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Tomitaka Y, Shimomoto Y, Ryang BS, Hayashi K, Oki T, Matsuyama M, Sekine KT. Development and Application of Attenuated Plant Viruses as Biological Control Agents in Japan. Viruses 2024; 16:517. [PMID: 38675860 PMCID: PMC11054975 DOI: 10.3390/v16040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In 1929, it was reported that yellowing symptoms caused by a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) yellow mosaic isolate were suppressed in tobacco plants that were systemically infected with a TMV light green isolate. Similar to vaccination, the phenomenon of cross-protection involves a whole plant being infected with an attenuated virus and involves the same or a closely related virus species. Therefore, attenuated viruses function as biological control agents. In Japan, many studies have been performed on cross-protection. For example, the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)-L11A strain is an attenuated isolate developed by researchers and shows high control efficiency against wild-type ToMV in commercial tomato crops. Recently, an attenuated isolate of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV)-2002 was developed and registered as a biological pesticide to control cucumber mosaic disease. In addition, attenuated isolates of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), melon yellow spot virus (MYSV), and watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) have been developed in Japan. These attenuated viruses, sometimes called plant vaccines, can be used not only as single vaccines but also as multiple vaccines. In this review, we provide an overview of studies on attenuated plant viruses developed in Japan. We also discuss the application of the attenuated strains, including the production of vaccinated seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tomitaka
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-18, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8666, Japan;
| | - Yoshifumi Shimomoto
- Kochi Agricultural Research Center, 1100 Hataeda, Nankoku 783-0023, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Bo-Song Ryang
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 16 Nijushi, Makishima, Uji 611-0041, Japan;
| | - Kazusa Hayashi
- Kochi Agricultural Research Center, 1100 Hataeda, Nankoku 783-0023, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Tomoka Oki
- Kochi Agricultural Research Center, 1100 Hataeda, Nankoku 783-0023, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.H.); (T.O.)
| | - Momoko Matsuyama
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-18, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8666, Japan;
| | - Ken-Taro Sekine
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nakagashiragun, Nishihara 611-0041, Japan;
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Singh R, Lin S, Nair SK, Shi Y, Daniell H. Oral booster vaccine antigen-Expression of full-length native SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in lettuce chloroplasts. Plant Biotechnol J 2023; 21:887-889. [PMID: 36577691 PMCID: PMC9880656 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Shina Lin
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Smruti K. Nair
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Yao Shi
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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Hayden CA, Hung CY, Zhang H, Negron A, Esquerra R, Ostroff G, Abraham A, Lopez AG, Gonzales JE, Howard JA. Maize-Produced Ag2 as a Subunit Vaccine for Valley Fever. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:615-623. [PMID: 31184702 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidioides is the causative agent of San Joaquin Valley fever, a fungal disease prevalent in the semiarid regions of the Americas. Efforts to develop a fungal vaccine over the last 2 decades were unsuccessful. A candidate antigen, Antigen 2 (Ag2), is notoriously difficult to express in Escherichia coli, and this study sought to accumulate the antigen at high levels in maize. Transformed maize lines accumulated recombinant Ag2 at levels >1 g/kg. Mice immunized with this antigen and challenged with live Coccidioides arthroconidia showed a reduction in the fungal load when Ag2 derived from either E. coli or maize was loaded into glucan chitin particles. A fusion of Ag2 to dendritic cell carrier peptide (DCpep) induced a T-helper type 17 response in the spleen when orally delivered, indicative of a protective immune response. The maize production platform and the glucan chitin particle adjuvant system show promise for development of a Coccidioides vaccine, but further testing is needed to fully assess the optimal method of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine A Hayden
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, San Luis Obispo, California
| | - Chiung-Yu Hung
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, San Antonio, Worcester
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, San Antonio, Worcester
| | - Austin Negron
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, San Antonio, Worcester
| | - Raymond Esquerra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | - Gary Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Ambily Abraham
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Alejandro Gabriel Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | | | - John A Howard
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, San Luis Obispo, California
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Hayden CA, Landrock D, Hung CY, Ostroff G, Fake GM, Walker JH, Kier A, Howard JA. Co-Administration of Injected and Oral Vaccine Candidates Elicits Improved Immune Responses over Either Route Alone. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E37. [PMID: 31973150 PMCID: PMC7157212 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and although efficacious vaccines are available for many diseases, some parenteral vaccines elicit little or no mucosal antibodies which can be a significant problem since mucosal tissue is the point of entry for 90% of pathogens. In order to provide protection for both serum and mucosal areas, we have tested a combinatorial approach of both parenteral and oral administration of antigens for diseases caused by a viral pathogen, Hepatitis B, and a fungal pathogen, Coccidioides. We demonstrate that co-administration by the parenteral and oral routes is a useful tool to increase the overall immune response. This can include achieving an immune response in tissues that are not elicited when using only one route of administration, providing a higher level of response that can lead to fewer required doses or possibly providing a better response for individuals that are considered poor or non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine A. Hayden
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (C.A.H.); (G.M.F.)
| | - Danilo Landrock
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.L.); (A.K.)
| | - Chiung Yu Hung
- Department of Biology, University of Texas San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
| | - Gary Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation St. Biotech 2, Suite 113, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
| | - Gina M. Fake
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (C.A.H.); (G.M.F.)
| | - John H. Walker
- Department of Statistics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
| | - Ann Kier
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.L.); (A.K.)
| | - John A. Howard
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (C.A.H.); (G.M.F.)
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Hayden CA, Egelkrout EM, Moscoso AM, Enrique C, Keener TK, Jimenez-Flores R, Wong JC, Howard JA. Production of highly concentrated, heat-stable hepatitis B surface antigen in maize. Plant Biotechnol J 2012; 10:979-84. [PMID: 22816734 PMCID: PMC3517206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based oral vaccines are a promising emergent technology that could help alleviate disease burden worldwide by providing a low-cost, heat-stable, oral alternative to parenterally administered commercial vaccines. Here, we describe high-level accumulation of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) at a mean concentration of 0.51%TSP in maize T1 seeds using an improved version of the globulin1 promoter. This concentration is more than fourfold higher than any previously reported lines. HBsAg expressed in maize seeds was extremely heat stable, tolerating temperatures up to 55 °C for 1 month without degradation. Optimal heat stability was achieved after oil extraction of ground maize material, either by supercritical fluid extraction or hexane treatment. The contributions of this material towards the development of a practical oral vaccine delivery system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine A. Hayden
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Erin M. Egelkrout
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Alessa M. Moscoso
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Cristina Enrique
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Todd K. Keener
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Rafael Jimenez-Flores
- Dairy Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - Jeffrey C. Wong
- Horticulture and Crop Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
| | - John A. Howard
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, Cal Poly Tech Park, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407
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Lai H, He J, Engle M, Diamond MS, Chen Q. Robust production of virus-like particles and monoclonal antibodies with geminiviral replicon vectors in lettuce. Plant Biotechnol J 2012; 10:95-104. [PMID: 21883868 PMCID: PMC3232331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical protein production in plants has been greatly promoted by the development of viral-based vectors and transient expression systems. Tobacco and related Nicotiana species are currently the most common host plants for the generation of plant-made pharmaceutical proteins (PMPs). Downstream processing of target PMPs from these plants, however, is hindered by potential technical and regulatory difficulties owing to the presence of high levels of phenolics and toxic alkaloids. Here, we explored the use of lettuce, which grows quickly yet produces low levels of secondary metabolites and viral vector-based transient expression systems to develop a robust PMP production platform. Our results showed that a geminiviral replicon system based on the bean yellow dwarf virus permits high-level expression in lettuce of virus-like particles (VLP) derived from the Norwalk virus capsid protein and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Ebola and West Nile viruses. These vaccine and therapeutic candidates can be readily purified from lettuce leaves with scalable processing methods while fully retaining functional activity. Furthermore, this study also demonstrated the feasibility of using commercially produced lettuce for high-level PMP production. This allows our production system to have access to unlimited quantities of inexpensive plant material for large-scale production. These results establish a new production platform for biological pharmaceutical agents that are effective, safe, low cost, and amenable to large-scale manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute and College of Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Junyun He
- The Biodesign Institute and College of Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Michael Engle
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO 63110, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and College of Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Abstract
Filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses) cause severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. The US Centers for Disease Control identifies Ebola and Marburg viruses as 'category A' pathogens (defined as posing a risk to national security as bioterrorism agents), which has lead to a search for vaccines that could prevent the disease. Because the use of such vaccines would be in the service of public health, the cost of production is an important component of their development. The use of plant biotechnology is one possible way to cost-effectively produce subunit vaccines. In this work, a geminiviral replicon system was used to produce an Ebola immune complex (EIC) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Ebola glycoprotein (GP1) was fused at the C-terminus of the heavy chain of humanized 6D8 IgG monoclonal antibody, which specifically binds to a linear epitope on GP1. Co-expression of the GP1-heavy chain fusion and the 6D8 light chain using a geminiviral vector in leaves of N. benthamiana produced assembled immunoglobulin, which was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and protein G affinity chromatography. Immune complex formation was confirmed by assays to show that the recombinant protein bound the complement factor C1q. Size measurements of purified recombinant protein by dynamic light scattering and size-exclusion chromatography also indicated complex formation. Subcutaneous immunization of BALB/C mice with purified EIC resulted in anti-Ebola virus antibody production at levels comparable to those obtained with a GP1 virus-like particle. These results show excellent potential for a plant-expressed EIC as a human vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hee Bhoo
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Plant Metabolism Research Center Kyung Hee University, Yong-In 446-701, Korea
| | - Huafang Lai
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
| | - Julian Ma
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE
| | - Charles J. Arntzen
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
- College of Technology and Innovation, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
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Beyer AJ, Wang K, Umble AN, Wolt JD, Cunnick JE. Low-dose exposure and immunogenicity of transgenic maize expressing the Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin B subunit. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:354-60. [PMID: 17431483 PMCID: PMC1849932 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic maize, which produces the nontoxic B subunit of the Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT-B) in seed, has proven to be an effective oral immunogen in mice. Currently, there is considerable concern over accidental consumption of transgenic maize expressing LT-B by humans and domestic animals. We have yet to define nonimmunogenic levels of transgenic LT-B when ingested. OBJECTIVES Our goal in this study was to determine the highest dose of LT-B orally administered in mice that does not result in a measurable immune response. We defined an immune response as specific serum or mucosal IgG or IgA significantly greater than background after three feedings (0.0002-20 mug) or a priming response induced by the intermittent feeding. METHODS We fed transgenic maize pellets on days 0, 7, 21, and 49 and collected serum and fecal samples weekly. Serum was analyzed for LT-B-specific IgG and IgA, and feces was analyzed for LT-B-specific IgA. RESULTS We observed a dose-dependent anti-LT-B antibody response with high specific antibody concentrations in groups fed high doses (0.2, 2, 20 mug) of LT-B maize. Mice fed 0.02 mug LT-B demonstrated immune priming in 62.5% of the animals. Mice that were fed </= 0.002 mug LT-B showed no increase in specific antibody nor did they demonstrate immune priming, indicating that 0.002 mug LT-B was the highest nonimmunogenic dose tested. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that LT-B derived from transgenic maize is immunogenic at nanogram levels when orally administered to mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- April J. Beyer
- Interdepartmental Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kan Wang
- Plant Transformation Facility, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Amber N. Umble
- Interdepartmental Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Wolt
- Biosafety Institute for Genetically Modified Agricultural Products, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Joan E. Cunnick
- Interdepartmental Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Address correspondence to J. Cunnick, Interdepartmental Microbiology, Iowa State University, 207 Science I, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Telephone: (515) 294-2070. Fax: (515) 294-6019. E-mail:
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Ashraf S, Singh P, Yadav DK, Shahnawaz M, Mishra S, Sawant SV, Tuli R. High level expression of surface glycoprotein of rabies virus in tobacco leaves and its immunoprotective activity in mice. J Biotechnol 2005; 119:1-14. [PMID: 16038998 PMCID: PMC7114349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic gene coding for the surface glycoprotein (G protein) of rabies virus was strategically designed to achieve high-level expression in transgenic plants. The native signal peptide was replaced by that of the pathogenesis related protein, PR-S of Nicotiana tabacum. An endoplasmic reticulum retention signal was included at C-terminus of the G protein. Tobacco plants were genetically engineered by nuclear transformation. Selected transgenic lines expressed the chimeric G protein at 0.38% of the total soluble leaf protein. Mice immunized intraperitoneally with the G protein purified from tobacco leaf microsomal fraction elicited high level of immune response as compared to the inactivated commercial viral vaccine. The plant-derived G protein induced complete protective immunity in mice against intracerebral lethal challenge with live rabies virus. The results establish that plants can provide a safe and effective production system for the expression of immunoprotective rabies virus surface protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadma Ashraf
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - P.K. Singh
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Dinesh K. Yadav
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Md. Shahnawaz
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Satish Mishra
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Samir V. Sawant
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rakesh Tuli
- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Martín-Alonso JM, Castañón S, Alonso P, Parra F, Ordás R. Oral immunization using tuber extracts from transgenic potato plants expressing rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus capsid protein. Transgenic Res 2003; 12:127-30. [PMID: 12650532 PMCID: PMC7089254 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022112717331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease, which is caused by a calicivirus, is a lethal infection of adult animals that is characterized by acute liver damage and disseminated intravascular coagulation. In this study, we report the production of the major structural protein VP60 of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in transgenic tubers of potato plants and its use as an oral immunogen in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Martín-Alonso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (CNB-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sonia Castañón
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (CNB-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Alonso
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (CNB-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco Parra
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (CNB-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ricardo Ordás
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (CNB-CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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