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Simpson R, Cooper DML, Swanston T, Coulthard I, Varney TL. Historical overview and new directions in bioarchaeological trace element analysis: a review. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 13:24. [PMID: 33520004 PMCID: PMC7810633 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-020-01262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Given their strong affinity for the skeleton, trace elements are often stored in bones and teeth long term. Diet, geography, health, disease, social status, activity, and occupation are some factors which may cause differential exposure to, and uptake of, trace elements, theoretically introducing variability in their concentrations and/or ratios in the skeleton. Trace element analysis of bioarchaeological remains has the potential, therefore, to provide rich insights into past human lifeways. This review provides a historical overview of bioarchaeological trace element analysis and comments on the current state of the discipline by highlighting approaches with growing momentum. Popularity for the discipline surged following preliminary studies in the 1960s to 1970s that demonstrated the utility of strontium (Sr) as a dietary indicator. During the 1980s, Sr/Ca ratio and multi-element studies were commonplace in bioarchaeology, linking trace elements with dietary phenomena. Interest in using trace elements for bioarchaeological inferences waned following a period of critiques in the late 1980s to 1990s that argued the discipline failed to account for diagenesis, simplified complex element uptake and regulation processes, and used several unsuitable elements for palaeodietary reconstruction (e.g. those under homeostatic regulation, those without a strong affinity for the skeleton). In the twenty-first century, trace element analyses have been primarily restricted to Sr and lead (Pb) isotope analysis and the study of toxic trace elements, though small pockets of bioarchaeology have continued to analyse multiple elements. Techniques such as micro-sampling, element mapping, and non-traditional stable isotope analysis have provided novel insights which hold the promise of helping to overcome limitations faced by the discipline. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12520-020-01262-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Simpson
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
- Present Address: Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - David M. L. Cooper
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Treena Swanston
- Department of Anthropology, Economics and Political Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | | | - Tamara L. Varney
- Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON Canada
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Gaman L, Delia CE, Luzardo OP, Zumbado M, Badea M, Stoian I, Gilca M, Boada LD, Henríquez-Hernández LA. Serum concentration of toxic metals and rare earth elements in children and adolescent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2020; 30:696-712. [PMID: 31184504 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1626353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring studies are important for quantifying the body burden of pollutants and their possible effects on health. Serum concentration of 42 elements was assessed by ICP-MS in 89 children (7.2 ± 3.4 years old) from Bucharest (Romania). Levels of pollutants were compared with the clinical data obtained from routine blood tests. Clinical parameters were in the physiological range. Deficiencies of manganese, selenium, and zinc were discovered. Blood levels of elements were low. The highest levels were observed among children younger than six years. The sum of iron, selenium, barium, nickel, antimony, and cerium was positively associated with hemoglobin (Spearman rho = 0.217, P-value = 0.041), while the sum of copper, thallium, niobium, and tantalum was negatively associated (Spearman rho = -0.228, P-value = 0.032). Given the inherent sensitivity of the child population, additional studies are needed to assess the effects of these elements on their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gaman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila , Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina Elena Delia
- Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Disciplines, Alfred Rusescu Institute for Mother and Child Care , Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov , Brasov, Romania
| | - Irina Stoian
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila , Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila , Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Scott SR, Smith KE, Dahman C, Gorski PR, Adams SV, Shafer MM. Cd isotope fractionation during tobacco combustion produces isotopic variation outside the range measured in dietary sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:600-608. [PMID: 31254826 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium production has risen 1000-fold in the past 100 years, from under 20 to over 20,000 tons per year, causing anthropogenically-mobilized Cd to overwhelm natural sources in global cycling. Cadmium has no known biological function in humans, yet has biochemical behaviors similar to zinc and manganese, making exposure detrimental to human health. Identifying and quantifying the sources of Cd for human sub-populations is key to reducing exposures. Cadmium stable isotopes may provide a method for tracing Cd sources throughout the environment and the human body, but at present the limited database for high precision Cd isotopic compositions is inadequate to support such an analysis. Here, we provide new Cd isotope data on dietary sources, cigarette smoking components, and environmentally relevant standard reference materials. Results indicated that minor but significant variations are observed in food products (e.g., peanuts, sunflower seeds, spinach, kale, lettuce, cocoa powder; ~0.9‰ at 4 amu) that may be useful for tracing contamination in agricultural soils. In contrast, Cd isotope fractionation during smoking is larger (~6‰ at 4 amu) and has implications for tracing cadmium sources from tobacco combustion in the environment and throughout the human body. The primary inhaled component of cigarette smoke contains highest delta values (δ116/112Cd or δ114/110Cd ~5.2‰), while the second-hand smoke and cigarette ash have the lowest delta values (δ116/112Cd or δ114/110Cd ~-0.9‰). Used cigarette butts have δ114/110Cd ~2.4‰, in between the values measured in ash/s hand smoke and the inhaled smoke components. The high delta values of the inhaled smoke indicate that Cd isotopes may be used to determine the extent of Cd exposure due to smoking in human biological samples. This study provides new data for previously uncharacterized isotopic reservoirs that can be included in future studies of Cd source-exposure tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Scott
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53707-7996, United States of America.
| | - Kate E Smith
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53707-7996, United States of America; Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2020 - 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Christa Dahman
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53707-7996, United States of America
| | - Patrick R Gorski
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53707-7996, United States of America
| | - Scott V Adams
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53707-7996, United States of America.
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Meliker JR, Vacchi-Suzzi C, Harrington J, Levine K, Lui LY, Bauer DC, Orwoll E, Kado DM. Temporal stability of urinary cadmium in samples collected several years apart in a population of older persons. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 222:230-234. [PMID: 30401599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is growing evidence that urine cadmium is a temporally stable biomarker indicative of long-term cadmium exposure; however questions remain with regard to generalizability to older persons, the impact of changes in smoking behavior, and the degree of temporal stability when repeat sample collection spans years instead of weeks or months. METHODS Using archived samples from cohorts of older men (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS-US)) and women (Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF)) (mean age = 80 at study visit 2), we analyzed two morning urine samples each from 39 men and 18 women with a diverse self-reported smoking history. For MrOS, samples were collected approximately 6 years apart, and 4 years apart for SOF. Intra-class correlations were computed to assess temporal stability, and adjusted for age and body mass index. RESULTS The median creatinine-adjusted urinary cadmium levels (0.39 μg/g for men, 0.89 μg/g for women) were similar to levels expected for these age/sex groups in the US according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The overall intra-class correlation was high (ICC = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76-0.91) and similar between cohorts (MrOS: ICC = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.58-0.86; SOF: ICC = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.59-0.93), but slightly lower among those who stopped smoking between visits of sample collection (ICC = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.31-0.87) or among former smokers who quit prior to the first sample collection (ICC = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.25-0.93). CONCLUSIONS We report good-to-excellent reproducibility of urine cadmium using morning urine samples collected 4-6 years apart from older men and women, but slightly lower correlations among those with a history of smoking. Single measures of urine cadmium are a reliable biomarker in older men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaymie R Meliker
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, & Preventive Medicine, USA; Stony Brook University School of Medicine, USA.
| | | | | | - Keith Levine
- Trace Inorganics Laboratory, RTI International, USA
| | | | - Douglas C Bauer
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, USA
| | - Eric Orwoll
- Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Deborah M Kado
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health and Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA
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Bocca B, Forte G, Giuffra V, Serra RM, Asara Y, Farace C, Milanese M, Tognotti E, Montella A, Bandiera P, Madeddu R. Metals in bones of the middle-aged inhabitants of Sardinia island (Italy) to assess nutrition and environmental exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8404-8414. [PMID: 29307065 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Metals in bones of 72 subjects lived between the twelfth and eighteenth century AC and collected in four Sardinian (Italian insular region) burial sites (Alghero, Bisarcio, Geridu, and Sassari) were determined and used as biomarkers to evaluate diet and potential social-environmental differences. Concentrations of Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sr, and Zn were quantified in different types of compact bone (femur, fibula, humerus, radius, tibia, ulna) by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry previous acidic digestion and differences among the various burial sites, centuries, types of bone, gender, and age were explored by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results indicated differences between sites in terms of diet: Bisarcio (inland village) had increased ratios of Ba/Ca and Zn/Ca due to higher incidence of vegetables, cereals, and animal foods in the diet; Geridu (coastal village) showed increased Sr/Ca ratio indicating foods of plant and marine origin that were predominant; Alghero (coastal site) and Sassari (inland site) displayed prevalently a mixed diet reflecting a higher economy and food imports. In addition, these latter sites showed increased levels of Hg/Ca (fish, drugs, cosmetics) and Pb/Ca (coins, utensils, pipeline for water). In conclusion, the elemental Ba/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Zn/Ca ratios were indicative of provenance and diet, while Hg/Ca and Pb/Ca ratios were associated to various forms of environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bocca
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Forte
- Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Giuffra
- Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Centre for Anthropological, Paleopathological and Historical Studies of the Sardinian and Mediterranean Populations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rita Maria Serra
- Centre for Anthropological, Paleopathological and Historical Studies of the Sardinian and Mediterranean Populations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Yolande Asara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Histology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Cristiano Farace
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Histology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of History, Human Sciences and Education, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Eugenia Tognotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Histology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Montella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Histology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Bandiera
- Centre for Anthropological, Paleopathological and Historical Studies of the Sardinian and Mediterranean Populations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberto Madeddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Histology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
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Vasanthakumar V, Priyadharsan A, Anbarasan PM, Muthumari S, Subramanian S, Raj V. Enhancing Toxic Metal Ions and Dye Removal Properties of Nanostructured Terpolymer Formed by Diaminodiphenylmethane-Resorcinol-Formaldehyde. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Vasanthakumar
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Periyar University; Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu India
| | | | | | - Samuthiravelu Muthumari
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Periyar University; Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Srinivasan Subramanian
- Material Science Group, Indra Gandhi; Centre for Atomic Research; Kalpakkam- 603 102, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vairamuthu Raj
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; Periyar University; Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu India
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; Periyar University; Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu India
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Vacchi-Suzzi C, Kruse D, Harrington J, Levine K, Meliker JR. Is Urinary Cadmium a Biomarker of Long-term Exposure in Humans? A Review. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 3:450-458. [PMID: 27696280 PMCID: PMC5453507 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a naturally-occurring element, and humans are exposed from cigarettes, food, and industrial sources. Following exposure, cadmium accumulates in the kidney and is slowly released into the urine, usually proportionally to the levels found in the kidneys. Cadmium levels in a single spot urine sample have been considered indicative of long-term exposure to cadmium; however, such a potentially exceptional biomarker requires careful scrutiny. In this review, we report good to excellent temporal stability of urinary cadmium (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.66-0.81) regardless of spot urine or first morning void sampling. Factors such as changes in smoking habits and diseases characterized by increased excretion of proteins may produce short-term changes in urinary cadmium levels. We recommend that epidemiologists use this powerful biomarker in prospective studies stratified by smoking status, along with thoughtful consideration of additional factors that can influence renal physiology and cadmium excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Vacchi-Suzzi
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Danielle Kruse
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - James Harrington
- Analytical Sciences Department, Innovation, Technology and Development RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Keith Levine
- Analytical Sciences Department, Innovation, Technology and Development RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jaymie R Meliker
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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Nawrot TS, Martens DS, Hara A, Plusquin M, Vangronsveld J, Roels HA, Staessen JA. Association of total cancer and lung cancer with environmental exposure to cadmium: the meta-analytical evidence. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:1281-8. [PMID: 26109463 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies are indicative of substantial progress in understanding the dose-response relation between the incidence of total and lung cancer and environmental cadmium exposure. We conducted a meta-analysis of population studies that examined the risk of cancer in relation to lifetime exposure to cadmium. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, and relevant reviews until August 2014 for studies on the association between cancer risk and cadmium exposure. Eligible studies had to include an estimate of lifetime exposure to cadmium as reflected by the urinary cadmium concentration and adjustment of the cancer risk at least for age and smoking. We pooled relative risk across the studies estimates for cancer and lung cancer using variance-weighted random-effect models and expressed association sizes for a twofold increase in urinary cadmium, thereby respecting the continuous nature of the association. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 20,459 participants from three prospective population studies. The average urinary cadmium concentration across populations ranged from 0.25 to 0.93 µg/g creatinine. The relative risk of total cancer, associated with a doubling of the urinary cadmium concentration, ranged across the different studies from 1.18 to 1.31, and the pooled relative risk was 1.22 (95% CI 1.13-1.31; p < 0.0001). For lung cancer, the relative risk ranged from 1.21 to 1.70 for a doubling of the urinary cadmium concentration, while the pooled relative risk amounted to 1.68 (1.47-1.92; p < 0.0001). Excluding one study at the time did not move the pooled estimates outside the confidence interval of the overall estimate for all studies combined. CONCLUSION The epidemiological evidence of the last decade consistently identifies low-level environmental exposure to cadmium as a risk factor for total cancer and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium,
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Zargoosh K, Babadi FF. Highly selective and sensitive optical sensor for determination of Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions based on the covalent immobilization of dithizone on agarose membrane. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 137:105-110. [PMID: 25216460 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective optical membrane for determination of Hg(2+) and Pb(2+) was prepared by covalent immobilization of dithizone on agarose membrane. In addition to its high stability, reproducibility and relatively long lifetime, the proposed optical sensor revealed good selectivity for target ions over a large number of alkali, alkaline earth, transition, and heavy metal ions. The proposed optical membrane displays linear responses from 1.1×10(-8) to 2.0×10(-6) mol L(-1) and 1.2×10(-8) to 2.4×10(-6) mol L(-1) for Hg(2+) and Pb(2+), respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) were 2.0×10(-9) mol L(-1) and 4.0×10(-9) mol L(-1) for Hg(2+) and Pb(2), respectively. The prepared optical membrane was successfully applied to the determination of Hg(2+) and Pb(2+) in industrial wastes, spiked tap water and natural waters without any preconcentration step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiomars Zargoosh
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
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10
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Abstract
Osteoporosis affects bone microarchitecture and reduces bone mass. There are more than 200 million people with osteoporosis worldwide, and the prevalence is slowly increasing. The highest prevalences are found in Scandinavia and USA, also slowly increasing. A parallel increase in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis has been noted since the middle of this century. Osteoporosis is more common in patients with each of these neurodegenerative conditions than in the general population. Several metals with neurotoxic properties accumulate in bone and can substitute for calcium in hydroxyapatite, the main mineral component of bone. Especially cadmium, but also lead, aluminum and arsenic affect bone mineral density negatively. Metals with neurotoxic properties have also been found in brain and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, and markers for neurodegeneration such as amyloid beta peptide and amyloid precursor protein have been detected in bone tissue from patients with osteoporosis. A common mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis of both neurodegeneration and osteoporosis can be suspected. The hypothesis that neurodegenerative disorders are associated with osteoporosis is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per M Roos
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zargoosh K, Abedini H, Abdolmaleki A, Molavian MR. Effective Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Industrial Wastes Using Thiosalicylhydrazide-Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie401971w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiomars Zargoosh
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Hamed Abedini
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Amir Abdolmaleki
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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Nawrot TS, Staessen JA, Roels HA, Munters E, Cuypers A, Richart T, Ruttens A, Smeets K, Clijsters H, Vangronsveld J. Cadmium exposure in the population: from health risks to strategies of prevention. Biometals 2010; 23:769-82. [PMID: 20517707 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We focus on the recent evidence that elucidates our understanding about the effects of cadmium (Cd) on human health and their prevention. Recently, there has been substantial progress in the exploration of the shape of the Cd concentration-response function on osteoporosis and mortality. Environmental exposure to Cd increases total mortality in a continuous fashion without evidence of a threshold, independently of kidney function and other classical factors associated with mortality including age, gender, smoking and social economic status. Pooled hazard rates of two recent environmental population based cohort studies revealed that for each doubling of urinary Cd concentration, the relative risk for mortality increases with 17% (95% CI 4.2-33.1%; P < 0.0001). Tubular kidney damage starts at urinary Cd concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 2 μg urinary Cd/g creatinine, and recent studies focusing on bone effects show increased risk of osteoporosis even at urinary Cd below 1 μg Cd/g creatinine. The non-smoking adult population has urinary Cd concentrations close to or higher than 0.5 μg Cd/g creatinine. To diminish the transfer of Cd from soil to plants for human consumption, the bioavailability of soil Cd for the plants should be reduced (external bioavailability) by maintaining agricultural and garden soils pH close to neutral (pH-H(2)O of 7.5; pH-KCL of 6.5). Reducing the systemic bioavailability of intestinal Cd can be best achieved by preserving a balanced iron status. The latter might especially be relevant in groups with a lower intake of iron, such as vegetarians, and women in reproductive phase of life. In exposed populations, house dust loaded with Cd is an additional relevant exposure route. In view of the insidious etiology of health effects associated with low dose exposure to Cd and the current European Cd intake which is close to the tolerable weekly intake, one should not underestimate the importance of the recent epidemiological evidence on Cd toxicity as to its medical and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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13
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Nawrot T, Geusens P, Nulens TS, Nemery B. Occupational cadmium exposure and calcium excretion, bone density, and osteoporosis in men. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:1441-5. [PMID: 20200937 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cadmium has been associated with osteoporosis and fracture risk in women and the elderly, but studies in middle-aged men are lacking. In 83 male (ex)workers (mean age 45 years; range 24 to 64 years) in a radiator factory using cadmium-containing solder, we investigated the association between urinary cadmium excretion (as an index of lifetime body burden); bone mineral density (BMD) in the distal forearm, hip, and lumbar spine (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry); and urinary calcium excretion. Geometric mean urinary cadmium concentration was 1.02 microg/g of creatinine (5th to 95th percentile 0.17 to 5.51 microg/g). BMD was negatively correlated with urinary exposure to cadmium. The partial correlation coefficients (r) adjusted for age, body-mass index, and current smoking were -0.30 (p = .008) for BMD in the forearm, -0.27 (p = .017) in the hip, and -0.17 (p = .15) in the spine. Urinary calcium correlated positively (r = 0.23, p = .044) with the urinary cadmium excretion. Adjusted for the same covariates, the risk of osteoporosis (defined as a T-score below -2.5 in at least one measured bone site) increased dose dependently. Compared with the lowest tertile of urinary cadmium, the risks were 4.8- and 9.9-fold higher in the middle and highest tertiles, respectively. Only four (5%) men had evidence of renal tubular dysfunction (beta(2)-microglobulin > 300 microg/g of creatinine). Even in the absence of renal tubular dysfunction, occupational exposure to cadmium is associated in men with lower BMD values, a higher risk of having osteoporosis, and a higher urinary calcium excretion, suggesting a direct osteotoxic effect of cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Nawrot
- Unit of Lung Toxicology, Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, K U Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Wiechuła D, Jurkiewicz A, Loska K. An assessment of natural concentrations of selected metals in the bone tissues of the femur head. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 406:161-167. [PMID: 18790520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The study was aimed at assessing the natural concentrations of copper, iron, potassium, lead and cadmium in the femur head using regression analysis. The material was collected during the operation of total hip arthroplasty from patients of southern and central Poland suffering from diagnosed coxarthrosis. In total, 197 samples were collected, including 68 samples of spongious bone, 59 samples of cortical bone and 70 samples of cartilage surface. After wet microwave digestion, the metal content in the samples was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The average concentrations of metals in the femur head were 67.30 microgFe/g, 760.58 microgK/g, 0.07 microgCd/g, 0.81 microgCu/g and 2.76 microgPb/g. A comparison of metal concentrations in bone tissues assessed by regression analysis to the findings of other authors revealed that the technique can be used to assess the natural concentration of elements in tissues and the results may provide a basis for the evaluation of metal concentrations in the human organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Wiechuła
- Medical University of Silesia, Department of Toxicology, ul. Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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16
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Martínez-García MJ, Moreno JM, Moreno-Clavel J, Vergara N, García-Sánchez A, Guillamón A, Portí M, Moreno-Grau S. Heavy metals in human bones in different historical epochs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2005; 348:51-72. [PMID: 16162313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of the metals lead, copper, zinc, cadmium and iron was determined in bone remains belonging to 30 individuals buried in the Region of Cartagena dating from different historical periods and in eight persons who had died in recent times. The metals content with respect to lead, cadmium and copper was determined either by anodic stripping voltammetry or by atomic absorption spectroscopy on the basis of the concentrations present in the bone remains. In all cases, zinc and iron were quantified by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy. The lead concentrations found in the bone remains in our city are greater than those reported in the literature for other locations. This led to the consideration of the sources of these metals in our area, both the contribution from atmospheric aerosols as well as that from the soil in the area. Correlation analysis leads us to consider the presence of the studied metals in the analysed bone samples to be the consequence of analogous inputs, namely the inhalation of atmospheric aerosols and diverse contributions in the diet. The lowest values found in the studied bone remains correspond to the Neolithic period, with similar contents to present-day samples with respect to lead, copper, cadmium and iron. As regards the evolution over time of the concentrations of the metals under study, a clear increase in these is observed between the Neolithic period and the grouping made up of the Bronze Age, Roman domination and the Byzantine period. The trend lines used to classify the samples into 7 periods show that the maximum values of lead correspond to the Roman and Byzantine periods. For copper, this peak is found in the Byzantine Period and for iron, in the Islamic Period. Zinc shows an increasing tendency over the periods under study and cadmium is the only metal whose trend lines shows a decreasing slope.
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MESH Headings
- Bone and Bones/chemistry
- Environmental Monitoring/history
- Environmental Pollutants/analysis
- Environmental Pollutants/history
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- History, Ancient
- History, Medieval
- Humans
- Metals, Heavy/analysis
- Metals, Heavy/history
- Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Martínez-García
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Spain
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17
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Abstract
AbstractIsotopic and elemental concentration data can be extremely useful in the identification of human remains. Archaeological, ecological and forensic investigations to date have primarily made use of 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 18O/16O and trace element data obtained from analysis of carbonate-hydroxyapatite in bones and teeth, and/or 12C/13C, 14N/15N, 18O/16O and 35S/37S ratios in bone collagen. However, a wide range of other chemical parameters are potentially useful for intersample comparison and environmental characterization, and increasing attention is being given to hair, nail and skin tissues, which provide dietary and environmental information over shorter time periods than bones and teeth. This paper reviews some of the principles which underlie such work and the current position with regard to modern forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Pye
- Kenneth Pye Associates Ltd, Crowthorne Enterprise Centre, Crowthorne Business Estate
Old Woking Road, Crowthorne RG45 6AW, UK
- Department of Geology, Royal Holloway, University of London
Egham Hill, Egham TW20 0EX UK
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18
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Arnay-de-la-Rosa M, González-Reimers E, Velasco-Vázquez J, Galindo-Martín L, Santolaria-Fernández F. Bone Cadmium and Lead in 18th Century Population Groups from the Canary Islands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/tma-120017916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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19
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González-Reimers E, Velasco-Vázquez J, Arnay-de-la-Rosa M, Alberto-Barroso V, Galindo-Martín L, Santolaria-Fernández F. Bone cadmium and lead in prehistoric inhabitants and domestic animals from Gran Canaria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 301:97-103. [PMID: 12493189 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Both lead and cadmium exposures derive from natural sources and also from industrialisation and certain habits, such as cigarette smoking in the case of cadmium. Some of these sources only affect human beings. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of lead and cadmium in bone samples of 16 prehispanic inhabitants of Gran Canaria, 24 prehispanic domestic animals (sheep, goat and pigs) from this island, 8 modern individuals, and 13 modern domestic animals. We found that modern individuals showed higher bone Cd values (mean=516.7+/-352.49 microg/kg, range=167.20-1125 microg/kg) than prehistoric ones (mean=85.13+/-128.96 microcg/kg, range=2.97-433 microg/kg). Values of prehistoric individuals did not differ from those of the prehistoric animals (mean=70.54+/-46.86 microg/kg, range=11.06-216.50 microg/kg), but were higher than those of the modern animals (mean=7.31+/-10.35 microg/kg, range=0-35.62 microg/kg). In the same way, modern individuals and modern animals showed approximately 7-fold higher bone Pb than ancient individuals and ancient animals, respectively. Ancient animals showed significantly lower Pb values than all the other groups, whereas modern animals showed Pb values comparable to those of the ancient individuals. A significant correlation was observed between bone Pb and Cd (r=0.61, P<0.001). Since bone cadmium accumulation leads to osteoporosis, we have also tested the relationship between histomorphometrically assessed trabecular bone mass and bone cadmium both in modern and ancient individuals. No significant relationship was found between these two parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E González-Reimers
- Dpto de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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20
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Swift B, Lauder I, Black S, Norris J. An estimation of the post-mortem interval in human skeletal remains: a radionuclide and trace element approach. Forensic Sci Int 2001; 117:73-87. [PMID: 11230949 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of the post-mortem interval remains a contentious issue, with forensic pathologists often relying upon the recognition of morphological changes.A radionuclide approach has often been suggested in the literature, although limitations have prevented its application, most notably those of diagenesis. Within this pilot study, we show for the first time that there is a correlation between certain radionuclide content and time since death.A larger study is proposed to confirm these findings and possibly provide a calibration against which bones uncovered can be dated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Swift
- Department of Pathology, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, LE2 7LX, Leicester, UK.
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21
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Bud P, Montgomery J, Evans J, Barreiro B. Human tooth enamel as a record of the comparative lead exposure of prehistoric and modern people. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2000; 263:1-10. [PMID: 11194143 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable body of evidence to support the contention that the atmospheric Pb burden is now considerably greater than it was in the remote past. However, as there are a diversity of potential environmental pathways leading to Pb ingestion, it is not clear how atmospheric Pb levels relate to human exposure. It is necessary to establish a baseline for human exposure to Pb from natural sources in the pre-metallurgical past, with which contemporary exposure can be compared. This paper addresses this issue by comparing the Pb content of human dental enamel--an established proxy for Pb exposure--from modern and archaeological, pre-metallurgical individuals using thermal and plasma ionisation mass spectrometry. It is shown that mean Neolithic enamel Pb contents are approximately 0.31 +/- 0.04 ppm. These values are only one order of magnitude lower than previously reported data for the same tissues for modern juveniles, despite an established 400-fold increase in the atmospheric Pb burden. The results suggest that 'natural' exposure to Pb in food and water may have been higher than previously thought, and that the link between atmospheric Pb and human exposure warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bud
- Archaeotrace, Halifax, UK.
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22
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Authors' Response. J Forensic Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs14616j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Gomez S, Rizzo R, Pozzi-Mucelli M, Bonucci E, Vittur F. Zinc mapping in bone tissues by histochemistry and synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission: correlation with the distribution of alkaline phosphatase. Bone 1999; 25:33-8. [PMID: 10423019 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(99)00102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Zinc distribution in osteons was mapped by synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission analysis in both human and porcine adult bone, as well as in porcine bone by histochemistry using Timm's method. Both procedures showed that zinc is not uniformly distributed, being in its highest concentration on haversian bone surfaces. When Timm's method was applied in conjunction with a procedure leading to partial zinc extraction, three zinc pools were specifically detected: a loose one, found in the mineralizable osteoid; a mineral one, bound to the bone mineral; and a tenacious one, firmly bound to an organic component located in the osteoid and mineralizing organic matrix. The alkaline phosphatase distribution was also mapped in porcine adult bone by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry and it was found codistributed with tenacious zinc mainly at the calcification front. The data suggest that alkaline phosphatase is buried as a bone matrix protein during initial mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gomez
- Departamento Anatomia Patologica, Universidad de Cadiz, Spain
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24
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Staessen JA, Roels HA, Emelianov D, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Vangronsveld J, Fagard R. Environmental exposure to cadmium, forearm bone density, and risk of fractures: prospective population study. Public Health and Environmental Exposure to Cadmium (PheeCad) Study Group. Lancet 1999; 353:1140-4. [PMID: 10209978 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)09356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic low-level exposure to cadmium may promote calcium loss via urinary excretion. We undertook a prospective population study to investigate whether environmental exposure to cadmium lowers bone density and increases risk of fractures. METHODS We measured urinary cadmium excretion, a biomarker of lifetime exposure, in people from ten districts of Belgium, of which six districts bordered on three zinc smelters. We also measured cadmium in soil and in vegetables from the districts, and collected data on incidence of fractures and height loss. Bone density was measured at the forearm just above the wrist by single photon absorptiometry, and calculated as the mean of six proximal and four distal scans. FINDINGS Mean cadmium excretion at baseline was 8.7 nmol daily. Across the ten districts, mean cadmium concentration in soil ranged from 0.8 to 14.7 mg/kg, and from 0.1 to 4.0 mg/kg dry weight in vegetables. Median follow-up was 6.6 years. Mean forearm bone density in proximal and distal scans was 0.54 g/cm2 and 0.43 g/cm2 in men, and 0.44 g/cm2 and 0.34 g/cm2 in women. In postmenopausal women, a twofold increase in urinary cadmium correlated with 0.01 g/cm2 decrease in bone density (p<0.02). The relative risks associated with doubled urinary cadmium were 1.73 (95% CI 1.16-2.57; p=0.007) for fractures in women and 1.60 (0.94-2.72, p=0.08) for height loss in men. Cadmium excretion in districts near smelters was 22.8% higher (p=0.001) than in other districts, with fracture rates of 16.0 and 10.3 cases per 1000 person-years, respectively, and a population-attributable risk of 35.0%. INTERPRETATION Even at a low degree of environmental exposure, cadmium may promote skeletal demineralisation, which may lead to increased bone fragility and raised risk of fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Staessen
- The Hypertensie en Cardiovasculaire Revalidatie Eenheid, Departement Moleculair en Cardiovasculair Onderzoek, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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25
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Aberg G, Fosse G, Stray H. Man, nutrition and mobility: a comparison of teeth and bone from the Medieval era and the present from Pb and Sr isotopes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1998; 224:109-119. [PMID: 9926429 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring isotopic systems, such as strontium (Sr) and lead (Pb), are very useful for characterizing different sources and to produce background information. Norwegian teeth from the Medieval era have 206Pb/204Pb ratios between 18.8 and 18.2, in comparison with present day ratios of between 18.0 and 17.6 showing the impact of Pb from modern industrialization and from traffic. Sr analyses of Medieval teeth show that an individual living in a coastal town on the west coast of Norway can easily be distinguished from one in a rural area at that time. The Sr signature shows that Medieval people lived on local products while present people to a greater degree live on imported or domestic industrially processed food. Medieval and modern teeth from one site give similar Pb signatures and concentrations indicating no increase in pollution over time. However, the impact of industrial pollution can be seen from Pb analyses on contemporary teeth, so that the method can be used to monitor emission of heavy metals from local industry. Whilst the Pb and Sr natural isotopic systems individually provide valuable information, a combination of the two techniques is a very powerful tool in environmental and archaeological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aberg
- Institute for Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway.
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26
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Shinomiya T, Shinomiya K, Orimoto C, Minami T, Tohno Y, Yamada M. In- and out-flows of elements in bones embedded in reference soils. Forensic Sci Int 1998; 98:109-18. [PMID: 10036764 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Possible exchanges of elements between bone and the surrounding soil after being embedded underground for 2 years were estimated. Bone pieces were samples from human vertebrae without any treatments after resection. Sixteen elements were determined by atomic emission mass spectrometry. These were divided into three types; Type I, an in-flow in which elements increased, as in Fe, Al and Ba; type II, a balanced decrease in which changes were found in S, Mg and Zn; and type III, an out-flow in which elements, such as Ca and P, entered into bones from embedded soils. These exchanges depended on the varying nature of soils and also on the time underground. The exchanges were progressed in duration of the time after burial. Data obtained are possible references to judge the time-lapse after burial of bones in relating to characters of soils embedded, and to identify proper bone elements from containment elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shinomiya
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan
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27
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Nowak B, Kozłowski H. Heavy metals in human hair and teeth: the correlation with metal concentration in the environment. Biol Trace Elem Res 1998; 62:213-28. [PMID: 9676884 DOI: 10.1007/bf02783972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biological samples were collected simultaneously with environmental quality investigations. Studies of metal levels in biological (hair and teeth) and environmental (soil and air) samples were performed in Zwardoń during 1991/1992. Zwardoń is a small mountain resort village, situated on the border pass of Zwardoń, in the close proximity of the southwestern border of Poland. Heavy metal levels in soil, air, and chemical metals forms in the soil were examined. Pearson's product correlation in soil (for total concentration of heavy metals and each chemical form) in hair and in teeth was calculated to investigate bioavailability of heavy metals in human organism. We received essential correlations simultaneously between: Pb vs Mn in exchangeable form of metal in soil, in teeth and in soil (total); Cd vs Zn and Mn vs Co in organically bound form in soil and in teeth and soil (total); and Cu vs Zn in all investigated samples (teeth, hair, soil total, and organically bound form in soil); Mn vs Co and Cr vs Mn in residual form in soil, in teeth, and in soil (total) and between Co vs Ni for hair, soil (total), and residual form in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nowak
- Silesian University of Medicine, Department of Toxicology, Jagiellońska, Poland
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28
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Yamada M, Minami T, Yamada G, Tohno Y, Tohno S, Ikeda Y, Tashiro T, Kohno Y, Kawakami K. Different element ratios of red cosmetics excavated from ancient burials of Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1997; 199:293-298. [PMID: 9200870 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(97)05474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Marker elements of red cosmetics, collected from ancient burials of Matsuyama, Tokushima and Nara Japan, were determined by emission spectrometry (ICP/AES). The mass ratios of Hg, Fe, Cu, and Zn were different between samples. Element levels were compared with reference to relative amounts of sulfur. Of the possible contaminants from the bone and sand of burials, the relative amounts of Hg and Fe to S were most commonly available to evaluate the difference between the cosmetics. The cosmetics were divided into four groups; type I (high Hg with less Fe), type II (both moderate Hg and Fe), type III (moderate Hg with high Fe) and type IV (less Hg with high Fe). The main constituents of cosmetics are mercury sulfide (cinnabar) or ferric oxide mixed with trace metals. Zinc contents differ between the Fe and Hg amounts for the three areas. Cosmetic compositions varied with each burial site, suggesting that they were derived from different mines of ancient Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamada
- Department of Anatomy, Nara Medical University, Japan
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29
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Yamada M, Minami T, Ichii M, Okazaki Y, Utsumi M, Tohno S, Tohno Y. An improved method for estimating original mineral contents in excavated bone using sulfur. Biol Trace Elem Res 1996; 52:155-61. [PMID: 8773756 DOI: 10.1007/bf02789457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Trace element analysis in excavated bones is complicated by the lack of a reliable index for estimating the original amount of bone material. In this study, we subjected modern human bones to alkali treatment to simulate aging. Alkali treatment of vertebrae with attached muscle did not affect sulfur (S) content; it increased the magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) contents, and tended to decrease iron (Fe) content of the bones. When vertebrae cleaned of muscle were used, alkali treatment did not affect S and Fe contents but increased Mg, P, Ca, and Zn contents. Ca and S contents were higher in excavated bones (200-1300 yr old) than in their surrounding soils. In contrast, S, Mg, and Ca contents per dry weight did not differ between the excavated bones and the alkali-treated modern bones. These results indicate that S can provide a more accurate index of excavated bones than the often-used Ca content or dry wt measures, especially for bones excavated from calcium-rich soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamada
- Department of Anatomy, Nara Medical University, Japan
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30
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Vuorinen HS, Pihlman S, Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Tapper U, Varrela T. Trace and heavy metal analyses of a skeletal population representing the town people in Turku (Abo), Finland in the 16th-17th centuries: with special reference to gender, age and social background. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1996; 177:145-160. [PMID: 8584915 DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Julin site in the city of Turku, Finland, was excavated in 1964, 1983-1985 and 1987. On this site are the remains of the church of the Holy Spirit with its cemetery. The burial period of the excavated skeletons lasted most probably from the 1580s to the 1650s. Sodium, phosphorus, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, bromine, strontium and lead concentrations of ribs from skeletal remains of 141 individuals were analyzed. The main finding is that the concentrations of Sr and Zn in younger women tend to be lower than that in men of a corresponding age, and in older people both the strontium and zinc values tend to be higher in women than men. On the basis of this study the Pb exposure in the early modern population in Finland was at a very low level. We conclude that the role of migration and the source of grain supply on the variation of the elemental values are more difficult to evaluate than the role of diagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Vuorinen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Baranowska I, Czernicki K, Aleksandrowicz R. The analysis of lead, cadmium, zinc, copper and nickel content in human bones from the upper Silesian industrial district. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1995; 159:155-162. [PMID: 7878447 DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04218-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of lead, cadmium, zinc, copper and nickel in autopsy samples of bones from adults living in the Upper Silesian industrial district (Poland)--an ecological disaster region--was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (flame and flameless GF AAS). Lead concentrations ranged from 20 micrograms/g to 200 micrograms/g bone wet weight, cadmium from 0.4 microgram/g to 1.5 micrograms/g bone wet weight. About one-fourth of the bones examined from Silesia, contained lead in the range from 100 micrograms/g to 200 micrograms/g. The were no significant differences in zinc, copper and nickel concentration between the control groups. The samples were mineralized in a microwave digestion system. To avoid anomalous results caused by the influence of the matrix Ca3 (PO4)2--the procedure of lead determination was carried out at a temperature of 2000 degrees C, the cadmium determination at a temperature of about 1200 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Baranowska
- Department of Analytical and General Chemistry Silesian Technical University, Gliwice, Poland
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32
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Hisanaga A, Hirata M, Tanaka A, Ishinishi N, Eguchi Y. Variation of trace metals in ancient and contemporary Japanese bones. Biol Trace Elem Res 1989; 22:221-31. [PMID: 2484407 DOI: 10.1007/bf02916610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Excavated and contemporary bones (rib cortexes) of a mature age (40-60 yr) were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry for the concentration of seven elements, including Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Pb, with a view to historically evaluating the chemical composition of the bones. Fifty-two well-preserved specimens, obtained from western Japan, were classified into six groups according to Japanese prehistoric and historic eras (Jomon, Yayoi, Kofun, Muromachi, Edo, and Contemporary). Average concentrations of Ca were 0.20-0.33 g/g in the excavated bones and 0.17 g/g in the contemporary bones. Among the trace metals, such as Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb, which showed remarkably elevated concentrations in the Edo era bones, Cu, Fe, and Mn were found to be strongly associated with soil contamination. Lead levels only slightly increased between the Jomon and Kofun eras, but became abruptly elevated following the Edo era. In contrast, the concentrations of Cd increased abruptly in the Yayoi era to a level with an order of magnitude higher than the Edo era, and they have recently decreased to rather low contemporary levels. This tendency becomes clearer when comparing the molar ratio of trace metals to Ca. The cause of elevated Cd concentrations in early excavated bones is discussed in relation to the mineralization of bones and the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hisanaga
- Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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33
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Hisanaga A, Eguchi Y, Hirata M, Ishinishi N. Lead levels in ancient and contemporary Japanese bones. Biol Trace Elem Res 1988; 16:77-85. [PMID: 2484538 DOI: 10.1007/bf02795336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During the past few centuries, lead production, consumption and emissions, to our total environment have increased remarkably. We have determined the concentrations of lead in 41 well-preserved ancient and 11 contemporary rib bones of a mature age (40-60 y), with a view of historically evaluating lead exposure in humans. The oldest Japanese bones (1000-300 B.C.) were found to contain a mean of 0.58 microgram Pb/g dry wt and a mean molar ratio of lead to calcium of 0.6 x 10(-6), compared with 4.7-5.2 x 10(-6) in the bones of the Edo era (1600-1867 A.D.) and contemporary residents in Japan. The mean molar ratios of female bones were always higher than those of male bones for each era. From this fact we may assume that facial cosmetics were one of the main routes of lead exposure among the ancient Japanese, especially those who lived during the Edo era.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hisanaga
- Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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34
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Abstract
Lead is stored in calcified tissues, and the lead levels in human remains will therefore reflect in vivo exposures in the past, provided that postmortem contamination can be ruled out or successfully removed. Reliable chemical testimonies from archeological finds indicate that prepollution exposures to lead were of the order of 1% of current-day exposures in industrialized countries. Examination of these silent witnesses of past times has also shown that lead exposures during recent historical periods were much higher than today. Studies in this area provide a framework for evaluation of lead exposures. The results would suggest that an ideal control group should not be exposed to lead levels any higher than the low, prepollution levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense University, Denmark
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