva
- US Department of Agricultural, ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.M.-R.); (D.P.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Elizabeth Medina-Ramirez
- US Department of Agricultural, ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.M.-R.); (D.P.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Selvaraj Pavulraj
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- US Department of Agricultural, ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.M.-R.); (D.P.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Manuel Borca
- US Department of Agricultural, ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.M.-R.); (D.P.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Shafiqul I. Chowdhury
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
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Xu RQ, Wang LQ, Zheng HH, Tian RB, Zheng LL, Ma SJ, Chen HY. Characterization of a gE/gI/TK gene-deleted pseudorabies virus variant expressing the Cap protein of porcine circovirus type 2d. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 101:102054. [PMID: 37651789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) plays a key role in the etiology of PCV2-associated disease (PCVAD), and its predominant strain is PCV2d which is not completely controlled by most commercially available vaccines against PCV2a strains. Pseudorabies (PR) caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants re-emerged in Bartha-K61 vaccine-immunized swine herds in late 2011, which brought considerable losses to the global pig husbandry. Therefore, it is significantly important to develop a safe and effective vaccine against both PCV2d and PRV infection. In the present study, the PCV2d ORF2 gene was amplified by PCR, and cloned into the BamHI site of PRV transfer plasmid pG vector to obtain the recombinant transfer plasmid pG-PCV2dCap-EGFP. Subsequently, it was transfected into ST cells infected with the three gene deleted PRV variant strain NY-gE-/gI-/TK- to generate a recombinant virus rPRV NY-gE-/gI-/TK-/PCV2dCap+/EGFP+, and then the EGFP gene was knocked out to harvest the rPRV NY-gE-/gI-/TK-/PCV2dCap+ using gene-editing technology termed CRISPR/Cas9 system. The recombinant virus rPRV NY-gE-/gI-/TK-/PCV2dCap+ had similar genetic stability and proliferation characteristics to the parental PRV as indicated by PCR and one-step growth curve test, and the expression of Cap was validated by Western blot. In animal experiment, higher PCV2-specific ELISA antibodies and detectable PCV2-specific neutralizing antibodies could be elicited in mice immunized with rPRV NY-gE-/gI-/TK-/PCV2dCap+ compared to commercial PCV2 inactivated vaccine. Moreover, the recombinant virus rPRV NY-gE-/gI-/TK-/PCV2dCap+ significantly reduced the viral loads in the hearts, livers, spleens, lungs, and kidneys in mice following a virulent PCV2d challenge. Mice immunized with rPRV NY-gE-/gI-/TK-/PCV2dCap+ developed comparable PRV-specific humoral immune responses and provided complete protection against a lethal PRV challenge. Together, the rPRV NY-gE-/gI-/TK-/PCV2dCap+ recombinant strain has strong immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qin Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Qing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China; Department of Life Science, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hua Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Run-Bo Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jie Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Lian Z, Liu P, Zhu Z, Sun Z, Yu X, Deng J, Li R, Li X, Tian K. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Recombinant Classical Pseudorabies Virus in the Context of the Variant Strains Pandemic in China. Viruses 2023; 15:1966. [PMID: 37766372 PMCID: PMC10536572 DOI: 10.3390/v15091966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants were discovered in immunized pigs in Northern China and have become the dominant strains since 2011, which caused huge economic losses. In this study, a classical PRV strain was successfully isolated in a PRV gE positive swine farm. The complete genome sequence was obtained using a high-throughput sequencing method and the virus was named JS-2020. The nucleotide homology analysis and phylogenetic tree based on complete genome sequences or gC gene showed that the JS-2020 strain was relatively close to the classical Ea strain in genotype II clade. However, a large number of amino acid variations occurred in the JS-2020 strain compared with the Ea strain, including multiple immunogenic and virulence-related genes. In particular, the gE protein of JS-2020 was similar to earlier Chinese PRV strains without Aspartate insertion. However, the amino acid variations analysis based on major immunogenic and virulence-related genes showed that the JS-2020 strain was not only homologous with earlier PRV strains, but also with strains isolated in recent years. Moreover, the JS-2020 strain was identified as a recombinant between the GXGG-2016 and HLJ-2013 strains. The pathogenicity analysis proved that the PRV JS-2020 strain has typical neurogenic infections and a strong pathogenicity in mice. Together, a novel recombinant classical strain was isolated and characterized in the context of the PRV variant pandemic in China. This study provided some valuable information for the study of the evolution of PRV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmin Lian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Panrao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Xiuling Yu
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Junhua Deng
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Ruichao Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
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Cai X, Wang Z, Li X, Zhang J, Ren Z, Shao Y, Xu Y, Zhu Y. Emodin as an Inhibitor of PRV Infection In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2023; 28:6567. [PMID: 37764342 PMCID: PMC10537396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) is an acute and severe infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Once the virus infects pigs, it is difficult to eliminate, resulting in major economic losses to the global pig industry. In addition, reports of human infection with PRV suggest that the virus is a potential threat to human health; thus, its significance to public health should be considered. In this paper, the anti-PRV activities of emodin in vitro and in vivo, and its mechanism of action were studied. The results showed that emodin inhibited the proliferation of PRV in PK15 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 0.127 mg/mL and a selection index of 5.52. The addition of emodin at different stages of viral infection showed that emodin inhibited intracellular replication. Emodin significantly inhibited the expression of the IE180, EP0, UL29, UL44, US6, and UL27 genes of PRV within 48 h. Emodin also significantly inhibited the expression of PRV gB and gD proteins. The molecular docking results suggested that emodin might form hydrogen bonds with PRV gB and gD proteins and affect the structure of viral proteins. Emodin effectively inhibited the apoptosis induced by PRV infection. Moreover, emodin showed a good protective effect on PRV-infected mice. During the experimental period, all the control PRV-infected mice died resulting in a survival rate of 0%, while the survival rate of emodin-treated mice was 28.5%. Emodin also significantly inhibited the replication of PRV in the heart, liver, brain, kidneys and lungs of mice and alleviated tissue and organ damage caused by PRV infection. Emodin was able to combat viral infection by regulating the levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-4 in the sera of infected mice. These results indicate that emodin has good anti-PRV activity in vitro and in vivo, and is expected to be a new agent for the prevention and control of PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xiaocheng Li
- Harbin Da BEINONG Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin 150030, China; (X.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Harbin Da BEINONG Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin 150030, China; (X.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yongkang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
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20
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He H, Qi B, Yang Y, Cui X, Chen T, Cai X, An T, Wang S. Immunogenicity Characterization of the Recombinant gI Protein Fragment from Pseudorabies Virus and an Evaluation of Its Diagnostic Use in Pigs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:506. [PMID: 37624293 PMCID: PMC10458116 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological testing is an important method for the diagnosis of pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection. We aimed to investigate the envelope glycoprotein I (gI) of PRV, a strong immunogen, and its potential as an efficient and low-cost diagnostic reagent. In this study, the DNA of the PRV SC strain was used as the template, and the recombinant fragment of gI (633 bp) was amplified via PCR using synthetic primers, and was then ligated into the pET-30a expression vector. The constructs were transferred into Escherichia coli (E. coli) for prokaryotic expression, and the antigenicity of the expression products was identified by Western blot analysis with pig positive serum against PRV. The recombinant protein was purified by a Ni column, and BALB/c mice were immunized with purified gI protein to obtain anti-gI-positive serum. After PK-15 cells had been infected by PRV for 48 h, the immunogenicity of purified gI protein was identified with a fluorescence immunoassay using anti-gI mouse serum. The recombinant plasmid (pET-30a-gI) was expressed, and the native gI protein was obtained after denaturation by urea and renaturation by dialysis. A small-scale ELISA test containing 1.0 µg/mL of purified gI protein was designed to evaluate pig serum (80 samples), and the results of the ELISA test were compared to those of competitive ELISA (cELISA) tests using IDEXX Kits, which resulted in 97.5% consistency. The results suggested that the truncated gI protein may be a potential diagnostic reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan He
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Baojie Qi
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Yongbo Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Xiaowen Cui
- Heilongjiang Minzu College, Harbin 150066, China;
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Xuehui Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, Harbin 150068, China
| | - Tongqing An
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Shujie Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150068, China
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Xu Y, Bao X, Chen L, Zhuang T, Xu Y, Feng L. Enhanced productivity and stability of PRV in recombinant ST-Tret1 cells. Biologicals 2023; 83:101692. [PMID: 37442044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Productivity and stability of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) are critical for the manufacture and storage of live attenuated pseudorabies vaccine. Trehalose is commonly used as a cryoprotectant to stabilize organisms during freezing and lyophilization. Trehalose transporter 1 (Tret1), derived from Polypedilum vanderplanki, can deliver trehalose with a reversible transporting direction. In this study, we demonstrated that productivity and stability of PRV proliferated in recombinant ST cells with stable expression of Tret1 were enhanced. As a result, a five-fold increase of intracellular trehalose amount was observed, and the significant increase of progeny viral titer was achieved in recombinant cells with the addition of 20 mM trehalose. Particularly, after storage for 8 weeks at 20 °C, the loss of viral titer was 0.8 and 1.7 lgTCID50/mL lower than the control group with or without the addition of trehalose. Additionally, the freeze-thaw resistance at -20 °C and -70 °C of PRV was significantly enhanced. Furthermore, according to standard international protocols, a series of tests, including karyotype analysis, tumorigenicity, and the ability of proliferation PRV, were conducted. Our results demonstrated that the recombinant ST cell with Tret1 is a promising cell substrate and has a high potential for producing more stable PRV for the live attenuated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Bao
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tenghan Zhuang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Shanghai Pharmaceutical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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22
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Fu L, Li S, Men X, Cai X, Wang Z, Xu Y, Ren Z, Shao Y, Zhu Y. Optimizing the Extraction and Enrichment of Luteolin from Patrinia villosa and Its Anti-Pseudorabies Virus Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:5005. [PMID: 37446667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteolin from Patrinia villosa exhibits strong antiviral activity. Here, the conditions for extracting and enriching luteolin from P. villosa were optimized. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal extraction parameters in terms of reflux time, solvent ratio, extraction temperature, material-to-liquid ratio, and number of extractions. Thereafter, a macroporous resin method was used to enrich luteolin from P. villosa. Finally, the following optimal extraction and enrichment conditions were established: an extraction time of 43.00 min, a methanol/hydrochloric acid solvent ratio of 13:1, an extraction temperature of 77.60 °C, a material/liquid ratio of 1:22, and a total of two extractions. NKA-9 was determined to be the most appropriate resin for enrichment. The ideal adsorption conditions were as follows: a pH of 5.0, a temperature of 25 °C, an initial luteolin concentration of 19.58 µg/mL, a sample loading volume of 2.9 BV, and a sample loading rate of 2 BV/h. The ideal desorption conditions were as follows: distilled water, 30% ethanol and 80% ethanol elution, and 5 BV at a flow rate of 2 BV/h. After optimization, the enrichment recovery rate was 80.06% and the luteolin content increased 3.8-fold. Additionally, the enriched product exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on PRV (Porcine pseudorabies virus) in vitro and in vivo, providing data for developing and applying luteolin from P. villosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Su Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Xiaoyu Men
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Xiaojing Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Yongkang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Yi Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China
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23
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Zhao P, Wang Y, Zhang P, Du F, Li J, Wang C, Fang R, Zhao J. Epidemiological Investigation, Risk Factors, Spatial-Temporal Cluster, and Epidemic Trend Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus Seroprevalence in China (2017 to 2021). Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0529722. [PMID: 37227271 PMCID: PMC10269690 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05297-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded linear DNA virus capable of infecting various animals, including humans. We collected blood samples from 14 provinces in China between December 2017 and May 2021 to estimate PRV seroprevalence. The PRV gE antibody was detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Logistic regression analysis identified potential risk factors associated with PRV gE serological status at the farm level. Spatial-temporal clusters of high PRV gE seroprevalence were explored using SaTScan 9.6 software. Time-series data of PRV gE seroprevalence were modeled using the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) method. A Monte Carlo sampling simulation based on the established model was performed to analyze epidemic trends of PRV gE seroprevalence using @RISK software (version 7.0). A total of 40,024 samples were collected from 545 pig farms across China. The PRV gE antibody positivity rates were 25.04% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.61% to 25.46%) at the animal level and 55.96% (95% CI, 51.68% to 60.18%) at the pig farm level. Variables such as farm geographical division, farm topography, African swine fever (ASF) outbreak, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) control in pig farms were identified as risk factors for farm-level PRV infection. Five significant high-PRV gE seroprevalence clusters were detected in China for the first time, with a time range of 1 December 2017 to 31 July 2019. The monthly average change value of PRV gE seroprevalence was -0.826%. The probability of a monthly PRV gE seroprevalence decrease was 0.868, while an increase was 0.132. IMPORTANCE PRV is a critical pathogen threatening the global swine industry. Our research fills knowledge gaps regarding PRV prevalence, infection risk factors, spatial-temporal clustering of high PRV gE seroprevalence, and the epidemic trend of PRV gE seroprevalence in China in recent years. These findings are valuable for the clinical prevention and control of PRV infection and suggest that PRV infection is likely to be successfully controlled in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen Du
- Hubei Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaofei Wang
- Wuhan Keweichuang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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Mao H, Li J, Liao G, Gao M, Yang G, Bao J. The prevention strategies of swine viruses related to xenotransplantation. Virol J 2023; 20:121. [PMID: 37312151 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is considered a solution for the shortage of organs, and pigs play an indispensable role as donors in xenotransplantation. The biosecurity of pigs, especially the zoonotic viruses carried by pigs, has attracted attention. This review introduces several viruses, including porcine endogenous retroviruses that are integrated into the pig genome in a DNA form, herpesviruses that have been proven to clearly affect recipient survival time in previous xenotransplant surgeries, the zoonotic hepatitis E virus, and the widely distributed porcine circoviruses. The detail virus information, such as structure, caused diseases, transmission pathways, and epidemiology was introduced in the current review. Diagnostic and control measures for these viruses, including detection sites and methods, vaccines, RNA interference, antiviral pigs, farm biosecurity, and drugs, are discussed. The challenges faced, including those posed by other viruses and newly emerged viruses, and the challenges brought by the modes of transmission of the viruses are also summarized.
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Grants
- 82270662,82070640,81770618 National Natural Scientific Foundations of China
- 82270662,82070640,81770618 National Natural Scientific Foundations of China
- 82270662,82070640,81770618 National Natural Scientific Foundations of China
- 82270662,82070640,81770618 National Natural Scientific Foundations of China
- 82270662,82070640,81770618 National Natural Scientific Foundations of China
- 82270662,82070640,81770618 National Natural Scientific Foundations of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Mao
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Center of Infectious Diseases & Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guangneng Liao
- Experimental Animal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengyu Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Experimental Animal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ji Bao
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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25
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Ren J, Tan S, Chen X, Yao J, Niu Z, Wang Y, Ma L, Gao X, Niu S, Liang L, Li J, Zhao Y, Tian WX. Genomic Characterization and gE/gI-Deleted Strain Construction of Novel PRV Variants Isolated in Central China. Viruses 2023; 15:1237. [PMID: 37376537 DOI: 10.3390/v15061237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants have caused substantial economic losses in the swine industry in China since 2011. To surveil the genetic variation in PRV field strains, here, two novel variant strains of PRV were isolated from Shanxi Province in central China and were designated SX1910 and SX1911. To identify the genetic characteristics of the two isolates, their complete genomes were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment revealed that field PRV variants have undergone genetic variations; notably, the protein-coding sequences UL5, UL36, US1 and IE180 exhibited extensive variation and contained one or more hypervariable regions. Furthermore, we also found that the glycoproteins gB and gD of the two isolates had some novel amino acid (aa) mutations. Importantly, most of these mutations were located on the surface of the protein molecule, according to protein structure model analysis. We constructed a mutant virus of SX1911 with deletion of the gE and gI genes via CRISPR/Cas9. When tested in mice, SX1911-ΔgE/gI-vaccinated mice were protected within a comparable range to Bartha-K61-vaccinated mice. Additionally, a higher dose of inactivated Bartha-K61 protected the mice from lethal SX1911 challenge, while a lower neutralization titer, higher viral load and more severe microscopic lesions were displayed in Bartha-K61-vaccinated mice. These findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring of PRV and novel vaccine development or vaccination program design for PRV control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianle Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Shanshan Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101102, China
| | - Jiying Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Zhihong Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Lei Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- Beijing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Sheng Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Libin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Junping Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Wen-Xia Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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26
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Ye N, Feng W, Fu T, Tang D, Zeng Z, Wang B. Membrane fusion, potential threats, and natural antiviral drugs of pseudorabies virus. Vet Res 2023; 54:39. [PMID: 37131259 PMCID: PMC10152797 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) can infect several animals and causes severe economic losses in the swine industry. Recently, human encephalitis or endophthalmitis caused by PrV infection has been frequently reported in China. Thus, PrV can infect animals and is becoming a potential threat to human health. Although vaccines and drugs are the main strategies to prevent and treat PrV outbreaks, there is no specific drug, and the emergence of new PrV variants has reduced the effectiveness of classical vaccines. Therefore, it is challenging to eradicate PrV. In the present review, the membrane fusion process of PrV entering target cells, which is conducive to revealing new therapeutic and vaccine strategies for PrV, is presented and discussed. The current and potential PrV pathways of infection in humans are analyzed, and it is hypothesized that PrV may become a zoonotic agent. The efficacy of chemically synthesized drugs for treating PrV infections in animals and humans is unsatisfactory. In contrast, multiple extracts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have shown anti-PRV activity, exerting its effects in different phases of the PrV life-cycle and suggesting that TCM compounds may have great potential against PrV. Overall, this review provides insights into developing effective anti-PrV drugs and emphasizes that human PrV infection should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ye
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tiantian Fu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Deyuan Tang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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27
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Qin Y, Qin S, Huang X, Xu L, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Wei Z, Huang W. Isolation and identification of two novel pseudorabies viruses with natural recombination or TK gene deletion in China. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109703. [PMID: 36842367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease, has gained increased attention in China in recent years due to outbreaks of emergent pseudorabies. However, there is limited information about the evolution and pathogenicity of emergent PRV field strains in China. In this study, two PRV field strains were isolated from an intensive pig farm with suspected PRV infection. These were named the GXLB-2015 and GXGG-2016 strains and their growth characteristics together with their genome sequences and pathogenicity were determined. Nucleotide homology and phylogenetic analysis revealed the GXLB-2015 stain was relatively close to the foreign PRV isolated strains with respect to the whole genome sequence. However, it formed an independent branch between the foreign PRV isolates and the previous PRV variants isolated in China. Further recombination and genetic evolution analysis showed that the GXLB-2015 strain was a natural recombinant between the Bartha strain and PRV variants. The GXGG-2016 strain was highly homologous with the Chinese classical strains, but it has a natural deletion of 69 aa in the thymidine kinase (TK) gene. Pathogenicity analysis showed that, the GXLB-2015 strain had the strongest pathogenicity to mice with an LD50 of 103.5, while the GXGG-2016 strain with the TK gene deletion was not pathogenic to mice. Taken together, our data provide direct evidence for the genomic recombination and natural TK gene deletion of PRVs, which may provide a reference for a better understanding of PRV evolution in China and contribute to the clinical control of PRV infection in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Shuying Qin
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiangmei Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Lishi Xu
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China.
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28
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Zhao K, Li X, Lei B, Han Y, An T, Zhang W, Zhang H, Li B, Yuan W. Recombinant porcine Interferon-α and Interleukin-2 fusion protein (rPoIFNα+IL-2) shows potent anti-pseudorabies virus activity in vitro and in vivo. Vet Microbiol 2023; 279:109678. [PMID: 36758273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants have been widely prevalent since 2011, leading to substantial losses to the swine industry. Although PRV can cause cross-species transmission and induce human infection, no drugs can currently prevent PRV infection. Interferons (IFNs) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) are important cytokines that mediate several biological functions including antiviral activity and immune regulation. In this study, we expressed and purified a recombinant porcine IFN-α and IL-2 fusion protein (rPoIFNα+IL-2), which did not show a cytotoxic effect on PK-15 cells. The antiviral activity was evaluated in PK-15 cells using the cytopathic effect inhibition method, and the results indicated that rPoIFNα+IL-2 can inhibit the replication of PRV, with an antiviral activity of approximately 104 U/mL. Moreover, the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was enhanced by rPoIFNα+IL-2. Additionally, rPoIFNα+IL-2 substantially increased the expression of IFN-stimulated genes, including IFIT1, ISG15, MX1, and OAS, which are critical for antiviral activity. Furthermore, rPoIFNα+IL-2 alleviated the clinical symptoms and reduced mortality in mice infected with PRV. Simultaneously, rPoIFNα+IL-2 increased the expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 and inhibited the expression of IL-1β and IL-6. Additionally, the viral DNA copies in different tissues in the rPoIFNα+IL-2-treated group were lower than those in the untreated group. These findings indicate that rPoIFNα+IL-2 may serve as an antiviral agent for the prevention and treatment of PRV infection and may expand the potential function of IFN antiviral drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Baishi Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ying Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- Chengde City Veterinary Drug Management Station, Chengde, China
| | - Bosen Li
- Chengde City Veterinary Drug Management Station, Chengde, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
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29
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Xu G, Hou B, Xue C, Xu Q, Qu L, Hao X, Liu Y, Wang D, Li Z, Jin X. Acute Retinal Necrosis Associated with Pseudorabies Virus Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023:1-8. [PMID: 36863003 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2181188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze a case of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) associated with pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection and discusses the clinical characteristics of PRV-induced ARN (PRV-ARN). METHODS Case report and literature review of ocular features in PRV-ARN. RESULTS A 52-year-old female diagnosed with encephalitis presented with bilateral vision loss, mild anterior uveitis, vitreous opacity, occlusive retinal vasculitis, and retinal detachment in her left eye. The result of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) indicated that both cerebrospinal fluids and vitreous fluid tested positive for PRV. CONCLUSION PRV, a zoonosis, can infect both humans and mammals. Patients affected with PRV may experience severe encephalitis and oculopathy, and the infection has been associated with high mortality and disability. ARN is the most common ocular disease, which develops rapidly following encephalitis and is characterized by five figures: bilateral onset, rapid progression, severe visual impairment, poor response to systemic antiviral drugs, and an unfavorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Xu
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoke Hou
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Xue
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Quangang Xu
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linghui Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 74th Army Group Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Hao
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dajiang Wang
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Medical School, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School, Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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30
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Antiviral Activity of Luteolin against Pseudorabies Virus In Vitro and In Vivo. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040761. [PMID: 36830548 PMCID: PMC9952634 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can cause acute swine disease leading to economic losses worldwide and is a potential causative agent of viral encephalitis in humans. Although effective vaccines are available, an increasing number of variants have emerged in China, and identifying effective antiviral agents against PRV to prevent latent infection is essential. In this study, we assessed the antiviral activity of luteolin against PRV in vitro and in vivo. Luteolin was found to significantly inhibit PRV at a noncytotoxic concentration (70 μM), with an IC50 of 26.24 μM and a selectivity index of 5.64. Luteolin inhibited the virus at the replication stage and decreased the expression of viral mRNA and gB protein. Luteolin reduced the apoptosis of PRV-infected cells, improved the survival rate of mice after lethal challenge, reduced the viral loads in the liver, kidney, heart, lung, and brain, reduced brain lesions, and slowed inflammation and oxidation reactions. Our results showed that luteolin has promise as a new alternative antiviral drug for PRV infection.
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Chen L, Ni M, Ahmed W, Xu Y, Bao X, Zhuang T, Feng L, Guo M. Pseudorabies virus infection induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in suspension-cultured BHK-21 cells. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 36748498 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequently unfolded protein response (UPR) which restores ER homeostasis. In this study, levels of proteins or transcription of three UPR pathways were examined in suspension-cultured BHK-21 cells to investigate Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection-induced ER stress, in which glucose-related proteins 78 kD and 94 kD (GRP78 and GRP94) were upregulated. The downstream double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway was activated with upregulation of ATF4, CHOP, and GADD34, and the inositol requiring kinase 1 (IRE1) pathway was triggered by the splicing of X box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA and the enhanced expression of p58IPK and EDEM. Furthermore, our results showed that the ER stress, induced by 0.005 µM thapsigargin, promoted PRV replication in suspension-cultured BHK-21 cells, and that PRV glycoprotein B (gB) overexpression triggered the PERK and IRE1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Minshu Ni
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Waqas Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yue Xu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xi Bao
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tenghan Zhuang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lei Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
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32
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Hu H, Xia Q, Hu J, Wang S. Oncolytic Viruses for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11236997. [PMID: 36498574 PMCID: PMC9738443 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11236997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers. Despite recent advancements in bladder cancer therapy, new strategies are still required for improving patient outcomes, particularly for those who experienced Bacille Calmette-Guerin failure and those with locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer. Oncolytic viruses are either naturally occurring or purposefully engineered viruses that have the ability to selectively infect and lyse tumor cells while avoiding harming healthy cells. In light of this, oncolytic viruses serve as a novel and promising immunotherapeutic strategy for bladder cancer. A wide diversity of viruses, including adenoviruses, herpes simplex virus, coxsackievirus, Newcastle disease virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, alphavirus, and vaccinia virus, have been studied in many preclinical and clinical studies for their potential as oncolytic agents for bladder cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of the advances in oncolytic viruses for the treatment of bladder cancer and highlights the challenges and research directions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia Hu
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (S.W.)
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Chang C, Wang H, Hua T, Zhang D, Hong W, Deng B, Tang B. A single dose of Astragalus saponins adjuvanted inactivated vaccine for pseudorabies virus protected mice against lethal challenge. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1036161. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1036161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) is an important infectious disease of swine that causes enormous economic losses to the swine industry in China. Immunization with vaccines is a routine practice to control this disease. PRV inactivated vaccines usually require a booster vaccination to provide complete immune protection. Therefore, Astragalus saponins (AST) have been added as an immunopotentiator to improve the immune efficacy and reduce the immunization times for the PRV inactivated vaccine. The results in mice have shown that a single dose of AST-adjuvanted PRV inactivated vaccine promoted higher production of gB-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a and neutralizing antibody, secretion of Th1-type (IFN-γ) and Th2-type (IL-4) cytokines, and lymphocyte proliferation than mice immunized without AST. Compared to mice immunized without AST, a single dose of the AST-adjuvanted PRV inactivated vaccine improved the survival percentage of mice and reduced the PRV viral loads in the lungs and brains after lethal challenge. In summary, AST was an effective immunopotentiator to improve the immune efficacy of a single dose PRV inactivated vaccine.
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Free ISG15 inhibits Pseudorabies virus infection by positively regulating type I IFN signaling. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010921. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is strongly upregulated during viral infections and exerts pro-viral or antiviral actions. While many viruses combat host antiviral defenses by limiting ISG expression, PRV infection notably increases expression of ISG15. However, studies on the viral strategies to regulate ISG15-mediated antiviral responses are limited. Here, we demonstrate that PRV-induced free ISG15 and conjugated proteins accumulation require viral gene expression. Conjugation inhibition assays showed that ISG15 imposes its antiviral effects via unconjugated (free) ISG15 and restricts the viral release. Knockout of ISG15 in PK15 cells interferes with IFN-β production by blocking IRF3 activation and promotes PRV replication. Mechanistically, ISG15 facilitates IFNα-mediated antiviral activity against PRV by accelerating the activation and nuclear translocation of STAT1 and STAT2. Furthermore, ISG15 facilitated STAT1/STAT2/IRF9 (ISGF3) formation and ISGF3-induced IFN-stimulated response elements (ISRE) activity for efficient gene transcription by directly interacting with STAT2. Significantly, ISG15 knockout mice displayed enhanced susceptibility to PRV, as evidenced by increased mortality and viral loads, as well as more severe pathology caused by excessive production of the inflammatory cytokines. Our studies establish the importance of free ISG15 in IFNα-induced antiviral immunity and in the control of viral infections.
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Yang L, Long Y, Li Q, Song W, Huang Y, Liang G, Yu D, Zhou M, Xu G, Chen Y, Huang C, Tang X. Detection of suid herpesvirus 1 infectivity in pigs by propidium monoazide-qPCR. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:975726. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.975726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, there is no effective experimental method for detecting whether the suid herpesvirus 1 (SHV-1) detected in pigs is infectious. Although the technique of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has significantly improved the detection rate and accuracy of the disease, it does not differentiate between infective and non-infective status of the virus. Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a dye that can be combined with DNA molecules. The decomposition of PMA produces an azene compound covalently crosslinked with DNA molecules, thereby inhibiting PCR amplification of DNA. In this study, the combination of PMA and qPCR was used to determine the infectivity of SHV-1. We optimized the method from the selection of primers, the working concentration of PMA, and the method of inactivation using UV or heat inactivation. We found that when specific primer 1 was used and a PMA working concentration was 50–100 μM, heat inactivation was able to distinguish whether SHV-1 was infectious or not. We also showed that UV prevented the virus from replicating, it did not destroy the capsid of the virus, and therefore, PMA cannot enter the virus and bind to the nucleic acid of the virus. Consequently, there is no way to identify the infectivity of the virus using UV inactivation. The study showed that the method was stable and the detection rate reached 96%. In conclusion, this method exhibited strong specificity and high sensitivity and can identify the infectivity of SHV-1. This method has practical significance for clinical virus isolation and the effects of disinfection of farms.
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Lu H, Ma L, Zhang H, Feng L, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Li L, Zhou Y, Song L, Li W, Zhao J, Liu L. The Comparison of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing with Conventional Microbiological Tests for Identification of Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Infectious Diseases. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:6115-6128. [PMID: 36277249 PMCID: PMC9586124 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s370964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has been widely studied, due to its ability of detecting all the microbial genetic information unbiasedly in a sample at one time and not relying on traditional culture. However, the application of mNGS in the diagnosis of clinical pathogens remains challenging. Methods From December 2019 to March 2021, 134 specimens including Broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BAFL), blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), bile, pleural fluid, pus, were continuously collected in The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, and their retrospective diagnoses were classified into infectious disease (128, 95.5%) and noninfectious disease (6, 4.5%). The pathogen-detection performance of mNGS was compared with conventional microbiological tests (CMT) and culture method. In addition, the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and evolutionary relationship of common drug-resistant A. baumannii were also analyzed. Results Compared with CMT and culture methods, mNGS showed higher sensitivity in pathogen detection (74.2% vs 57.8%; P < 0.001 and 66.3% vs 31.7%; P < 0.001, respectively). Importantly, for cases that mNGS-positive only, 18 (35%) cases result in diagnosis modification, and 7 (23%) cases confirmed the clinical diagnosis. In 17 cases that A. baumannii were both detected in mNGS and culture, ade genes were the most frequently detected ARGs (from 13 cases), followed by sul2 and APH(3”)-Ib (both from 12 cases). High consistency was observed among these ARGs and the related phenotype (100% for ade genes, 91.6% for sul2 and APH(3”)-Ib). A. baumannii strains were classified into three groups, and most were well-clustered. It suggested those strains may be the epidemic strains. Conclusion In our study, mNGS had a higher sensitivity than CMT and culture method. And the result of ARGs frequency and cluster analysis of A. baumannii was of great significance to the anti-infective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Song
- Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201204, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai, 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wushuang Li
- Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201204, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai, 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangman Zhao
- Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201204, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai, 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Medical Imaging Center, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Lanxiang Liu, Department of Medical Imaging Center, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, 258 Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Development and application of a recombinase-aided amplification and lateral flow assay for rapid detection of pseudorabies virus from clinical crude samples. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:646-652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhang S, Wu G, Shi Y, Liu T, Xu L, Dai Y, Chang W, Ma X. Understanding etiology of community-acquired central nervous system infections using metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:979086. [PMID: 36225235 PMCID: PMC9549810 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.979086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCommunity-acquired central nervous system infections (CA-CNS infections) have the characteristics of acute onset and rapid progression, and are associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, there have been only limited studies on the etiology of this infections. Here, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), a comprehensive diagnosis method, facilitated us to better understand the etiology of CA-CNS infections.MethodsWe conducted a single-center retrospective study between September 2018 and July 2021 in which 606 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from suspected CNS infectious patients for mNGS testing, and all positive samples were included in this analysisResultsAfter the exclusion criteria, a total of 131 mNGS-positive samples were finally enrolled. Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, specific pathogen and mixed infections were accounted for 32.82% (43/131), 13.74% (18/131), 0.76% (1/131), 2.29% (3/131) and 6.87% (9/131), respectively. A total of 41 different pathogens were identified, including 16 bacteria, 12 viruses, 10 fungi, and 1 parasite and 3 specific pathogens. The most frequent infecting pathogens are Epstein-Barr virus (n = 14), Herpes simplex virus 1 (n = 14), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 13), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 13), and Cryptococcus neoformans (n = 8). Some difficult-to-diagnose pathogen infections were also detected by mNGS, such as Streptococcus suis, Pseudorabies virus, Bunyavirus, Orientia tsutsugamushi and Toxoplasma gondii.ConclusionIn this study, mNGS identified a wide variety of pathogens of CA-CNS infections and many of which could not be detected by conventional methods. Our data provide a better understanding of the etiology of CA-CNS infections and show that mNGS represents a comparative screening of CSF in an unbiased manner for a broad range of human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuru Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Liangfei Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjiao Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoling Ma,
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Tan L, Zhou Y, Qiu Y, Lei L, Wang C, Zhu P, Duan D, Lei H, Yang L, Wang N, Yang Y, Yao J, Wang W, Wang A. Pseudorabies in pig industry of China: Epidemiology in pigs and practitioner awareness. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:973450. [PMID: 36213396 PMCID: PMC9536195 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.973450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is widely prevalent in China, which can transmit from pigs to other mammals. Moreover, a PRV variant isolated from an acute human encephalitis case was documented recently. It is imperative to investigate PRV epidemiology in pigs, the knowledge regarding pseudorabies (PR) and self-protection behaviors upon working among relevant practitioners including pig farmers, pig cutters, and pork salesman. In the present study, 18,812 pig serum samples and 1,634 tissue samples were collected from Hunan Province during the period of 2020 to 2021 for detecting the presence of PRV gE-special antibody and nucleic acids, respectively. Meanwhile, we conducted a questionnaire survey about PR among these practitioners in China. The results showed that nearly 9% (1,840/20,192) pigs from 161 collected sites (20.17%, 161/797) were seropositive for PRV-gE antibody. Though only 2.33% tissue samples were positive for PRV nucleic acids, all the representative PRV strains were variant. It was learned that most practitioners were frequently injured when working, the injured sites mainly included hand and foot. Among the three transmission routes of PRV, the aerosol transmission route was often overlooked. Moreover, the workers lacked self-protection awareness and were poor conscious about PRV and its potential threat to humans. All the results demonstrate that PRV remains widely spread in pig populations, while the potential threats of PRV in pig industry receive less attention, suggesting that targeted educational programs to these people should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- Hunan Sino-science Gene Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Yixing Qiu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Xiangxi Prefecture Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Products Affairs Center, Xiangxi, China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Deyong Duan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Hongyu Lei
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Lincheng Yang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Yao
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation and Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
- Wei Wang
| | - Aibing Wang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
- PCB Biotechnology LLC, Rockville, MD, United States
- Aibing Wang
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Hua T, Chang C, Zhang X, Huang Y, Wang H, Zhang D, Tang B. Protective efficacy of intranasal inactivated pseudorabies vaccine is improved by combination adjuvant in mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:976220. [PMID: 36187997 PMCID: PMC9520748 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.976220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) not only causes great economic loss to the pig industry but also seriously threatens the biosafety of other mammals, including humans. Since 2011, PRV mutant strains have emerged widely in China, and the classical Bartha-K61 vaccine cannot confer complete protection for pigs. PRV mainly infects pigs via the respiratory tract. Intranasal immunization with PRV has received more attention because intranasal vaccination elicits systemic and mucosal immune responses. To induce systemic and mucosal immune responses against PRV, we developed a combination adjuvant as a delivery system for intranasal vaccine, which was formulated with MONTANIDE™ Gel 01 and CVCVA5. In comparison to naked antigen of inactivated PRV, single Gel 01 adjuvanted inactivated antigen and single CVCVA5 adjuvanted inactivated antigen, intranasal inactivated PRV vaccine formulated with the combination adjuvant induced greater mucosal IgA immunity and serum antibody responses (IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a). Furthermore, the production of the Th1-type cytokine IFN-γ and the Th2-type cytokine IL-4 indicated that the cellular and humoral responses to the intranasal vaccine were improved by the combination adjuvant. In addition, the intranasal vaccine formulated with the combination adjuvant induced long-term T lymphocyte memory with increased central (CD62L+CD44+) and effector (CD62L–CD44+) memory subsets of both CD4 and CD8 T cells in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. Intranasal challenge with virulent PRV in mice showed that the protective efficacy of the intranasal PRV vaccine was improved by the combination adjuvant compared with the other single-adjuvanted vaccines. In summary, these data demonstrated that Gel 01 combined with the CVCVA5 adjuvant induced a synergistic effect to improve mucosal immunity and protective efficacy of the intranasally inactivated PRV vaccine in mice. It represents a promising vaccination approach against PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hua
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daohua Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Veterinary Bio-product Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Tang,
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Role of Epitranscriptomic and Epigenetic Modifications during the Lytic and Latent Phases of Herpesvirus Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091754. [PMID: 36144356 PMCID: PMC9503318 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses occurring at a high prevalence in the human population and are responsible for a wide array of clinical manifestations and diseases, from mild to severe. These viruses are classified in three subfamilies (Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaherpesvirinae), with eight members currently known to infect humans. Importantly, all herpesviruses can establish lifelong latent infections with symptomatic or asymptomatic lytic reactivations. Accumulating evidence suggest that chemical modifications of viral RNA and DNA during the lytic and latent phases of the infections caused by these viruses, are likely to play relevant roles in key aspects of the life cycle of these viruses by modulating and regulating their replication, establishment of latency and evasion of the host antiviral response. Here, we review and discuss current evidence regarding epitranscriptomic and epigenetic modifications of herpesviruses and how these can influence their life cycles. While epitranscriptomic modifications such as m6A are the most studied to date and relate to positive effects over the replication of herpesviruses, epigenetic modifications of the viral genome are generally associated with defense mechanisms of the host cells to suppress viral gene transcription. However, herpesviruses can modulate these modifications to their own benefit to persist in the host, undergo latency and sporadically reactivate.
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Virus Safety of Xenotransplantation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091926. [PMID: 36146732 PMCID: PMC9503113 DOI: 10.3390/v14091926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The practice of xenotransplantation using pig islet cells or organs is under development to alleviate the shortage of human donor islet cells or organs for the treatment of diabetes or organ failure. Multiple genetically modified pigs were generated to prevent rejection. Xenotransplantation may be associated with the transmission of potentially zoonotic porcine viruses. In order to prevent this, we developed highly sensitive PCR-based, immunologicals and other methods for the detection of numerous xenotransplantation-relevant viruses. These methods were used for the screening of donor pigs and xenotransplant recipients. Of special interest are the porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) that are integrated in the genome of all pigs, which are able to infect human cells, and that cannot be eliminated by methods that other viruses can. We showed, using droplet digital PCR, that the number of PERV proviruses is different in different pigs (usually around 60). Furthermore, the copy number is different in different organs of a single pig, indicating that PERVs are active in the living animals. We showed that in the first clinical trials treating diabetic patients with pig islet cells, no porcine viruses were transmitted. However, in preclinical trials transplanting pig hearts orthotopically into baboons, porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), a porcine roseolovirus (PCMV/PRV), and porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), but no PERVs, were transmitted. PCMV/PRV transmission resulted in a significant reduction of the survival time of the xenotransplant. PCMV/PRV was also transmitted in the first pig heart transplantation to a human patient and possibly contributed to the death of the patient. Transmission means that the virus was detected in the recipient, however it remains unclear whether it can infect primate cells, including human cells. We showed previously that PCMV/PRV can be eliminated from donor pigs by early weaning. PERVs were also not transmitted by inoculation of human cell-adapted PERV into small animals, rhesus monkey, baboons and cynomolgus monkeys, even when pharmaceutical immunosuppression was applied. Since PERVs were not transmitted in clinical, preclinical, or infection experiments, it remains unclear whether they should be inactivated in the pig genome by CRISPR/Cas. In summary, by using our sensitive methods, the safety of xenotransplantation can be ensured.
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Huan C, Xu Y, Zhang W, Ni B, Gao S. Glycyrrhiza Polysaccharide Inhibits Pseudorabies Virus Infection by Interfering with Virus Attachment and Internalization. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081772. [PMID: 36016393 PMCID: PMC9413916 DOI: 10.3390/v14081772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the most important pathogens causing serious diseases and leads to huge economic losses in the global swine industry. With the continuous emergence of PRV variants and the increasing number of cases of human infection, there is an urgent need to develop antiviral drugs. In this study, we discover that Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GCP) has anti-PRV infection activity in vitro, and 600 μg/mL GCP can completely block viral infection. The addition of GCP simultaneously with or after PRV infection had a significant inhibitory effect on PRV. Addition of GCP at different times of the virus life cycle mainly led to the inhibition of the attachment and internalization of PRV but does not affect viral replication and release. Our findings suggest that GCP has potential as a drug against PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Huan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bo Ni
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, China
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266011, China
- Correspondence:
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44
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Zhou M, Abid M, Cao S, Zhu S. Progress of Research into Novel Drugs and Potential Drug Targets against Porcine Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081753. [PMID: 36016377 PMCID: PMC9416328 DOI: 10.3390/v14081753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of pseudorabies (PR), infecting most mammals and some birds. It has been prevalent around the world and caused huge economic losses to the swine industry since its discovery. At present, the prevention of PRV is mainly through vaccination; there are few specific antivirals against PRV, but it is possible to treat PRV infection effectively with drugs. In recent years, some drugs have been reported to treat PR; however, the variety of anti-pseudorabies drugs is limited, and the underlying mechanism of the antiviral effect of some drugs is unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new drug targets for PRV and develop economic and efficient drug resources for prevention and control of PRV. This review will focus on the research progress in drugs and drug targets against PRV in recent years, and discuss the future research prospects of anti-PRV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Shinuo Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (S.Z.)
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Tang Q, Ge L, Tan S, Zhang H, Yang Y, Zhang L, Deng Z. Epidemiological Survey of Four Reproductive Disorder Associated Viruses of Sows in Hunan Province during 2019–2021. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080425. [PMID: 36006340 PMCID: PMC9416293 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive disorders have been considered as the major factors that threaten pig industries worldwide. In this study, 407 aborted-fetus samples were obtained from 89 pig farms in Hunan province, to investigate the prevalence of four viruses associated with porcine reproductive disease, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Meanwhile, the target gene sequences of representative PRRSV (ORF5), PCV2 (ORF2), CSFV (E2), and PRV (gE) strains were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. The results showed that the positive rates of PRRSV, PCV2, PRV, and CSFV among the collected samples were 26.29% (107/407), 52.83% (215/407), 6.39% (26/407), and 12.29% (50/407), respectively. Moreover, co-infection with two and three pathogens were frequently identified, with PCV2/PRRSV, PRRSV/CSFV, PRRSV/PRV, PCV2/CSFV, PCV2/PRV, and PRRSV/PCV2/CSFV mix infection rates of 9.09%, 3.19%, 2.95%, 3.69%, 2.21%, and 0.49%, respectively. Moreover, ORF5-based phylogenetic analysis showed that 9, 4, and 24 of 37 PRRSV strains belonged to the PRRSV2 lineages 1, 5, and 8, respectively. ORF2-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that PCV2d and PCV2b were prevalent in Hunan province, with the proportions of 87.5% (21/24) and 12.5% (3/24), respectively. An E2-based phylogenetic tree showed that all 13 CSFV strains were clustered with 2.1 subgenotypes, these isolates were composed of 2.1b (10/13) and 2.1c (3/13) sub-subgenotypes. A gE-based phylogenetic tree showed that all six PRV strains belonged to the genotype II, which were genetically closer to variant PRV strains. Collectively, the present study provides the latest information on the epidemiology and genotype diversity of four viruses in sows with reproductive diseases in Hunan province, China, which would contribute to developing effective strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwu Tang
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lingrui Ge
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shengguo Tan
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Animal Epidemic Prevention Station of Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, JiShou City 416000, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Wangcheng District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Subdistrict Office of Nanzhuangping Street, Yongding District, Zhangjiajie 427000, China
| | - Zaofu Deng
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence:
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Cao Z, Zhang K, Zhang H, Zhang H, Yu Y, Yin D, Shan H, Qin Z. Efficacy of a gB + gD-based subunit vaccine and the adjuvant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor for pseudorabies virus in rabbits. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:965997. [PMID: 35992660 PMCID: PMC9382107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.965997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), which is caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV), is a severe infectious disease that causes abortions in adult sows and fatal encephalitis in piglets; the disease can occur in pigs of all ages and other mammals, which can lead to significant economic loss around the worldwide. The new PRV variant invalidated the available commercial attenuated and inactivated vaccines. Consequently, subunit vaccines have been suggested as novel strategies for PR control, while they are usually formulated with adjuvants due to their lower immunogenicity. We aimed to select a safe and efficient adjuvant for subunit vaccines for PR. In our study, glycoprotein B (gB) and glycoprotein D (gD) were expressed based on a baculovirus expression system, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was expressed using an Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression system; subsequently, a gB + gD subunit vaccine adjuvanted by GM-CSF was constructed. A rabbit model infected with a PRV SD-2017 strain was established, the TCID50 and LD50 were measured, and the typical clinical symptoms were observed. After a lethal challenge of 5 LD50 with a PRV SD-2017 strain, the rabbits exhibited typical clinical symptoms, including itching and high temperature, and histopathology revealed severe inflammation in the brain, which is the dominant target organ of PRV. Rabbits immunized with the gB + gD + GM-CSF subunit vaccines produced higher levels of antibodies than those immunized with gB + gD + ISA 201, which was adjuvanted with a frequently used oil adjuvant. The survival rate of rabbits vaccinated with gB + gD + GM-CSF was 100%, which was superior to that of rabbits vaccinated with gB + gD + ISA 201 (80%), inactivated PRV + GM-CSF (60%) and commercial inactivated vaccine (60%) after challenge with PRV SD-2017. These data suggested that the gB + gD + GM-CSF-based subunit vaccine had good protective efficacy against the PRV SD-2017 strain in rabbits and that GM-CSF could be developed as a candidate adjuvant for use in a vaccine regimen to prevent and even eradicate PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shandong SINDER Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dehua Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Shan,
| | - Zhihua Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Zhihua Qin,
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47
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Serological Investigation and Genetic Characteristics of Pseudorabies Virus between 2019 and 2021 in Henan Province of China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081685. [PMID: 36016307 PMCID: PMC9412869 DOI: 10.3390/v14081685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2011, severe pseudorabies (PR) outbreaks occurred among swine herds vaccinated with the Bartha-K61 vaccine in many provinces of China, causing enormous economic losses for the pork industry. To understand the epidemic profile and genetic characteristics of the pseudorabies virus (PRV), a total of 35,796 serum samples were collected from 1090 pig farms of different breeding scales between 2019 and 2021 in the Henan province where swine had been immunized with the Bartha-K61 vaccine, and PRV glycoprotein E (gE)-specific antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results reveal that the overall positive rate for PRV gE antibodies was 20.33% (7276/35,796), which decreased from 25.00% (2596/10,385) in 2019 to 16.69% (2222/13,315) in 2021, demonstrating that PR still existed widely in pig herds in the Henan province but displayed a decreasing trend. Further analysis suggested that the PRV-seropositive rate may be associated with farm size, farm category, quarter, region and the cross-regional transportation of livestock. Moreover, the gE gene complete sequences of 18 PRV isolates were obtained, and they shared a high identity (97.1–100.0%) with reference strains at the nucleotide level. Interestingly, the phylogenetic analysis based on the gE complete sequences found that there were both classical strains and variant strains in pig herds. The deduced amino acid sequence analysis of the gE gene showed that there were unique amino acids in the classical strains, the variant strains and genotype Ⅱ strains. This study provides epidemiological data that could be useful in the prevention of pseudorabies in Henan, China, and this finding contributed to our understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of PRV.
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48
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Pseudorabies Virus: From Pathogenesis to Prevention Strategies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081638. [PMID: 36016260 PMCID: PMC9414054 DOI: 10.3390/v14081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease (AD), is a highly infectious viral disease which is caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). It has been nearly 200 years since the first PR case occurred. Currently, the virus can infect human beings and various mammals, including pigs, sheep, dogs, rabbits, rodents, cattle and cats, and among them, pigs are the only natural host of PRV infection. PRV is characterized by reproductive failure in pregnant sows, nervous disorders in newborn piglets, and respiratory distress in growing pigs, resulting in serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Due to the extensive application of the attenuated vaccine containing the Bartha-K61 strain, PR was well controlled. With the variation of PRV strain, PR re-emerged and rapidly spread in some countries, especially China. Although researchers have been committed to the design of diagnostic methods and the development of vaccines in recent years, PR is still an important infectious disease and is widely prevalent in the global pig industry. In this review, we introduce the structural composition and life cycle of PRV virions and then discuss the latest findings on PRV pathogenesis, following the molecular characteristic of PRV and the summary of existing diagnosis methods. Subsequently, we also focus on the latest clinical progress in the prevention and control of PRV infection via the development of vaccines, traditional herbal medicines and novel small RNAs. Lastly, we provide an outlook on PRV eradication.
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49
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Wang Y, Wei Y, Wu H, Feng L, Huang L. Specific inhibition of the interaction between pseudorabies virus DNA polymerase subunits UL30 and UL42 by a synthetic peptide. Vet Microbiol 2022; 272:109517. [PMID: 35908441 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a ubiquitous and economically important swine alphaherpesvirus that causes devastating swine diseases worldwide. PRV-encoded DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, comprised of the catalytic subunit UL30 and the accessory subunit UL42, is essential for viral replication. PRV UL30 and UL42 act as a heterodimer with UL30 harboring inherent DNA polymerase activity and UL42 conferring processivity on the DNA polymerase holoenzyme. The formation of PRV UL30/UL42 heterodimer holoenzyme through protein-protein interactions is indispensable for viral replication. In work described here, we defined the key domains that mediate PRV UL30/UL42 interaction, and found that the 41 carboxy-terminal amino acids region of PRV UL30 is critical for its interaction with UL42. Intriguingly, a synthetic peptide corresponding to these 41 carboxy-terminal amino acid residues efficiently disrupted PRV UL30/UL42 interaction through competitively binding to UL42. These findings suggest that the peptides from the PRV DNA polymerase UL30/UL42 subunit interface may represent potential targets for designing a novel intervention strategy against PRV infection. This work further strengthens the concept that the herpesvirus DNA polymerase catalytic subunits utilize their extreme carboxy-terminal domains as a conserved mechanism to associate with their cognate accessory subunits, providing us the opportunity of designing novel antiviral agents against herpesvirus infection through disruption of the herpesvirus DNA polymerase subunit interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yanwu Wei
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Liping Huang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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50
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Liu Q, Kuang Y, Li Y, Guo H, Zhou C, Guo S, Tan C, Wu B, Chen H, Wang X. The Epidemiology and Variation in Pseudorabies Virus: A Continuing Challenge to Pigs and Humans. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071463. [PMID: 35891443 PMCID: PMC9325097 DOI: 10.3390/v14071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can infect most mammals and is well known for causing substantial economic losses in the pig industry. In addition to pigs, PRV infection usually leads to severe itching, central nervous system dysfunction, and 100% mortality in its non-natural hosts. It should be noted that increasing human cases of PRV infection have been reported in China since 2017, and these patients have generally suffered from nervous system damage and even death. Here, we reviewed the current prevalence and variation in PRV worldwide as well as the PRV-caused infections in animals and humans, and briefly summarized the vaccines and diagnostic methods used for pseudorabies control. Most countries, including China, have control programs in place for pseudorabies in domestic pigs, and thus, the disease is on the decline; however, PRV is still globally epizootic and an important pathogen for pigs. In countries where pseudorabies in domestic pigs have already been eliminated, the risk of PRV transmission by infected wild animals should be estimated and prevented. As a member of the alphaherpesviruses, PRV showed protein-coding variation that was relatively higher than that of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and its evolution was mainly contributed to by the frequent recombination observed between different genotypes or within the clade. Recombination events have promoted the generation of new variants, such as the variant strains resulting in the outbreak of pseudorabies in pigs in China, 2011. There have been 25 cases of PRV infections in humans reported in China since 2017, and they were considered to be infected by PRV variant strains. Although PRV infections have been sporadically reported in humans, their causal association remains to be determined. This review provided the latest epidemiological information on PRV for the better understanding, prevention, and treatment of pseudorabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yafei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuyue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shibang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (X.W.)
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