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Laxman S. Biochemical curiosities : Piquing students' interest in biochemistry by exploring evolution's pursuit of the improbable. EMBO Rep 2024:10.1038/s44319-024-00259-7. [PMID: 39271772 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Laxman
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560065, India.
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2
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Amin NG, Rahim AA, Rohoma K, Elwafa RAA, Dabees HMF, Elrahmany S. The relation of mTOR with diabetic complications and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:222. [PMID: 39261960 PMCID: PMC11389252 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been related to several metabolic conditions, notably obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This study aimed to evaluate the role of mTOR in patients with T2DM, and its relationship with insulin resistance and microvascular complications. METHODS This case-control study was conducted on 90 subjects attending the Outpatient Internal Medicine Clinic in Damanhur Teaching Hospital. Subjects were divided into 3 groups, Group I: 20 healthy controls, Group II: 20 subjects with T2DM without complications, and Group III: 50 subjects with T2DM with microvascular complications. An Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure serum mTOR levels. T2DM and diabetic complications were defined according to the diagnostic criteria of the American Diabetes Association. RESULTS The results revealed significant positive correlations to HbA1c (r = 0.530, P < 0.001), fasting glucose (r = 0.508, P < 0.001), and HOMA- IR (r = 0.559, P < 0.001), and a significant negative correlation to eGFR (r=-0.370, P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed an independent association of mTOR and HbA1c values with the presence of microvascular complications. The prediction of microvascular complications was present at a cutoff value of 8 ng/ml mTOR with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 95% with an AUC of 0.983 and a p-value < 0.001. CONCLUSION mTOR is a prognostic marker of diabetic microvascular and is associated with insulin resistance in patients with T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of Alexandria University (0201127, 19/7/2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha G Amin
- Department of Internal Medicine (Diabetes, Lipidology & Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 17, Champollion Street, El Messallah, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - A Abdel Rahim
- Department of Internal Medicine (Diabetes, Lipidology & Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 17, Champollion Street, El Messallah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kamel Rohoma
- Department of Internal Medicine (Diabetes, Lipidology & Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 17, Champollion Street, El Messallah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Reham A Abo Elwafa
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hossam M F Dabees
- Department of Internal Medicine (Diabetes, Lipidology & Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 17, Champollion Street, El Messallah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Elrahmany
- Department of Internal Medicine (Diabetes, Lipidology & Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 17, Champollion Street, El Messallah, Alexandria, Egypt
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3
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Jiang C, Tan X, Liu N, Yan P, Hou T, Wei W. Nutrient Sensing of mTORC1 signaling in cancer and aging. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 106-107:S1044-579X(24)00059-2. [PMID: 39153724 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is indispensable for preserving cellular and organismal homeostasis by balancing the anabolic and catabolic processes in response to various environmental cues, such as nutrients, growth factors, energy status, oxygen levels, and stress. Dysregulation of mTORC1 signaling is associated with the progression of many types of human disorders including cancer, age-related diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases. The way mTORC1 senses various upstream signals and converts them into specific downstream responses remains a crucial question with significant impacts for our perception of the related physiological and pathological process. In this review, we discuss the recent molecular and functional insights into the nutrient sensing of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, along with the emerging role of deregulating nutrient-mTORC1 signaling in cancer and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jiang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiao Tan
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ning Liu
- International Research Center for Food and Health, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Peiqiang Yan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tao Hou
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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4
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Zhou X, Medina-Ramirez IE, Su G, Liu Y, Yan B. All Roads Lead to Rome: Comparing Nanoparticle- and Small Molecule-Driven Cell Autophagy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310966. [PMID: 38616767 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, vital for removing cellular waste, is triggered differently by small molecules and nanoparticles. Small molecules, like rapamycin, non-selectively activate autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR pathway, which is essential for cell regulation. This can clear damaged components but may cause cytotoxicity with prolonged use. Nanoparticles, however, induce autophagy, often causing oxidative stress, through broader cellular interactions and can lead to a targeted form known as "xenophagy." Their impact varies with their properties but can be harnessed therapeutically. In this review, the autophagy induced by nanoparticles is explored and small molecules across four dimensions: the mechanisms behind autophagy induction, the outcomes of such induction, the toxicological effects on cellular autophagy, and the therapeutic potential of employing autophagy triggered by nanoparticles or small molecules. Although small molecules and nanoparticles each induce autophagy through different pathways and lead to diverse effects, both represent invaluable tools in cell biology, nanomedicine, and drug discovery, offering unique insights and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhou
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Baoding, 071100, China
| | - Iliana E Medina-Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av Universidad 940, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Gaoxing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yin Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 10024, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at the Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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5
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Xu W, Chen H, Xiao H. mTORC2: A neglected player in aging regulation. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31363. [PMID: 38982866 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, through integrating external and internal signals, facilitating gene transcription and protein translation, as well as by regulating mitochondria and autophagy functions. mTOR kinase operates within two distinct protein complexes known as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), which engage separate downstream signaling pathways impacting diverse cellular processes. Although mTORC1 has been extensively studied as a pro-proliferative factor and a pro-aging hub if activated aberrantly, mTORC2 received less attention, particularly regarding its implication in aging regulation. However, recent studies brought increasing evidence or clues for us, which implies the associations of mTORC2 with aging, as the genetic elimination of unique subunits of mTORC2, such as RICTOR, has been shown to alleviate aging progression in comparison to mTORC1 inhibition. In this review, we first summarized the basic characteristics of mTORC2, including its protein architecture and signaling network. We then focused on reviewing the molecular signaling regulation of mTORC2 in cellular senescence and organismal aging, and proposed the multifaceted regulatory characteristics under senescent and nonsenescent contexts. Next, we outlined the research progress of mTOR inhibitors in the field of antiaging and discussed future prospects and challenges. It is our pleasure if this review article could provide meaningful information for our readers and call forth more investigations working on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Xu
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghan Chen
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyi Xiao
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Wu HT, Wu BX, Fang ZX, Wu Z, Hou YY, Deng Y, Cui YK, Liu J. Lomitapide repurposing for treatment of malignancies: A promising direction. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32998. [PMID: 38988566 PMCID: PMC11234027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of novel drugs from basic science to clinical practice requires several years, much effort, and cost. Drug repurposing can promote the utilization of clinical drugs in cancer therapy. Recent studies have shown the potential effects of lomitapide on treating malignancies, which is currently used for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. We systematically review possible functions and mechanisms of lomitapide as an anti-tumor compound, regarding the aspects of apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism of tumor cells, to support repurposing lomitapide for the clinical treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Bing-Xuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Fang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yan-Yu Hou
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yu-Kun Cui
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
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7
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Schreiber SL. Molecular glues and bifunctional compounds: Therapeutic modalities based on induced proximity. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:1050-1063. [PMID: 38861986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
This Perspective explores molecular glues and bifunctional compounds-proximity-inducing compounds-and offers a framework to understand and exploit their similarity to hotspots, missense mutations, and posttranslational modifications (PTMs). This view is also shown to be relevant to intramolecular glues, where compounds induce contacts between distinct domains of the same protein. A historical perspective of these compounds is presented that shows the field has come full circle from molecular glues targeting native proteins, to bifunctionals targeting fusion proteins, and back to molecular glues and bifunctionals targeting native proteins. Modern screening methods and data analyses with pre-selected target proteins are shown to yield either cooperative molecular glues or bifunctional compounds that induce proximity, thereby enabling novel functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Schreiber
- Arena BioWorks, Broad Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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8
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Zhang Y, Bock F, Ferdaus M, Arroyo JP, L Rose K, Patel P, Denton JS, Delpire E, Weinstein AM, Zhang MZ, Harris RC, Terker AS. Low potassium activation of proximal mTOR/AKT signaling is mediated by Kir4.2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5144. [PMID: 38886379 PMCID: PMC11183202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49562-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The renal epithelium is sensitive to changes in blood potassium (K+). We identify the basolateral K+ channel, Kir4.2, as a mediator of the proximal tubule response to K+ deficiency. Mice lacking Kir4.2 have a compensated baseline phenotype whereby they increase their distal transport burden to maintain homeostasis. Upon dietary K+ depletion, knockout animals decompensate as evidenced by increased urinary K+ excretion and development of a proximal renal tubular acidosis. Potassium wasting is not proximal in origin but is caused by higher ENaC activity and depends upon increased distal sodium delivery. Three-dimensional imaging reveals Kir4.2 knockouts fail to undergo proximal tubule expansion, while the distal convoluted tubule response is exaggerated. AKT signaling mediates the dietary K+ response, which is blunted in Kir4.2 knockouts. Lastly, we demonstrate in isolated tubules that AKT phosphorylation in response to low K+ depends upon mTORC2 activation by secondary changes in Cl- transport. Data support a proximal role for cell Cl- which, as it does along the distal nephron, responds to K+ changes to activate kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fabian Bock
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mohammed Ferdaus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Arroyo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Purvi Patel
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jerod S Denton
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alan M Weinstein
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weil Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew S Terker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Nashville, TN, USA.
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9
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Maruta H, He H. Rapamycin vs TORin-1 or Gleevec vs Nilotinib: Simple chemical evolution that converts PAK1-blockers to TOR-blockers or vice versa? Drug Discov Ther 2024; 18:134-139. [PMID: 38569833 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2023.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Both PAK1 (RAC/CDC42-activating kinase 1) and TOR (Target of Rapamycin) are among the major oncogenic/ageing kinases. However, they play the opposite role in our immune system, namely immune system is suppressed by PAK1, while it requires TOR. Thus, PAK1-blockers, would be more effective for therapy of cancers, than TOR-blockers. Since 2015 when we discovered genetically that PDGF-induced melanogenesis depends on "PAK1", we are able to screening a series of PAK1-blockers as melanogenesis-inhibitors which could eventually promote longevity. Interestingly, rapamycin, the first TOR-inhibitor, promotes melanogenesis, clearly indicating that TOR suppresses melanogenesis. However, a new TOR-inhibitor called TORin-1 no longer suppresses immune system, and blocks melanogenesis in cell culture. These observations strongly indicate that TORin-1 acts as PAK1-blockers, instead of TOR-blockers, in vivo. Thus, it is most likely that melanogenesis in cell culture could enable us to discriminate PAK1-blockers from TORblockers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong He
- Melbourne University Hospital (Austin Health), Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Yao W, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Yang H, Yi C. The molecular mechanisms regulating the assembly of the autophagy initiation complex. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300243. [PMID: 38593284 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The autophagy initiation complex is brought about via a highly ordered and stepwise assembly process. Two crucial signaling molecules, mTORC1 and AMPK, orchestrate this assembly by phosphorylating/dephosphorylating autophagy-related proteins. Activation of Atg1 followed by recruitment of both Atg9 vesicles and the PI3K complex I to the PAS (phagophore assembly site) are particularly crucial steps in its formation. Ypt1, a small Rab GTPase in yeast cells, also plays an essential role in the formation of the autophagy initiation complex through multiple regulatory pathways. In this review, our primary focus is to discuss how signaling molecules initiate the assembly of the autophagy initiation complex, and highlight the significant roles of Ypt1 in this process. We end by addressing issues that need future clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyao Feng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Jin E, Wang S, Chen D, Wang JP, Zeng Y, Sun R, Zhang HT. P4HA2 activates mTOR via hydroxylation and targeting P4HA2-mTOR inhibits lung adenocarcinoma cell growth. Oncogene 2024; 43:1813-1823. [PMID: 38654109 PMCID: PMC11164680 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase functions as a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism, and its complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 phosphorylate distinct substrates. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling is commonly implicated in human diseases, including cancer. Despite three decades of active research in mTOR, much remains to be determined. Here, we demonstrate that prolyl 4-hydroxylase alpha-2 (P4HA2) binds directly to mTOR and hydroxylates one highly conserved proline 2341 (P2341) within a kinase domain of mTOR, thereby activating mTOR kinase and downstream effector proteins (e.g. S6K and AKT). Moreover, the hydroxylation of P2341 strengthens mTOR stability and allows mTOR to accurately recognize its substrates such as S6K and AKT. The growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells overexpressing mTORP2341A is significantly reduced when compared with that of cells overexpressing mTORWT. Interestingly, in vivo cell growth assays show that targeting P4HA2-mTOR significantly suppresses lung adenocarcinoma cell growth. In summary, our study reveals an undiscovered hydroxylation-regulatory mechanism by which P4HA2 directly activates mTOR kinase, providing insights for therapeutically targeting mTOR kinase-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersuo Jin
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Medicine between Soochow University and Donghai County People's Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Medicine between Soochow University and Donghai County People's Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Donglai Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia-Ping Wang
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Medicine between Soochow University and Donghai County People's Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- Donghai County People's Hospital, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Runfeng Sun
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Medicine between Soochow University and Donghai County People's Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Donghai County People's Hospital, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hong-Tao Zhang
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Medicine between Soochow University and Donghai County People's Hospital, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Suzhou Key Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Genetics, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
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12
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Onaka GM, de Carvalho MR, Onaka PK, Barbosa CM, Martinez PF, de Oliveira-Junior SA. Exercise, mTOR Activation, and Potential Impacts on the Liver in Rodents. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:362. [PMID: 38927242 PMCID: PMC11201249 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The literature offers a consensus on the association between exercise training (ET) protocols based on the adequate parameters of intensity and frequency, and several adaptive alterations in the liver. Indeed, regular ET can reverse glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, especially from aerobic modalities, which can decrease intrahepatic fat formation. In terms of molecular mechanisms, the regulation of hepatic fat formation would be directly related to the modulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which would be stimulated by insulin signaling and Akt activation, from the following three different primary signaling pathways: (I) growth factor, (II) energy/ATP-sensitive, and (III) amino acid-sensitive signaling pathways, respectively. Hyperactivation of the Akt/mTORC1 pathway induces lipogenesis by regulating the action of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). Exercise training interventions have been associated with multiple metabolic and tissue benefits. However, it is worth highlighting that the mTOR signaling in the liver in response to exercise interventions remains unclear. Hepatic adaptive alterations seem to be most outstanding when sustained by chronic interventions or high-intensity exercise protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Moreto Onaka
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (G.M.O.); (P.F.M.)
| | - Marianna Rabelo de Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (G.M.O.); (P.F.M.)
| | - Patricia Kubalaki Onaka
- Graduate Program in Education and Health, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil
| | - Claudiane Maria Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Paula Felippe Martinez
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (G.M.O.); (P.F.M.)
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Silvio Assis de Oliveira-Junior
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (G.M.O.); (P.F.M.)
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul—UFMS, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
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13
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Zhou Y, Tao L, Qiu J, Xu J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Tian X, Guan X, Cen X, Zhao Y. Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:132. [PMID: 38763973 PMCID: PMC11102923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical and encouraging value in screening and early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, and therapeutic efficacy monitoring of cancers. Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in exploring and discovering novel, sensitive, specific, and accurate tumor biomarkers, which has significantly promoted personalized medicine and improved the outcomes of cancer patients, especially advances in molecular biology technologies developed for the detection of tumor biomarkers. Herein, we summarize the discovery and development of tumor biomarkers, including the history of tumor biomarkers, the conventional and innovative technologies used for biomarker discovery and detection, the classification of tumor biomarkers based on tissue origins, and the application of tumor biomarkers in clinical cancer management. In particular, we highlight the recent advancements in biomarker-based anticancer-targeted therapies which are emerging as breakthroughs and promising cancer therapeutic strategies. We also discuss limitations and challenges that need to be addressed and provide insights and perspectives to turn challenges into opportunities in this field. Collectively, the discovery and application of multiple tumor biomarkers emphasized in this review may provide guidance on improved precision medicine, broaden horizons in future research directions, and expedite the clinical classification of cancer patients according to their molecular biomarkers rather than organs of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahao Qiu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinqi Guan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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14
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Leclerc NR, Dunne TM, Shrestha S, Johnson CP, Kelley JB. TOR signaling regulates GPCR levels on the plasma membrane and suppresses the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593412. [PMID: 38798445 PMCID: PMC11118302 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae respond to mating pheromone through the GPCRs Ste2 and Ste3, which promote growth of a mating projection in response to ligand binding. This commitment to mating is nutritionally and energetically taxing, and so we hypothesized that the cell may suppress mating signaling during starvation. We set out to investigate negative regulators of the mating pathway in nutritionally depleted environments. Here, we report that nutrient deprivation led to loss of Ste2 from the plasma membrane. Recapitulating this effect with nitrogen starvation led us to hypothesize that it was due to TORC1 signaling. Rapamycin inhibition of TORC1 impacted membrane levels of all yeast GPCRs. Inhibition of TORC1 also dampened mating pathway output. Deletion analysis revealed that TORC1 repression leads to α-arrestin-directed CME through TORC2-Ypk1 signaling. We then set out to determine whether major downstream effectors of the TOR complexes also downregulate pathway output during mating. We found that autophagy contributes to pathway downregulation through analysis of strains lacking ATG8 . We also show that Ypk1 significantly reduced pathway output. Thus, both autophagy machinery and TORC2-Ypk1 signaling serve as attenuators of pheromone signaling during mating. Altogether, we demonstrate that the stress-responsive TOR complexes coordinate GPCR endocytosis and reduce the magnitude of pheromone signaling, in ligand-independent and ligand-dependent contexts. One Sentence Summary TOR signaling regulates the localization of all Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPCRs during starvation and suppress the mating pathway in the presence and absence of ligand.
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15
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Feng R, Liu F, Li R, Zhou Z, Lin Z, Lin S, Deng S, Li Y, Nong B, Xia Y, Li Z, Zhong X, Yang S, Wan G, Ma W, Wu S, Songyang Z. The rapid proximity labeling system PhastID identifies ATP6AP1 as an unconventional GEF for Rheb. Cell Res 2024; 34:355-369. [PMID: 38448650 PMCID: PMC11061317 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-024-00938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheb is a small G protein that functions as the direct activator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) to coordinate signaling cascades in response to nutrients and growth factors. Despite extensive studies, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that directly activates Rheb remains unclear, at least in part due to the dynamic and transient nature of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) that are the hallmarks of signal transduction. Here, we report the development of a rapid and robust proximity labeling system named Pyrococcus horikoshii biotin protein ligase (PhBPL)-assisted biotin identification (PhastID) and detail the insulin-stimulated changes in Rheb-proximity protein networks that were identified using PhastID. In particular, we found that the lysosomal V-ATPase subunit ATP6AP1 could dynamically interact with Rheb. ATP6AP1 could directly bind to Rheb through its last 12 amino acids and utilizes a tri-aspartate motif in its highly conserved C-tail to enhance Rheb GTP loading. In fact, targeting the ATP6AP1 C-tail could block Rheb activation and inhibit cancer cell proliferation and migration. Our findings highlight the versatility of PhastID in mapping transient PPIs in live cells, reveal ATP6AP1's role as an unconventional GEF for Rheb, and underscore the importance of ATP6AP1 in integrating mTORC1 activation signals through Rheb, filling in the missing link in Rheb/mTORC1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ruofei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhifen Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuoheng Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengcheng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baoting Nong
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhan Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenbin Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Su Wu
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhou Songyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Healthy Aging Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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16
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Allard C, Miralpeix C, López-Gambero AJ, Cota D. mTORC1 in energy expenditure: consequences for obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:239-251. [PMID: 38225400 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (sometimes referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; mTORC1) orchestrates cellular metabolism in response to environmental energy availability. As a result, at the organismal level, mTORC1 signalling regulates the intake, storage and use of energy by acting as a hub for the actions of nutrients and hormones, such as leptin and insulin, in different cell types. It is therefore unsurprising that deregulated mTORC1 signalling is associated with obesity. Strategies that increase energy expenditure offer therapeutic promise for the treatment of obesity. Here we review current evidence illustrating the critical role of mTORC1 signalling in the regulation of energy expenditure and adaptive thermogenesis through its various effects in neuronal circuits, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Understanding how mTORC1 signalling in one organ and cell type affects responses in other organs and cell types could be key to developing better, safer treatments targeting this pathway in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Allard
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Daniela Cota
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.
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17
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Tucker SK, Ghosal R, Swartz ME, Zhang S, Eberhart JK. Zebrafish raptor mutation inhibits the activity of mTORC1, inducing craniofacial defects due to autophagy-induced neural crest cell death. Development 2024; 151:dev202216. [PMID: 38512806 PMCID: PMC11006402 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) coordinates metabolism and cell growth with environmental inputs. mTOR forms two functional complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. Proper development requires both complexes but mTORC1 has unique roles in numerous cellular processes, including cell growth, survival and autophagy. Here, we investigate the function of mTORC1 in craniofacial development. We created a zebrafish raptor mutant via CRISPR/Cas9, to specifically disrupt mTORC1. The entire craniofacial skeleton and eyes were reduced in size in mutants; however, overall body length and developmental timing were not affected. The craniofacial phenotype associates with decreased chondrocyte size and increased neural crest cell death. We found that autophagy is elevated in raptor mutants. Chemical inhibition of autophagy reduced cell death and improved craniofacial phenotypes in raptor mutants. Genetic inhibition of autophagy, via mutation of the autophagy gene atg7, improved facial phenotypes in atg7;raptor double mutants, relative to raptor single mutants. We conclude that finely regulated levels of autophagy, via mTORC1, are crucial for craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K. Tucker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ritika Ghosal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mary E. Swartz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Stephanie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Johann K. Eberhart
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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18
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Rabeh K, Oubohssaine M, Hnini M. TOR in plants: Multidimensional regulators of plant growth and signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154186. [PMID: 38330538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Target Of Rapamycin (TOR) represents a ubiquitous kinase complex that has emerged as a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism in nearly all eukaryotic organisms. TOR is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase, functioning as a central signaling hub that integrates diverse internal and external cues to regulate a multitude of biological processes. These processes collectively exert significant influence on plant growth, development, nutrient assimilation, photosynthesis, fruit ripening, and interactions with microorganisms. Within the plant domain, the TOR complex comprises three integral components: TOR, RAPTOR, and LST8. This comprehensive review provides insights into various facets of the TOR protein, encompassing its origin, structure, function, and the regulatory and signaling pathways operative in photosynthetic organisms. Additionally, we explore future perspectives related to this pivotal protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Rabeh
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Malika Oubohssaine
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hnini
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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19
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Wang Y, Engel T, Teng X. Post-translational regulation of the mTORC1 pathway: A switch that regulates metabolism-related gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:195005. [PMID: 38242428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2024.195005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a kinase complex that plays a crucial role in coordinating cell growth in response to various signals, including amino acids, growth factors, oxygen, and ATP. Activation of mTORC1 promotes cell growth and anabolism, while its suppression leads to catabolism and inhibition of cell growth, enabling cells to withstand nutrient scarcity and stress. Dysregulation of mTORC1 activity is associated with numerous diseases, such as cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. This review focuses on how post-translational modifications, particularly phosphorylation and ubiquitination, modulate mTORC1 signaling pathway and their consequential implications for pathogenesis. Understanding the impact of phosphorylation and ubiquitination on the mTORC1 signaling pathway provides valuable insights into the regulation of cellular growth and potential therapeutic targets for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Xinchen Teng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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20
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Guarente L, Sinclair DA, Kroemer G. Human trials exploring anti-aging medicines. Cell Metab 2024; 36:354-376. [PMID: 38181790 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Here, we summarize the current knowledge on eight promising drugs and natural compounds that have been tested in the clinic: metformin, NAD+ precursors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, TORC1 inhibitors, spermidine, senolytics, probiotics, and anti-inflammatories. Multiple clinical trials have commenced to evaluate the efficacy of such agents against age-associated diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. There are reasonable expectations that drugs able to decelerate or reverse aging processes will also exert broad disease-preventing or -attenuating effects. Hence, the outcome of past, ongoing, and future disease-specific trials may pave the way to the development of new anti-aging medicines. Drugs approved for specific disease indications may subsequently be repurposed for the treatment of organism-wide aging consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Guarente
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute for Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Academy for Healthspan and Lifespan Research (AHLR), New York, NY, USA.
| | - David A Sinclair
- Academy for Healthspan and Lifespan Research (AHLR), New York, NY, USA; Blavatnik Institute, Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Academy for Healthspan and Lifespan Research (AHLR), New York, NY, USA; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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21
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Bagh MB, Appu AP, Sadhukhan T, Mondal A, Plavelil N, Raghavankutty M, Supran AM, Sadhukhan S, Liu A, Mukherjee AB. Disruption of lysosomal nutrient sensing scaffold contributes to pathogenesis of a fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105641. [PMID: 38211816 PMCID: PMC10862020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal 1 (CLN1) disease, formerly called infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, is a fatal hereditary neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder. This disease is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CLN1 gene, encoding palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-1 (PPT1). PPT1 catalyzes depalmitoylation of S-palmitoylated proteins for degradation and clearance by lysosomal hydrolases. Numerous proteins, especially in the brain, require dynamic S-palmitoylation (palmitoylation-depalmitoylation cycles) for endosomal trafficking to their destination. While 23 palmitoyl-acyl transferases in the mammalian genome catalyze S-palmitoylation, depalmitoylation is catalyzed by thioesterases such as PPT1. Despite these discoveries, the pathogenic mechanism of CLN1 disease has remained elusive. Here, we report that in the brain of Cln1-/- mice, which mimic CLN1 disease, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) kinase is hyperactivated. The activation of mTORC1 by nutrients requires its anchorage to lysosomal limiting membrane by Rag GTPases and Ragulator complex. These proteins form the lysosomal nutrient sensing scaffold to which mTORC1 must attach to activate. We found that in Cln1-/- mice, two constituent proteins of the Ragulator complex (vacuolar (H+)-ATPase and Lamtor1) require dynamic S-palmitoylation for endosomal trafficking to the lysosomal limiting membrane. Intriguingly, Ppt1 deficiency in Cln1-/- mice misrouted these proteins to the plasma membrane disrupting the lysosomal nutrient sensing scaffold. Despite this defect, mTORC1 was hyperactivated via the IGF1/PI3K/Akt-signaling pathway, which suppressed autophagy contributing to neuropathology. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of PI3K/Akt suppressed mTORC1 activation, restored autophagy, and ameliorated neurodegeneration in Cln1-/- mice. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized role of Cln1/Ppt1 in regulating mTORC1 activation and suggest that IGF1/PI3K/Akt may be a targetable pathway for CLN1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Bagh
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Abhilash P Appu
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tamal Sadhukhan
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Avisek Mondal
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nisha Plavelil
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mahadevan Raghavankutty
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ajayan M Supran
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sriparna Sadhukhan
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aiyi Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch (HNT72), Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anil B Mukherjee
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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22
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Mason JW, Chow YT, Hudson L, Tutter A, Michaud G, Westphal MV, Shu W, Ma X, Tan ZY, Coley CW, Clemons PA, Bonazzi S, Berst F, Briner K, Liu S, Zécri FJ, Schreiber SL. DNA-encoded library-enabled discovery of proximity-inducing small molecules. Nat Chem Biol 2024; 20:170-179. [PMID: 37919549 PMCID: PMC10917151 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules that induce protein-protein associations represent powerful tools to modulate cell circuitry. We sought to develop a platform for the direct discovery of compounds able to induce association of any two preselected proteins, using the E3 ligase von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and bromodomains as test systems. Leveraging the screening power of DNA-encoded libraries (DELs), we synthesized ~1 million DNA-encoded compounds that possess a VHL-targeting ligand, a variety of connectors and a diversity element generated by split-and-pool combinatorial chemistry. By screening our DEL against bromodomains in the presence and absence of VHL, we could identify VHL-bound molecules that simultaneously bind bromodomains. For highly barcode-enriched library members, ternary complex formation leading to bromodomain degradation was confirmed in cells. Furthermore, a ternary complex crystal structure was obtained for our most enriched library member with BRD4BD1 and a VHL complex. Our work provides a foundation for adapting DEL screening to the discovery of proximity-inducing small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Mason
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuen Ting Chow
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liam Hudson
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Antonin Tutter
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Michaud
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthias V Westphal
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei Shu
- Structural and Biophysical Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Ma
- Structural and Biophysical Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Zher Yin Tan
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Connor W Coley
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul A Clemons
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simone Bonazzi
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frédéric Berst
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karin Briner
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shuang Liu
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Frédéric J Zécri
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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23
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Asoudeh M, Nguyen N, Raith M, Denman DS, Anozie UC, Mokhtarnejad M, Khomami B, Skotty KM, Isaac S, Gebhart T, Vaigneur L, Gelgie A, Dego OK, Freeman T, Beever J, Dalhaimer P. PEGylated nanoparticles interact with macrophages independently of immune response factors and trigger a non-phagocytic, low-inflammatory response. J Control Release 2024; 366:282-296. [PMID: 38123071 PMCID: PMC10922886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Poly-ethylene-glycol (PEG)-based nanoparticles (NPs) - including cylindrical micelles (CNPs), spherical micelles (SNPs), and PEGylated liposomes (PLs) - are hypothesized to be cleared in vivo by opsonization followed by liver macrophage phagocytosis. This hypothesis has been used to explain the rapid and significant localization of NPs to the liver after administration into the mammalian vasculature. Here, we show that the opsonization-phagocytosis nexus is not the major factor driving PEG-NP - macrophage interactions. First, mouse and human blood proteins had insignificant affinity for PEG-NPs. Second, PEG-NPs bound macrophages in the absence of serum proteins. Third, lipoproteins blocked PEG-NP binding to macrophages. Because of these findings, we tested the postulate that PEG-NPs bind (apo)lipoprotein receptors. Indeed, PEG-NPs triggered an in vitro macrophage transcription program that was similar to that triggered by lipoproteins and different from that triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and group A Streptococcus. Unlike LPS and pathogens, PLs did not increase transcripts involved in phagocytosis or inflammation. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and SNPs triggered remarkably similar mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophage transcription programs. Unlike opsonized pathogens, CNPs, SNPs, and PLs lowered macrophage autophagosome levels and either reduced or did not increase the secretion of key macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Thus, the sequential opsonization and phagocytosis process is likely a minor aspect of PEG-NP - macrophage interactions. Instead, PEG-NP interactions with (apo)lipoprotein and scavenger receptors appear to be a strong driving force for PEG-NP - macrophage binding, entry, and downstream effects. We hypothesize that the high presence of these receptors on liver macrophages and on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells is the reason PEG-NPs localize rapidly and strongly to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Asoudeh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Nicole Nguyen
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Mitch Raith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Desiree S Denman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Uche C Anozie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Mahshid Mokhtarnejad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Bamin Khomami
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Skotty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sami Isaac
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | | | - Aga Gelgie
- Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | - Trevor Freeman
- Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jon Beever
- Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Paul Dalhaimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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24
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Ragupathi A, Kim C, Jacinto E. The mTORC2 signaling network: targets and cross-talks. Biochem J 2024; 481:45-91. [PMID: 38270460 PMCID: PMC10903481 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin, mTOR, controls cell metabolism in response to growth signals and stress stimuli. The cellular functions of mTOR are mediated by two distinct protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. Rapamycin and its analogs are currently used in the clinic to treat a variety of diseases and have been instrumental in delineating the functions of its direct target, mTORC1. Despite the lack of a specific mTORC2 inhibitor, genetic studies that disrupt mTORC2 expression unravel the functions of this more elusive mTOR complex. Like mTORC1 which responds to growth signals, mTORC2 is also activated by anabolic signals but is additionally triggered by stress. mTORC2 mediates signals from growth factor receptors and G-protein coupled receptors. How stress conditions such as nutrient limitation modulate mTORC2 activation to allow metabolic reprogramming and ensure cell survival remains poorly understood. A variety of downstream effectors of mTORC2 have been identified but the most well-characterized mTORC2 substrates include Akt, PKC, and SGK, which are members of the AGC protein kinase family. Here, we review how mTORC2 is regulated by cellular stimuli including how compartmentalization and modulation of complex components affect mTORC2 signaling. We elaborate on how phosphorylation of its substrates, particularly the AGC kinases, mediates its diverse functions in growth, proliferation, survival, and differentiation. We discuss other signaling and metabolic components that cross-talk with mTORC2 and the cellular output of these signals. Lastly, we consider how to more effectively target the mTORC2 pathway to treat diseases that have deregulated mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ragupathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Christian Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
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25
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Dai X, Li X, Yin D, Chen X, Wang L, Pang L, Fu Y. Identification and characterization of TOR in Macrobrachium rosenbergii and its role in muscle protein and lipid production. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2082. [PMID: 38267514 PMCID: PMC10810085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent scarcity of fishmeal and other resources means that studies on the intrinsic mechanisms of nutrients in the growth and development of aquatic animals at the molecular level have received widespread attention. The target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway has been reported to receive signals from nutrients and environmental stresses, and regulates cellular anabolism and catabolism to achieve precise regulation of cell growth and physiological activities. In this study, we cloned and characterized the full-length cDNA sequence of the TOR gene of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (MrTOR). MrTOR was expressed in all tissues, with higher expression in heart and muscle tissues. In situ hybridization also indicated that MrTOR was expressed in muscle, mainly around the nucleus. RNA interference decreased the expression levels of MrTOR and downstream protein synthesis-related genes (S6K, eIF4E, and eIF4B) (P < 0.05) and the expression and enzyme activity of the lipid synthesis-related enzyme, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and increased enzyme activity of the lipolysis-related enzyme, lipase (LPS). In addition, amino acid injection significantly increased the transcript levels of MrTOR and downstream related genes (S6K, eIF4E, eIF4B, and FAS), as well as triglyceride and total cholesterol tissue levels and FAS activity. Starvation significantly increased transcript levels and enzyme activities of adenylate-activated protein kinase and LPS and decreased transcript levels and enzyme activities of FAS, as well as transcript levels of MrTOR and its downstream genes (P < 0.05), whereas amino acid injection alleviated the starvation-induced decreases in transcript levels of these genes. These results suggested that arginine and leucine activated the TOR signaling pathway, promoted protein and lipid syntheses, and alleviated the pathway changes induced by starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Centre for Aquatic Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Xuenan Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Danhui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Linwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Luyao Pang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yuanshuai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Centre for Aquatic Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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26
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Hollands P, Ovokaitys T. New Concepts in the Manipulation of the Aging Process. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:178-184. [PMID: 36752298 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230208102635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This review explores the current concepts in aging and then goes on to describe a novel, ground-breaking technology which will change the way we think about and manage aging. The foundation of the review is based on the work carried out on the QiLaser activation of human Very Small Embryonic Like (hVSEL) pluripotent stem cells in autologous Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP), known as the Qigeneration Procedure. The application of this technology in anti-aging technology is discussed with an emphasis on epigenetic changes during aging focusing on DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hollands
- CTO Qigenix, 6125 Paseo Del Norte, Suite 140, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Todd Ovokaitys
- CEO Qigenix, 6125 Paseo Del Norte, Suite 140, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
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27
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Ivanova I, Shen K. Structures and Functions of the Human GATOR1 Complex. Subcell Biochem 2024; 104:269-294. [PMID: 38963491 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells coordinate available nutrients with their growth through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, in which numerous evolutionarily conserved protein complexes survey and transmit nutrient inputs toward mTORC1. mTORC1 integrates these inputs and activates downstream anabolic or catabolic programs that are in tune with cellular needs, effectively maintaining metabolic homeostasis. The GAP activity toward Rags-1 (GATOR1) protein complex is a critical negative regulator of the mTORC1 pathway and, in the absence of amino acid inputs, is activated to turn off mTORC1 signaling. GATOR1-mediated inhibition of mTORC1 signaling is tightly regulated by an ensemble of protein complexes that antagonize or promote its activity in response to the cellular nutrient environment. Structural, biochemical, and biophysical studies of the GATOR1 complex and its interactors have advanced our understanding of how it regulates cellular metabolism when amino acids are limited. Here, we review the current research with a focus on GATOR1 structure, its enzymatic mechanism, and the growing group of proteins that regulate its activity. Finally, we discuss the implication of GATOR1 dysregulation in physiology and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilina Ivanova
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kuang Shen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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28
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Rong Y, Darnell AM, Sapp KM, Vander Heiden MG, Spencer SL. Cells use multiple mechanisms for cell-cycle arrest upon withdrawal of individual amino acids. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113539. [PMID: 38070134 PMCID: PMC11238304 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are required for cell growth and proliferation, but it remains unclear when and how amino acid availability impinges on the proliferation-quiescence decision. Here, we used time-lapse microscopy and single-cell tracking of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) activity to assess the response of individual cells to withdrawal of single amino acids and found strikingly different cell-cycle effects depending on the amino acid. For example, upon leucine withdrawal, MCF10A cells complete two cell cycles and then enter a CDK2-low quiescence, whereas lysine withdrawal causes immediate cell-cycle stalling. Methionine withdrawal triggers a restriction point phenotype similar to serum starvation or Mek inhibition: upon methionine withdrawal, cells complete their current cell cycle and enter a CDK2-low quiescence after mitosis. Modulation of restriction point regulators p21/p27 or cyclin D1 enables short-term rescue of proliferation under methionine and leucine withdrawal, and to a lesser extent lysine withdrawal, revealing a checkpoint connecting nutrient signaling to cell-cycle entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Rong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Alicia M Darnell
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kiera M Sapp
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sabrina L Spencer
- Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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29
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Xie Y, Zhao G, Lei X, Cui N, Wang H. Advances in the regulatory mechanisms of mTOR in necroptosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1297408. [PMID: 38164133 PMCID: PMC10757967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an evolutionarily highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase, plays a prominent role in controlling gene expression, metabolism, and cell death. Programmed cell death (PCD) is indispensable for maintaining homeostasis by removing senescent, defective, or malignant cells. Necroptosis, a type of PCD, relies on the interplay between receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinases (RIPKs) and the membrane perforation by mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which is distinguished from apoptosis. With the development of necroptosis-regulating mechanisms, the importance of mTOR in the complex network of intersecting signaling pathways that govern the process has become more evident. mTOR is directly responsible for the regulation of RIPKs. Autophagy is an indirect mechanism by which mTOR regulates the removal and interaction of RIPKs. Another necroptosis trigger is reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxidative stress; mTOR regulates necroptosis by exploiting ROS. Considering the intricacy of the signal network, it is reasonable to assume that mTOR exerts a bifacial effect on necroptosis. However, additional research is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms underlying mTOR activation and necroptosis and highlighted the signaling pathway through which mTOR regulates necroptosis. The development of therapeutic targets for various diseases has been greatly advanced by the expanding knowledge of how mTOR regulates necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianli Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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30
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Goul C, Peruzzo R, Zoncu R. The molecular basis of nutrient sensing and signalling by mTORC1 in metabolism regulation and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:857-875. [PMID: 37612414 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The Ser/Thr kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cellular metabolism. As part of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR integrates signals such as the levels of nutrients, growth factors, energy sources and oxygen, and triggers responses that either boost anabolism or suppress catabolism. mTORC1 signalling has wide-ranging consequences for the growth and homeostasis of key tissues and organs, and its dysregulated activity promotes cancer, type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration and other age-related disorders. How mTORC1 integrates numerous upstream cues and translates them into specific downstream responses is an outstanding question with major implications for our understanding of physiology and disease mechanisms. In this Review, we discuss recent structural and functional insights into the molecular architecture of mTORC1 and its lysosomal partners, which have greatly increased our mechanistic understanding of nutrient-dependent mTORC1 regulation. We also discuss the emerging involvement of aberrant nutrient-mTORC1 signalling in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Goul
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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31
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Khalil MI, Ali MM, Holail J, Houssein M. Growth or death? Control of cell destiny by mTOR and autophagy pathways. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 185:39-55. [PMID: 37944568 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the central regulators of cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism is the mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR, which exists in two structurally and functionally different complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2; unlike m TORC2, mTORC1 is activated in response to the sufficiency of nutrients and is inhibited by rapamycin. mTOR complexes have critical roles not only in protein synthesis, gene transcription regulation, proliferation, tumor metabolism, but also in the regulation of the programmed cell death mechanisms such as autophagy and apoptosis. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic mechanism in which damaged molecules are recycled in response to nutrient starvation. Emerging evidence indicates that the mTOR signaling pathway is frequently activated in tumors. In addition, dysregulation of autophagy was associated with the development of a variety of human diseases, such as cancer and aging. Since mTOR can inhibit the induction of the autophagic process from the early stages of autophagosome formation to the late stage of lysosome degradation, the use of mTOR inhibitors to regulate autophagy could be considered a potential therapeutic option. The present review sheds light on the mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways and the mechanisms of regulation of mTOR-autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud I Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, 11072809, Lebanon; Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt.
| | - Mohamad M Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jasmine Holail
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Marwa Houssein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, 11072809, Lebanon.
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32
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Li S, Chen JS, Li X, Bai X, Shi D. MNK, mTOR or eIF4E-selecting the best anti-tumor target for blocking translation initiation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115781. [PMID: 37669595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of eIF4E is common in patients with various solid tumors and hematologic cancers. As a potential anti-cancer target, eIF4E has attracted extensive attention from researchers. At the same time, mTOR kinases inhibitors and MNK kinases inhibitors, which are directly related to regulation of eIF4E, have been rapidly developed. To explore the optimal anti-cancer targets among MNK, mTOR, and eIF4E, this review provides a detailed classification and description of the anti-cancer activities of promising compounds. In addition, the structures and activities of some dual-target inhibitors are briefly described. By analyzing the different characteristics of the inhibitors, it can be concluded that MNK1/2 and eIF4E/eIF4G interaction inhibitors are superior to mTOR inhibitors. Simultaneous inhibition of MNK and eIF4E/eIF4G interaction may be the most promising anti-cancer method for targeting translation initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Jia-Shu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyi Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
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33
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Prosseda PP, Dannewitz Prosseda S, Tran M, Liton PB, Sun Y. Crosstalk between the mTOR pathway and primary cilia in human diseases. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 155:1-37. [PMID: 38043949 PMCID: PMC11227733 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental catabolic process whereby excessive or damaged cytoplasmic components are degraded through lysosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Studies of mTOR signaling have revealed that mTOR controls biomass generation and metabolism by modulating key cellular processes, including protein synthesis and autophagy. Primary cilia, the assembly of which depends on kinesin molecular motors, serve as sensory organelles and signaling platforms. Given these pathways' central role in maintaining cellular and physiological homeostasis, a connection between mTOR and primary cilia signaling is starting to emerge in a variety of diseases. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complex crosstalk between the mTOR pathway and cilia and discuss its function in the context of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp P Prosseda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | - Matthew Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Paloma B Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Palo Alto Veterans Administration Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
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34
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Liu S, Tong B, Mason JW, Ostrem JM, Tutter A, Hua BK, Tang SA, Bonazzi S, Briner K, Berst F, Zécri F, Schreiber SL. Rational Screening for Cooperativity in Small-Molecule Inducers of Protein-Protein Associations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23281-23291. [PMID: 37816014 PMCID: PMC10603787 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of a molecular glue is its ability to induce cooperative protein-protein interactions, leading to the formation of a ternary complex, despite weaker binding toward one or both individual proteins. Notably, the extent of cooperativity distinguishes molecular glues from bifunctional compounds, which constitute a second class of inducers of protein-protein interactions. However, apart from serendipitous discovery, there have been limited rational screening strategies for the high cooperativity exhibited by molecular glues. Here, we propose a binding-based screen of DNA-barcoded compounds on a target protein in the presence or absence of a presenter protein, using the "presenter ratio", the ratio of ternary enrichment to binary enrichment, as a predictive measure of cooperativity. Through this approach, we identified a range of cooperative, noncooperative, and uncooperative compounds in a single DNA-encoded library screen with bromodomain containing protein (BRD)9 and the VHL-elongin C-elongin B (VCB) complex. Our most cooperative hit compound, 13-7, exhibits micromolar binding affinity to BRD9 but nanomolar affinity for the ternary complex with BRD9 and VCB, with cooperativity comparable to classical molecular glues. This approach may enable the rational discovery of molecular glues for preselected proteins and thus facilitate the transition to a new paradigm of small-molecule therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Bingqi Tong
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremy W. Mason
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Ostrem
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Antonin Tutter
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bruce K. Hua
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sunny A. Tang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Simone Bonazzi
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karin Briner
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frédéric Berst
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, Basel, CH-4002, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric
J. Zécri
- Global
Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes
for BioMedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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35
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Posansee K, Liangruksa M, Termsaithong T, Saparpakorn P, Hannongbua S, Laomettachit T, Sutthibutpong T. Combined Deep Learning and Molecular Modeling Techniques on the Virtual Screening of New mTOR Inhibitors from the Thai Mushroom Database. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38373-38385. [PMID: 37867669 PMCID: PMC10586184 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway that regulates cell growth and division and is an attractive target for cancer therapy. Many reports on finding alternative mTOR inhibitors available in a database contain a mixture of active compound data with different mechanisms, which results in an increased complexity for training the machine learning models based on the chemical features of active compounds. In this study, a deep learning model supported by principal component analysis (PCA) and structural methods was used to search for an alternative mTOR inhibitor from mushrooms. The mTORC1 active compound data set from the PubChem database was first filtered for only the compounds resided near the first-generation inhibitors (rapalogs) within the first two PCA coordinates of chemical features. A deep learning model trained by the filtered data set captured the main characteristics of rapalogs and displayed the importance of steroid cores. After that, another layer of virtual screening by molecular docking calculations was performed on ternary complexes of FKBP12-FRB domains and six compound candidates with high "active" probability scores predicted by the deep learning models. Finally, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and MMPBSA binding energy analysis were performed on two selected candidates in comparison to rapamycin, which confirmed the importance of ring groups and steroid cores for interaction networks. Trihydroxysterol from Lentinus polychrous Lev. was predicted as an interesting candidate due to the small but effective interaction network that facilitated FKBP12-FRB interactions and further stabilized the ternary complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewalin Posansee
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Monrudee Liangruksa
- National
Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National
Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Teerasit Termsaithong
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Learning
Institute, King Mongkut’s University
of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | | | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Teeraphan Laomettachit
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Bioinformatics
and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Thana Sutthibutpong
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Center of
Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), Faculty
of Science, King Mongkut’s University
of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
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36
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Dhamne SC, Modi ME, Gray A, Bonazzi S, Craig L, Bainbridge E, Lalani L, Super CE, Schaeffer S, Capre K, Lubicka D, Liang G, Burdette D, McTighe SM, Gurnani S, Vermudez SAD, Curtis D, Wilson CJ, Hameed MQ, D'Amore A, Rotenberg A, Sahin M. Seizure reduction in TSC2-mutant mouse model by an mTOR catalytic inhibitor. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:1790-1801. [PMID: 37545094 PMCID: PMC10578885 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by autosomal-dominant pathogenic variants in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, and it is characterized by hamartomas in multiple organs, such as skin, kidney, lung, and brain. These changes can result in epilepsy, learning disabilities, and behavioral complications, among others. The mechanistic link between TSC and the mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is well established, thus mTOR inhibitors can potentially be used to treat the clinical manifestations of the disorder, including epilepsy. METHODS In this study, we tested the efficacy of a novel mTOR catalytic inhibitor (here named Tool Compound 1 or TC1) previously reported to be more brain-penetrant compared with other mTOR inhibitors. Using a well-characterized hypomorphic Tsc2 mouse model, which displays a translationally relevant seizure phenotype, we tested the efficacy of TC1. RESULTS Our results show that chronic treatment with this novel mTOR catalytic inhibitor (TC1), which affects both the mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling complexes, reduces seizure burden, and extends the survival of Tsc2 hypomorphic mice, restoring species typical weight gain over development. INTERPRETATION Novel mTOR catalytic inhibitor TC1 exhibits a promising therapeutic option in the treatment of TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer C. Dhamne
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Meera E. Modi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Audrey Gray
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Simone Bonazzi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lucas Craig
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Elizabeth Bainbridge
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lahin Lalani
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Chloe E. Super
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Samantha Schaeffer
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ketthsy Capre
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Danuta Lubicka
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Guiqing Liang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Doug Burdette
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Sarika Gurnani
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sheryl Anne D. Vermudez
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Daniel Curtis
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Mustafa Q. Hameed
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Angelica D'Amore
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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37
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Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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38
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Livneh I, Cohen-Kaplan V, Fabre B, Abramovitch I, Lulu C, Nataraj NB, Lazar I, Ziv T, Yarden Y, Zohar Y, Gottlieb E, Ciechanover A. Regulation of nucleo-cytosolic 26S proteasome translocation by aromatic amino acids via mTOR is essential for cell survival under stress. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3333-3346.e5. [PMID: 37738964 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome is responsible for removal of ubiquitinated proteins. Although several aspects of its regulation (e.g., assembly, composition, and post-translational modifications) have been unraveled, studying its adaptive compartmentalization in response to stress is just starting to emerge. We found that following amino acid starvation, the proteasome is translocated from its large nuclear pool to the cytoplasm-a response regulated by newly identified mTOR-agonistic amino acids-Tyr, Trp, and Phe (YWF). YWF relay their signal upstream of mTOR through Sestrin3 by disrupting its interaction with the GATOR2 complex. The triad activates mTOR toward its downstream substrates p62 and transcription factor EB (TFEB), affecting both proteasomal and autophagic activities. Proteasome translocation stimulates cytosolic proteolysis which replenishes amino acids, thus enabling cell survival. In contrast, nuclear sequestration of the proteasome following mTOR activation by YWF inhibits this proteolytic adaptive mechanism, leading to cell death, which establishes this newly identified pathway as a key stress-coping mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Livneh
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; Institute of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel.
| | - Victoria Cohen-Kaplan
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Bertrand Fabre
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Ifat Abramovitch
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Chen Lulu
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | | | - Ikrame Lazar
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Tamar Ziv
- Smoler Proteomic Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yaniv Zohar
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; Institute of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel.
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39
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Huang Q, Zhang X, Guo Z, Fu X, Zhao Y, Kang Q, Bai L. Biosynthesis of ansamitocin P-3 incurs stress on the producing strain Actinosynnema pretiosum at multiple targets. Commun Biol 2023; 6:860. [PMID: 37596387 PMCID: PMC10439133 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial bioactive natural products mediate ecologically beneficial functions to the producing strains, and have been widely used in clinic and agriculture with clearly defined targets and underlying mechanisms. However, the physiological effects of their biosynthesis on the producing strains remain largely unknown. The antitumor ansamitocin P-3 (AP-3), produced by Actinosynnema pretiosum ATCC 31280, was found to repress the growth of the producing strain at high concentration and target the FtsZ protein involved in cell division. Previous work suggested the presence of additional cryptic targets of AP-3 in ATCC 31280. Herein we use chemoproteomic approach with an AP-3-derived photoaffinity probe to profile the proteome-wide interactions of AP-3. AP-3 exhibits specific bindings to the seemingly unrelated deoxythymidine diphosphate glucose-4,6-dehydratase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase, which are involved in cell wall assembly, central carbon metabolism and nucleotide biosynthesis, respectively. AP-3 functions as a non-competitive inhibitor of all three above target proteins, generating physiological stress on the producing strain through interfering diverse metabolic pathways. Overexpression of these target proteins increases strain biomass and markedly boosts AP-3 titers. This finding demonstrates that identification and engineering of cryptic targets of bioactive natural products can lead to in-depth understanding of microbial physiology and improved product titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qungang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ziyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinnan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yilei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qianjin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Linquan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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40
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Zhao C, Wang H, Zhan W, Lv X, Ma X. Exploitation of Proximity-Mediated Effects in Drug Discovery: An Update of Recent Research Highlights in Perturbing Pathogenic Proteins and Correlated Issues. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10122-10149. [PMID: 37489834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of proximity-mediated effects to perturb pathogenic proteins of interest (POIs) has emerged as a powerful strategic alternative to conventional drug design approaches based on target occupancy. Over the past three years, the burgeoning field of targeted protein degradation (TPD) has witnessed the expansion of degradable POIs to membrane-associated, extracellular, proteasome-resistant, and even microbial proteins. Beyond TPD, researchers have achieved the proximity-mediated targeted protein stabilization, the recruitment of intracellular immunophilins to disturb undruggable targets, and the nonphysiological post-translational modifications of POIs. All of these strides provide new avenues for innovative drug discovery aimed at battling human malignancies and other major diseases. This perspective presents recent research highlights and discusses correlated issues in developing therapeutic modalities that exploit proximity-mediated effects to modulate pathogenic proteins, thereby guiding future academic and industrial efforts in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Henian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- iCarbonX (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lv
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
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41
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Liu X, Ciulli A. Proximity-Based Modalities for Biology and Medicine. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1269-1284. [PMID: 37521793 PMCID: PMC10375889 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular proximity orchestrates biological function, and blocking existing proximities is an established therapeutic strategy. By contrast, strengthening or creating neoproximity with chemistry enables modulation of biological processes with high selectivity and has the potential to substantially expand the target space. A plethora of proximity-based modalities to target proteins via diverse approaches have recently emerged, opening opportunities for biopharmaceutical innovation. This Outlook outlines the diverse mechanisms and molecules based on induced proximity, including protein degraders, blockers, and stabilizers, inducers of protein post-translational modifications, and agents for cell therapy, and discusses opportunities and challenges that the field must address to mature and unlock translation in biology and medicine.
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42
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Sills ES, Harrity C, Wood SH, Tan SL. mTOR Inhibition via Low-Dose, Pulsed Rapamycin with Intraovarian Condensed Platelet Cytokines: An Individualized Protocol to Recover Diminished Reserve? J Pers Med 2023; 13:1147. [PMID: 37511761 PMCID: PMC10381109 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
No major breakthroughs have entered mainstream clinical fertility practice since egg donation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection decades ago, and oocyte deficits secondary to advanced age continue as the main manifestation of diminished ovarian reserve. In the meantime, several unproven IVF 'accessories' have emerged including so-called ovarian rejuvenation which entails placing fresh autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) directly into ovarian tissue. Among cellular responses attributed to this intervention are reduced oxidative stress, slowed apoptosis and improved metabolism. Besides having an impact on the existing follicle pool, platelet growth factors might also facilitate de novo oocyte recruitment by specified gene upregulation targeting uncommitted ovarian stem cells. Given that disordered activity at the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been shown to exacerbate or accelerate ovarian aging, PRP-discharged plasma cytokines combined with mTOR suppression by pulsed/cyclic rapamycin represents a novel fusion technique to enhance ovarian function. While beneficial effects have already been observed experimentally in oocytes and embryos with mTOR inhibition alone, this proposal is the first to discuss intraovarian platelet cytokines followed by low-dose, phased rapamycin. For refractory cases, this investigational, tailored approach could amplify or sustain ovarian capacity sufficient to permit retrieval of competent oocytes via distinct but complementary pathways-thus reducing dependency on oocyte donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scott Sills
- Plasma Research Section, Regenerative Biology Group/CAG, San Clemente, CA 92673, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Palomar Medical Center, Escondido, CA 92029, USA
| | - Conor Harrity
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 HC66 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Samuel H Wood
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Palomar Medical Center, Escondido, CA 92029, USA
- Gen 5 Fertility Center, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Seang Lin Tan
- OriginElle Fertility Clinic, Montreal, QC H4A 3J3, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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43
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Shi F, Collins S. Regulation of mTOR Signaling: Emerging Role of Cyclic Nucleotide-Dependent Protein Kinases and Implications for Cardiometabolic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11497. [PMID: 37511253 PMCID: PMC10380887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism. It is the catalytic subunit of two distinct large protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. mTOR activity is subjected to tight regulation in response to external nutrition and growth factor stimulation. As an important mechanism of signaling transduction, the 'second messenger' cyclic nucleotides including cAMP and cGMP and their associated cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases, including protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase G (PKG), play essential roles in mediating the intracellular action of a variety of hormones and neurotransmitters. They have also emerged as important regulators of mTOR signaling in various physiological and disease conditions. However, the mechanism by which cAMP and cGMP regulate mTOR activity is not completely understood. In this review, we will summarize the earlier work establishing the ability of cAMP to dampen mTORC1 activation in response to insulin and growth factors and then discuss our recent findings demonstrating the regulation of mTOR signaling by the PKA- and PKG-dependent signaling pathways. This signaling framework represents a new non-canonical regulation of mTOR activity that is independent of AKT and could be a novel mechanism underpinning the action of a variety of G protein-coupled receptors that are linked to the mTOR signaling network. We will further review the implications of these signaling events in the context of cardiometabolic disease, such as obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiac remodeling. The metabolic and cardiac phenotypes of mouse models with targeted deletion of Raptor and Rictor, the two essential components for mTORC1 and mTORC2, will be summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubiao Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sheila Collins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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44
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Marques-Ramos A, Cervantes R. Expression of mTOR in normal and pathological conditions. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:112. [PMID: 37454139 PMCID: PMC10349476 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a protein discovered in 1991, integrates a complex pathway with a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. By comprising two functionally distinct complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2, it is a central cellular hub that integrates intra- and extracellular signals of energy, nutrient, and hormone availability, modulating the molecular responses to acquire a homeostatic state through the regulation of anabolic and catabolic processes. Accordingly, dysregulation of mTOR pathway has been implicated in a variety of human diseases. While major advances have been made regarding the regulators and effectors of mTOR signaling pathway, insights into the regulation of mTOR gene expression are beginning to emerge. Here, we present the current available data regarding the mTOR expression regulation at the level of transcription, translation and mRNA stability and systematize the current knowledge about the fluctuations of mTOR expression observed in several diseases, both cancerous and non-cancerous. In addition, we discuss whether mTOR expression changes can be used as a biomarker for diagnosis, disease progression, prognosis and/or response to therapeutics. We believe that our study will contribute for the implementation of new disease biomarkers based on mTOR as it gives an exhaustive perspective about the regulation of mTOR gene expression in both normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marques-Ramos
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - R Cervantes
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Lisbon, Portugal
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Peres RAS, Peruchetti DB, Silva-Aguiar RP, Teixeira DE, Gomes CP, Takiya CM, Pinheiro AAS, Caruso-Neves C. Rapamycin treatment induces tubular proteinuria: role of megalin-mediated protein reabsorption. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1194816. [PMID: 37484026 PMCID: PMC10359992 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1194816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rapamycin is an immunosuppressor that acts by inhibiting the serine/threonine kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1. Therapeutic use of rapamycin is limited by its adverse effects. Proteinuria is an important marker of kidney damage and a risk factor for kidney diseases progression and has been reported in patients and animal models treated with rapamycin. However, the mechanism underlying proteinuria induced by rapamycin is still an open matter. In this work, we investigated the effects of rapamycin on parameters of renal function and structure and on protein handling by proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). Methods: Healthy BALB/c mice were treated with 1.5 mg/kg rapamycin by oral gavage for 1, 3, or 7 days. At the end of each treatment, the animals were kept in metabolic cages and renal function and structural parameters were analyzed. LLC-PK1 cell line was used as a model of PTECs to test specific effect of rapamycin. Results: Rapamycin treatment did not change parameters of glomerular structure and function. Conversely, there was a transient increase in 24-h proteinuria, urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPCr), and albuminuria in the groups treated with rapamycin. In accordance with these findings, rapamycin treatment decreased albumin-fluorescein isothiocyanate uptake in the renal cortex. This effect was associated with reduced brush border expression and impaired subcellular distribution of megalin in PTECs. The effect of rapamycin seems to be specific for albumin endocytosis machinery because it did not modify renal sodium handling or (Na++K+)ATPase activity in BALB/c mice and in the LLC-PK1 cell line. A positive Pearson correlation was found between megalin expression and albumin uptake while an inverse correlation was shown between albumin uptake and UPCr or 24-h proteinuria. Despite its effect on albumin handling in PTECs, rapamycin treatment did not induce tubular injury measured by interstitial space and collagen deposition. Conclusion: These findings suggest that proteinuria induced by rapamycin could have a tubular rather than a glomerular origin. This effect involves a specific change in protein endocytosis machinery. Our results open new perspectives on understanding the undesired effect of proteinuria generated by rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A. S. Peres
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo B. Peruchetti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P. Silva-Aguiar
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas E. Teixeira
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos P. Gomes
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina M. Takiya
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia S. Pinheiro
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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46
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Doxsey DD, Tettoni SD, Egri SB, Shen K. Redundant electrostatic interactions between GATOR1 and the Rag GTPase heterodimer drive efficient amino acid sensing in human cells. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104880. [PMID: 37269949 PMCID: PMC10316081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells need to coordinate nutrient availability with their growth and proliferation. In eukaryotic cells, this coordination is mediated by the mechanistic target of the rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. mTORC1 activation is regulated by two GTPase units, the Rag GTPase heterodimer and the Rheb GTPase. The RagA-RagC heterodimer controls the subcellular localization of mTORC1, and its nucleotide loading states are strictly controlled by upstream regulators including amino acid sensors. A critical negative regulator of the Rag GTPase heterodimer is GATOR1. In the absence of amino acids, GATOR1 stimulates GTP hydrolysis by the RagA subunit to turn off mTORC1 signaling. Despite the enzymatic specificity of GATOR1 to RagA, a recent cryo-EM structural model of the human GATOR1-Rag-Ragulator complex reveals an unexpected interface between Depdc5, a subunit of GATOR1, and RagC. Currently, there is no functional characterization of this interface, nor do we know its biological relevance. Here, combining structure-function analysis, enzymatic kinetic measurements, and cell-based signaling assays, we identified a critical electrostatic interaction between Depdc5 and RagC. This interaction is mediated by the positively charged Arg-1407 residue on Depdc5 and a patch of negatively charged residues on the lateral side of RagC. Abrogating this interaction impairs the GAP activity of GATOR1 and cellular response to amino acid withdrawal. Our results reveal how GATOR1 coordinates the nucleotide loading states of the Rag GTPase heterodimer, and thus precisely controls cellular behavior in the absence of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan D Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven D Tettoni
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shawn B Egri
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kuang Shen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
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47
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Uehara K, Santoleri D, Whitlock AEG, Titchenell PM. Insulin Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4785-4809. [PMID: 37358513 PMCID: PMC10760932 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes (T2DM) continues to rise worldwide. The liver is a central insulin-responsive metabolic organ that governs whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, defining the mechanisms underlying insulin action in the liver is essential to our understanding of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. During periods of fasting, the liver catabolizes fatty acids and stored glycogen to meet the metabolic demands of the body. In postprandial conditions, insulin signals to the liver to store excess nutrients into triglycerides, cholesterol, and glycogen. In insulin-resistant states, such as T2DM, hepatic insulin signaling continues to promote lipid synthesis but fails to suppress glucose production, leading to hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance is associated with the development of metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular and kidney disease, atherosclerosis, stroke, and cancer. Of note, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of diseases encompassing fatty liver, inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, is linked to abnormalities in insulin-mediated lipid metabolism. Therefore, understanding the role of insulin signaling under normal and pathologic states may provide insights into preventative and therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Here, we provide a review of the field of hepatic insulin signaling and lipid regulation, including providing historical context, detailed molecular mechanisms, and address gaps in our understanding of hepatic lipid regulation and the derangements under insulin-resistant conditions. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4785-4809, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahealani Uehara
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominic Santoleri
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna E. Garcia Whitlock
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul M. Titchenell
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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48
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Sharp ZD, Strong R. Rapamycin, the only drug that has been consistently demonstrated to increase mammalian longevity. An update. Exp Gerontol 2023; 176:112166. [PMID: 37011714 PMCID: PMC10868408 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zelton Dave Sharp
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, San Antonio, TX, United States of America; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX, United States of America; Mays Cancer Center, San Antonio, TX, United States of America.
| | - Randy Strong
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, United States of America; Research Service of the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States of America.
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49
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Liu S, Tong B, Mason JW, Ostrem JM, Tutter A, Hua BK, Tang SA, Bonazzi S, Briner K, Berst F, Zécri FJ, Schreiber SL. Rational screening for cooperativity in small-molecule inducers of protein-protein associations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541439. [PMID: 37292909 PMCID: PMC10245867 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of a molecular glue is its ability to induce cooperative protein-protein interactions, leading to the formation of a ternary complex, despite weaker binding towards one or both individual proteins. Notably, the extent of cooperativity distinguishes molecular glues from bifunctional compounds, a second class of inducers of protein-protein interactions. However, apart from serendipitous discovery, there have been limited rational screening strategies for the high cooperativity exhibited by molecular glues. Here, we propose a binding-based screen of DNA-barcoded compounds on a target protein in the presence and absence of a presenter protein, using the "presenter ratio", the ratio of ternary enrichment to binary enrichment, as a predictive measure of cooperativity. Through this approach, we identified a range of cooperative, noncooperative, and uncooperative compounds in a single DNA-encoded library screen with bromodomain (BRD)9 and the VHL-elongin C-elongin B (VCB) complex. Our most cooperative hit compound, 13-7 , exhibits micromolar binding affinity to BRD9 but nanomolar affinity for the ternary complex with BRD9 and VCB, with cooperativity comparable to classical molecular glues. This approach may enable the discovery of molecular glues for pre-selected proteins and thus facilitate the transition to a new paradigm of molecular therapeutics.
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50
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Ko ES, Choi SH, Lee M, Park KS. 25KDa branched polyethylenimine increases interferon-γ production in natural killer cells via improving translation efficiency. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:107. [PMID: 37161542 PMCID: PMC10170831 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo cultivation is a promising strategy for increasing the number of NK cells and enhancing their antitumor activity prior to clinical application. Recent studies show that stimulation with 25KDa branched polyethylenimine (25KbPEI) generates NK cells with enhanced antitumor activity. To better understand how 25KbPEI primes NK cells, we explored the mechanism underlying increase in production of IFN-γ. METHODS Chemical priming was performed on NK-92MI cells by incubating them with 5 μg/ml of 25KbPEI. The production of IFN-γ was evaluated by RT-qPCR, ELISA, and Flow cytometry. By evaluating the effect of pharmacological inhibition of ERK/mTOR-eIF4E signaling pathways on IFN-γ translation, the function of these signaling pathways in IFN-γ translation was examined. To comprehend the level of 25KbPEI activity on immune-related components in NK cells, RNA sequencing and proteomics analyses were conducted. RESULTS 25KbPEI enhances the production of IFN-γ by NK cells without transcriptional activation. Activation of ERK and mTOR signaling pathways was found to be associated with 25KbPEI-mediated calcium influx in NK cells. The activation of ERK/mTOR signaling was linked to the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, which resulted in the activation of translation initiation complex and subsequent IFN-γ translation. Analysis of RNA sequencing and proteomics data revealed that the activity of 25KbPEI to improve translation efficiency in NK cells could be extended to additional immune-related molecules. CONCLUSIONS This study provides substantial insight into the process by which 25KbPEI primes NK cells. Our data demonstrated that the 25KbPEI mediated activation of ERK/mTOR signaling and subsequent stimulation of eIF4E is the primary mechanism by which the chemical stimulates translation of IFN-γ in NK cells. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Su Ko
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwook Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea.
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