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Wong ML, Zulzahrin Z, Vythilingam I, Lau YL, Sam IC, Fong MY, Lee WC. Perspectives of vector management in the control and elimination of vector-borne zoonoses. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1135977. [PMID: 37025644 PMCID: PMC10070879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1135977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex transmission profiles of vector-borne zoonoses (VZB) and vector-borne infections with animal reservoirs (VBIAR) complicate efforts to break the transmission circuit of these infections. To control and eliminate VZB and VBIAR, insecticide application may not be conducted easily in all circumstances, particularly for infections with sylvatic transmission cycle. As a result, alternative approaches have been considered in the vector management against these infections. In this review, we highlighted differences among the environmental, chemical, and biological control approaches in vector management, from the perspectives of VZB and VBIAR. Concerns and knowledge gaps pertaining to the available control approaches were discussed to better understand the prospects of integrating these vector control approaches to synergistically break the transmission of VZB and VBIAR in humans, in line with the integrated vector management (IVM) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li Wong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zulhisham Zulzahrin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Yik Fong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wenn-Chyau Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Wenn-Chyau Lee,
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2
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Torres-Ruesta A, Chee RSL, Ng LF. Insights into Antibody-Mediated Alphavirus Immunity and Vaccine Development Landscape. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050899. [PMID: 33922370 PMCID: PMC8145166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are mosquito-borne pathogens distributed worldwide in tropical and temperate areas causing a wide range of symptoms ranging from inflammatory arthritis-like manifestations to the induction of encephalitis in humans. Historically, large outbreaks in susceptible populations have been recorded followed by the development of protective long-lasting antibody responses suggesting a potential advantageous role for a vaccine. Although the current understanding of alphavirus antibody-mediated immunity has been mainly gathered in natural and experimental settings of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, little is known about the humoral responses triggered by other emerging alphaviruses. This knowledge is needed to improve serology-based diagnostic tests and the development of highly effective cross-protective vaccines. Here, we review the role of antibody-mediated immunity upon arthritogenic and neurotropic alphavirus infections, and the current research efforts for the development of vaccines as a tool to control future alphavirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Torres-Ruesta
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; (A.T.-R.); (R.S.-L.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Rhonda Sin-Ling Chee
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; (A.T.-R.); (R.S.-L.C.)
| | - Lisa F.P. Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; (A.T.-R.); (R.S.-L.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6407-0028
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3
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Chan YH, Teo TH, Torres-Ruesta A, Hartimath SV, Chee RSL, Khanapur S, Yong FF, Ramasamy B, Cheng P, Rajarethinam R, Robins EG, Goggi JL, Lum FM, Carissimo G, Rénia L, Ng LFP. Longitudinal [18F]FB-IL-2 PET Imaging to Assess the Immunopathogenicity of O'nyong-nyong Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:894. [PMID: 32477364 PMCID: PMC7235449 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus that caused two large epidemics in 1959 and 1996, affecting millions of people in Africa. More recently, sero-surveillance of healthy blood donors conducted in 2019 revealed high rates of unreported ONNV infection in Uganda. Due to similar clinical symptoms with other endemic mosquito-borne pathogens in the region, including chikungunya virus, dengue virus and malaria, ONNV infections are often un- or misdiagnosed. Elucidating the immunopathogenic factors of this re-emerging arbovirus is critical with the expanding geographic distribution of competent vectors. This study reports the establishment of an immune competent C57BL6/J mouse model to mechanistically characterize ONNV infection and assess potential treatment efficacy. This mouse model successfully recapitulated arthralgia and viremia profiles seen in ONNV patients. Furthermore, longitudinal in-vivo PET imaging with [18F]FB-IL-2 (CD25+CD4+ binding probe) and histopathological assessment in this model demonstrated the pathogenic role of CD4+ T cells in driving joint pathology. Concordantly, in vivo CD4+ T cell depletion, or suppression with fingolimod, an FDA-approved immunomodulating drug, abrogated CD4+ T cell-mediated disease. This study demonstrates the importance of this immune competent ONNV model for future studies on factors influencing disease pathogenesis, which could shape the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for arthritogenic alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Chan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teck-Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony Torres-Ruesta
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siddesh V Hartimath
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, ASTAR, Helios, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rhonda Sin-Ling Chee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Fui Fong Yong
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, ASTAR, Helios, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Peter Cheng
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, ASTAR, Helios, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ravisankar Rajarethinam
- Advanced Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ASTAR, Proteos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward G Robins
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, ASTAR, Helios, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.,Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julian L Goggi
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, ASTAR, Helios, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fok-Moon Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Carissimo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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4
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Endy TP. Viral Febrile Illnesses and Emerging Pathogens. HUNTER'S TROPICAL MEDICINE AND EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7151808 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-55512-8.00036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging or emerged diseases and viral pathogens are responsible historically and currently for large epidemics, global pandemics, and significant morbidity and mortality. Our civilization will continue to face the emergence of new pathogens and viruses: viruses will continue to evolve and adapt to new environments at a high rate; our population continues to grow through birth rate, land development, and migration; climate change will continue to increase the vector burden and spread and change the migratory pattern of animals; and our societal mobility will continue to increase through rapid transportation. The clinical evaluation of the febrile patient with a potential emerging viral pathogen involves documenting the likelihood for an infection by a detailed travel history, calculation of an incubation time by exposure, and an understanding of the disease progression though the clinical illness, which drives the differential diagnosis and the type of diagnostics ordered. Ultimately, the proper identification and diagnosis of a patient with a viral febrile illness due to an emerging pathogen will elicit the appropriate precautions to protect health care providers and communities, deliver appropriate therapeutic interventions, and initiate a targeted public health response. The majority of emerging diseases are caused by viruses, with many that are transmitted by insect vectors or are zoonotic. RNA viruses in particular have high mutation rates and can evolve rapidly in new and changing environments. This, in combination with societal factors, climate change, and rapid travel, has increased the number of epidemics from emerging pathogens in the last several decades. Understanding the travel history, incubation time of potential viruses, and the clinical presentation by illness day is essential in making the right diagnosis and identifying the infecting virus.
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Levi LI, Vignuzzi M. Arthritogenic Alphaviruses: A Worldwide Emerging Threat? Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7050133. [PMID: 31091828 PMCID: PMC6560413 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses are responsible for a dengue-like syndrome associated with severe debilitating polyarthralgia that can persist for months or years and impact life quality. Chikungunya virus is the most well-known member of this family since it was responsible for two worldwide epidemics with millions of cases in the last 15 years. However, other arthritogenic alphaviruses that are as of yet restrained to specific territories are the cause of neglected tropical diseases: O'nyong'nyong virus in Sub-Saharan Africa, Mayaro virus in Latin America, and Ross River virus in Australia and the Pacific island countries and territories. This review evaluates their emerging potential in light of the current knowledge for each of them and in comparison to chikungunya virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Levi
- Populations Virales et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 75015 Paris, France.
- Ecole doctorale BioSPC, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Populations Virales et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 75015 Paris, France.
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Rezza G, Chen R, Weaver SC. O'nyong-nyong fever: a neglected mosquito-borne viral disease. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:271-275. [PMID: 28829253 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1355431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
O'nyong nyong virus (ONNV), a mosquito-borne Alphavirus, is primarily transmitted through the bite of Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, which are also malaria parasite vectors in Africa. The virus, first isolated in Uganda in 1959, is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and has caused several major outbreaks both in West and East Africa. ONNV fever, characterized by severe arthralgia, is similar to chikungunya fever, with the exception of cervical lymphadenitis, which is peculiar to the former. Prevention measures do not differ from those adopted against malaria parasite transmission. Effective vaccines and drugs are not available, but animal models suggest that vaccine candidates against CHIKV may also confer protection against ONNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Rezza
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Roma , Italy
| | - Rubing Chen
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
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Waggoner J, Heath CJ, Ndenga B, Mutuku F, Sahoo MK, Mohamed-Hadley A, Vulule J, Mukoko D, Desiree LaBeaud A, Pinsky BA. Development of a Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for O'nyong-nyong Virus and Evaluation with Clinical and Mosquito Specimens from Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:121-124. [PMID: 28719301 PMCID: PMC5508918 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV), an alphavirus closely related to chikungunya virus (CHIKV), has been the documented cause of two large outbreaks in east Africa; however, little is known about the contribution of ONNV to cases of acute febrile illness during interepidemic periods. An ONNV real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) was developed and evaluated using clinical and mosquito pool samples. The ONNV rRT-PCR linear range extended from 8.0 to 2.0 log10 copies/μL, and the lower limit of 95% detection was 22.4 copies/μL. No cases of ONNV infection were identified in serum from 385 Kenyan children who presented with an acute febrile illness. Additionally, ONNV was not detected in 120 mosquito pools collected in coastal and western Kenya. The ONNV rRT-PCR demonstrated good analytical sensitivity when performed in monoplex or as a component of an ONNV-CHIKV duplex assay. This assay should provide a useful diagnostic for the detection of ONNV in surveillance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Waggoner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Claire Jane Heath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Malaya K. Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alisha Mohamed-Hadley
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - John Vulule
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - A. Desiree LaBeaud
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Benjamin A. Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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8
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Dutra HLC, Caragata EP, Moreira LA. The re-emerging arboviral threat: Hidden enemies: The emergence of obscure arboviral diseases, and the potential use of Wolbachia in their control. Bioessays 2016; 39. [PMID: 28026036 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mayaro, Oropouche, and O'Nyong-Nyong share many traits with more prominent arboviruses, like dengue and yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. These include severe clinical symptoms, multiple animal hosts, and widespread vector species living in close proximity to human habitats, all of which constitute significant risk factors for more frequent outbreaks in the future, greatly increasing the potential of these hidden enemies to follow Zika and become the next wave of global arboviral threats. Critically, the current dearth of knowledge on these arboviruses might impede the success of future control efforts, including the potential application of Wolbachia pipientis. This bacterium inherently possesses broad anti-pathogen properties and a means of genetic drive that allows it to eliminate or replace target vector populations. We conclude that control of obscure arboviruses with Wolbachia might be possible, but successful implementation will be critically dependent on the ability to transinfect key vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heverton Leandro Carneiro Dutra
- Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno-Vetor, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Eric Pearce Caragata
- Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno-Vetor, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciano Andrade Moreira
- Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno-Vetor, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Reddy V, Ravi V, Desai A, Parida M, Powers AM, Johnson BW. Utility of IgM ELISA, TaqMan real-time PCR, reverse transcription PCR, and RT-LAMP assay for the diagnosis of Chikungunya fever. J Med Virol 2013; 84:1771-8. [PMID: 22997080 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya fever a re-emerging infection with expanding geographical boundaries, can mimic symptoms of other infections like dengue, malaria which makes the definitive diagnosis of the infection important. The present study compares the utility of four laboratory diagnostic methods viz. IgM capture ELISA, an in house reverse transcription PCR for the diagnosis of Chikungunya fever, TaqMan real-time PCR, and a one step reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification assay (RT-LAMP). Out of the 70 serum samples tested, 29 (41%) were positive for Chikungunya IgM antibody by ELISA and 50 (71%) samples were positive by one of the three molecular assays. CHIKV specific nucleic acid was detected in 33/70 (47%) by reverse transcription PCR, 46/70 (66%) by TaqMan real-time PCR, and 43/70 (62%) by RT-LAMP assay. A majority of the samples (62/70; 89%) were positive by at least one of the four assays used in the study. The molecular assays were more sensitive for diagnosis in the early stages of illness (2-5 days post onset) when antibodies were not detectable. In the later stages of illness, the IgM ELISA is a more sensitive diagnostic test. In conclusion we recommend that the IgM ELISA be used as an initial screening test followed one of the molecular assays in samples that are collected in the early phase of illness and negative for CHIKV IgM antibodies. Such as approach would enable rapid confirmation of the diagnosis and implementation of public health measures especially during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Reddy
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Saxton-Shaw KD, Ledermann JP, Borland EM, Stovall JL, Mossel EC, Singh AJ, Wilusz J, Powers AM. O'nyong nyong virus molecular determinants of unique vector specificity reside in non-structural protein 3. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e1931. [PMID: 23359824 PMCID: PMC3554527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
O'nyong nyong virus (ONNV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are two closely related alphaviruses with very different infection patterns in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. ONNV is the only alphavirus transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes, but specific molecular determinants of infection of this unique vector specificity remain unidentified. Fifteen distinct chimeric viruses were constructed to evaluate both structural and non-structural regions of the genome and infection patterns were determined through artificial infectious feeds in An. gambiae with each of these chimeras. Only one region, non-structural protein 3 (nsP3), was sufficient to up-regulate infection to rates similar to those seen with parental ONNV. When ONNV non-structural protein 3 (nsP3) replaced nsP3 from CHIKV virus in one of the chimeric viruses, infection rates in An. gambiae went from 0% to 63.5%. No other single gene or viral region addition was able to restore infection rates. Thus, we have shown that a non-structural genome element involved in viral replication is a major element involved in ONNV's unique vector specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kali D. Saxton-Shaw
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeremy P. Ledermann
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erin M. Borland
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Janae L. Stovall
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Mossel
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Amber J. Singh
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Wilusz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Powers
- Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Waldock J, Olson KE, Christophides GK. Anopheles gambiae antiviral immune response to systemic O'nyong-nyong infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1565. [PMID: 22428080 PMCID: PMC3302841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito-borne viral diseases cause significant burden in much of the developing world. Although host-virus interactions have been studied extensively in the vertebrate host, little is known about mosquito responses to viral infection. In contrast to mosquitoes of the Aedes and Culex genera, Anopheles gambiae, the principal vector of human malaria, naturally transmits very few arboviruses, the most important of which is O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV). Here we have investigated the A. gambiae immune response to systemic ONNV infection using forward and reverse genetic approaches. Methodology/Principal Findings We have used DNA microarrays to profile the transcriptional response of A. gambiae inoculated with ONNV and investigate the antiviral function of candidate genes through RNAi gene silencing assays. Our results demonstrate that A. gambiae responses to systemic viral infection involve genes covering all aspects of innate immunity including pathogen recognition, modulation of immune signalling, complement-mediated lysis/opsonisation and other immune effector mechanisms. Patterns of transcriptional regulation and co-infections of A. gambiae with ONNV and the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei suggest that hemolymph immune responses to viral infection are diverted away from melanisation. We show that four viral responsive genes encoding two putative recognition receptors, a galectin and an MD2-like receptor, and two effector lysozymes, function in limiting viral load. Conclusions/Significance This study is the first step in elucidating the antiviral mechanisms of A. gambiae mosquitoes, and has revealed interesting differences between A. gambiae and other invertebrates. Our data suggest that mechanisms employed by A. gambiae are distinct from described invertebrate antiviral immunity to date, and involve the complement-like branch of the humoral immune response, supressing the melanisation response that is prominent in anti-parasitic immunity. The antiviral immune response in A. gambiae is thus composed of some key conserved mechanisms to target viral infection such as RNAi but includes other diverse and possibly species-specific mechanisms. Mosquito-borne viral diseases are found across the globe and are responsible for numerous severe human infections. In order to develop novel methods for prevention and treatment of these diseases, detailed understanding of the biology of viral infection and transmission is required. Little is known about invertebrate responses to infection in mosquito hosts. In this study we used a model system of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes and O'nyong-nyong virus to study mosquito immune responses to infection. We examined the global transcriptional responses of A. gambiae to viral infection of the mosquito blood equivalent (the hemolymph) identifying a number of genes with immune functions that are switched on or off in response to infection, including complement-like proteins that circulate in the mosquito hemolymph. The switching on of these genes combined with co-infection experiments with malaria parasites suggests that viral infection inhibits the melanisation pathway. Through silencing the function of a selection of viral responsive genes, we identified four genes that have roles in A. gambiae anti-viral immunity; two putative recognition receptors (a galectin and an MD2-like receptor); two effector lysozymes. These molecules have previously non-described roles in antiviral immunity, and suggest uncharacterised mechanisms for targeting viral infection in A. gambiae mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Waldock
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth E. Olson
- Arthropod Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - George K. Christophides
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus is a zoonotic, vector-borne pathogen that has been responsible for numerous outbreaks of febrile arthralgia since its discovery in the early 1950s. In the past decade, the virus has re-emerged more frequently, causing massive epidemics that have moved from Africa throughout the Indian Ocean to India and Southeast Asia. A discussion of the virus, its epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, and immunity are presented in this article.
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13
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Defense Against Biological Weapons (Biodefense). NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES, NIH 2009. [PMCID: PMC7122899 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Biological warfare (germ warfare) is defined as the use of any disease-causing organism or toxin(s) found in nature as weapons of war with the intent to destroy an adversary. Though rare, the use of biological weapons has occurred throughout the centuries.
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Kurkela S, Helve T, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Arthritis and arthralgia three years after Sindbis virus infection: clinical follow-up of a cohort of 49 patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 40:167-73. [PMID: 17852949 DOI: 10.1080/00365540701586996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SINV) emerges as large human outbreaks in northern Europe every 7 years. Similar to many other alphaviruses, SINV is a mosquito-borne causative agent of a rash-arthritis. Previous reports suggest that in many alphavirus infections joint symptoms might persist for years. A prospective cohort of 49 patients was physically examined 3 y after verified acute SINV infection to reveal persistent joint symptoms. We carefully searched for a temporal association between the infection and current symptoms, and took into account other medical conditions. Sera were collected and analysed with enzyme immunoassays. Arthritis (swelling and tenderness on physical examination) was diagnosed in 4.1% (2/49) of the patients. Tenderness on palpation or in movement of a joint was found in 14.3% of the patients in the rheumatological examination, and an additional 10.2% complained of persisting arthralgia at the interview. Thus, 24.5% of the patients had joint manifestations attributable to the infection 3 y earlier. A positive IgM antibody response persisted in 3/49 of the patients; both patients with arthritis were in this group. As one-quarter of the patients were symptomatic 3 y after infection, it seems that persistent symptoms of SINV infection have considerable public health implications in areas with high seroprevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Kurkela
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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Pincus LB, Grossman ME, Fox LP. The exanthem of dengue fever: Clinical features of two US tourists traveling abroad. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58:308-16. [PMID: 17959270 PMCID: PMC4061973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue fever is the most common identifiable cause of acute febrile illness among travelers returning from South America, South Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean. Although the characteristic exanthem of dengue fever occurs in up to 50% of patients, few descriptions of it are found in the dermatology literature, and discussions of how to distinguish the dengue exanthem from other infectious disease entities are rare. Chikungunya fever is an emerging infectious disease now seen in returning US tourists and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dengue fever in the appropriate patient. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to report two cases of dengue fever among returning US tourists, provide a review of dengue fever, offer an extensive differential diagnosis of dengue fever, and raise awareness among dermatologists of chikungunya fever. METHODS This study includes clinical findings of two returning travelers, one who traveled to Mexico and the other to Thailand, complemented by a discussion of both dengue fever and its differential diagnosis. LIMITATIONS Limited to 2 case reports. CONCLUSION Dengue fever should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fever and rash in the returning traveler. Dermatologists should be aware of the distinctive exanthem of dengue fever. Recognition of the dengue fever rash permits a rapid and early diagnosis, which is critical, as dengue fever can progress to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Pincus
- Department of Dermatology at University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Lindy P. Fox
- Department of Dermatology at University of California, San Francisco
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16
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Abstract
The role of viruses in the development of acute and chronic arthritis is complex, because viruses are ubiquitous, and all human beings are occasionally afflicted by viral infections. In general, most viral infections are acute and self-limiting and survive by infecting one susceptible host, then moving on to another. Some viruses establish prolonged latency in the host after acute infection, whereas other agents produce chronic infections following the primary stage. The mechanisms whereby these infections produce arthritis are diverse and still poorly understood, but are clearly influenced by both host and viral factors. This review addresses these and other common forms of viral arthritis, such as that caused by parvovirus B19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Calabrese
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Amongst the arthritis-causing arboviruses, i.e. those spread by insects, the alphavirus group is of special interest. These viruses occasionally cause vast outbreaks, such as O'nyong-nyong in Africa in 1959. In Fennoscandia, Sindbis-related Ockelbo, Pogosta, or Karelian fever viruses have been found to cause significant morbidity. The major symptoms in addition to joint inflammation are fever, fatigue, headache and rash. The joint symptoms may persist for weeks, even months. The diagnosis is based on the clinical picture and serology. The causative viruses are closely related but not identical. It appears that at least in Finland the Pogosta disease is more common than thought, and the symptoms may often be overlooked. Several factors related to the viruses, their hosts, and global environmental changes may affect the spread of these viruses. All over the world arbovirus-caused diseases have increased, because of global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laine
- Keuruu Health Center, Keuruu, Finland.
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18
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Kiwanuka N, Sanders EJ, Rwaguma EB, Kawamata J, Ssengooba FP, Najjemba R, Were WA, Lamunu M, Bagambisa G, Burkot TR, Dunster L, Lutwama JJ, Martin DA, Cropp CB, Karabatsos N, Lanciotti RS, Tsai TF, Campbell GL. O'nyong-nyong fever in south-central Uganda, 1996-1997: clinical features and validation of a clinical case definition for surveillance purposes. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:1243-50. [PMID: 10524970 DOI: 10.1086/313462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
O'nyong-nyong (ONN) fever, caused by infection with a mosquito-borne central African alphavirus, is an acute, nonfatal illness characterized by polyarthralgia. During 1996-1997, south-central Uganda experienced the second ONN fever epidemic ever recognized. Among 391 persons interviewed and sampled, 40 cases of confirmed and 21 of presumptive, well-characterized acute, recent, or previous ONN fever were identified through active case-finding efforts or during a household serosurvey and by the application of clinical and laboratory criteria. Among confirmed cases, the knees and ankles were the joints most commonly affected. The median duration of arthralgia was 6 days (range, 2-21 days) and of immobilization was 4 days (range, 1-14 days). In the majority, generalized skin rash was reported, and nearly half had lymphadenopathy, mainly of the cervical region. Viremia was documented in 16 cases, primarily during the first 3 days of illness, and in some of these, body temperature was normal. During this epidemic, the combination of fever, arthralgia, and lymphadenopathy had a specificity of 83% and a sensitivity of 61% in the identification of cases of ONN fever and thus could be useful for surveillance purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kiwanuka
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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19
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Abbasi S, Shenep JL, Hughes WT, Flynn PM. Aspergillosis in children with cancer: A 34-year experience. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:1210-9. [PMID: 10524965 DOI: 10.1086/313445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective review of medical records, microbiology and pathology laboratory records, and nosocomial infection surveillance data was undertaken to describe the experience with culture-documented aspergillus infection in pediatric cancer patients at our facility. Sixty-six patients were identified from a 34-year period. The most common underlying diagnosis was leukemia. Risk factors included neutropenia, immunosuppression, and prior antibiotic therapy. On the basis of clinical presentation, 23 patients were believed to have disseminated disease and 43 to have localized disease. The lung was the most frequently affected organ. Despite aggressive medical and surgical management, overall mortality was 85% within the first year after diagnosis. Patients who presented with disease in sites other than the lungs fared better than patients with initial pulmonary involvement (P=.0014). Aspergillosis continues to be associated with poor outcome. Development of improved medical and adjuvant therapies, including surgery, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abbasi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, USA.
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20
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Lanciotti RS, Ludwig ML, Rwaguma EB, Lutwama JJ, Kram TM, Karabatsos N, Cropp BC, Miller BR. Emergence of epidemic O'nyong-nyong fever in Uganda after a 35-year absence: genetic characterization of the virus. Virology 1998; 252:258-68. [PMID: 9875334 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O'nyong-nyong (ONN) virus is an alphavirus (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus) classified in the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) antigenic complex. ONN was initially isolated in northern Uganda in 1959 during the early stages of an explosive arbovirus epidemic in which > 2 million cases were reported. No additional epidemics or human isolations of ONN were reported until 1996, when it was isolated from an epidemic in southern Uganda. We report the complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of one of these 1996-1997 ONN isolates (SG650) and that of the related alphavirus Igbo Ora virus. The data indicate that the recent ONN virus isolate is closely related to the previously published ONN strain isolated in 1959. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data reveals that Igbo Ora virus, previously thought to be a separate virus closely related to ONN and Chikungunya (CHIK), clearly is a strain of ONN. The sequence data also reveal that unlike the published ONN (1959) sequence, all ONN strains from the 1996-1997 epidemic possess a stop codon at the nsp3-nsp4 junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lanciotti
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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WALKER GM, WOODALL JP, HADDOW AJ, WILLIAMS MC. O'nyong-nyong fever: an epidemic virus disease in East Africa. VI. Alopecia in mice experimentally infected with o'nyong-nyong virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998; 56:496-503. [PMID: 13998488 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(62)90073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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22
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WILLIAMS MC, WOODALL JP, CORBET PS, GILLETT JD. O'NYONG-NYONG FEVER: AN EPIDEMIC VIRUS DISEASE IN EAST AFRICA. 8. VIRUS ISOLATIONS FROM ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996; 59:300-6. [PMID: 14298035 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(65)90012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
Six different mosquito-borne viruses (Chikungunya, O'nyong-nyong, Mayaro, Ross River, Sindbis and Barmah Forest) have been associated with arthritis in humans. These viruses are prevalent in the tropics and subtropics and they produce similar symptoms, consisting of fever, joint pains and rash. The symptoms are usually of short duration, around 1 week; complete recovery is the rule apart from exceptional cases of Chik infection. Precise diagnosis requires a serological service which is not available in many parts of the tropics these days. Treatment is symptomatic and there is no vaccine currently available. With an increasing number of visitors to the tropics being exposed to potential infection and with rapid air transport it is possible that visitors may return home during the viraemic incubation stage, infect the local mosquito populations and then develop clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E McGill
- Stobhill Hospital NHS Trust, Glasgow, UK
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24
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Gravallese EM, Winalski CS, Longtine J, Helfgott SM. Polyarthritis in a 78-year-old woman. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1994; 37:1087-95. [PMID: 8024617 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780370715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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25
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26
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Friedman HM, Pincus T, Gibilisco P, Baker D, Glazer JP, Plotkin SA, Schumacher HR. Acute monoarticular arthritis caused by herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus. Am J Med 1980; 69:241-7. [PMID: 6250401 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(80)90384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Five patients with the triad of fever, skin rash, and acute polyarthritis were studied with regard to synovial fluid analysis. All cases revealed inflammatory effusions with a predominant monocytosis. Skin biopsies from two cases and synovial membrane biopsy from one case revealed a nonnecrotizing vasculitis. Although the etiology of this syndrome was not ascertained, it bears striking similarities to certain viral arthritides. It also deserves consideration as a form of acute hypersensitivity angiitis.
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28
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Clarris BJ. Viral arthritis and the possible role of viruses in rheumatoid arthritis. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1978; 8 Suppl 1:40-3. [PMID: 281924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1978.tb04783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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31
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Moore DL, Causey OR, Carey DE, Reddy S, Cooke AR, Akinkugbe FM, David-West TS, Kemp GE. Arthropod-borne viral infections of man in Nigeria, 1964-1970. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1975; 69:49-64. [PMID: 1124969 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1975.11686983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During the years 1964 to 1970, 171 arboviruses of 15 different types were isolated from humans in Nigeria. Isolation rates were highest in 1969, and lowest in 1965 and 1967. Monthly arbovirus activity was highest in the rainy season months of June, July and August and lowest in the dry months of January and February. Viruses were isolated from all age groups, with the majority from children one to four years old. The viruses isolated in largest numbers were chikungunya and yellow fever, which caused epidemics in 1969, and dengue types 1 and 2 and Tataguine, which are endemic in Ibadan. Bwamba virus was isolated in 1964 and 1969, and Bunyamwera group viruses were encountered for the first time in 1969. Other viruses recovered less frequently were Zika, Igbo-Ora (an agent related to o'nyong-nyong), two viruses related to the Uganda mosquito virus Ug MP 359, Dugbe, Thogoto, Lebombo and Shuni. Several of these are new agents and have not previously been isolated from man. Clinical details are presented where available.
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32
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Wilkes RM, Simsarian JP, Hopps HE, Roth H, Decker JL, Aptekar RG, Meyer HM. Virologic studies on rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1973; 16:446-54. [PMID: 4722429 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780160403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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The role of virus diseases in tropical public health. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(71)90083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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34
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ROWE NH. The ever smaller world. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY 1963; 16:939-44. [PMID: 14049120 DOI: 10.1016/0030-4220(63)90195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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CORBET PS, WILLIAMS MC, GILLETT JD. O'nyong-nyong fever: An epidemic virus disease in East Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1961; 55:463-80. [PMID: 13881254 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(61)90095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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