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Ming A, Zhao J, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Li J, Zhang L. O-glycosylation in viruses: A sweet tango. MLIFE 2024; 3:57-73. [PMID: 38827513 PMCID: PMC11139210 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
O-glycosylation is an ancient yet underappreciated protein posttranslational modification, on which many bacteria and viruses heavily rely to perform critical biological functions involved in numerous infectious diseases or even cancer. But due to the innate complexity of O-glycosylation, research techniques have been limited to study its exact role in viral attachment and entry, assembly and exit, spreading in the host cells, and the innate and adaptive immunity of the host. Recently, the advent of many newly developed methodologies (e.g., mass spectrometry, chemical biology tools, and molecular dynamics simulations) has renewed and rekindled the interest in viral-related O-glycosylation in both viral proteins and host cells, which is further fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we summarize recent advances in viral-related O-glycosylation, with a particular emphasis on the mucin-type O-linked α-N-acetylgalactosamine (O-GalNAc) on viral proteins and the intracellular O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modifications on host proteins. We hope to provide valuable insights into the development of antiviral reagents or vaccines for better prevention or treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annan Ming
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation CenterShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life SciencesCapital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yihan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation CenterShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Yibo Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangchunChina
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life SciencesCapital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation CenterShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
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Debroy B, Chowdhury S, Pal K. Designing a novel and combinatorial multi-antigenic epitope-based vaccine "MarVax" against Marburg virus-a reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approach. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:143. [PMID: 38012426 PMCID: PMC10681968 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Marburg virus (MARV) is a member of the Filoviridae family and causes Marburg virus disease (MVD) among humans and primates. With fatality rates going up to 88%, there is currently no commercialized cure or vaccine to combat the infection. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) classified MARV as priority pathogen A, which presages the need for a vaccine candidate which can provide stable, long-term adaptive immunity. The surface glycoprotein (GP) and fusion protein (FP) mediate the adherence, fusion, and entry of the virus into the host cell via the TIM-I receptor. Being important antigenic determinants, studies reveal that GP and FP are prone to evolutionary mutations, underscoring the requirement of a vaccine construct capable of eliciting a robust and sustained immune response. In this computational study, a reverse vaccinology approach was employed to design a combinatorial vaccine from conserved and antigenic epitopes of essential viral proteins of MARV, namely GP, VP24, VP30, VP35, and VP40 along with an endogenous protein large polymerase (L). METHODS Epitopes for T-cell and B-cell were predicted using TepiTool and ElliPro, respectively. The surface-exposed TLRs like TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 were used to screen high-binding affinity epitopes using the protein-peptide docking platform MdockPeP. The best binding epitopes were selected and assembled with linkers to design a recombinant multi-epitope vaccine construct which was then modeled in Robetta. The in silico biophysical and biochemical analyses of the recombinant vaccine were performed. The docking and MD simulation of the vaccine using WebGro and CABS-Flex against TLRs support the stable binding of vaccine candidates. A virtual immune simulation to check the immediate and long-term immunogenicity was carried out using the C-ImmSim server. RESULTS The biochemical characteristics and docking studies with MD simulation establish the recombinant protein vaccine construct MarVax as a stable, antigenic, and potent vaccine molecule. Immune simulation studies reveal 1-year passive immunity which needs to be validated by in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Debroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Sribas Chowdhury
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Kuntal Pal
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Srivastava S, Sharma D, Kumar S, Sharma A, Rijal R, Asija A, Adhikari S, Rustagi S, Sah S, Al-qaim ZH, Bashyal P, Mohanty A, Barboza JJ, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Sah R. Emergence of Marburg virus: a global perspective on fatal outbreaks and clinical challenges. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1239079. [PMID: 37771708 PMCID: PMC10526840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1239079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Marburg virus (MV), identified in 1967, has caused deadly outbreaks worldwide, the mortality rate of Marburg virus disease (MVD) varies depending on the outbreak and virus strain, but the average case fatality rate is around 50%. However, case fatality rates have varied from 24 to 88% in past outbreaks depending on virus strain and case management. Designated a priority pathogen by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), MV induces hemorrhagic fever, organ failure, and coagulation issues in both humans and non-human primates. This review presents an extensive exploration of MVD outbreak evolution, virus structure, and genome, as well as the sources and transmission routes of MV, including human-to-human spread and involvement of natural hosts such as the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and other Chiroptera species. The disease progression involves early viral replication impacting immune cells like monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, followed by damage to the spleen, liver, and secondary lymphoid organs. Subsequent spread occurs to hepatocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. MV can evade host immune response by inhibiting interferon type I (IFN-1) synthesis. This comprehensive investigation aims to enhance understanding of pathophysiology, cellular tropism, and injury sites in the host, aiding insights into MVD causes. Clinical data and treatments are discussed, albeit current methods to halt MVD outbreaks remain elusive. By elucidating MV infection's history and mechanisms, this review seeks to advance MV disease treatment, drug development, and vaccine creation. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers MV a high-concern filovirus causing severe and fatal hemorrhagic fever, with a death rate ranging from 24 to 88%. The virus often spreads through contact with infected individuals, originating from animals. Visitors to bat habitats like caves or mines face higher risk. We tailored this search strategy for four databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed. we primarily utilized search terms such as "Marburg virus," "Epidemiology," "Vaccine," "Outbreak," and "Transmission." To enhance comprehension of the virus and associated disease, this summary offers a comprehensive overview of MV outbreaks, pathophysiology, and management strategies. Continued research and learning hold promise for preventing and controlling future MVD outbreaks. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriyansh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rishikesh Rijal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ankush Asija
- WVU United Hospital Center, Bridgeport, WV, United States
| | | | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanjit Sah
- Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
- Department of Anesthesia Techniques, SR Sanjeevani Hospital, Siraha, Nepal
| | | | - Prashant Bashyal
- Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu University Parvas, Palpa, Nepal
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Master Program on Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Spital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Abir MH, Rahman T, Das A, Etu SN, Nafiz IH, Rakib A, Mitra S, Emran TB, Dhama K, Islam A, Siyadatpanah A, Mahmud S, Kim B, Hassan MM. Pathogenicity and virulence of Marburg virus. Virulence 2022; 13:609-633. [PMID: 35363588 PMCID: PMC8986239 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2054760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) has been a major concern since 1967, with two major outbreaks occurring in 1998 and 2004. Infection from MARV results in severe hemorrhagic fever, causing organ dysfunction and death. Exposure to fruit bats in caves and mines, and human-to-human transmission had major roles in the amplification of MARV outbreaks in African countries. The high fatality rate of up to 90% demands the broad study of MARV diseases (MVD) that correspond with MARV infection. Since large outbreaks are rare for MARV, clinical investigations are often inadequate for providing the substantial data necessary to determine the treatment of MARV disease. Therefore, an overall review may contribute to minimizing the limitations associated with future medical research and improve the clinical management of MVD. In this review, we sought to analyze and amalgamate significant information regarding MARV disease epidemics, pathophysiology, and management approaches to provide a better understanding of this deadly virus and the associated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehedy Hasan Abir
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjilur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ayan Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Silvia Naznin Etu
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Iqbal Hossain Nafiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Bonlgee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Nahhas AF, Webster TJ. A review of treating viral outbreaks with self-assembled nanomaterial-like peptides: From Ebola to the Marburg virus. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Hassan SU, Donia A, Sial U, Zhang X, Bokhari H. Glycoprotein- and Lectin-Based Approaches for Detection of Pathogens. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090694. [PMID: 32847039 PMCID: PMC7558909 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases alone are estimated to result in approximately 40% of the 50 million total annual deaths globally. The importance of basic research in the control of emerging and re-emerging diseases cannot be overemphasized. However, new nanotechnology-based methodologies exploiting unique surface-located glycoproteins or their patterns can be exploited to detect pathogens at the point of use or on-site with high specificity and sensitivity. These technologies will, therefore, affect our ability in the future to more accurately assess risk. The critical challenge is making these new methodologies cost-effective, as well as simple to use, for the diagnostics industry and public healthcare providers. Miniaturization of biochemical assays in lab-on-a-chip devices has emerged as a promising tool. Miniaturization has the potential to shape modern biotechnology and how point-of-care testing of infectious diseases will be performed by developing smart microdevices that require minute amounts of sample and reagents and are cost-effective, robust, and sensitive and specific. The current review provides a short overview of some of the futuristic approaches using simple molecular interactions between glycoproteins and glycoprotein-binding molecules for the efficient and rapid detection of various pathogens at the point of use, advancing the emerging field of glyconanodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammer-ul Hassan
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
- Correspondence: (S.H); (H.B.)
| | - Ahmed Donia
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (A.D.); (U.S.)
| | - Usman Sial
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (A.D.); (U.S.)
| | - Xunli Zhang
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan; (A.D.); (U.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.H); (H.B.)
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7
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Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Santos RI, Gilchuk P, Gunn BM, Karim MM, Liang J, Fouch ME, Davidson E, Parekh DV, Kimble JB, Pietzsch CA, Meyer M, Kuzmina NA, Zeitlin L, Saphire EO, Alter G, Crowe JE, Bukreyev A. Non-neutralizing Antibodies from a Marburg Infection Survivor Mediate Protection by Fc-Effector Functions and by Enhancing Efficacy of Other Antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:976-991.e11. [PMID: 32320678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) belong to the family Filoviridae. MARV causes severe disease in humans with high fatality. We previously isolated a large panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from B cells of a human survivor with previous naturally acquired MARV infection. Here, we characterized functional properties of these mAbs and identified non-neutralizing mAbs targeting the glycoprotein (GP) 2 portion of the mucin-like domain (MLD) of MARV GP, termed the wing region. One mAb targeting the GP2 wing, MR228, showed therapeutic protection in mice and guinea pigs infected with MARV. The protection was mediated by the Fc fragment functions of MR228. Binding of another GP2 wing-specific non-neutralizing mAb, MR235, to MARV GP increased accessibility of epitopes in the receptor-binding site (RBS) for neutralizing mAbs, resulting in enhanced virus neutralization by these mAbs. These findings highlight an important role for non-neutralizing mAbs during natural human MARV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rodrigo I Santos
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcus M Karim
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jenny Liang
- Integral Molecular, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Diptiben V Parekh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James B Kimble
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Colette A Pietzsch
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Ortega V, Stone JA, Contreras EM, Iorio RM, Aguilar HC. Addicted to sugar: roles of glycans in the order Mononegavirales. Glycobiology 2019; 29:2-21. [PMID: 29878112 PMCID: PMC6291800 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a biologically important protein modification process by which a carbohydrate chain is enzymatically added to a protein at a specific amino acid residue. This process plays roles in many cellular functions, including intracellular trafficking, cell-cell signaling, protein folding and receptor binding. While glycosylation is a common host cell process, it is utilized by many pathogens as well. Protein glycosylation is widely employed by viruses for both host invasion and evasion of host immune responses. Thus better understanding of viral glycosylation functions has potential applications for improved antiviral therapeutic and vaccine development. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on the broad biological functions of glycans for the Mononegavirales, an order of enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses of high medical importance that includes Ebola, rabies, measles and Nipah viruses. We discuss glycobiological findings by genera in alphabetical order within each of eight Mononegavirales families, namely, the bornaviruses, filoviruses, mymonaviruses, nyamiviruses, paramyxoviruses, pneumoviruses, rhabdoviruses and sunviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ortega
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Stone
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Erik M Contreras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ronald M Iorio
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Mittler E, Schudt G, Halwe S, Rohde C, Becker S. A Fluorescently Labeled Marburg Virus Glycoprotein as a New Tool to Study Viral Transport and Assembly. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:S318-S326. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gordian Schudt
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Halwe
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Rohde
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Bagdonaite I, Wandall HH. Global aspects of viral glycosylation. Glycobiology 2018; 28:443-467. [PMID: 29579213 PMCID: PMC7108637 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses encompass some of the most common human pathogens causing infections of different severity, ranging from no or very few symptoms to lethal disease as seen with the viral hemorrhagic fevers. All enveloped viruses possess an envelope membrane derived from the host cell, modified with often heavily glycosylated virally encoded glycoproteins important for infectivity, viral particle formation and immune evasion. While N-linked glycosylation of viral envelope proteins is well characterized with respect to location, structure and site occupancy, information on mucin-type O-glycosylation of these proteins is less comprehensive. Studies on viral glycosylation are often limited to analysis of recombinant proteins that in most cases are produced in cell lines with a glycosylation capacity different from the capacity of the host cells. The glycosylation pattern of the produced recombinant glycoproteins might therefore be different from the pattern on native viral proteins. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on analysis of viral glycosylation, and summarize known roles of glycans in the biology of enveloped human viruses. In addition, we describe how to overcome the analytical limitations by using a global approach based on mass spectrometry to identify viral O-glycosylation in virus-infected cell lysates using the complex enveloped virus herpes simplex virus type 1 as a model. We underscore that glycans often pay important contributions to overall protein structure, function and immune recognition, and that glycans represent a crucial determinant for vaccine design. High throughput analysis of glycosylation on relevant glycoprotein formulations, as well as data compilation and sharing is therefore important to identify consensus glycosylation patterns for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Abstract
The Filoviridae are a family of negative-strand RNA viruses that include several important human pathogens. Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus are well-known filoviruses which cause life-threatening viral hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates. In addition to severe pathogenesis, filoviruses also exhibit a propensity for human-to-human transmission by close contact, posing challenges to containment and crisis management. Past outbreaks, in particular the recent West African EBOV epidemic, have been responsible for thousands of deaths and vaulted the filoviruses into public consciousness. Both national and international health agencies continue to regard potential filovirus outbreaks as critical threats to global public health. To develop effective countermeasures, a basic understanding of filovirus biology is needed. This review encompasses the epidemiology, ecology, molecular biology, and evolution of the filoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Emanuel
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States.
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13
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Dehghani B, Ghasabi F, Hashempoor T, Joulaei H, Hasanshahi Z, Halaji M, Chatrabnous N, Mousavi Z, Moayedi J. Functional and structural characterization of Ebola virus glycoprotein (1976–2015) — Anin silicostudy. INT J BIOMATH 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s179352451750108x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is the causative agent of a severe hemorrhagic fever disease associated with high mortality rates in humans. This virus has five strains of which Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) is the first and most important strain. It can be transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces and objects. The genome of EBOV codes one non-structural and seven structural proteins consisting of two forms of glycoprotein (GP): soluble glycoprotein (sGP) and GP (spike). In this paper, we attempted to characterize and predict physicochemical properties, B-cell epitopes, mutation sites, phosphorylation sites, glycosylation sites, and different protein structures of EBOV GP to provide comprehensive data about changes of this GP during a 40-years course (1976–2015). GP sequences were obtained from NCBI gene bank from 1976–2015. Expasy’sProtParam, PROTSCALE, immuneepitope, Bepipred, BcePred, ABCpred, VaxiJen, DISPHOS, NetPhos, and numerous programs were used to predict and analyze all sequences. More variety of mutations were found in 2015 sequences and mutations were related to huge changes in B-cell epitopes, phosphorylation and glycosylation sites. In addition, our results determined different sites of disulfide bonds and an important mutation related to IgE epitope as well as four potent B-cell epitopes (380–387, 318–338, 405–438 and 434–475). In this study, we suggested the effect of mutations on GP properties, six positions for disulfide bonds and four phosphorylation sites for protein kinase C enzyme. Selected sequences were shown different sites for O-link and N-link glycosylation. A mutation that changed GP to an allergen protein and has a significant role in vaccine designing as well as four potent B-cell epitopes in GP protein were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Dehghani
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzane Ghasabi
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Hashempoor
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Joulaei
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Hasanshahi
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Halaji
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Nazanin Chatrabnous
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Javad Moayedi
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Davey RA, Shtanko O, Anantpadma M, Sakurai Y, Chandran K, Maury W. Mechanisms of Filovirus Entry. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 411:323-352. [PMID: 28601947 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Filovirus entry into cells is complex, perhaps as complex as any viral entry mechanism identified to date. However, over the past 10 years, the important events required for filoviruses to enter into the endosomal compartment and fuse with vesicular membranes have been elucidated (Fig. 1). Here, we highlight the important steps that are required for productive entry of filoviruses into mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - O Shtanko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - M Anantpadma
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Y Sakurai
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - K Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - W Maury
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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15
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Hoenen T, Brandt J, Caì Y, Kuhn JH, Finch C. Reverse Genetics of Filoviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 411:421-445. [PMID: 28918537 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetics systems are used for the generation of recombinant viruses. For filoviruses, this technology has been available for more than 15 years and has been used to investigate questions regarding the molecular biology, pathogenicity, and host adaptation determinants of these viruses. Further, reporter-expressing, recombinant viruses are increasingly used as tools for screening for and characterization of candidate medical countermeasures. Thus, reverse genetics systems represent powerful research tools. Here we provide an overview of available reverse genetics systems for the generation of recombinant filoviruses, potential applications, and the achievements that have been made using these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoenen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Janine Brandt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yíngyún Caì
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Courtney Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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16
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Human Survivors of Disease Outbreaks Caused by Ebola or Marburg Virus Exhibit Cross-Reactive and Long-Lived Antibody Responses. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:717-24. [PMID: 27335383 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00107-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of serological immune responses to Ebola and Marburg virus infections will facilitate the development of effective diagnostic methods, therapeutics, and vaccines. We examined antibodies from Ebola or Marburg survivors 1 to 14 years after recovery from disease, by using a microarray that displayed recombinant nucleoprotein (NP), viral protein 40 (VP40), envelope glycoprotein (GP), and inactivated whole virions from six species of filoviruses. All three outbreak cohorts exhibited significant antibody responses to antigens from the original infecting species and a pattern of additional filoviruses that varied by outbreak. NP was the most cross-reactive antigen, while GP was the most specific. Antibodies from survivors of infections by Marburg marburgvirus (MARV) species were least cross-reactive, while those from survivors of infections by Sudan virus (SUDV) species exhibited the highest cross-reactivity. Based on results revealed by the protein microarray, persistent levels of antibodies to GP, NP, and VP40 were maintained for up to 14 years after infection, and survival of infection caused by one species imparted cross-reactive antibody responses to other filoviruses.
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17
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Koehler A, Kolesnikova L, Becker S. An active site mutation increases the polymerase activity of the guinea pig-lethal Marburg virus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2494-2500. [PMID: 27450090 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) causes severe, often fatal, disease in humans and transient illness in rodents. Sequential passaging of MARV in guinea pigs resulted in selection of a lethal virus containing 4 aa changes. A D184N mutation in VP40 (VP40D184N), which leads to a species-specific gain of viral fitness, and three mutations in the active site of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L, which were investigated in the present study for functional significance in human and guinea pig cells. The transcription/replication activity of L mutants was strongly enhanced by a substitution at position 741 (S741C), and inhibited by other substitutions (D758A and A759D) in both species. The polymerase activity of L carrying the S741C substitution was eightfold higher in guinea pig cells than in human cells upon co-expression with VP40D184N, suggesting that the additive effect of the two mutations provides MARV a replicative advantage in the new host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Koehler
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Kolesnikova
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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18
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Schmidt KM, Mühlberger E. Marburg Virus Reverse Genetics Systems. Viruses 2016; 8:E178. [PMID: 27338448 PMCID: PMC4926198 DOI: 10.3390/v8060178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic Marburg virus (MARV) is a member of the Filoviridae family and belongs to the group of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. Reverse genetics systems established for MARV have been used to study various aspects of the viral replication cycle, analyze host responses, image viral infection, and screen for antivirals. This article provides an overview of the currently established MARV reverse genetic systems based on minigenomes, infectious virus-like particles and full-length clones, and the research that has been conducted using these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Maria Schmidt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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19
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Stone JA, Nicola AV, Baum LG, Aguilar HC. Multiple Novel Functions of Henipavirus O-glycans: The First O-glycan Functions Identified in the Paramyxovirus Family. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005445. [PMID: 26867212 PMCID: PMC4750917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
O-linked glycosylation is a ubiquitous protein modification in organisms belonging to several kingdoms. Both microbial and host protein glycans are used by many pathogens for host invasion and immune evasion, yet little is known about the roles of O-glycans in viral pathogenesis. Reportedly, there is no single function attributed to O-glycans for the significant paramyxovirus family. The paramyxovirus family includes many important pathogens, such as measles, mumps, parainfluenza, metapneumo- and the deadly Henipaviruses Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses. Paramyxoviral cell entry requires the coordinated actions of two viral membrane glycoproteins: the attachment (HN/H/G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins. O-glycan sites in HeV G were recently identified, facilitating use of the attachment protein of this deadly paramyxovirus as a model to study O-glycan functions. We mutated the identified HeV G O-glycosylation sites and found mutants with altered cell-cell fusion, G conformation, G/F association, viral entry in a pseudotyped viral system, and, quite unexpectedly, pseudotyped viral F protein incorporation and processing phenotypes. These are all important functions of viral glycoproteins. These phenotypes were broadly conserved for equivalent NiV mutants. Thus our results identify multiple novel and pathologically important functions of paramyxoviral O-glycans, paving the way to study O-glycan functions in other paramyxoviruses and enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn A. Stone
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anthony V. Nicola
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Linda G. Baum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hector C. Aguilar
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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20
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A Single Amino Acid Change in the Marburg Virus Matrix Protein VP40 Provides a Replicative Advantage in a Species-Specific Manner. J Virol 2015; 90:1444-54. [PMID: 26581998 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02670-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Marburg virus (MARV) induces severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates but only transient nonlethal disease in rodents. However, sequential passages of MARV in rodents boosts infection leading to lethal disease. Guinea pig-adapted MARV contains one mutation in the viral matrix protein VP40 at position 184 (VP40D184N). The contribution of the D184N mutation to the efficacy of replication in a new host is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that recombinant MARV containing the D184N mutation in VP40 [rMARVVP40(D184N)] grew to higher titers than wild-type recombinant MARV (rMARVWT) in guinea pig cells. Moreover, rMARVVP40(D184N) displayed higher infectivity in guinea pig cells. Comparative analysis of VP40 functions indicated that neither the interferon (IFN)-antagonistic function nor the membrane binding capabilities of VP40 were affected by the D184N mutation. However, the production of VP40-induced virus-like particles (VLPs) and the recruitment of other viral proteins to the budding site was improved by the D184N mutation in guinea pig cells, which resulted in the higher infectivity of VP40D184N-induced infectious VLPs (iVLPs) compared to that of VP40-induced iVLPs. In addition, the function of VP40 in suppressing viral RNA synthesis was influenced by the D184N mutation specifically in guinea pig cells, thus allowing greater rates of transcription and replication. Our results showed that the improved viral fitness of rMARVVP40(D184N) in guinea pig cells was due to the better viral assembly function of VP40D184N and its lower inhibitory effect on viral transcription and replication rather than modulation of the VP40-mediated suppression of IFN signaling. IMPORTANCE The increased virulence achieved by virus passaging in a new host was accompanied by mutations in the viral genome. Analyzing how these mutations affect the functions of viral proteins and the ability of the virus to grow within new host cells helps in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms increasing virulence. Using a reverse genetics approach, we demonstrated that a single mutation in MARV VP40 detected in a guinea pig-adapted MARV provided a replicative advantage of rMARVVP40(D184N) in guinea pig cells. Our studies show that this replicative advantage of rMARV VP40D184N was based on the improved functions of VP40 in iVLP assembly and in the regulation of transcription and replication rather than on the ability of VP40 to combat the host innate immunity.
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21
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Kajihara M, Takada A. Host Cell Factors Involved in Filovirus Infection. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-015-0039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Ng M, Ndungo E, Jangra RK, Cai Y, Postnikova E, Radoshitzky SR, Dye JM, Ramírez de Arellano E, Negredo A, Palacios G, Kuhn JH, Chandran K. Cell entry by a novel European filovirus requires host endosomal cysteine proteases and Niemann-Pick C1. Virology 2014; 468-470:637-646. [PMID: 25310500 PMCID: PMC4252868 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lloviu virus (LLOV), a phylogenetically divergent filovirus, is the proposed etiologic agent of die-offs of Schreibers's long-fingered bats (Miniopterus schreibersii) in western Europe. Studies of LLOV remain limited because the infectious agent has not yet been isolated. Here, we generated a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the LLOV spike glycoprotein (GP) and used it to show that LLOV GP resembles other filovirus GP proteins in structure and function. LLOV GP must be cleaved by endosomal cysteine proteases during entry, but is much more protease-sensitive than EBOV GP. The EBOV/MARV receptor, Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), is also required for LLOV entry, and its second luminal domain is recognized with high affinity by a cleaved form of LLOV GP, suggesting that receptor binding would not impose a barrier to LLOV infection of humans and non-human primates. The use of NPC1 as an intracellular entry receptor may be a universal property of filoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Esther Ndungo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Elena Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Sheli R Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | | | - Ana Negredo
- National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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23
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Determination of specific antibody responses to the six species of ebola and Marburg viruses by multiplexed protein microarrays. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1605-12. [PMID: 25230936 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00484-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infectious hemorrhagic fevers caused by the Marburg and Ebola filoviruses result in human mortality rates of up to 90%, and there are no effective vaccines or therapeutics available for clinical use. The highly infectious and lethal nature of these viruses highlights the need for reliable and sensitive diagnostic methods. We assembled a protein microarray displaying nucleoprotein (NP), virion protein 40 (VP40), and glycoprotein (GP) antigens from isolates representing the six species of filoviruses for use as a surveillance and diagnostic platform. Using the microarrays, we examined serum antibody responses of rhesus macaques vaccinated with trivalent (GP, NP, and VP40) virus-like particles (VLP) prior to infection with the Marburg virus (MARV) (i.e., Marburg marburgvirus) or the Zaire virus (ZEBOV) (i.e., Zaire ebolavirus). The microarray-based assay detected a significant increase in antigen-specific IgG resulting from immunization, while a greater level of antibody responses resulted from challenge of the vaccinated animals with ZEBOV or MARV. Further, while antibody cross-reactivities were observed among NPs and VP40s of Ebola viruses, antibody recognition of GPs was very specific. The performance of mucin-like domain fragments of GP (GP mucin) expressed in Escherichia coli was compared to that of GP ectodomains produced in eukaryotic cells. Based on results with ZEBOV and MARV proteins, antibody recognition of GP mucins that were deficient in posttranslational modifications was comparable to that of the eukaryotic cell-expressed GP ectodomains in assay performance. We conclude that the described protein microarray may translate into a sensitive assay for diagnosis and serological surveillance of infections caused by multiple species of filoviruses.
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Warfield KL, Swenson DL, Demmin G, Bavari S. Filovirus-like particles as vaccines and discovery tools. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 4:429-40. [PMID: 16026254 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.3.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ebola and Marburg viruses are members of the family Filoviridae, which cause severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans. Filovirus outbreaks have been sporadic, with mortality rates currently ranging from 30 to 90%. Unfortunately, there is no efficacious human therapy or vaccine available to treat disease caused by either Ebola or Marburg virus infection. Expression of the filovirus matrix protein, VP40, is sufficient to drive spontaneous production and release of virus-like particles (VLPs) that resemble the distinctively filamentous infectious virions. The addition of other filovirus proteins, including virion proteins (VP)24, 30 and 35 and glycoprotein, increases the efficiency of VLP production and results in particles containing multiple filovirus antigens. Vaccination with Ebola or Marburg VLPs containing glycoprotein and VP40 completely protects rodents from lethal challenge with the homologous virus. These candidate vaccines are currently being tested for immunogenicity and efficacy in nonhuman primates. Furthermore, the Ebola and Marburg VLPs are being used as a surrogate model to further understand the filovirus life cycle, with the goal of developing rationally designed vaccines and therapeutics. Thus, in addition to their use as a vaccine, VLPs are currently being used as tools to learn lessons about filovirus pathogenesis, immunology, replication and assembly requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Warfield
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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25
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Live-cell imaging of Marburg virus-infected cells uncovers actin-dependent transport of nucleocapsids over long distances. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14402-7. [PMID: 23940347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307681110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport of large viral nucleocapsids from replication centers to assembly sites requires contributions from the host cytoskeleton via cellular adaptor and motor proteins. For the Marburg and Ebola viruses, related viruses that cause severe hemorrhagic fevers, the mechanism of nucleocapsid transport remains poorly understood. Here we developed and used live-cell imaging of fluorescently labeled viral and host proteins to characterize the dynamics and molecular requirements of nucleocapsid transport in Marburg virus-infected cells under biosafety level 4 conditions. The study showed a complex actin-based transport of nucleocapsids over long distances from the viral replication centers to the budding sites. Only after the nucleocapsids had associated with the matrix viral protein VP40 at the plasma membrane were they recruited into filopodia and cotransported with host motor myosin 10 toward the budding sites at the tip or side of the long cellular protrusions. Three different transport modes and velocities were identified: (i) Along actin filaments in the cytosol, nucleocapsids were transported at ∼200 nm/s; (ii) nucleocapsids migrated from one actin filament to another at ∼400 nm/s; and (iii) VP40-associated nucleocapsids moved inside filopodia at 100 nm/s. Unique insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of nucleocapsids and their interaction with the cytoskeleton and motor proteins can lead to novel classes of antivirals that interfere with the trafficking and subsequent release of the Marburg virus from infected cells.
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26
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Cellular factors implicated in filovirus entry. Adv Virol 2013; 2013:487585. [PMID: 23365575 PMCID: PMC3556833 DOI: 10.1155/2013/487585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although filoviral infections are still occurring in different parts of the world, there are no effective preventive or treatment strategies currently available against them. Not only do filoviruses cause a deadly infection, but they also have the potential of being used as biological weapons. This makes it imperative to comprehensively study these viruses in order to devise effective strategies to prevent the occurrence of these infections. Entry is the foremost step in the filoviral replication cycle and different studies have reported the involvement of a myriad of cellular factors including plasma membrane components, cytoskeletal proteins, endosomal components, and cytosolic factors in this process. Signaling molecules such as the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases comprising of Tyro3, Axl, and Mer have also been implicated as putative entry factors. Additionally, filoviruses are suggested to bind to a common receptor and recent studies have proposed T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) and Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) as potential receptor candidates. This paper summarizes the existing literature on filoviral entry with a special focus on cellular factors involved in this process and also highlights some fundamental questions. Future research aimed at answering these questions could be very useful in designing novel antiviral therapeutics.
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27
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Kajihara M, Nakayama E, Marzi A, Igarashi M, Feldmann H, Takada A. Novel mutations in Marburg virus glycoprotein associated with viral evasion from antibody mediated immune pressure. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:876-883. [PMID: 23288419 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.049114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus, members of the family Filoviridae, cause lethal haemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. Although the outbreaks are concentrated mainly in Central Africa, these viruses are potential agents of imported infectious diseases and bioterrorism in non-African countries. Recent studies demonstrated that non-human primates passively immunized with virus-specific antibodies were successfully protected against fatal filovirus infection, highlighting the important role of antibodies in protective immunity for this disease. However, the mechanisms underlying potential evasion from antibody mediated immune pressure are not well understood. To analyse possible mutations involved in immune evasion in the MARV envelope glycoprotein (GP) which is the major target of protective antibodies, we selected escape mutants of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) expressing MARV GP (rVSVΔG/MARVGP) by using two GP-specific mAbs, AGP127-8 and MGP72-17, which have been previously shown to inhibit MARV budding. Interestingly, several rVSVΔG/MARVGP variants escaping from the mAb pressure-acquired amino acid substitutions in the furin-cleavage site rather than in the mAb-specific epitopes, suggesting that these epitopes are recessed, not exposed on the uncleaved GP molecule, and therefore inaccessible to the mAbs. More surprisingly, some variants escaping mAb MGP72-17 lacked a large proportion of the mucin-like region of GP, indicating that these mutants efficiently escaped the selective pressure by deleting the mucin-like region including the mAb-specific epitope. Our data demonstrate that MARV GP possesses the potential to evade antibody mediated immune pressure due to extraordinary structural flexibility and variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Bioinformatics, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, P. O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.,Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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28
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Mittler E, Kolesnikova L, Herwig A, Dolnik O, Becker S. Assembly of the Marburg virus envelope. Cell Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23186212 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The key player to assemble the filamentous Marburg virus particles is the matrix protein VP40 which orchestrates recruitment of nucleocapsid complexes and the viral glycoprotein GP to the budding sites at the plasma membrane. Here, VP40 induces the formation of the viral particles, determines their morphology and excludes cellular proteins from the virions. Budding takes place at filopodia in non-polarized cells and at the basolateral cell pole in polarized epithelial cells. Molecular basis of how VP40 exerts its multifunctional role in these different processes is currently under investigation. Here we summarize recent data on structure-function relationships of VP40 and GP in connection with their function in assembly. Questions concerning the complex particle assembly, budding and release remaining enigmatic are addressed. Cytoplasmic domains of viral surface proteins often serve as a connection to the viral matrix protein or as binding sites for further viral or cellular proteins. A cooperation of MARV GP and VP40 building up the viral envelope can be proposed and is discussed in more detail in this review, as the cytoplasmic domain of GP represents an obvious interaction candidate because of its localization adjacent to the VP40 layer. Interestingly, truncation of the short cytoplasmic domain of GP neither inhibited interaction with VP40 nor incorporation of GP into progeny viral particles. Based on reverse genetics we generated recombinant virions expressing a GP mutant without the cytoplasmic tail. Investigations revealed attenuation in virus growth and an obvious defect in entry. Further investigations showed that the truncation of the cytoplasmic domain of GP impaired the structural integrity of the ectodomain, whichconsequently had impact on entry steps downstream of virus binding. Our data indicated that changes in the cytoplasmic domain are relayed over the lipid membrane to alter the function of the ectodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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29
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Inhibition of Marburg virus budding by nonneutralizing antibodies to the envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 2012; 86:13467-74. [PMID: 23035224 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01896-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein (GP) of Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) is responsible for virus entry into host cells and is known as the only target of neutralizing antibodies. While knowledge about EBOV-neutralizing antibodies and the mechanism for the neutralization of infectivity is being accumulated gradually, little is known about antibodies that can efficiently regulate MARV infectivity. Here we show that MARV GP-specific monoclonal antibodies AGP127-8 (IgG1) and MGP72-17 (IgM), which do not inhibit the GP-mediated entry of MARV into host cells, drastically reduced the budding and release of progeny viruses from infected cells. These antibodies similarly inhibited the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs) consisting of GP, the viral matrix protein, and nucleoprotein, whereas the Fab fragment of AGP127-8 showed no inhibitory effect. Morphological analyses revealed that filamentous VLPs were bunched on the surface of VLP-producing cells cultured in the presence of the antibodies. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism of the antibody-mediated inhibition of MARV budding, in which antibodies arrest unformed virus particles on the cell surface. Our data lead to the idea that such antibodies, like classical neutralizing antibodies, contribute to protective immunity against MARV and that the "classical" neutralizing activity is not the only indicator of a protective antibody that may be available for prophylactic and therapeutic use.
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30
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Abstract
In 1967, the first reported filovirus hemorrhagic fever outbreak took place in Germany and the former Yugoslavia. The causative agent that was identified during this outbreak, Marburg virus, is one of the most deadly human pathogens. This article provides a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge about Marburg virus disease ranging from ecology to pathogenesis and molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Brauburger
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Marburg and Ebola viruses cause a severe hemorrhagic disease in humans with high fatality rates. Early target cells of filoviruses are monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The infection spreads to the liver, spleen and later other organs by blood and lymph flow. A hallmark of filovirus infection is the depletion of non-infected lymphocytes; however, the molecular mechanisms leading to the observed bystander lymphocyte apoptosis are poorly understood. Also, there is limited knowledge about the fate of infected cells in filovirus disease. In this review we will explore what is known about the intracellular events leading to virus amplification and cell damage in filovirus infection. Furthermore, we will discuss how cellular dysfunction and cell death may correlate with disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.O.); (R.B.C.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elena Ryabchikova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Pr. Lavrent’eva, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation; E-Mail:
| | - Ronald B. Corley
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.O.); (R.B.C.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.O.); (R.B.C.)
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-617-638-0336; Fax: +1-617-638-4286
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32
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Makino A, Yamayoshi S, Shinya K, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Identification of amino acids in Marburg virus VP40 that are important for virus-like particle budding. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 3:S871-7. [PMID: 21987763 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix protein VP40 of Marburg virus promotes the formation and release of virus-like particles (VLPs). Marburg virus VP40 interacts with cellular Tsg101 via its L domain motif; however, mutation of this motif does not affect VLP budding or the accumulation of VP40 in multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which are platforms for virus particle formation. To identify regions of Marburg virus VP40 that are important for VLP budding, we examined deletion mutants and alanine-scanning mutants at the N- and C-terminus of VP40 for their involvement in VLP budding. VLPs were not detected in the presence of alanine-replacement mutants at Ile39 and Thr40, and the level of VLP budding for the alanine mutant at Asn297 was decreased. Moreover, these mutants did not accumulate in MVBs. Our results suggest the involvement of a novel host factor(s) in VLP budding and VP40 transport to MVBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Makino
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Zoonosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Japan
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33
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Bhoo SH, Lai H, Ma J, Arntzen CJ, Chen Q, Mason HS. Expression of an immunogenic Ebola immune complex in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:807-16. [PMID: 21281425 PMCID: PMC4022790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses) cause severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. The US Centers for Disease Control identifies Ebola and Marburg viruses as 'category A' pathogens (defined as posing a risk to national security as bioterrorism agents), which has lead to a search for vaccines that could prevent the disease. Because the use of such vaccines would be in the service of public health, the cost of production is an important component of their development. The use of plant biotechnology is one possible way to cost-effectively produce subunit vaccines. In this work, a geminiviral replicon system was used to produce an Ebola immune complex (EIC) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Ebola glycoprotein (GP1) was fused at the C-terminus of the heavy chain of humanized 6D8 IgG monoclonal antibody, which specifically binds to a linear epitope on GP1. Co-expression of the GP1-heavy chain fusion and the 6D8 light chain using a geminiviral vector in leaves of N. benthamiana produced assembled immunoglobulin, which was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and protein G affinity chromatography. Immune complex formation was confirmed by assays to show that the recombinant protein bound the complement factor C1q. Size measurements of purified recombinant protein by dynamic light scattering and size-exclusion chromatography also indicated complex formation. Subcutaneous immunization of BALB/C mice with purified EIC resulted in anti-Ebola virus antibody production at levels comparable to those obtained with a GP1 virus-like particle. These results show excellent potential for a plant-expressed EIC as a human vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hee Bhoo
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Plant Metabolism Research Center Kyung Hee University, Yong-In 446-701, Korea
| | - Huafang Lai
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
| | - Julian Ma
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE
| | - Charles J. Arntzen
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
- College of Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
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34
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The cytoplasmic domain of Marburg virus GP modulates early steps of viral infection. J Virol 2011; 85:8188-96. [PMID: 21680524 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00453-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus infection is mediated by the only viral surface protein, GP, a trimeric type I transmembrane protein. While its ectodomain mediates receptor binding and fusion of viral and cellular membranes and its transmembrane domain is essential for the recruitment of GP into budding particles by the matrix protein VP40, the role of the short cytoplasmic domain has remained enigmatic. Here we show that a missing cytoplasmic domain did not impair trimerization, intracellular transport, or incorporation of GP into infectious Marburg virus-like particles (iVLPs) but altered the glycosylation pattern as well as the recognition of GP by neutralizing antibodies. These results suggest that subtle conformational changes took place in the ectodomain. To investigate the function of the cytoplasmic domain during viral entry, a novel entry assay was established to monitor the uptake of filamentous VLPs by measuring the occurrence of luciferase-labeled viral nucleocapsids in the cytosol of target cells. This quantitative assay showed that the entry process of VLPs incorporating GP missing its cytoplasmic domain (GPΔCD) was impaired. Supporting these results, iVLPs incorporating a mutant GP missing its cytoplasmic domain were significantly less infectious than iVLPs containing wild-type GP. Taken together, the data indicate that the absence of the short cytoplasmic domain of Marburg virus GP may induce conformational changes in the ectodomain which impact the filoviral entry process.
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35
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Ritchie G, Harvey DJ, Stroeher U, Feldmann F, Feldmann H, Wahl-Jensen V, Royle L, Dwek RA, Rudd PM. Identification of N-glycans from Ebola virus glycoproteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight and negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:571-85. [PMID: 20131323 PMCID: PMC3399782 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The larger fragment of the transmembrane glycoprotein (GP1) and the soluble glycoprotein (sGP) of Ebola virus were expressed in human embryonic kidney cells and the secreted products were purified from the supernatant for carbohydrate analysis. The N-glycans were released with PNGase F from within sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels. Identification of the glycans was made with normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry, negative ion electrospray ionisation fragmentation mass spectrometry and exoglycosidase digestion. Most glycans were complex bi-, tri- and tetra-antennary compounds with reduced amounts of galactose. No bisected compounds were detected. Triantennary glycans were branched on the 6-antenna; fucose was attached to the core GlcNAc residue. Sialylated glycans were present on sGP but were largely absent from GP1, the larger fragment of the transmembrane glycoprotein. Consistent with this was the generally higher level of processing of carbohydrates found on sGP as evidenced by a higher percentage of galactose and lower levels of high-mannose glycans than were found on GP1. These results confirm and expand previous findings on partial characterisation of the Ebola virus transmembrane glycoprotein. They represent the first detailed data on carbohydrate structures of the Ebola virus sGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle Ritchie
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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36
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Wenigenrath J, Kolesnikova L, Hoenen T, Mittler E, Becker S. Establishment and application of an infectious virus-like particle system for Marburg virus. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1325-34. [PMID: 20071483 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.018226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic Marburg virus (MARV) can only be investigated in high containment laboratories, which is time consuming and expensive. To investigate the MARV life cycle under normal laboratory conditions, an infectious virus-like particle (VLP) system was developed. The infectious VLP system is based on the T7-polymerase driven synthesis of a MARV-specific minigenome that encodes luciferase and is transcribed and replicated by the simultaneously expressed MARV nucleocapsid proteins NP, VP35, L and VP30. Transcription of the minigenome resulted in luciferase activity and replication resulted in encapsidated minigenomes. The encapsidated minigenomes, together with the viral matrix proteins VP40 and VP24 and the surface glycoprotein (GP), formed VLPs at the plasma membrane. Among the released pleomorphic VLPs, filamentous particles of 200-400 nm in length showed the highest capacity to induce reporter activity upon infection of target cells. To characterize the infectious VLP system, the intracellular concentration of one of the components was titrated, while all others were held constant. Intracellular concentrations of nucleocapsid proteins that resulted in highest replication and transcription activities also yielded VLPs with the highest ability to induce luciferase activity in target cells. High intracellular levels of VP40 maximized the release of VLPs, but reduced their ability to induce luciferase activity in target cells. The intracellular concentration of GP positively correlated with its incorporation into VLPs and their infectivity. Finally, we demonstrated that the infectious VLP system was suitable for rapid screening of neutralizing antibodies directed against MARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Wenigenrath
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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37
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Luo L, Nishi K, Liu L, Sabara MI, Li Y. Characterization of the biosynthesis and cell surface expression of avian metapneumovirus attachment glycoprotein. Virus Res 2009; 147:189-94. [PMID: 19896993 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis, glycosylation and cell surface expression of the AMPV/C G protein were examined in eukaryotic cell lines (LLC-MK2, CHO-K1, CHO-1d1D). Immature G gene products with a molecular mass of 42, 45 and 58-90 kilodaltons (kDa) were identified by SDS-PAGE and represented glycosylated intermediates. Tunicamycin treatment of transfected cells confirmed the presence of N-linked carbohydrate moieties on these intermediate species and identified a 38 kDa unglycosylated precursor. A fully processed, mature form of the protein migrated around 110 kDa. The presence of O-linked sugars on the mature G protein was confirmed by using the O-glycosylation deficient CHO-ldlD cell line supplemented with exogenous Gal and GalNAc. Binding of the lectin Arachis hypogaea (peanut agglutinin) confirmed the presence of O-linked sugars on the mature protein and its intracellular transport to the cell surface was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Luo
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada.
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38
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Liu L, Bastien N, Li Y. Intracellular processing, glycosylation, and cell surface expression of human metapneumovirus attachment glycoprotein. J Virol 2007; 81:13435-43. [PMID: 17913798 PMCID: PMC2168831 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01469-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis and posttranslational processing of human metapneumovirus attachment G glycoprotein were investigated. After pulse-labeling, the G protein accumulated as three species with molecular weights of 45,000, 50,000, and 53,000 (45K, 50K, and 53K, respectively). N-Glycosidase digestion indicated that these forms represent the unglycosylated precursor and N-glycosylated intermediate products, respectively. After an appropriate chase, these three naive forms were further processed to a mature 97K form. The presence of O-linked sugars in mature G protein was confirmed by O-glycanase digestion and lectin-binding assay using Arachis hypogaea (peanut agglutinin), an O-glycan-specific lectin. In addition, in the O-glycosylation-deficient cell line (CHO ldlD cell), the G protein could not be processed to the mature form unless the exogenous Gal and GalNAc were supplemented, which provided added evidence supporting the O-linked glycosylation of G protein. The maturation of G was completely blocked by monensin but was partially sensitive to brefeldin A (BFA), suggesting the O-linked glycosylation of G initiated in the trans-Golgi compartment and terminated in the trans-Golgi network. Enzymatic deglycosylation analysis confirmed that the BFA-G was a partial mature form containing N-linked oligosaccharides and various amounts of O-linked carbohydrate side chains. The expression of G protein at the cell surface could be detected by indirect immunofluorescence staining assay. Furthermore, cell surface immunoprecipitation displayed an efficient intracellular transport of G protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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39
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Abstract
Marburg (MARV) and Ebola viruses (EBOV) emerged from the rainforests of Central Africa more than 30 years ago causing outbreaks of severe and, usually, fatal hemorrhagic fever. EBOV has garnered the lion's share of the attention, fueled by the higher frequency of EBOV outbreaks, high mortality rates and importation into the USA, documented in such popular works as the best-selling novel 'The Hot Zone'. However, recent large outbreaks of hundreds of cases of MARV infection in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola with case fatalities approaching 90% dramatically highlight its lethal potential. Although no vaccines or antiviral drugs for MARV are currently available, remarkable progress has been made over the last few years in developing potential countermeasures against MARV in nonhuman primate models. In particular, a vaccine based on attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus was recently shown to have both preventive and postexposure efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Bausch
- Department of Tropical Medicine, SL-17, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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40
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Mittler E, Kolesnikova L, Strecker T, Garten W, Becker S. Role of the transmembrane domain of marburg virus surface protein GP in assembly of the viral envelope. J Virol 2007; 81:3942-8. [PMID: 17267489 PMCID: PMC1866152 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02263-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major protein constituents of the filoviral envelope are the matrix protein VP40 and the surface transmembrane protein GP. While VP40 is recruited to the sites of budding via the late retrograde endosomal transport route, GP is suggested to be transported via the classical secretory pathway involving the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and trans-Golgi network until it reaches the plasma membrane where most filoviral budding takes place. Since both transport routes target the plasma membrane, it was thought that GP and VP40 join there to form the viral envelope. However, it was recently shown that, upon coexpression of both proteins, GP is partially recruited into peripheral VP40-enriched multivesicular bodies, which contained markers of the late endosome. Accumulation of GP and VP40 in this compartment was presumed to play an important role in the formation of the filoviral envelope. Using a domain-swapping approach, we were able to show that the transmembrane domain of GP was essential and sufficient for (i) partial recruitment of chimeric glycoproteins into VP40-enriched multivesicular bodies and (ii) incorporation into virus-like particles (VLPs) that were released upon expression of VP40. Only those chimeric glycoproteins which were targeted to VP40-enriched endosomal multivesicular bodies were subsequently recruited into VLPs. These data show that the transmembrane domain of GP is critical for the mixing of VP40 and GP in multivesicular bodies and incorporation of GP into the viral envelope. Results further suggest that trapping of GP in the VP40-enriched late endosomal compartment is important for the formation of the viral envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, and Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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41
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Marzi A, Wegele A, Pöhlmann S. Modulation of virion incorporation of Ebolavirus glycoprotein: effects on attachment, cellular entry and neutralization. Virology 2006; 352:345-56. [PMID: 16777170 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The filoviruses Ebolavirus (EBOV) and Marburgvirus (MARV) cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and are potential agents of biological warfare. The envelope glycoprotein (GP) of filoviruses mediates viral entry into cells and is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention and vaccine design. Here, we asked if the efficiency of virion incorporation of EBOV-GP impacts attachment and entry into target cells and modulates susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies. In order to control the level of EBOV-GP expression, we generated cell lines expressing the GPs of the four known EBOV subspecies in an inducible fashion. Regulated expression of GP on the cell surface allowed production of reporter viruses harboring different amounts of GP. A pronounced reduction of virion incorporation of EBOV-GP had relatively little effect on virion infectivity, suggesting that only a few copies of GP might be sufficient for efficient engagement of cellular receptors. In contrast, optimal interactions with cellular attachment factors like the DC-SIGN protein required incorporation of high amounts of GP. Antibody-mediated neutralization of virions bearing high amounts of GP was slightly more efficient than neutralization of virions harboring low amounts of GP, suggesting that the efficiency of GP incorporation into virions might modulate susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies. Finally, regulated expression of GP in permissive 293 cells did not reduce EBOV-GP-driven infection but diminished vesicular stomatitis virus GP (VSV-G) and amphotropic murine leukemia virus (A-MLV) GP mediated entry in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, intracellular GP does not seem to downmodulate expression of its receptor(s) but might alter expression and/or function of molecules involved in VSV-G and A-MLV-GP-dependent entry. Our results suggest that the efficiency of virion incorporation of GP could impact EBOV attachment to target cells and might modulate control of viral spread by the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marzi
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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42
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Hartlieb B, Weissenhorn W. Filovirus assembly and budding. Virology 2006; 344:64-70. [PMID: 16364737 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses belong to the order of negative-stranded non-segmented RNA viruses and are classified into two genera, Ebola and Marburg viruses. They have a characteristic filamentous shape, which is largely determined by the matrix protein VP40. Although VP40 is the main driving force for assembly and budding from the host cell, the production of infectious virus involves an intricate interplay between all viral structural proteins in addition to cellular factors, e.g., those that normally function in multi-vesicular body biogenesis. As a consequence, assembly and budding steps are defined to specific cellular compartments, and the recent progress in understanding how the different components are assembled into stable enveloped virus particles is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hartlieb
- Institut für Virologie, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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43
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Bamberg S, Kolesnikova L, Möller P, Klenk HD, Becker S. VP24 of Marburg virus influences formation of infectious particles. J Virol 2005; 79:13421-33. [PMID: 16227263 PMCID: PMC1262563 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.21.13421-13433.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic enveloped Marburg virus (MARV) is composed of seven structural proteins and the nonsegmented negative-sense viral RNA genome. Four proteins (NP, VP35, VP30, and L) make up the helical nucleocapsid, which is surrounded by a matrix that is composed of the viral proteins VP40 and VP24. VP40 is functionally homologous to the matrix proteins of other nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. As yet, the function of VP24 remains elusive. In the present study we found that VP24 colocalized with inclusions in MARV-infected cells that contain preformed nucleocapsids and with nucleocapsids outside the inclusions. Coexpression studies revealed that VP24 is recruited into the inclusions by the presence of NP. Furthermore, VP24 displayed membrane-binding properties and was recruited into filamentous virus-like particles (VLPs) that are induced by VP40. The incorporation of VP24 altered neither the morphology of VLPs nor the budding efficiency of VLPs. When VP24 was silenced in MARV-infected cells by small interfering RNA technology, the release of viral particles was significantly reduced while viral transcription and replication were unimpaired. Our data support the idea that VP24 is essential for a process that takes place after replication and transcription and before budding of virus progeny. It is presumed that VP24 is necessary for the formation of transport-competent nucleocapsids and/or the interaction between the nucleocapsids and the budding sites at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bamberg
- Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 17, D-35037 Marburg, Germany.
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44
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Volchkov VE, Volchkova VA, Dolnik O, Feldmann H, Klenk HD. Polymorphism of Filovirus Glycoproteins. Adv Virus Res 2005; 64:359-81. [PMID: 16139600 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(05)64011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor E Volchkov
- Biologie des Filovirus, Claude Bernard University Lyon, INSERM U412 69365 Lyon, France
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Kolesnikova L, Berghöfer B, Bamberg S, Becker S. Multivesicular bodies as a platform for formation of the Marburg virus envelope. J Virol 2004; 78:12277-87. [PMID: 15507615 PMCID: PMC525088 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12277-12287.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Marburg virus (MARV) envelope consists of a lipid membrane and two major proteins, the matrix protein VP40 and the glycoprotein GP. Both proteins use different intracellular transport pathways: GP utilizes the exocytotic pathway, while VP40 is transported through the retrograde late endosomal pathway. It is currently unknown where the proteins combine to form the viral envelope. In the present study, we identified the intracellular site where the two major envelope proteins of MARV come together as peripheral multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Upon coexpression with VP40, GP is redistributed from the trans-Golgi network into the VP40-containing MVBs. Ultrastructural analysis of MVBs suggested that they provide the platform for the formation of membrane structures that bud as virus-like particles from the cell surface. The virus-like particles contain both VP40 and GP. Single expression of GP also resulted in the release of particles, which are round or pleomorphic. Single expression of VP40 led to the release of filamentous structures that closely resemble viral particles and contain traces of endosomal marker proteins. This finding indicated a central role of VP40 in the formation of the filamentous structure of MARV particles, which is similar to the role of the related Ebola virusVP40. In MARV-infected cells, VP40 and GP are colocalized in peripheral MVBs as well. Moreover, intracellular budding of progeny virions into MVBs was frequently detected. Taken together, these results demonstrate an intracellular intersection between GP and VP40 pathways and suggest a crucial role of the late endosomal compartment for the formation of the viral envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kolesnikova
- Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 17, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
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Hevey M, Negley D, Schmaljohn A. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Marburg virus (strain Musoke) glycoprotein and identification of two protective epitopes. Virology 2003; 314:350-7. [PMID: 14517087 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with Marburg virus (strain Musoke) were evaluated for both biological activity and specificity. Several of the Marburg virus- (MBGV) specific MAbs reduced the size and/or number of MBGV plaques in vitro. The ability of the MAbs to affect plaque formation in vitro was demonstrated to be specific for the glycoprotein (GP) of the strain of MBGV used for vaccination. Using deletion analysis and peptide mapping, the binding epitopes of several of these neutralizing MAbs were identified. Not unexpectedly, the epitopes were shown to lie in the most hypervariable and highly glycosylated region of MBGV GP. An analysis of the in vivo activity of several MAbs revealed that some antibodies provided substantial but incomplete protection of naive guinea pigs by passive transfer. These data suggest that neutralizing epitopes exist within MBGV GP but that induction of antibodies to these neutralizing epitopes may not be sufficient for protection from lethal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hevey
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 2170, USA.
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Lewicki DN, Gallagher TM. Quaternary structure of coronavirus spikes in complex with carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule cellular receptors. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19727-34. [PMID: 11912215 PMCID: PMC8060896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201837200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomeric spike (S) glycoproteins extend from coronavirus membranes. These integral membrane proteins assemble within the endoplasmic reticulum of infected cells and are subsequently endoproteolyzed in the Golgi, generating noncovalently associated S1 and S2 fragments. Once on the surface of infected cells and virions, peripheral S1 fragments bind carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) receptors, and this triggers membrane fusion reactions mediated by integral membrane S2 fragments. We focused on the quaternary structure of S and its interaction with CEACAMs. We discovered that soluble S1 fragments were dimers and that CEACAM binding was entirely dependent on this quaternary structure. However, two differentially tagged CEACAMs could not co-precipitate with the S dimers, suggesting that binding sites were closely juxtaposed in the dimer (steric hindrance) or that a single CEACAM generated global conformational changes that precluded additional interactions (negative cooperativity). CEACAM binding did indeed alter S1 conformations, generating alternative disulfide linkages that were revealed on SDS gels. CEACAM binding also induced separation of S1 and S2. Differentially tagged S2 fragments that were free of S1 dimers were not co-precipitated, suggesting that S1 harbored the primary oligomerization determinants. We discuss the distinctions between the S.CEACAM interaction and other virus-receptor complexes involved in receptor-triggered entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Lewicki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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Sänger C, Mühlberger E, Lötfering B, Klenk HD, Becker S. The Marburg virus surface protein GP is phosphorylated at its ectodomain. Virology 2002; 295:20-9. [PMID: 12033762 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Marburg virus, a filovirus, contains only one transmembrane protein (GP) which is responsible for receptor recognition on target cells. GP, a type I membrane protein of approximately 220 kDa, is acylated and highly glycosylated carrying N- and O-linked sugar side chains. GP is transported through the exocytotic pathway toward the plasma membrane where budding of virions takes place. In the trans-Golgi network, GP is proteolytically activated by the prohormone convertase furin into two subunits GP(1) and GP(2). In the present paper, we provide evidence that GP undergoes an additional posttranslational modification; it is phosphorylated at its ectodomain. Phosphorylation takes place at serine residues between amino acid 260 and 273. The respective serines are located in conserved recognition sites for luminal protein kinases (protein kinase CK II and Golgi casein kinase). Consistent with this data, it was found that GP was phosphorylated in the Golgi apparatus of the expressing HeLa cells before cleavage of the molecule. GP is the first example of a viral glycoprotein with a phosphorylated ectodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sänger
- Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, Marburg, 35037, Germany
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Kolesnikova L, Bugany H, Klenk HD, Becker S. VP40, the matrix protein of Marburg virus, is associated with membranes of the late endosomal compartment. J Virol 2002; 76:1825-38. [PMID: 11799178 PMCID: PMC135914 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.4.1825-1838.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Localization of VP40 in Marburg virus (MBGV)-infected cells was studied by using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic analysis. VP40 was detected in association with nucleocapsid structures, present in viral inclusions and at sites of virus budding. Additionally, VP40 was identified in the foci of virus-induced membrane proliferation and in intracellular membrane clusters which had the appearance of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). VP40-containing MVBs were free of nucleocapsids. When analyzed by immunogold labeling, the concentration of VP40 in MVBs was six times higher than in nucleocapsid structures. Biochemical studies showed that recombinant VP40 represented a peripheral membrane protein that was stably associated with membranes by hydrophobic interaction. Recombinant VP40 was also found in association with membranes of MVBs and in filopodia- or lamellipodia-like protrusions at the cell surface. Antibodies against marker proteins of various cellular compartments showed that VP40-positive membranes contained Lamp-1 and the transferrin receptor, confirming that they belong to the late endosomal compartment. VP40-positive membranes were also associated with actin. Western blot analysis of purified MBGV structural proteins demonstrated trace amounts of actin, Lamp-1, and Rab11 (markers of recycling endosomes), while markers for other cellular compartments were absent. Our data indicate that MBGV VP40 was able to interact with membranes of late endosomes in the course of viral infection. This capability was independent of other MBGV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kolesnikova
- Institut für Virologie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
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Feldmann H, Volchkov VE, Volchkova VA, Ströher U, Klenk HD. Biosynthesis and role of filoviral glycoproteins. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:2839-2848. [PMID: 11714958 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-12-2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Feldmann
- Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaR3E 3R21
| | - Viktor E Volchkov
- Biologie des Filovirus, Claude Bernard University Lyon-1, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France2
| | - Valentina A Volchkova
- Biologie des Filovirus, Claude Bernard University Lyon-1, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France2
| | - Ute Ströher
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, D-35037 Marburg, Germany3
| | - Hans-Dieter Klenk
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, D-35037 Marburg, Germany3
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